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Heine, Bernd. 1979. Some linguistic observations on the early history of Africa. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 1.37-54. Heine, Bernd. 1980a. Methods in comparative Bantu linguistics (the problem of Bantu linguistic classification). L’expansion bantoue 2, ed. by Luc Bouquiaux, 295-308. Actes de Colloque International du CNRS, Viviers, 4-16 avril 1977. Paris: SELAF. Heine, Bernd. 1980b. Some recent developments in the classification of Bantoid: The problem of defining Bantu. L’expansion bantoue 2, ed. by Luc Bouquiaux, 333- 40. Actes de Colloque International du CNRS, Viviers, 4-16 avril 1977. Paris: SELAF. Heine, Bernd, Hans Hoff, and Rainer Vossen. 1977. Neuere Ergebnisse zur Territorialgeschichte des Bantu. Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistoire in Afrika, ed. by W.J.G. Möhlig, F. Rottland, and B. Heine, 57-72. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Henrici, Alick. 1973. Numerical classification of Bantu languages. African language studies 14.81-104. Hinnebusch, Thomas J. 1989. Bantu. The Niger-Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor- Samuel, 450-73. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Hino, Shun’ya. 1978. The classified vocabulary of the Mbum language in Mbang Mboum. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). Hockett, Charles F. 1958. A course in modern linguistics. New York: Macmillan. Hoffman, Carl. 1963. A grammar of the Margi language. London: Oxford University Press. Hofmann, Erica. 1990. A preliminary phonology of Bana. Victoria: University of Victoria M.A. thesis. Hubbard, Kathleen. 1995. ‘Prenasalized consonants’ and syllable timing: Evidence from Runyambo and Luganda. Phonology 12.235-56. Hyman, Larry M. 1975. Phonology: Theory and analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Ingozo, Totala. 1990. Organisation socio-politique traditionnelle chez les Mono de la collectivité de Bili (zone de Bosobolo). Mbandaka: Institut Supérieur Pédagogique. International Phonetic Association. 1989. Report on the 1989 Kiel convention. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19.67-80. 362
International Phonetic Association. 1999. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jaeger, Jeri J. 1978. Speech aerodynamics and phonological universals. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Jeri J. Jaeger, Anthony C. Woodbury, Farrell Ackerman, Christine Chiarello, Orin D. Gensler, John Kingston, Eve E. Sweetser, Henry Thompson, and Kenneth W. Whistler, 311-29. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1965. Materialien zur Kenntnis des Chip, Montol, Gerka und Burrum (Südplateau, Nordnigerien). Afrika und Übersee 48.161-82. Jungraithmayr, Herrmann. 1990. Lexique mokilko. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Jungraithmayr, Hermann, and Abakar Adams. 1992. Lexique Migama. Berlin: Reimer. Kamanda Kola. 1985. Éléments de phonologie et de morphologie du M. Travail de fin d’études. Mbandaka: Institut Supérieur Pédagogique. Kamanda Kola. 1998. Étude descriptive du mono: Langue oubanguienne du Congo (ex- Zaïre). Phonologie et morphosyntaxe. Brussels: Université Libre de Bruxelles Ph.D. dissertation. Kenstowicz, Michael. 1994. Phonology in generative grammar. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Kieschke, Regine. 1993. Enquête sociolinguistique sur le Ngbugu. Bangui: SIL. Ms. Ladefoged, Peter. 1968 [1964]. A phonetic study of West African languages. 2nd edition. London: Cambridge University Press. Ladefoged, Peter. 1971. Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ladefoged, Peter. 1982. A course in phonetics. 2nd edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Ladefoged, Peter. 1996. Elements of acoustic phonetics. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ladefoged, Peter. 1997. Linguistic phonetic discriptions. The handbook of phonetic sciences, ed. by William J. Hardcastle and John Laver, 589-618. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Ladefoged, Peter, and Ian Maddieson. 1986. (Some of) the sounds of the world’s languages. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 64. 363
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326: Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327 and 328: Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
Page 329 and 330: Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
Page 331 and 332: (23) Secondary articulations I(
Page 333 and 334: (36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
Page 335 and 336: MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340: Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346: Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348: Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350: Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354: Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356: Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358: Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360: Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366: Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368: Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370: REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372: Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374: Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 379 and 380: McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382: Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384: Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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