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(13) High front rounded vowel J5O J5 J5 J5 J5 J5K( J5K( >> > > ‘He died yesterday.’ (14) Vowel nasalization I( I( I( I( ( ( ( ( (( (( (( (( ‘I am laughing.’ (orig: ) = = II( I I( ( ( (@ (@K (@ (@ K ( ( ( ( ‘We are playing.’ Miscellaneous phrases (b) (15) File misc1b_11025.wav (Speaker K) (16) J5 J5 J5 J5 MK( MK( II( I I( ( ( (F (F= (F (F M ‘He knows how to speak Mono.’ KK KK KK KK =( =( MM=(= M =(= ‘I have a headache.' L LJ L LJ J J L== L== L== L== @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K ‘...three, four, five...’ I( I( I( I( ( (= ( ( =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( ‘I’m going on a trip.’ (orig: == ==) == == [ =( =( == == == == =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( = Nakendaka mobembo] MMK(MK( M MK(MK( K(MK( K(MK( II( II ( ( ( A ‘I don’t know.’ Miscellaneous phrases (c) (17) File misc1c_11025.wav (Speaker K) (18) Does become in the plural? =( =( =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( >H >H >H >H >=A >=A >=A >=A ‘I went on a trip for one day.’ =( =( =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( >H >H >H >H > > 5= 5= 5= 5= ‘I went on a trip for two days.’ =( =( =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( >H >H >H >H LJ LJ LJ LJ ‘I went on a trip for three days.’ (19) Tone =(== =(== =(== =(== JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( ‘Wait a minute.’ = = = = C= C=( C= C=( ( ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ C=A C=A C=A C=A ‘When do you (habitually) go to the field?’ Miscellaneous phrases (d) (20) File misc1d_11025.wav (Speaker K) (21) @A @A @A @A II( I I( ( ( ( (M=(=M= ( ( M=(=M= M=(=M= M=(=M= C(C( C(C( C(C( C(C( =(I =(I( =(I =(I( ( ( ‘They will come back here now.’ ( ( ( ( 5K(K5K 5K(K5K 5K(K5K 5K(K5K ‘It is bitter’ ( ( ( ( F F F F F F F F ‘It is tart.’ ( ( ( ( C=(=C C=(=C= C=(=C C=(=C= = = ‘It is hard.’ = = = = K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( BB B B @ @ @ @ ‘Give me water to drink.’ Miscellaneous phrases (e) (22) File misc1e_11025.wav (Speaker K) 316
(23) Secondary articulations I( I( I( I( (CM (CM (CM= (CM =C= =C= =C= =C= ‘I’m packaging some meat’ (orig: =C= =C=) =C= =C= I( I( I( I( (CM (CM=(=CM= (CM (CM=(=CM= =(=CM= =(=CM= F@K F@K F@K F@K ‘Nalingi kosala mpondu ya liboke.’ J5 J5( J5 J5( ( ( IK IK IK IK A A A A II( I I( ( ( J J J J D= D= D= D= Liquids (CV1LV1) ‘He gets mad easily.’ (orig: J5 J5( J5 J5( ( ( IK IK) IK IK (24) File liqui1_11025.wav (Speaker A) liqui2_11025.wav (Speaker K) (25) CV1LV1 → CLV 5 HH H H ‘shadow’ M=(JAH M=(JAH M=(JAH M=(JAH ‘bee’ C>H C>H C>H C>H ‘salt’ (>(H( (>(H( (>(H( (>(H( ‘quarrel’ =C>=H= =C>=H= ‘bridge’ =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK =>KHK ‘goat’ =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( =L(H( ‘dog’ =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( =C(H( ‘throat’ =D=H= =D=H= ‘dry’ =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( =(M=(H=( ‘chick peas’ =( =(=(H=( =( =(=(H=( =(H=( =(H=( ‘small (pl.)’ =H= =H= =H= =H= ‘iron’ FH FH FH FH ‘egg’ =MA(JH =MA(JH =MA(JH =MA(JH ‘stick used for an animal trap’ >=@H >=@H >=@H >=@H ‘sweet potato’ @H @H @H @H ‘dew’ ((H( ((H( ((H( ((H( ‘fat’ =(H( =(H( =(H( =(H( ‘snake’ CH CH CH CH ‘hole’ FH FH FH FH ‘true’ C>H C>H C>H C>H ‘large (pl)’ = = = = ‘basket’ =MAA =MAA =MAA =MAA ‘catfish’ ‘heavy’ C>AJ5 C>AJ5( C>AJ5 C>AJ5( (( ( ( ( ( ‘hope’ =>== =>== =>== =>== ‘type of dance’ =>=(CKK( =>=(CKK( =>=(CKK( =>=(CKK( ‘sugar cane’ J5C>(( J5C>(( J5C>(( J5C>(( ‘stick for sowing seeds’ >== >== >== >== ‘elephant’ C> C> C> C> ‘child’ CAA CAA CAA CAA ‘left’ K(HK( K(HK( K(HK( K(HK( ‘leopard’ Leftward vowel spreading/Vowel hiatus (26) Files left1_11025.wav (Speaker A) left2_11025.wav (Speaker K) 317
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
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Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292: One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294: Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
Page 295 and 296: This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298: D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
Page 299 and 300: 7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
Page 301 and 302: (4) Contrast with other labial soun
Page 303 and 304: (7) Sample lexical items in Karang
Page 305 and 306: which are shown in (11). Third, the
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Page 309 and 310: In addition, we provide evidence co
Page 311 and 312: South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
Page 313 and 314: the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
Page 315 and 316: ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
Page 317 and 318: words are found in those subgroups.
Page 319 and 320: ‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
Page 321 and 322: Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
Page 323 and 324: the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326: Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327 and 328: Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
Page 329: Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
Page 333 and 334: (36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
Page 335 and 336: MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
Page 337 and 338: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
Page 339 and 340: Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344: Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346: Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348: Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350: Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352: Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354: Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356: Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358: Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360: Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364: Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366: Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368: Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370: REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372: Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374: Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376: Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378: International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380: McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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