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(4) Contrast with other labial sounds in Ndogo (Peter Rebigo & Wanda Pace, per.
comm.)
labial labial-velar
stops F= F= ‘to fetch’ F=(= F=(= F=(= F=(= ‘leaf’
>= >= ‘to burst’ C>= C>= ‘chief’
>= >= >= >= ‘rail or beam’ C>= C>= C>= C>= ‘light (of something)’
implosives =( =( =( =( ‘house, home’
fricatives L= L= ‘to scatter (seed)’
nasals = = = = ‘to display’
flap L= L= ‘to fall’
approximant M= M= M= ‘to weep’
Peter Rebigo and Wanda Pace (per. comm.) also report that contrast between the
labial flap and other labial sounds in Ndogo is attested before the other vowels (i, e, u,
and o). Second, the sound occurs in nouns, verbs, adjectives, and animal names, as shown
in (5) below. Third, Pozzati (1987) attests the sound in over 40 words. Finally, while the
sound normally appears in word-initial position, it can also occur in word-medial
position.
(5) Sample lexical items in Ndogo containing the labial flap (Peter Rebigo and
Wanda Pace, per. comm.; Constance Kutsch Lojenga, per. comm.)
nouns verbs
L=( L=( ‘a sprout’ A A A A LA(HA LA(HA ‘to say a lie’
L=(=( L=(=( L=(=( L=(=( ‘life’ =L= =L= =L= =L= ‘to scratch’
LA( LA( ‘greeting, question’ L= L= ‘to throw’
LA(A LA(A ‘raw one’ L= L= ‘to sprout’
LA(A LA(A ‘a lie’ L= L=(J L= J J) J ‘to fall (down)’
L L ‘child’ L== L== L== L== ‘to live, to save’
L L ‘flower’ LAA LAA ‘to greet, to ask’
L(( L(( L(( L(( ‘beam, rod’ LAA LAA ‘to scatter’
LKK LKK ‘grinding stone’ L L ‘must, may (auxiliary verb)’
@ @ L LL L ‘throwing-stick’ L L ‘to measure, to weigh’
L( L( L( L( ‘protruding bone’ L L ‘to open, to part’
LK LK ‘to block the way by putting a piece of wood’
adjectives animal names
C>AALA C>AALA C>AALA C>AALA ‘paralyzed’ CKKCKLK(KLK
CKKCKLK(KLK CKKCKLK(KLK
CKKCKLK(KLK ‘small animal in duiker family’
LA( LA( ‘raw, unripe’ LK(K LK(K LK(K LK(K ‘small bird in nightingale family’
L( L( L( L( ‘kind of sparrow which makes its nest
in holes along high river banks’
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