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IK IK v. 1) draw (water), pour, fill up. 2) uproot, pull up, weed (by hand). 3) pierce, stab, sew. 4) write. 5) be full. #0991, 1002, 1075, 1905, 1913. IK IK C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= v. fence in. #1003. IK IK C>=C= C>=C= C>=C= v. harvest peanuts. IK IK KK KK KK KK n. hair. IK IK >AJ >AJ >AJ >AJ v. write. #1452. IK IK I( I( I( I( v. patch. #1114. IKK IKK IKK IKK J( J( J( J( v. swell. #1753. IKKK IKKK IKKK IKKK Morph: KIK KIK-KK KIK KK KK KK n. hair (of head). #0046. IK= IK= IK= IK= Morph: KIK KIK-== KIK KIK == == == n. beard. #0009. IKCFA IKCFA IKCFA IKCFA Morph: KIK KIK-CFA KIK CFA CFA CFA Variant: CFA CFA CFA CFA n. nail (fingernail or toenail), claw. #0038. IKCK(= IKCK(= IKCK(= IKCK(= Morph: KIK KIK-K(CK( KIK K(CK( K(CK(-== K(CK( == == == n. eyelash, eyebrow. #0031, 0032. IKH= IKH= n. broom. #0919. IKHK IKHK v. tear (cloth). #1698, 1991. IKJ5=(F=(5A( IKJ5=(F=(5A( Variant: KIK KIK KIK J5=(F=(5A( J5=(F=(5A( Morph: KIK KIK-J5=( KIK KIK J5=( J5=(-F=( J5=( F=( F=(-5A( F=( 5A( 5A((?) 5A( n. pubic hair. #0115. — 5 — 5=H= 5=H= v. give doubt. 5A 5A v. 1) heal, save, cure. 2) get well, be cured. #1184, 1728. 5A 5A 5A PRON. third person singular object pronoun: clitic form. cf. A5A A5A. A5A 5A 5A 5A C=J( C=J( C=J( C=J( v. construct, put together (assemble to make something). #1107. 5A(@H 5A(@H 5A(@H 5A(@H n. lemon (loan from French citron). #0604. 5AA 5AA 5AA 5AA v. pluck (chicken). #0952. 5A(FA( 5A(FA( 5A(FA( 5A(FA( n. hamper. #0810. 5AC= 5AC= 5AC= 5AC= n. falling trap. #1051. 5AH 5AH 5AH 5AH v. split (wood), cut with an axe (after the tree is already felled), peel bark. 5(J=( 5(J=( 5(J=( 5(J=( Variant: 5A(J=( 5A(J=( n. intestines. #0053. 5E 5E v. 1) plant (a shoot or a stem), thrust into the ground, plant. 2) bury. #0989, 0993. 5E 5E 5E =>= =>= v. plant, harvest (yams). #0982. 5E 5E J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. transplant. #0990. 5 5 K K K K Variant: 5 K K K K Morph: 5 55 5 H H H H -KK KK KK KK n. scar. #0116. 5 5 5 5 v. burn. #1714, 1715. 5K 5K v. be bitter. — J — J= J= v. 1) cut (palm nuts). 2) light. J= J= J= =@= =@= =@= v. be mutilated. #0240. J= J= J= =>=H= =>=H= =>=H= =>=H= v. decorate, be multicolored. #1000, 1567. J= J= > > > > H H H H v. make white. #1574. J= J= M M M M v. blaze. #1712. J= J= H=(M=( H=(M=( H=(M=( Variant: J= J= H=M= H=M= v. yell, cry out, shout. #1332, 1351. J= J= K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( v. bale out (canoe). #1791. J= J= KLK KLK v. be multicolored. #1567. J=(= J=(= Morph: J( J(-= J( J( QUEST. where. 230
J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch. #0819, 0852. J=B J=B J=B J=B ADJ. new. #1668. J=B J=B J=B J=B =(FK =(FK =(FK =(FK n. new moon. #0773. J=(D=(H=( J=(D=(H=( ADJ. light (not heavy). #1593. J==M=H= J==M=H= J==M=H= J==M=H= n. crooked. #1639. J=A J=A J=A J=A n. rock, flat rock, pebble. #0672, 0697, 0707. J=@K J=@K J=@K J=@K n. deaf mute. #0280. J=H= J=H= v. descend (to water), sink, flow. #1866, 1939. J=M(CA( J=M(CA( J=M(CA( J=M(CA( n. spark, lightning bug, lightning. #0716, 0746. J=M=( J=M=( J=M=( J=M=( n. large basin (used for fetching water), cooking pot (earthenware), metal pot. #0922, 0932. JA JA v. fall, drop. #1820. JA JA = = = = CA@= CA@= CA@= CA@= v. be rich. #1132. JA JA >K@K( >K@K( v. start. JA JA @ @ @ @ v. fail. #1933. JA JA @ @ @ @ (( (( (( (( v. become fierce. #1416. JA JA JA @ @ @ @ v. be wrong. #1399. JA JA >AH>AH >AH>AH >AH>AH >AH>AH v. appease, decrease. #1214, 1720. JA JA v. protect by charm. #1190. JA JA JA F=( F=( F=( KK KK KK KK v. seize (someone). #1060. JA JA KK KK KK KK @ @ @ @ v. sacrifice. #1191. JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( JA(=5( Variant: J=(=5( J=(=5(, J=(=5( J=(=5( JA(A5( JA(A5( JA(A5( JA(A5( ADJ2. small, few. #1585, 1599. JA JA JA JA v. cough. #0243. JA( JA( JA( JA( n. cough, phlegm. #0114, 0207. JAF=( JAF=( v. grasp, hold in arm. #0176. JAH JAH JAH JAH Variant: JHA HA n. magic. #1173. JAMA( JAMA( n. ant (big, black). #0498. J( J( J( J( PREP. on. FUNC. reflexive marker, passive marker. J(=( J(=( J(=( J(=( Morph: J(=( J(=( J(=( J(=( PRON. ourselves (inclusive). J(A@A J(A@A J(A@A J(A@A Morph: J( J(-A@A J( J( A@A A@A A@A PRON. themselves. J( J(A J( J( A A A Morph: J( J(-A J( J( A A A PRON. himself, herself. J((= J((= J((= J((= n. pain. #0222. J( J( J( J( Morph: J( J(- J( J( PRON. myself. J( J( J( J( Morph: J( J(- J( J( PRON. third person inanimate object pronoun. JH=A JH=A JH=A JH=A ADV. directly. J(H(A J(H(A J(H(A J(H(A n. umbilical cord, bud. #0099, 0629. J( J( J( J( Morph: J( J(- J( J( PRON. yourself. J(= J(= J(= J(= Morph: J(= J(= J(= J(= PRON. ourselves (exclusive). J(A J(A J(A J(A Morph: J( J(-A J( J( A A A PRON. yourselves. JE JE v. look. J J = = = = n. tongue. #0097. J J @ @ @ @ MH MH MH MH n. circle, ring, round. #0803, 1597. J J J J v. pick up. J J J J ADV. just there. J C=(=B( C=(=B( C=(=B( C=(=B( v. lift. #1842. JH@ JH@ JH@ JH@ n. leech. #0514. J J J J v. 1) give (as present), get for, take out (from container). 2) marry. 3) leave. 4) be sticky. #0962, 1238, 1254, 1692. 231
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
Page 281 and 282: languages compared. Consider a triv
Page 283 and 284: sound correspondences, and thus has
Page 285 and 286: in that they most often come about
Page 287 and 288: approximating gross groupings, ther
Page 289 and 290: The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292: One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294: Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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