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H H H H v. open. #1671, 1849. H H H H == == == == v. open the mouth. #0179. H H H H =@= =@= =@= =@= v. open (set ajar) (as a door). #1010. H H H H LH LH LH LH Morph: H H- H H LH LH LH LH n. backbone. #0007. H H H H v. rub between the fingers, rub hands, rub body (e.g. when washing yourself), crush (with the hands). #0183, 1898, 1964. I I I I n. pig, hog (loan from French cochon?). #0486, 0491. (I (I (I (I n. squash. (J5K (J5K (J5K (J5K n. bark (of tree). #0625. K K K K v. press, push, squeeze. #1857, 1981, 1983. K@K( K@K( K@K( K@K( n. hole, pit. #0554, 0698. K@K( K@K( K@K( K@K( LH LH LH LH n. small of back. #0088. K@K( K@K( K@K( K@K( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( n. well. #0855. K= K= K= K= n. debt. #1121. KK KK KK KK n. bedbug, flea. #0400, 0508. KK KK KK KK ADJ. big. KK(CKHK KK(CKHK KK(CKHK KK(CKHK Variant: K K K K CKHK CKHK CKHK CKHK n. centipede, millipede. #0504, 0519. KK KK KK KK Variant: K= K= K= K= n. head, top. #0048, 1778. KK KK KK KK =@= =@= =@= =@= n. roof. #1095. KK KK KK KK =@= =@= =@= =@= A>A A>A n. thatched roof. #1099. K K K K ADJ. right (direction). n. right hand. #0079, 1771. K@ K@ K@ K@ n. harp. K@K( K@K( K@K( K@K( PREP. in front of. KHK KHK KHK KHK v. give out, share, divide, grow thin, grow lean. #1224, 1591. KHK KHK KHK KHK J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. separate, become separated, spread everywhere. #1742, 1872, 1970. KHK@=( KHK@=( KHK@=( KHK@=( n. thin (not fat). #1601, 1603. KI( KI( KI( KI( n. barrier. KJK( KJK( KJK( KJK( FUNC. only. #1670. KJKHK KJKHK KJKHK KJKHK =M =M =M =M n. log. #0689. K(J5=( K(J5=( K(J5=( K(J5=( n. mosquito. #0520. KLK KLK KLK KLK Morph: (?)-KLK KLK n. stomach. K(MKI( K(MKI( K(MKI( K(MKI( Morph: ( ( (-MK ( MK MK-( MK ( (I( ( ( (- ( n. wisdom. #1379. KK KK KK KK Morph: -KK KK KK KK n. death. #0129. K(K K(K K(K K(K n. semen. #0117. M= M= M= M= v. go back to, return. #1827. M=(M=( M=(M=( M=(M=( M=(M=( n. grasshopper. #0511. — F F F F — F= F= F= F= v. run, flee, run away. #1863, 1864. F=( F=( F=( F=( REP. again. #1488. F= F= F= F= @ @ @ @ v. surround. #1785. F= F= F= F= @= @= @= @= v. slide on water. #1824. F=D= F=D= F=D= F=D= ADV. wide open. F=(=( F=(=( F=(=( F=(=( ADV. something done regularly. F=== F=== F=== F=== v. spill (liquid). #1870. F=H== F=H== F=H== F=H== PN. July. F=H=A= F=H=A= F=H=A= F=H=A= n. brain. #0017. 216
F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slipperiness. #1621. F=J= F=J= F=J= F=J= n. mud. #0695. FAFA(H( FAFA(H( FAFA(H( FAFA(H( n. joint. #0056. FA FAFA(H( FA FAFA(H( FA(H( FA(H( =( =( =( =( n. wrist. #0105. F( F(- F( F( PREP. just in (cf. Cloarec-Heiss 1986: 272). F(@H F(@H F(@H F(@H ADV. naked. #0134. F(A F(A F(A F(A TIME. a few days ago. LOC. here. #1762. F F F F @KLK @KLK @KLK @KLK n. kidney. F( F( F( F( Morph: F( F(- F( F( LOC. there (refers back to a previously mentioned place). F(F=( F(F=( F(F=( F(F=( Morph: F( F(-F=( F( F( F=( PREP. in the presence of. F(I( F(I( F(I( F(I( Morph: F( F(-(I( F( F( (I( (I( (I( PREP. in. F(5AA F(5AA F(5AA F(5AA Variant: F(5A F(5A, F(5A F(5A F(I F(I F(I F(I TIME. today, day, daytime. #0767, 0782. F(J= F(J= F(J= F(J= Morph: F( F(-J=(= F( F( J=(= QUEST. where. #1513. F(J F(J F(J F(J Morph: F( F(-J F( F( TIME. just happened (within the past few minutes). F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( =K =K =K =K > > 5= 5= 5= 5= Variant: =K =K =K =K > > 5= 5= 5= 5= NUM. forty. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( =K =K =K =K > > 5= 5= 5= 5= @ @ @ @ @F=( @F=( @F=( @F=( NUM. fifty. #1550. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( =K =K =K =K @K(K @K(K @K(K @K(K NUM. one hundred. #1555. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( =K =K =K =K L== L== L== L== NUM. eighty. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( =K =K =K =K L== L== L== L== @ @ @ @ @F=( @F=( @F=( @F=( NUM. ninety. #1554. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( =K =K =K =K LJ LJ LJ LJ NUM. sixty. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( =K =K =K =K LJ LJ LJ LJ @ @ @ @ @F=( @F=( @F=( @F=( NUM. seventy. #1552. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( KK KK KK KK >=A >=A >=A >=A Variant: =K =K =K =K > > 5= 5= 5= 5= NUM. twenty. #1542. F(J( F(J( F(J( F(J( KK KK KK KK >= >=A >= >= @ @ @ @ @F=( @F=( @F=( @F=( NUM. thirty. #1548. FE FE FE FE v. be tart, be sour, spoil (food). #1691, 1748. F F F F n. whole day. F F F F F F F F ADV. different. #1641. FF FF FF FF n. eagle, vulture. #0414, 0463. FC> FC> FC> FC> n. plank. #1091. FC> FC> FC> FC> =@= =@= =@= =@= n. wooden door. #0805. F F F F n. big hoe. #0965. F@H F@H F@H F@H M M M M n. burn (slight). #0206. F( F( F( F( ADV. close together, adjacent, tight, side by side. #1697, 1783. FHJ FHJ FHJ FHJ ADJ. black (for things). #1561. FJ FJ FJ FJ n. hat. #0812. F F F F v. coagulate. #0162. F F F F n. nightjar. FK FK FK FK v. heap up. #1006. FK FK FK FK (( (( (( (( v. become wrinkled. #0125. FK FK FK FK J( J( J( J( =( =( =( =( v. assemble, meet. #1215. FK(CK(HK( FK(CK(HK( FK(CK(HK( FK(CK(HK( ADJ. half. #1522. FKHK( FKHK( FKHK( FKHK( ADV. extra, exceedingly. FKHKKJK FKHKKJK FKHKKJK FKHKKJK n. owl. #0446. = = = = v. lick. #0250. ==M ==M ==M ==M n. flame. #0671. =J =J =J =J n. millet-beer. #0905. — — 217
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
Page 277 and 278: difference of syllable structure) a
Page 279 and 280: published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326:
Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348:
Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360:
Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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