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Variant: @ @ @ @ n. toe. #0096. H H H H J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. stretch. #1987. HC HC HC HC n. globe shaped. #1587. ( ( ( ( n. cricket. #0506. K K K K v. 1) ask. 2) become cooked. #1718. K K K K H H H H v. boil. #0941. K K K K F FF F v. ferment (alcohol). #1725. KCK( KCK( KCK( KCK( n. wind. #0731, 0759. K(C( K(C( K(C( K(C( n. man’s sister, woman’s sibling. #0319, 0361, 0362. KHK KHK KHK KHK v. stretch out. KJ KJ KJ KJ v. wash. #1995. KJ KJ KJ KJ (>= (>= (>= (>= v. wash clothes. #1024. — k — = = = = v. be finished, finish, used up, cease, pull up, come to a halt, wait, take heed. #1701, 1716, 1726, 1727, 1856. = = = = v. hurt, sell. =( =( =( =( CONJ. so. = = = = C=F=( C=F=( v. decide. #1412. = = = = =B( =B( =B( =B( v. stand. #1278. = = = = @ @ @ @ v. become straight. #1752. = = = = F=( F=( KK KK KK KK v. order (someone to do something). #1346. = = = = J( J( J( J( v. leave, finish. #1838, 1839. = =>=( = = >=( >=( C C C C =( =( =( =( n. palm-wine. #0908. =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( n. oil, grease. #0906. =@=( =@=( =@=( =@=( == == == == n. animal fetus. =@=( =@=( =@=( =@=( C> C> C> C> n. human fetus. #0036. =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( C C C C =( =( =( =( n. palm oil. #0907. =@=(CA(HA =@=(CA(HA =@=(CA(HA =@=(CA(HA n. gecko. #0421. =(=MK( =(=MK( =(=MK( =(=MK( n. hiccough. #0214. =BA(A =BA(A =BA(A =BA(A n. coffee (loan from French café). #0596. K=C= =C= PN. the Mono-Kaga dialect and people. =C= =C= =C= =C= n. mountain, hill. #0694. ==H= ==H= ==H= ==H= v. dig up (yams), snatch. #0970, 1869. = = = = n. basket. #0810. =( =( =( =( n. leaf. #0633. =( =( =( =( @C( @C( @C( @C( n. vegetable. #0913. = =( = = ( ( ( C>=CM= C>=CM= C>=CM= C>=CM= n. notebook, paper. =( =( =( =( =CA( =CA( =CA( =CA( n. leaf of corn plant. #0634. =( =( =( =( C C C C =( =( =( =( n. leaf of palm. #0635. =( =( =( =( n. leaf. ==(> ==(> ==(> ==(> n. head pad. #0813. ==F= ==F= ==F= ==F= n. flat. #1586. ==(C ==(C ==(C ==(C n. plate. #0934. ==M ==M ==M ==M Variant: = ==M = = =M =M =M n. machete, bush-knife. #1033. == == == == NUM. hundred (loan from Lingala kámá). ==K ==K ==K ==K n. dung beetle. #0507. 212
=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =( =( =( =( Variant: =A( =A( =A( =A( n. arm, hand. #0004, 0047, 0811. =( =( =( =( >=A >=A >=A >=A n. fist (lit. one hand). #0039. =( =( =( =( CAA AA AA AA n. left hand. #0060. =( =( =( =( =5A =5A =5A =5A Variant: =A( =A( =A( =A( =5A =5A =5A =5A ADJ. right. =( =( =( =( =5A =5A =5A =5A ADJ. left. =C= =C= =C= =C= n. slave, captive, prisoner, deacon. #0276, 0299, 0303. =C= =C= =C= =C= Variant: J5=(F=( J5=(F=( =C= =C= =C= =C= n. shoulder, upper arm. #0082, 0100. =H= =H= =H= =H= n. stranger. #0305. =H=L= =H=L= =H=L= =H=L= n. charm, fetish. #1165. =(I =(I =(I =(I n. gourd, squash. =J =J =J =J Variant: =JA =JA =JA =JA v. wait (for). #1291, 1448. =J5= =J5= =J5= =J5= ADV. quickly, early, fast. #0769, 1649. =J5=J5= =J5=J5= =J5=J5= =J5=J5= TIME. long ago. =(J5K =(J5K =(J5K =(J5K n. bark. =M= =M= =M= =M= v. snap, break. #1912. =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. gruel. #0897. =(= =(= =(= =(= n. weaver-bird. #0465. =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( n. paddle. #0825. A A A A DEIC. this. A= A= A= A= FH FH FH FH v. hatch. #0566. AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF= n. bed, village bed made out of bamboo. #0792. A(C>= A(C>= A(C>= A(C>= n. alone. #1628. AHA@= AHA@= AHA@= AHA@= n. type of broom (for outside). AMA AMA AMA AMA v. fold. #1940. AMA AMA AMA AMA == == == == (>= (>= (>= (>= v. hem. #1074. AMA AMA AMA AMA C=F=( C=F=( v. bend back. #1793. AMAJ AMAJ AMAJ AMAJ n. weak. #1702. COND. prefix for marking a conditional phrase. ( (- ( ( INF. prefix indicating infinitive form of the verb; nominalizer that turns a verb into a noun. (@= (@= (@= (@= H H H H n. mold. #0581. (@ (@ (@ (@ H H H H n. number. #1521. (@C= (@C= (@C= (@C= Morph: ( ( (-@C= ( @C= @C= @C= n. honor. (@= (@= (@= (@= J5=(F=( J5=(F=( =@= =@= =@= =@= Variant: ( ( (@= ( @= @= @= J5=(F=( J5=(F=( n. plaster, roughcasting. #1092. (C= (C= (C= (C= n. beauty. (C> (C> (C> (C> M M M M n. payment. #1126. ( ( ( ( @(H @(H @(H @(H n. kindness. #1199. ( ( ( ( @( @( @( @( n. agreement. #1295. (=H= (=H= (=H= (=H= n. cease (of rains). #0732. ( ( ( ( J( J( J( J( =K =K =K =K n. marriage. #1201. A(CC A(CC A(CC A(CC n. chameleon. #0406. ( ( ( ( Variant: A A( A A( ( ( n. spoon. #0937. ( ( (( n. sunset. #0779. ( ( ( ( n. fatigue. #0209. (= (= (= (= n. going. (@= (@= (@= (@= n. vomiting. (C=(=C= (C=(=C= (C=(=C= (C=(=C= n. acidity. #1610. 213
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
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(1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
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Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
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Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
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Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
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start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213 and 214: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 215 and 216: @A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
Page 265 and 266: C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
Page 267 and 268: Third, the supposedly borrowed word
Page 269 and 270: Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
Page 271 and 272: Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
Page 273 and 274: is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276: The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
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Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348:
Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354:
Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
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Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
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REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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