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=(A =(A =(A =(A Morph: =( =(-A =( =( A A A LOC. here. =(AA( =(AA( =(AA( =(AA( Morph: =( =(-AA( =( =( AA( AA( AA( PREP. behind. =(=CK( =(=CK( =(=CK( =(=CK( Morph: =( =(-== =( =( == ==-K(CK( == K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( LOC. in the water. =(( =(( =(( =(( Morph: =( =(-( =( =( ( ( ( PREP. in. =(>=J5= =(>=J5= =(>=J5= =(>=J5= TIME. tomorrow. #0783. =(> =(> =(> =(> = = = = TIME. day after tomorrow. #0765. =(@( =(@( =(@( =(@( Morph: =( =(-@ =( =( @ @( @( ( ( PREP. place, at the home of. =(F=( =(F=( =(F=( =(F=( Morph: =( =(-F=( =( =( F=( PREP. on (top). #1483. =(I@=( =(I@=( =(I@=( =(I@=( Morph: =( =(-( =( =( ( (I( ( ( (-=@= ( =@= =@= =@= LOC. inside. =(5K( =(5K( =(5K( =(5K( Variant: =(K(5K( =(K(5K( =(K(5K( =(K(5K( Morph: =( =(-K(5K( =( =( K(5K( LOC. outside. #1484. =J= =J= =J= =J= Variants: =J= =J=, =J= =J= >=J= >=J= CONJ. 1) since (as, because). 2) like. #1663, 1664. =J= =J= =J= =J= Variant: =J= =J=, =J= =J= >=J= >=J= PREP. like. #1663, 1664, 1675. =(J= =(J= =(J= =(J= Morph: =( =(-J=(= =( =( J=(= J=(= Variant: >=(J= >=(J= QUEST. where. #1513. =(J5=(K@K( =(J5=(K@K( =(J5=(K@K( =(J5=(K@K( Morph: =( =(-J5=( =( =( J5=( J5=(-K@K( J5=( K@K( K@K( K@K( PREP. in. =(= =(= =(= =(= Morph: =( =(- =( =( -= QUEST. where. =( =( =( =( Morph: =( =(- =( =( LOC. there. =(A( =(A( =(A( =(A( Morph: =( =(-A( =( =( A( A((?) A( LOC. there (imprecise). #1776. PRON. second person singular pronoun: clitic form (subject, direct object, possessive for nominalized verbs). cf. . E E E E Variant: E v. hit, thresh, sew, hit with a hammer, beat, hit with a stick/spear, strike (with hand). #0988, 1075, 1109, 1890, 1901, 1902. E E E E J5 J5 J5 J5 v. sing. #1163. E E E E KJKHKKJKHK KJKHKKJKHK KJKHKKJKHK KJKHKKJKHK v. smash, break. #1911. E E E E AC= AC= AC= AC= v. beat (drum). #1145, 1156. E E E E J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( > > > > v. flap the wings. #0563. — @ — @= @= v. slap, clap. @= @= Variant: @==( @==( ADV. motion away from the listener. @=( @=( CLEFT. signals focus. @= @= @= =( =( =( =( v. clap (hands). #0158. @= @= @= AC= AC= AC= AC= v. beat (drum). #1145, 1156. @== @== @== @== v. borrow. #1218. @== @== @== @== H H H H v. get into debt. #1135. @== @== @== @== B B B B v. lend. #1252. @=>=( @=>=( @=>=( @=>=( n. tail. #0544. @=>= @=>= @=>= @=>= ADV. still, yet. @=@H @=@H @=@H @=@H n. spider. #0523. @=H= @=H= @( @( @( @( (5( (5( (5( (5( v. curse. #1185. @=H= @=H= F=( F=( KK KK KK KK v. surpass (height or importance). @=H= @=H= KJK KJK v. attend to. @=H== @=H== @=H== @=H== Variant: @=H= @=H= == ==. == == v. swear, make an oath. #1355. @=H=>A5= @=H=>A5= @=H=>A5= @=H=>A5= n. slipperiness. #1621. @A @A v. chop, cut down (a tree), cut firewood, burst. #0946, 0998, 1895, 1896. @A @A =(J=( =(J=( v. shorten. #1608. @A @A @ @ @ @ == == == == v. peck. #0569. @A @A C>=H=( C>=H=(-C>=H=( C>=H=( C>=H=( v. shiver, tremble. #0186, 1992. 200
@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. chop into pieces, crush (with the feet), split. #0994, 1898, 1977. @ @ @ @ v. be; copula employed for equation or proper inclusion. @ @ @ @ Variant: , J J J J PREP. 1) with. 2) of. CONJ. and. #1517. @ @ @ @ (J5( (J5( (J5( (J5( ADV. good, well. #1510, 1654. @( @( @( @( DEIC. that. @E @E v. be tangled. @ @ C C C C n. elbow. #0029. @ @ @ @ v. 1) count. 2) read. 3) lean to the side, bend, bank. #1411. @ @ @ @ >AJ >AJ >AJ >AJ v. read. #1439. @ @ @ @ J5((= J5((= J5((= J5((= v. cackle. #0561. @ @ @ @ J5((= J5((= J5((= J5((= B B B B v. beseech, entreat, pray. #1327, 1347. @ @ @ @ v. be foolish. @ @ @ @ F=( F=( F=( F=( v. abound. #1625. @ @ @ @ n. elephantiasis. @(J @(J @(J @(J n. tomato (loan from French tomate). #0623. @H @H @H @H n. partridge. #0449. @ @ @ @ v. stomp, kick. #1874, 1903. @ @ @ @ v. escape, evade. #1055, 1056. @ @ @ @ F=( F=( v. avoid. #1790. @ @ @ @ K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( K(CK( v. swim. #0194. @(((C>= @(((C>= @(((C>= @(((C>= n. scorpion. #0521. @@K( @@K( @@K( @@K( Variant: @=@K( @=@K( @=@K( @=@K( PN. December. @C( @C( @C( @C( n. part of the meal that is not the starch (can be either greens or meat). @C @C @C @C Variants: @C @C @C @C @C= @C= @C= @C= v. honor. #1243, 1622. @(C( @(C( @(C( @(C( n. praise. #1307. @C @C @C @C J5 J5 J5 J5 v. praise, sing. #1162. @K @K @K v. punch, tether (sheep or goats), tie up, twist. #0987, 1022, 1884. @K @K ( ( ( ( v. play. #1259. @K= @K= @K= @K= v. tie a knot. #1021. — @ — @= @= @= @= Variant: @= @= @= @= (JA( (JA( (JA( (JA( v. mix, spot, speckle. #1749. @= @= @= @= PREP. opposite. @= @= @= @= =@= =@= =@= =@= v. daub. #0999. @=C=(=B( @=C=(=B( @=C=(=B( @=C=(=B( Morph: @=C=(=B @=C=(=B( @=C=(=B @=C=(=B( ( ( PREP. up, above. #1487. @=C=J5=(J5K @=C=J5=(J5K @=C=J5=(J5K @=C=J5=(J5K Morph: @=C=J5=(J5K @=C=J5=(J5K @=C=J5=(J5K @=C=J5=(J5K n. front. PREP. towards. #1485, 1761. @=C=F=( @=C=F=( @=C=F=( @=C=F=( Morph: @=C=F=( @=C=F=(. @=C=F=( @=C=F=( PREP. above. #1475, 1483. @=C=(5K( @=C=(5K( @=C=(5K( @=C=(5K( Morph: @=C=K(5K( @=C=K(5K( @=C=K(5K( @=C=K(5K( PREP. outside. #1484. @==J= @==J= @==J= @==J= Variant: @=C=J= @=C=J= @=C=J= @=C=J= ADJ. true (superlative). @=C= @=C= @=C= @=C= v. mix, tangle. #0950, 1990. @=(FK @=(FK @=(FK @=(FK Variant: =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( =(@=( F EXCL. really. #1506. @A @A @A @A v. coil, wind. #1926, 1997. @A( @A( @A( @A( ?. some. #1507. @ACA(JA @ACA(JA @ACA(JA @ACA(JA n. pepper. #0910. @AFA @AFA @AFA @AFA n. fish-scale. #0537. @AH @AH @AH @AH Variant: @AH @AH @AH @AH @ @( @ @( ( ( v. 1) forget, be forgotten by. 2) stir a thin liquid. #0958, 1418. 201
Page 1 and 2:
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
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However, this is not what we find.
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4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
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each vowel in the sequence. She con
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consonant to be lower in sonority t
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entire word as its domain, which wo
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phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
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is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
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. Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
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this is that these words bear stres
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Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
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(3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
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the words, ‘far’, F F F F
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The adjective == == == == ‘small
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One question which arises is whethe
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1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
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In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
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contains several morphemes are term
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(2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
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Second, certain adjectives are lexi
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Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
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(13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
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element begins with a vowel, vowel
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Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
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121) considers this to be an unprod
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document clearly the formal propert
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Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
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(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F=
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There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
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7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
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(45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
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(49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
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which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
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CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
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This chapter consists of four parts
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Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
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Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
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languages on one hand (Degema and t
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Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
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Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
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oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
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In the tokens I examined, then, I f
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ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
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Figure 8.23: Waveform and spectrogr
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labial-velar stops is shorter than
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formant transitions at the release
Page 163 and 164: Figure 8.28: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 165 and 166: (1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168: Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
Page 175 and 176: Words with only two syllables shoul
Page 177 and 178: presence of a nasal formant at the
Page 179 and 180: Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
Page 181 and 182: Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
Page 183 and 184: transition from the secondary artic
Page 185 and 186: linguistic universals and tendencie
Page 187 and 188: The two secondary articulations fou
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
Page 191 and 192: ( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
Page 193 and 194: 20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
Page 195 and 196: 33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
Page 197 and 198: ( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
Page 199 and 200: ( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
Page 201 and 202: ( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
Page 203 and 204: ( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
Page 205 and 206: 9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
Page 207 and 208: Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
Page 209 and 210: =@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
Page 211 and 212: == == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
Page 213: (( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
Page 217 and 218: A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
Page 219 and 220: C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
Page 221 and 222: C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
Page 223 and 224: ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
Page 225 and 226: =5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
Page 227 and 228: =>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
Page 229 and 230: = = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
Page 231 and 232: F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
Page 233 and 234: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
Page 235 and 236: H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
Page 237 and 238: — @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
Page 239 and 240: C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
Page 241 and 242: (C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
Page 243 and 244: I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
Page 245 and 246: J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
Page 247 and 248: — J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
Page 249 and 250: KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
Page 251 and 252: M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
Page 253 and 254: =M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
Page 255 and 256: APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
Page 257 and 258: changes to Greenberg’s work. This
Page 259 and 260: Williamson bases much of her classi
Page 261 and 262: original division between the two b
Page 263 and 264: Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
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The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
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One question which arises immediate
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Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
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D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326:
Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
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Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
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Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
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Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
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Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
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Table F.3, continued. (12)
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Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360:
Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362:
Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
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Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
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Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
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Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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