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Imperative mood (IMP). The imperative mood is indicated by the absence of a subject and the occurrence of a L tone on the first syllable of the verb stem. In the negative form, a H tone occurs on both the verb root and the reduplicant. (29) a. =CA( =CA( =CA( =CA( take(pl):IMP corn ‘Take the corn.’ DET b. = = = = @ @ @ @ (J5( (J5( (J5( (J5( go:IMP with good DET ‘Good-bye (lit: go well).’ c. I(C>= I(C>= I(C>= I(C>= =C= =C= =C= =C= AA AA AA AA RED-eat meat animal NEG ‘Don’t eat meat.’ Obligations/Interdictions mood. Obligations and interdictions are indicated by a L tone on the first syllable of the verb root. This is the same form as the imperative, but the subject is present. In addition, this form usually appears in a subordinate clause. (30) a. ( ( ( ( =@(A =@(A =@(A =@(A I I I I @ @ @ @ K(MKI(H K(MKI(H K(MKI(H K(MKI(H C=F=( C=F=( C=F=( C=F=( SS suffice:NF that 2SG be:OB with wisdom on-top DET ‘You need to have wisdom as well.’ b. I( I( I( I( ( ( ( ( @( @( @( @( =@(A =@(A =@(A =@(A =KC =KC =KC =KC @ @ @ @ ==5A ==5A ==5A ==5A 1SG be:NF INF-like DET that PL-sibling 1SG with PL-woman A@A A@A A@A A@A C=( C=( C=( C=( C=( C=( C=( C=( AA AA AA AA 3PL enter:OB inside DET there NEG ‘I didn’t want my sisters to go in there.’ c. F=(I( F=(I( F=(I( F=(I( (K (K (K (K = = = = =@(A =@(A =@(A =@(A J5 J5 J5 J5 F=H= F=H= 1SG REP-be:NF INF-ask mother 1SG that 3SG look.for:OB K(@K( K(@K( H H H H B rest thing DET BEN 1SG ‘I was again asking my mother to look for some leftovers for me.’ d. ( ( ( ( =@(A =@(A =@(A =@(A J( J( J( J( it suffice:NF that 1SG tie:OB REFL-1SG ‘I need to go to the bathroom.’ Subjunctive mood (SUBJ). The subjunctive mood is indicated by a M tone on the first syllable of the verb root. It is often used to connote the idea of correctness or advice, and it is conveyed in an English translation by use of the auxiliary ‘should’ (31). In addition, it is employed in a reason-result structure (32). 111
(31) a. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( (F= (F= (F= (F= =@(A =@(A =@(A =@(A = = = = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=@( AA AA AA AA SS be:NF INF-say that 1PL.INCL come:SUBJ to 3SG.LOG ‘He is saying that we should go to him.’ b. =(=( =(=( =(=( =(=( = = = = C=( C=( C=( C=( ( ( ( ( B= B= IK IK IK IK A( A( A( A( brother come:IMP here SS change:SUBJ heart 2SG EMPH ‘Brother, come here. You should really change your heart.’ c. A(IK A(IK A(IK A(IK I( I( I( I( @ @ @ @ C C C C =( =( =( =( =@(A =@(A =@(A =@(A = = = = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=@( AA AA AA AA Jesus be:NF with hunger 1PL.INCL that 1PL.INCL come:SUBJ to-chez 3SG.LOG ‘Jesus has a desire for us that we should come to him.’ (32) a. ( ( ( ( M=(= =( =( = = = = (K (K (K (K =(I =(I =(I =(I word DET bother 1SG much CONJ 1SG come:SUBJ INF-ask 2SG this ‘Those words hurt me a lot, so (that is why) I came to talk to you about it.’ b. ( ( ( ( =( =( =( =( B B B B 5A 5A J5 J5 J5 J5 @ @ @ @ SS take:NF BEN 3SG 3SG drink:SUBJ ‘I got him (water) so that he could drink.’ c. ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( ( ( ( ( =J= =J= =( =( = = = = I I I I ( ( ( ( J5=(K@K( J5=(K@K( J5=(K@K( J5=(K@K( SS be:NF only DET thus CONJ 1PL.EXCL be:SUBJ INF-lie.down under ‘It (the house) was like that, so we were sleeping under it.’ DET Certainty. One additional TAM form is a HM falling tone on a reduplicant followed by a M tone on the verb root. The precise meaning of this form remains to be determined. A couple of examples are given in (33): (( ( (33) a. =(== =(== =(== =(== =@A(A =@A(A =@A(A =@A(A ( ( ( ( I( I( I( I( =J= =J= =J= =J= (J5 (J5( (J5 (J5 H H H H RED:CERT-leave:CERT that... it be like good thing ‘Be aware that...this is a good thing.’ b. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( ( (M=(=M= ( (M=(=M= M=(=M= M=(=M= C(C( C(C( C(C( C(C( =(I( =(I( =(I( =(I( 3PL be INF-RED:CERT-return:CERT time DET this ‘They will indeed be returning now.’ The copula (@ (@ (@ (@ and the verb (I (I (I (I ‘to be’ both have irregular properties which I will discuss briefly here. The copula is used to express equation (the entity of the subject and the predicate nominal are the same), proper inclusion (the entity of the subject is in the class of items indicated by the predicate nominal), and possession such as The book is John’s. The form of the copula is @( @( @( @( in the positive and @(@( @(@( @(@( @(@( in the negative. Occasionally the positive form is shortened to @( @( @( @( or left out entirely. If a pronoun occurs in subject position, it is in its citation form. 112
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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE PHONO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE LIST O
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The lan
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Banda sub
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Rhodes, Jim Roberts, Doug Sampson,
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ABSTRACT In this dissertation, I de
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This dissertation is dedicated to t
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There are several languages in the
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The Bubanda region is located to th
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convincing. More will be said about
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Her phonological analysis consists
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study informing the internal classi
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men hunt small game, but large game
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third of CAR. At its peak, the Uban
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of Lingala is reduced, both for men
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language. Also, code switching is n
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Finally, several documents dealing
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with the contrast between sounds, a
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CHAPTER 2 PHONEMES In this chapter,
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4. Frequency of occurrence. If a so
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Mono consonants share several trait
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Despite the fact that the labial fl
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The data in (1) show sample contras
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However, contrasts are readily atte
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case of the pronouns. If the pronou
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2.2 Vowels b. Labial-velar and lab
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If = were reinterpreted as a low fr
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The data in (19) show sample contra
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= Table 2.1: Consonant-vowel combin
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CHAPTER 3 TONE The majority of Afri
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(3) Tautomorphemic words containing
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3.2 Grammatical tone Besides the le
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(13) a. = = = = = C=@( C=@( C=@( C=
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Certain locative adverbs in Mono ha
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CHAPTER 4 LABIALIZATION AND PALATAL
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tongue position in addition to a pr
Page 73 and 74: However, this is not what we find.
Page 75 and 76: 4.2 Suggested interpretations Chao
Page 77 and 78: each vowel in the sequence. She con
Page 79 and 80: consonant to be lower in sonority t
Page 81 and 82: entire word as its domain, which wo
Page 83 and 84: phonemically as ia, or as a semi-vo
Page 85 and 86: is suggested by Blevin’s (1995: 2
Page 87 and 88: . Alveolar ⎯ J =J=H= =J=H= =J=H=
Page 89 and 90: this is that these words bear stres
Page 91 and 92: Arabic, Japanese, Lardil, Estonian,
Page 93 and 94: (3) Underlying forms of sample V1CV
Page 95 and 96: the words, ‘far’, F F F F
Page 97 and 98: The adjective == == == == ‘small
Page 99 and 100: One question which arises is whethe
Page 101 and 102: 1994, Elders 2000), most of which f
Page 103 and 104: In my corpus of data, adverbs begin
Page 105 and 106: contains several morphemes are term
Page 107 and 108: (2) Sample animate nouns a. C> C> C
Page 109 and 110: Second, certain adjectives are lexi
Page 111 and 112: Thus, according to Kamanda’s hypo
Page 113 and 114: (13) Sample compound nouns in Mono
Page 115 and 116: element begins with a vowel, vowel
Page 117 and 118: Cloarec-Heiss (1972: 86) for Linda.
Page 119 and 120: 121) considers this to be an unprod
Page 121 and 122: document clearly the formal propert
Page 123: Repetitive aspect (REP). The repeti
Page 127 and 128: There is a plural form ( (, ( ( whi
Page 129 and 130: 7.1.3 Prepositional morphology Most
Page 131 and 132: (45) a. I( I( I( I( (= (= (= (=
Page 133 and 134: (49) a. ( ( ( ( → ~
Page 135 and 136: which reduces to '' ' ' in casual s
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER 8 ACOUSTIC PHONETICS While
Page 139 and 140: This chapter consists of four parts
Page 141 and 142: Figure 8.2: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 143 and 144: Figure 8.4: Waveform and spectrogra
Page 145 and 146: languages on one hand (Degema and t
Page 147 and 148: Figure 8.8: Waveform of the possibl
Page 149 and 150: Figure 8.12: Waveform and spectrogr
Page 151 and 152: oth Speakers A and K. In Speaker A
Page 153 and 154: In the tokens I examined, then, I f
Page 155 and 156: ief glottalic ingressive mechanism,
Page 159 and 160: labial-velar stops is shorter than
Page 161 and 162: formant transitions at the release
Page 165 and 166: (1973) suggest plotting F1 vs. F2',
Page 167 and 168: Table 8.4: Bandwidth averages. Unit
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.30: Plot of F1 vs. F3 (Spe
Page 171 and 172: Second, the value of F2 for the Mon
Page 173 and 174: start of or H. The second vowel wa
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Words with only two syllables shoul
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presence of a nasal formant at the
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Figures 8.40 and 8.41 show spectrog
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Second, I argue in Chapter 4 that l
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transition from the secondary artic
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linguistic universals and tendencie
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The two secondary articulations fou
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APPENDIX A TEXTS This appendix cont
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( 11. “>== >== >== >== =( =( =( =
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20. “A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( == =
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33. “ @ @ @ @ J5(( J5(( J5(( J
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( 43. A@A A@A A@A A@A I( I( I( I( (
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( 55. J5A J5A J5A J5A =( =( =( =( =
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( ( ( =( =( =( =( ( ( ( ( MK( M
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( 9. =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK =LKHK A
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9. C> C> C> C> CA( CA( CA( CA( AC=
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Table A.2: Frequency counts of vowe
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=@AC =@AC =@AC =@AC n. bend, crook,
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== == == == M(A( M(A( M(A( M(A( n.
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(( ( >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= >==C>= CJ
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@A @A @A J5(( J5(( J5(( J5(( v. cho
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A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( CKIK CKIK n
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C=>= C=>= C=>= C=>= v. honor, admir
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C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= C>=@= CK> CK> CK>
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ADJ. sharp. F F ADJ. tart. ADJ
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=5A =5A =5A =5A =C= =C= =C= =C= n.
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=>= =>= =>= =>= n. knife. #0929. =(
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= = = = Variant: >= >= >= >= n. ill
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F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK F=IKHK n. slip
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ (>= (>= (>= (>= n.
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H >H >H >H (5( (5( (5( (5( v. be dr
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— @ @ @ @ — @= @= @= @= v. vomi
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C>@ C>@ C>@ C>@ AAF= AAF= AAF= AAF=
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(C>( (C>( (C>( (C>( Variant: =(C>(
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I I I I @ @ @ @ A(FA( A(FA( A(FA( A
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J=@= J=@= J=@= J=@= n. lamp, torch.
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— J5 J5 — J5=( J5=( PREP.
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KK KK KK KK n. thigh (the part of t
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M=H M=H M=H M=H n. manioc paste. M=
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=M=( =M=( =M=( =M=( n. bitter herbs
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APPENDIX C AN EVALUATION OF NIGER-C
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changes to Greenberg’s work. This
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Williamson bases much of her classi
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original division between the two b
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Stewart and Williamson interpret th
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C.3.1 Inclusion of Bantu within Nig
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Third, the supposedly borrowed word
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Watters (1989: 409) notes that *KCM
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Congo. Greenberg (1970) named it Ad
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is already satisfied, and thus form
Page 275 and 276:
The second major issue with respect
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difference of syllable structure) a
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published and personally elicited.
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languages compared. Consider a triv
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sound correspondences, and thus has
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in that they most often come about
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approximating gross groupings, ther
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The International Phonetic Alphabet
Page 291 and 292:
One question which arises immediate
Page 293 and 294:
Table D.1: Genetic affiliation of l
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This is identical to what Catford (
Page 297 and 298:
D.5 Phonological status D.5.1 Evalu
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7. Borrowed words. If the sound is
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(4) Contrast with other labial soun
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(7) Sample lexical items in Karang
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which are shown in (11). Third, the
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distribution of the labial flap bea
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In addition, we provide evidence co
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South Mofu [MIF] (Cameroon). Barret
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the mouth (Karanga) or ‘of flicki
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ilabial or labiodental. Lim conside
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words are found in those subgroups.
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‘joint’, CM CM CM CM ‘ankle
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Feroge [FER] (Sudan). Santandrea (1
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the Méré dialect in the words CKL
Page 325 and 326:
Mvuba [MXH] (D. R. Congo). Demolin
Page 327 and 328:
Labial flap (1) Files labfl1_11025.
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Implosives and labialization (7) Fi
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(23) Secondary articulations I(
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(36) M= M= ‘send’ =(J= =(J= =(J
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MK( MK( I( I( I( I( AA AA AA AA
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Table F.1, continued. d. Labial con
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Table F.1, continued. e. Labial co
Page 341 and 342:
Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 343 and 344:
Table F.1, continued. e. Alveolar c
Page 345 and 346:
Table F.1, continued. f. Palatal co
Page 347 and 348:
Table F.1, continued. h. Palatal co
Page 349 and 350:
Table F.1, continued. e. Velar/glot
Page 351 and 352:
Table F.1, continued. d. Labial-vel
Page 353 and 354:
Table F.2, continued. K E K@ K@
Page 355 and 356:
Table F.3, continued. (12)
Page 357 and 358:
Table F.4: Formant and bandwidth va
Page 359 and 360:
Table F.4, continued. LA@= Spec 368
Page 361 and 362:
Table F.4, continued. > Spec 326.
Page 363 and 364:
Table F.4, continued. > Spec 532.86
Page 365 and 366:
Table F.4, continued. > 5= Spec 619
Page 367 and 368:
Table F.5, continued. E > 5= ‘two
Page 369 and 370:
REFERENCES Arom, Simha, and France
Page 371 and 372:
Buchanan, Michael. 1996. Rapport d
Page 373 and 374:
Demolin, Didier. 1988. Some problem
Page 375 and 376:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1995. The conc
Page 377 and 378:
International Phonetic Association.
Page 379 and 380:
McCarthy, John J., and Alan S. Prin
Page 381 and 382:
Pozzati, Aurelio. 1987. Vocabolario
Page 383 and 384:
Thomas, Jacqueline M.-C. 1963. Le p
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