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j^V%V LIBRARY<br />
OF THE<br />
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY<br />
THE A. MARSHALL ELLIOTT UBRARY<br />
CONSISnNG OF<br />
HIS PERSONAL LIBRARY<br />
BEQUEATHED TO THE UNIVERSITY IN 1910<br />
AND Of<br />
BOOKS PURCHASED WITH THE INCOME OF<br />
A FUND CONTRIBUTED BY HIS FRIENDS
">!
MACMILLAN'S LATIN SERIES<br />
EDITED BY<br />
JOHN COPELAND KIRTLAND, JR.<br />
Professor of Latin in The Phillips Exeter Academy
h^?)
0 2U 10 00 SO 100 120 140<br />
SCALE OF ENGLTSII"M1LES<br />
0 20 40 00
Jlacmillan's ILatiit Series<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
TWENTY LIVES<br />
EDITED BY<br />
JOHN EDMUND BARSS<br />
LATIN MASTER IN THE HOTCHKISS SCHOOL<br />
Neto gorft<br />
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br />
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.<br />
1900<br />
All rights reserved
'<strong>i4</strong>'^'"<br />
COPYRIGHT, 1900,<br />
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.<br />
Gift oi<br />
^.K»rsbaU3lHott.<br />
Classical,<br />
J. S. Cushing SL CO. — Berwick i Smith<br />
Norwood Mass. D.S.A.
Efl Jig jFati)cr
PREFACE<br />
CAESAR and Nepos will probably continue to be the<br />
mainstay of the second year in Latin. To provide a<br />
good working edition of the latter author is the aim of<br />
this book. Twelve Lives constitute a fair equivalent<br />
for the third and fourth books of Caesar's GaHic War.<br />
The first twelve Lives with the Praefatio and the Life<br />
of Epaminondas have been edited with full commentary.<br />
To these are added seven Lives, edited with footnotes<br />
for sight-reading. As the vocabulary covers the whole<br />
text, these last may also be used for prepared work or<br />
rapid reading.<br />
The commentary on the two divisions of the text,<br />
while identical in aim, — the development of power to<br />
read Latin and to render it into good English, — differs<br />
in method. The fuller notes contain references to the<br />
standard grammars. These have been employed wherever<br />
the principle involved seemed to deserve thorough<br />
treatment, but care has been taken not to make them<br />
so numerous as to defeat their end. Many points of<br />
grammar are directly and briefly expounded in the notes<br />
themselves. The best methods of attacking Latin sentences<br />
are explained, and the student is encouraged to<br />
use good English by frequent warnings against the<br />
perils of the novice, and by the translation of phrases<br />
and idioms which experience has shown to be in especial<br />
danger of barbarous rendering. The significance of<br />
vii
Vlll<br />
PREFACE<br />
the Latin word-order is constantly pointed out. Antiquarian<br />
and philological comment has been reduced to<br />
the lowest terms. The necessary historical setting to<br />
the Lives is given in the Introduction, which contains<br />
also a short life of Nepos and a list of English books<br />
for collateral reading.<br />
The footnotes to the last seven Lives have been<br />
pruned of everything superfluous. Latin synonyms,<br />
the translation of uncommon words and short phrases,<br />
and such brief explanations as are absolutely necessary<br />
constitute the body of these notes.<br />
The exercises for translation into Latin have been<br />
based on those Lives which have full commentary.<br />
They are particularly designed to encourage idiomatic<br />
rendering of the Latin text.<br />
Lewis' Elementary Latin Dictionary has been the<br />
guide in the marking of long vowels and the treatment<br />
of assimilation. The spelling adopted as most convenient<br />
and uniform prints the accusative plural in -is in<br />
the case of words whose genitive plural ends in -iitm.<br />
The text is that of Fleckeisen's recension of Halm.<br />
The editor begs to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr.<br />
Edward G. Coy, Headmaster of The Hotchkiss School,<br />
and Professors J. W. White and J. H. Wright of Harvard<br />
<strong>University</strong>, who have lent valuable illustrative<br />
material. Dr. G. W. Botsford of Harvard <strong>University</strong><br />
has kindly lent from his History of Greece the views<br />
of the Plain of Mantinea and of the Citadel of Corinth.<br />
Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. have also been so good<br />
as to allow reproduction of the Harbors of Carthage<br />
and the bust of Scipio contained in How and Leigh's<br />
History of Rome. In the proof-reading, the editor has
PREFACE IX<br />
benefited by the aid of his colleagues, Mr. James D.<br />
Meeker and Mr. George W. Creelman, and of Dr. John<br />
D. Wolcott. Besides the thanks which it is his privilege<br />
to express to these gentlemen, it is a pleasure here<br />
to acknowledge his indebtedness to the general editor<br />
of this series, Professor John C. Kirtland, Jr., whose<br />
careful scrutiny of every detail of the work has greatly<br />
contributed to its consistency and accuracy.<br />
LAKEVILLE, CONNECTICUT,<br />
March 13, 1900.
CONTENTS<br />
INTRODUCTION PAGE<br />
TEXT<br />
I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF NEPOS . . . . I<br />
BOOKS FOR PARALLEL READING . . . 2<br />
II. HISTORY OF GREECE 3<br />
III. HISTORY OF ROME . . . . . .12<br />
PRAEFATIO 15<br />
MILTIADES 16<br />
THEMISTOCLES 25<br />
ARISTIDES 36<br />
PAUSANIAS 38<br />
ClMON 44<br />
LYSANDER 47<br />
ALCIBIADES 50<br />
THRASYBULUS 61<br />
CONON 64<br />
DION 68<br />
IPHICRATES . . 76<br />
CHABRIAS 79<br />
EPAMINONDAS 82<br />
SIGHT-READING<br />
PELOPIDAS 93<br />
AGESILAUS . . . . . . . . . 98<br />
PHOCION 108<br />
TIMOLEON Ill<br />
xi
XII CONTENTS<br />
PAGE<br />
HAMILCAR . . . . . . . . 117<br />
HANNIBAL 120<br />
CATO 134<br />
NOTES 137<br />
EXERCISES IN WRITING LATIN . . . .197<br />
WORD-GROUPS 225<br />
VOCABULARY 241
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS<br />
MAP OF GREECE WITH THE ISLANDS AND COASTS OF THE<br />
AEGAEAN SEA Frontispiece<br />
PAGE<br />
HEAD OF MARS 15<br />
MILTIADES 17<br />
SCYTHIAN 19<br />
MAP OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE . . . . Facing 20<br />
GRAVE-MOUND AT MARATHON . . . . . .21<br />
MILTIADES AT MARATHON 22<br />
THEMISTOCLES 25<br />
MERCHANT SHIP 26<br />
TOMB OF LEONIDAS AT SPARTA 27<br />
PROW OF GREEK WAR-VESSEL 28<br />
ATHENS AND HER HATIBORS 30<br />
ATHENS 35<br />
ATHENIAN COIN 38<br />
HEAD OF PERSIAN SATRAP 38<br />
REMAINS OF TRIPOD DEDICATED BY PAUSANIAS . . . 39<br />
PERSIAN 41<br />
TRIPOD DEDICATED BY PAUSANIAS (RE.STORED) . . . 42<br />
ALCIBIADES 5°<br />
SOCRATES 5'<br />
PERICLES 5'<br />
HERMES 52<br />
ATHLETE RECEIVING TAENIAE 55<br />
THUCYDIDES 60<br />
xiii
xiv MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS<br />
PAGE<br />
PLATO 70<br />
PELTAST 76<br />
HOPLITE 77<br />
GREEK SWORDS 79<br />
SEA-FIGHT 82<br />
BOY SINGING TO TIBIAE ACCOMPANIMENT . . . . 83<br />
IN A GREEK GYMNASIUM 84<br />
CITHARA-PLAYER 87<br />
A BOEOTIAN WARRIOR 91<br />
PLAIN OF MANTINEA 92<br />
CONVIVIUM 96<br />
CORINTH . -113<br />
MAP OF ITALY Facing 117<br />
HARBORS OF CARTHAGE 121<br />
SCIPIO AFRICANUS 126
CORNELIUS NEPOS
INTRODUCTION<br />
I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF NEPOS<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS was born about the year lOO B.C.,<br />
probably at Ticinum in Cisalpine Gaul. As his death<br />
did not occur until the beginning of the last quarter of<br />
the century, he Hved in stirring times; yet he took no<br />
part in politics. In his life of Atticus he attempts to<br />
excuse his friend for holding aloof from public affairs,<br />
and perhaps he may be considered to apologize for<br />
himself at the same time. At all events, he was more<br />
of a student than a man of action, and attempted, as<br />
Catullus says in dedicating his poems to Nepos,<br />
omne aevum tribtis explicare chartis,<br />
doctis, luppiter, et laboriosis.<br />
The learning which Catullus here admires is not that<br />
of a modern scientific 'historian. Nepos was often uncritical<br />
in the use of his sources ; a fault which resulted<br />
in inaccuracies of statement and some disappointing<br />
omissions. The biographies, however, have decided<br />
human interest, and their author shows a sympathy<br />
with foreign ideas unusual in a Roman. His fondness<br />
for the study of Greek, besides broadening his mind,<br />
may have been a bond in the friendship existing<br />
between him and the learned Atticus. The orator<br />
B I
1 INTRODUCTION<br />
Cicero was also a friend of Atticus, and in turn became<br />
the friend of Nepos.<br />
Besides the history of the world referred to in the<br />
passage from Catullus quoted above, Nepos wrote many<br />
other works, all of which are lost, except a portion of<br />
the De Viris Inlustribus. Of the sixteen or more books<br />
into which this work was divided, we have only one, De<br />
Excellentibus Ducibus Exterarum Gcritium, from which<br />
nearly all the selections in this volume are taken, and<br />
part of another, De Historicis Latinis, embracing the lives<br />
of Cato the Censor and of Titus Pomponius Atticus.<br />
The purpose of the Lives is clear. In a day when<br />
Roman statecraft; was characterized rather by personal<br />
ambition than by patriotism, Nepos felt it wise to re<br />
mind the men of his time of the lessons of history. This<br />
may, perhaps, explain the form in which he cast his<br />
work. He has made these brief biographies character<br />
sketches, not complete records. The style of Nepos has<br />
certain peculiarities which prevent his being classed<br />
among the writers of the purest prose. These will<br />
receive attention in the notes when of sufficient impor<br />
tance to demand comment.<br />
BOOKS FOR PARALLEL READING<br />
HISTORY OF GREECE. Botsford, Oman, Abbott, Grote, Cuitius,<br />
Holm.<br />
HISTORY OF ROME. Allen, Myers, How and Leigh, Shuckburgh,<br />
Mommsen.<br />
" STORY OF THE NATIONS." Greece, Rome, Persia, Carthage, Sicily.<br />
"EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY." Cox: The Greeks and the Pej-sians,<br />
and The Athenian Empire. Sankey: The Spartan and<br />
Theban Supremacies. Smith : Rome and Carthage.
HISTORY OF GREECE 3<br />
BIOGRAPHY. Plutarch's Lives (Stewart and Long's translation).<br />
Abbott: Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens. Cox : Lives<br />
of Greek Statesmen. Dodge : Hannibal.<br />
MISCELLANEOUS. Rawlinson : The Five Great Monarchies of the<br />
Ancient World (Persia). Creasy : Decisive Battles of the World<br />
(Marathon). Grant: Greece in the Age of Pericles. Jowett:<br />
Translation of Thucydides. Rawlinson : Translation of Herodotus.<br />
Mahaffy: Greek Life and Thought, and Social Life in<br />
Greece. Becker: Charicles. Guei-ber : Story of Greece.<br />
DRAMATIC, ^schylus : Persians (translated by E. H. Plumptre).<br />
Addison : Cato. Nichol: Hannibal.<br />
II. HISTORY OF GREECE<br />
The Character of Greek History. — The history of<br />
Greece is the story, not of one state, but of many. In<br />
that rough land steep mountains kept the inhabitants<br />
apart; cities, even small cities, were independent, often<br />
hostile; and while the Greeks felt their kinship and<br />
esteemed themselves far above the outside world of<br />
"barbarians," jealousy prevented them from ever permanently<br />
uniting their forces or becoming a worldpower.<br />
There were, nevertheless, three city-states<br />
which in turn won supremacy in the Greek world.<br />
These were Athens, Sparta, and Thebes.<br />
The Rise, Supremacy, and Fall of Athens. — At the<br />
beginning of the fifth century B.C. Greece was menaced<br />
by the power of Persia. The coast of Asia Minor<br />
was fringed with cities of the Greeks, which were subject<br />
to the Persian rule. In the year 499 B.C. the<br />
cities of Ionia, the central part of this region, revolted ;<br />
and the insurgents burned Sa'rdis, the capital of the
4<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
great Persian province of Lydia. In this undertaking<br />
the Asiatic Greeks received aid and sympathy from<br />
Athens. When Darius, the Persian king, heard what<br />
had happened, he prepared for vengeance. Within six<br />
years his generals recaptured the cities of Asia, but the<br />
king wished to chastise the insolent Athenians as well.<br />
A great army and fleet set out on this mission; but in its<br />
passage through Thrace the army met such resistance<br />
from the fierce tribes of that region that it was forced<br />
to return, while the fleet was shattered by a storm. Two<br />
years later, however, Greece was attacked by<br />
490 B.C. -' • ' 3<br />
an army of more than 100,000 men and a fleet<br />
of six hundred ships. These forces first captured Eretria<br />
in the island of Euboea, and then made ready to cross<br />
to the mainland and march on Athens.<br />
Athens was now the freest state .in Greece. After<br />
a long experience of aristocratic government, followed<br />
by fifty years of absolute monarchy, or " tyranny," the<br />
Athenians had rebelled, rid themselves of their tyrants,<br />
and established a pure democracy. Now their mettle<br />
was to be tried by the attack of a despotic power<br />
from without. Nine thousand brave Athenians and a<br />
thousand Plataeans marched to Marathon, a plain on<br />
the northeast coast of Attica. There they met ten<br />
times their number of Persians; but the well-trained<br />
Miltiades. Greeks, led by Miltiades, charged and drove the bar<br />
barians in confusion to their ships. The defenders returned<br />
at once to Athens; and when the Persian fleet<br />
reached the harbor, hoping to take the city by sur<br />
prise, the victors of Marathon stood once more arrayed
HISTORY OF GREECE 5<br />
against them. The Persians did not even land, but<br />
prudently sailed off to Asia.<br />
After ten years the Persians came again. They were<br />
now led by Xerxes, for Darius had died in the<br />
. . . . 480 B.C.<br />
midst of his preparations, leaving the legacy<br />
of revenge to his son. But the Athenians had been active<br />
in the meantime. Marathon had taught them something<br />
of their powers, and by the advice of the statesman Themistocles.<br />
Themistocles, they had fortified the new harbor of<br />
Piraeus, constructed walls five miles long, connecting<br />
town and port, and built a fleet of two hundred triremes,<br />
to which they were adding twenty ships a year.<br />
The land force of Xerxes reached Thessaly in the<br />
spring. The infantry alone is said to have numbered<br />
1,700,000 men. The first strong stand of the Greeks<br />
was made at Thermopylae, a narrow pass guarding<br />
the entrance into Central Greece. Here the Spartan<br />
king Leonidas, with a handful of men, withstood the<br />
swarming Persians for two days. On the third day he<br />
was attacked in the rear, a treacherous Greek having<br />
showed the Persians a secret path over the mountains.<br />
Leonidas sent most of his allies away when he saw that<br />
defeat was certain; but he and three hundred Spartans<br />
and seven hundred Thespians, stood their ground and<br />
fought until the last man was cut down. In the two<br />
days' fight previous to this, 20,000 barbarians had<br />
fallen.<br />
At Athens men were of two minds as to the best way<br />
to meet the Persian host. A few shut themselves up<br />
in the Acropohs, but before many days that stronghold
6 INTRODUCTION<br />
was taken, and its defenders put to the sword. Most,<br />
however, followed the advice of Themistocles, and left<br />
the city, sending their families and possessions to the<br />
islands of Aegina and Salamis, and to the city of<br />
Troezen in Argolis. Athens must now be saved by her<br />
fleet, or not at all.<br />
At the northern end of Euboea is a promontory called<br />
Artemisium, near which the fleets had been engaged<br />
during the fighting at Thermopylae. Several favorable<br />
encounters, together with storms which shattered many<br />
Persian ships, had given the Greeks some prospect of<br />
success; but at the news of Thermopylae they lost<br />
heart, and retreating down the coast assembled in the<br />
bay of Salamis, near Athens, to await the onset of the<br />
Persians. Here, when the Greeks were wavering and<br />
half ready to retreat, Themistocles precipitated the<br />
battle by sending word to the barbarians that the Greeks<br />
were about to withdraw; and the vast fleet of the Per<br />
sians, crowded and entangled in the narrow waters of<br />
the bay, was routed by the skilful tactics of the small<br />
Greek navy. Xerxes went back to Persia, but left a<br />
force in Thessaly, under his general, Mardonius.<br />
Next year Mardojiius moved southward, and the<br />
Athenians again abandoned their city. This time, how<br />
ever, the issue was decided on land. Hard<br />
479 B.C.<br />
by Plataea, a little town of Boeotia near the<br />
Athenian border, the united army of Greece, 110,000<br />
Pausanias. men, led by the Spartan Pausanias, met a force which<br />
outnumbered them three to one. The battle was marked<br />
by blundering and obstinacy on the part of the different
HISTORY OF GREECE 7<br />
sections of the Greek army; but in spite of all, their<br />
better fighting qualities won the day. Mardonius was<br />
slain, and the remnant of the Persian army returned to<br />
Asia. On the same day the Greeks gained a great naval<br />
victory off Mt. Mycale, a promontory near Miletus, in<br />
Asia Minor This was the end of the Persian invasion.<br />
Themistocles had had a political rival, Aristides, Aristides.<br />
called the Just, who had been banished, or "ostracized "<br />
by the state because the opposition of these two men<br />
was obstructing public business. He was recalled, how<br />
ever, before the ten years of his exile had expired; and<br />
when a few years later many of the Greek<br />
-' ^ 477 B.C.<br />
states formed a league for defense against the<br />
Persians, and for the liberation of the Asiatic Greeks<br />
who were still subject to Persia, he was appointed<br />
assessor of the tribute which each city paid into the<br />
common war-fund. Pausanias, the victor of Plataea Pausanius.<br />
and admiral of the fleet in the previous year, had<br />
had his head turned by his successes, and became so<br />
unbearably arrogant that he lost the opportunity of<br />
leadership which naturally belonged to him as a<br />
Spartan. This event marks a distinct advance in the<br />
importance of Athens.<br />
The new League was named the Confederacy of<br />
Delos, because the island of Delos was its treasury<br />
and the place where the deputies of the states met,<br />
under the presidency of Athens, to transact the business<br />
of the League. Ships, money, and men were now at the<br />
League's disposal; and Cimon, the Athenian admiral, Cimon.<br />
won for the League many victories over the Persian
8 INTRODUCTION<br />
power in Thrace and Asia Minor. Cimon's greatest<br />
glory was the battle of the Eurymedon, which<br />
practically ended Persian control of Greek<br />
territory in Asia.<br />
During these years of conquest the Athenians be<br />
came more and more powerful in the Delian League.<br />
They removed the treasury to their own city, and gradu<br />
ally gained such predominance that the presidency of<br />
Athens became equivalent to empire, and the Athenians<br />
did not hesitate to beautify and strengthen their own<br />
city at the expense of the common fund. Under the<br />
brilliant leadership of Pericles Athens had reached a<br />
preeminence, political, literary, and artistic, unexampled<br />
in the history of Greece. She was now a great naval<br />
power, and already Sparta and her allies were turning<br />
jealous eyes upon their rival. Trouble was also brew<br />
ing within the limits of the League, for revolt broke<br />
out here and there among the islands. Greek love of<br />
independence felt outraged that a single state should<br />
exercise such wide and autocratic power. At first<br />
Athens was generally able to suppress these risings;<br />
but the desire to be free from her dominion became<br />
more and more widespread, and was eagerly fostered<br />
by the watchful Spartans.<br />
Finally the gathering war-cloud burst. After various<br />
bickerings, Athens and SjDarta became involved in that<br />
431-404 struggle for supremacy known as the Pelopon-<br />
^^- nesian war. Piece by piece the possessions<br />
of Athens were wrested from her, until in 404 B.C.<br />
Lysander. the Spartan Lysander received the surrender of the
HISTORY OF GREECE 9<br />
city itself, one year after a victory over her general,<br />
Conon, at Aegospotami. He then set about reorgan- couon.<br />
izing the Athenian empire under a Spartan system of<br />
government.<br />
The history of this period is closely connected with<br />
the career of the brilliant and profligate Alcibiades, Alcibiades.<br />
who was one of the leaders of the ill-fated Sicilian<br />
expedition. The story of his impeachment, flight, res<br />
toration to popular favor, and death in a second period<br />
of exile is told by Nepos.<br />
Four years before the end of the Peloponnesian Dion.<br />
war Dion was born at Syracuse in Sicily.<br />
^ , / 400 B.C.<br />
His life is interesting as an example of the<br />
tyranny, a form of government which prevailed at one<br />
time or another in nearly all Greek states. " Tyranny "<br />
to a Greek did not necessarily mean oppression; the<br />
tyrant was one who ruled with absolute power contrary<br />
to the constitution of the state. Thus the absolute<br />
monarchs of Persia were not tyrants, because in that<br />
country despotism was the accepted form of govern<br />
ment. In many states the succession of constitutional<br />
changes was as follows : first, a patriarchal monarchy,<br />
the king governing with the aid of a council of nobles;<br />
then an aristocracy, or "oligarchy," when the nobles<br />
had suppressed the king and governed in their own in<br />
terest ; next a tyrant, often appearing as the champion<br />
of the oppressed and suffering commons; and lastly,<br />
when the tyrant or his sons forgot whence they de<br />
rived their power, and became tyrannical in the modern<br />
sense, a revolution ending in democracy. Athens in the
lO<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
fifth century B.C. was an example of such a democracy,<br />
Sparta of the oligarchy, while Homer gives us a pic<br />
ture of the patriarchal monarchy of prehistoric times.<br />
At Syracuse tyranny became so intolerable after the<br />
Timoleon. death of Dion that the people summoned Timoleon<br />
from Corinth to restore good government. By a vigorous<br />
attack he routed the tyrant and restored<br />
^*° ' the old constitution of Syracuse; then, with<br />
singular self-abnegation, laid down the power and ended<br />
his days as a private citizen.<br />
The Supremacy of Sparta. — The Spartan supremacy,<br />
dating from the fall of Athens, lasted over thirty years.<br />
These were not years of quiet. Spartan mercenary<br />
troops took part in a revolt against Arta-<br />
xerxes, king of Persia, who, in his resentment,<br />
began to meddle in Gree_k politics. He began with an<br />
attempt to discipline the Greek cities in Asia, which had<br />
become partly free under the rule of the satrap who led<br />
the revolt, — Cyrus, brother to the king. The Spartan<br />
Agesilaus. monarch Agesilaus came to the rescue, and almost<br />
succeeded in liberating Asia Minor from Persian op<br />
pression; but Persian bribes induced Thebes, Argos,<br />
Conon. and Corinth to attack Sparta, while the Athenian Conon<br />
with a fleet of Phoenician and Greek vessels recovered<br />
the islands of the Aegaean and many cities of the<br />
Asiatic coast for Athens; an exploit which ended the<br />
naval supremacy of Sparta. A steady reaction<br />
against her power had now begun. In 393<br />
B.C. Conon rebuilt the long walls of Athens. Three
HISTORY OF GREECE 11<br />
years later the light-armed troops of Iphicrates, called Iphicrates.<br />
peltasts, destroyed a whole regiment of Spartans, an<br />
event without parallel in the annals of Greek warfare.<br />
Thebes, the chief associate of Athens in the anti-Spartan<br />
enterprise, was for a time forced to appear as an ally<br />
of Sparta; for a Spartan force had taken possession of<br />
the town when a religious festival, occurring at a time<br />
of political disturbance, had left the citadel unguarded.<br />
Three years after this treacherous act, Pelopidas, a brave Pelopidas.<br />
Theban who had fled with three hundred other patriots<br />
when Thebes was lost, returned and by a bold stroke<br />
recaptured the town. Next year Agesilaus tried to<br />
repair this disaster, but was met with such determina<br />
tion by an Athenian force under Chabrias, that he did Chabrias.<br />
not even attempt a battle. A great naval victory was<br />
also won by Chabrias in 376 B.C. Athens now became<br />
anxious for peace, fearing the,growing power of Thebes<br />
and the other Boeotian cities.<br />
The Supremacy of Thebes. — Thebes was unwilling to<br />
make peace. She had entered on a series of successes<br />
which culminated when the Theban general<br />
371 B.C.<br />
Epaminondas shattered the Spartan power in<br />
the battle of Leuctra, and raised Thebes to a position of<br />
supremacy in Greece. Ten years was the limit of her<br />
greatness. Then Epaminondas fell, slain before Manti- ^^^°^'<br />
nea while fighting against a force of Peloponnesians and<br />
Athenians; and the Thebans, though successful, assented<br />
to a peace. A year later Agesilaus died; Pelopidas had<br />
perished soon after Leuctra; and presently the thoughts
11<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
of the Greeks were turned away from themselves, to the<br />
power rising in the north—Macedon, destined to subdue<br />
and consolidate the petty states of Greece, and lead their<br />
united forces to larger conquests than they had ever<br />
known. This union was not accomphshed without<br />
opposition. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, was<br />
strenuous in his efforts to save Grecian independence;<br />
but even at enlightened Athens men were bhnd to the<br />
coming danger, and there was a strong party friendly<br />
Phocion. to Philip, and having Phocion for its leader. Such lack<br />
of foresight, together with the old Greek incapacity for<br />
union, made conquest possible, if not easy, for the crafty<br />
and persistent Philip. Welded together at length by his<br />
force and diplomacy, they became in the hands of his son,<br />
the great Alexander, an instrument of conquest, by whose<br />
aid he created an empire of the world.<br />
III. HISTORY OF ROME<br />
The part of Roman history which is marked by the<br />
names of Hamilcar, Hannibal, and Cato, is the period<br />
of the Punic wars. To comprehend this great struggle<br />
one must know something of the history of Rome's<br />
antagonist, the city of Carthage in Africa.<br />
On a. strip of coast north of Palestine and west of the<br />
Lebanon range, dwelt the Phoenicians, a race closely<br />
akin to the Canaanites who opposed the invasion of the<br />
Hebrews under Joshua. Dwelling in a narrow land,<br />
they turned to the sea for support, and became the<br />
greatest navigators and traders of antiquity. Their
HISTORY OF ROME<br />
ships sailed westward over the Mediterranean, even to<br />
the shores of Britain, carrying the manufactures of the<br />
east and exchanging them for the raw materials which<br />
other countries produced. Everywhere they established<br />
trading posts, many of which grew into cities. The<br />
greatest and most prosperous of these was Carthage,<br />
on the north African coast.<br />
About a hundred miles northeast of Carthage lay the<br />
rich island of Sicily. In time there sprung up in its<br />
western half a number of Carthaginian colonies. The<br />
eastern end was settled by Greeks, with whom the<br />
Carthaginians long and strenuously contended for the<br />
ownership of the island. Finally the Romans were<br />
drawn into the struggle as allies of the Greeks. After<br />
years of hard fighting, during which the Car- 264-241<br />
thaginian general, Hamilcar, at one time ^•'^•<br />
seemed likely to achieve complete success over the Hamilcar.<br />
Roman arms, the Carthaginians were driven from the<br />
island.<br />
Twenty-three years later the Carthaginians renewed<br />
the conflict. At their head was Hannibal, son of Hamil- Hannibal.<br />
car, bound by an oath to undying enmity<br />
. . . 11 218 B.C.<br />
toward the Romans, But though he invaded<br />
Italy and with consummate generalship worsted the<br />
Romans in battle after battle, he could not break the<br />
Roman power, and finally suffered, such reverses that<br />
he had to acknowledge his campaign a failure. In<br />
20s B.C. the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio<br />
"carried the war into Africa.' Carthage had no out<br />
posts of resistance equal to the fortified ItaUan towns,<br />
13
14<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
and within four years was obliged to make terms of<br />
peace.<br />
Half a century later, when Carthage began to show<br />
Cato. signs of recovery, Cato the Censor is represented as<br />
closing every speech he made in the Roman senate with<br />
the words "Delenda est Carthago.'' A city which had<br />
been subdued in a war of commercial rivalry was too<br />
dangerous an enemy to be allowed to regain any advan<br />
tage which might give her the power of threatening<br />
Roman commerce or dominion again. Roman selfish<br />
ness soon found a pretext for attack in the technical<br />
violation of a treaty on the part of the Carthaginians.<br />
Under false pretenses the Romans obtained as host<br />
ages three hundred noble Carthaginians, then issued<br />
the mandate that Carthage must be destroyed. Her<br />
149-146 brave inhabitants withstood a siege of four<br />
^•^- years; then their city was taken by storm and<br />
razed to the ground, and its territory became a Roman<br />
province.
CORNELI NEPOTIS<br />
LIBER DE EXCELLENTIBUS DUCIBUS<br />
EXTERARUM GENTIUM<br />
PRAEFATIO<br />
How one should regard the customs of foreign nations.<br />
Non dubito fore plerosque,<br />
Attice, qui hoc genus<br />
scrlpturae leve et non satis<br />
dlgnum summorum virorum<br />
pers5nis ifldicent, cum rela- S<br />
tum legent quis musicam<br />
docuerit Epaminondam, aut<br />
in eius virtutibus commemorarl<br />
saltasse eum commode<br />
scienterque tibils lo<br />
cantasse. Sed hi erunt<br />
fere qui expertes litterarum<br />
Graecarum nihil rectum<br />
nisi quod ipsorum moribus<br />
HEAD OF MARS<br />
conveniat putabunt. Ii si 15<br />
didicerint non eadem omnibus<br />
esse honesta atque turpia, sed omnia maiorum<br />
institiitis iUdicarl, non admlrabuntur nos in Graiorum<br />
15
i6 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
virtutibus exponendls m5res eorum secutos. Nulla<br />
Lacedaemoni vidua tarn est nobihs quae non ad cenam<br />
eat mercede condictam. Magnis in laudibus tota fere<br />
fuit Graecia victorem Olympiae citari, in scaenam vero<br />
S prodire ac populo esse spectaculo nemini in isdem<br />
gentibus fuit turpitudini. Quae omnia apud nos par-<br />
tim infamia, partim humilia atque ab honestate remota<br />
ponuntur. Contra ea pleraque nostrls moribus sunt<br />
decora quae apud illos turpia putantur. Quem enim<br />
10 Romanorum pudet uxorem ducere in convivium ? Aut<br />
cOius non mater familias primum locum tenet aedium<br />
atque in celebritate versatur ? Quod multo fit aliter<br />
in Graecia. Nam neque in convivium adhibetur nisi<br />
propinqu5rum, neque sedet nisi in interiore parte<br />
15 aedium, quae gynaeconitis appellatur, quo nemo acce-<br />
dit nisi propinqua cognatione coniunctus. Sed hic<br />
pliira persequi cum magnitiido voluminis prohibet, tum<br />
festlnatio ut ea explicem quae exorsus sum. Qua re<br />
ad propositum veniemus, et in hoc exponemus libro de<br />
20 vita excellentium imperatorum.<br />
MILTIADES<br />
On his way to plant a colony in the Chersonese, Miltiades calls<br />
at Lemnos.<br />
I. Miltiades, Clmonis filius, Atheniensis, cum et<br />
antiquitate generis et gloria maiorum et sua modestia<br />
unus omnium maxime floreret eaque esset aetate ut<br />
non iam solum de eo bene sperare, sed etiam confidere
MILTIADES 17<br />
cives possent sul talem eum futurum qualem cogni-<br />
tum iudicarunt, accidit ut Athenienses Chersonesum<br />
colonos vellent mittere. Cuius gene<br />
ris cum magnus numerus esset et<br />
multi eius demigrationis peterent<br />
societatem, ex ils delect! Delphos<br />
deliberatum missi sunt quo potis-<br />
simum duce Oterentur. Namque<br />
tum Thraces eas regiones tene-<br />
bant, cum quibus armis erat dimi-<br />
candum. His consulentibus nomi-<br />
natim Pythia praecepit ut Miltiadem<br />
imperatorem sibi sumerent; id si<br />
fecissent, incepta prospera fufiira.<br />
MILTIADES<br />
Hoc oraculi response Miltiades cum 15<br />
delecta manu classe Chersonesum profectus, cum acces-<br />
sisset Lemnum et incolas' eius insulae sub potestatem<br />
redigere vellet Atheniensium, idque ut Lemnii sua<br />
sponte facerent postulasset, illi inridentes responderunt<br />
tum id se facturos cum ille domo navibus profectus 20<br />
vento aquilone venisset Lemnum. Hlc enim ventus<br />
ab septemtrionibus oriens adversum tenet Athenis pro-<br />
ficiscentibus. Miltiades morandl tempus non habens<br />
cursum derexit quo tendebat, pervenitque Chersonesum.<br />
Miltiades returns to Lemnos, and brings it under Athenian rule.<br />
II. Ibi brevI tempore barbarorum copils disiectis tota 25<br />
regione quam petierat potltus, loca castellis idonea<br />
communiit, multitudinera quam secum duxerat in agris<br />
conlocavit crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. Neque
i8 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
minus in ea re prudentia quam felicitate adiGtus est.<br />
Nam cum virtiite miUtum devicisset hostium exercitiis,<br />
summa aequitate res constituit atque ipse ibidem manere<br />
decrevit. Erat enim inter eos dignitate regia, quam-<br />
5 quam carebat nomine, neque id magis imperio quam<br />
iustitia consecutus. Neque eo setius Atheniensibus, a<br />
quibus erat profectus, officia praestabat. Quibus rebus<br />
flebat ut non minus eorum voluntate perpetuum im-<br />
perium obtineret qui miserant quam illorum cum quibus<br />
lo erat profectus. Chersoneso tali modo constituta Lemnum<br />
revertitur et ex pacto postulat ut sibi urbem tradant (ill!<br />
enim dixerant, cum vento borea dom5 profectus eo per-<br />
venisset, sese dediturSs) ; se enim domum Chersonesi<br />
habere. Cares, qui tum Lemnum incolebant, etsi praeter<br />
15 opinionem res ceciderat, tamen non dicto sed secunda<br />
fortiina adversariorum capti resistere ausi n5n sunt, atque<br />
ex insula demigrarunt. Pari felicitate ceteras insulas,<br />
quae Cyclades nSminantur, sub Atheniensium redegit<br />
potestatem.<br />
Miltiades cannot persuade the Greek tyrants to abandon Darius.<br />
20 III. Isdem temporibus Persarum rex Dareus ex Asia<br />
in Europam exercitu traiecto Scythis bellum inferre<br />
decrevit. Pontem fecit in Histro fliimine, qua c5pias<br />
traduceret. Eius pontis, dum ipse abesset, custodes<br />
rellquit principes qu5s secum ex Ionia et Aeolide duxe-<br />
25 rat, quibus singularum urbium perpetua dederat imperia.<br />
Sic enim facillime putavit se Graeca Hngua loquentis<br />
qui Asiam incolerent sub sua retenturum potestate, si<br />
amicis suis oppida tuenda tradidisset, quibus se oppresso
MILTIADES 19<br />
nulla spes salutis relinqueretur. In hoc fuit tum numero<br />
Miltiades. Hlc, cum crebri adferrent nuntii male rem<br />
gerere Dareum premique a Scythis, hortatus est pontis<br />
custodes ne a fortuna datam occasionem liberandae<br />
Graeciae diraitterent. Nam si cum iis copils quas secum 5<br />
transportarat interisset Dareus, non solum Europam fore<br />
tutam, sed etiam eos qui Asiam incolerent Graeci genere<br />
liberos a Persarum futuros dominatione et periculo. Id<br />
facile eflfici posse ; ponte enim rescisso regem vel hostium<br />
SCYTHIAN<br />
ferr5 vel inopia paucTs diebus interiturum. Ad hoc 10<br />
•consiliuni cum plerique accederent, Hestiaeus Milesius<br />
ne res conficeretur obstitit, dicens non idem ipsis qui<br />
summas imperi tenerent expedire et multitudini, quod<br />
Darei regno ipsorum niteretur dominatio ; quo exstincto<br />
ips5s potestate expulsos civibus suis poenas daturos. 15<br />
Itaque adeo se abhorrere a ceterorum consilio ut nihil<br />
putet ipsis utilius quam confirmari regnum Persarum.<br />
Huius cum sententiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades<br />
non dubitans tam multis consciis ad regis auris c5nsilia<br />
sua perventura, Chersonesum rellquit ac rursus Athenas 20
20 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
demigravit. Cuius ratio etsi n5n valuit, tamen magno<br />
opere est laudanda, cum amicior omnium libertati quam<br />
suae fuerit dominationi.<br />
Darius invades Greece. Miltiades counsels an immediate attack on<br />
the Persians.<br />
IV. Dareus autem cum ex Europa in Asiam redisset,<br />
S hortantibus amicis ut Graeciam redigeret in suam pote<br />
statem, classem quingentarum navium comparavit eique<br />
Datim praefecit et Artaphernem iisque ducenta peditum,<br />
decem equitum milia dedit, causam interserens se hostem<br />
esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio lones Sardis<br />
10 expugnassent suaque praesidia interfecissent. Illi prae-<br />
fecti regii classe ad Euboeam appulsa celeriter Eretriam<br />
ceperunt, omnlsque eius gentis civis abreptos in Asiam<br />
ad regem miserunt. Inde ad Atticam accesserunt ac<br />
suas copias in campum Marathona deduxerunt. Is abest<br />
IS ab oppido circiter milia passuum decem. Hoc tumultu<br />
Athenienses tam propinquo tamque magno permoti<br />
auxilium nusquam nisi a Lacedaemoniis petiverunt;<br />
Phidippumque, cursorem eius generis qui hemerodromoe<br />
vocantur, Lacedaemonem miserunt, ut nuntiaret quam<br />
20 celerrimo opus esse auxilio. DomI autem creant decem<br />
praetSres qui exercitui praeessent, in iis Miltiadem.<br />
Inter quos magna fuit contentio, utrum moenibus se<br />
defenderent an obviam irent hostibus acieque decerne-<br />
rent. Unus Miltiades maxime nitebatur ut primo qu5que<br />
25 tempore castra fierent; id si factum esset, et civibus<br />
animum accessijrum, cum viderent de eorum virtute non<br />
desperari, et hostis eadem re fore tardiores, si animad-<br />
verterent auderl adversus se tam exiguis copils dimicari.
MILTIADES 21<br />
The Greek army marches to Marathon, offers battle to the Persians,<br />
and drives them to their ships.<br />
V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus auxilio<br />
fuit praeter Plataeensis. Ea mille misit miUtum. Itaque<br />
horum adventii decem milia armatorum completa sunt.<br />
GRAVE-MOUND AT MARATHON<br />
quae manus mirabil! flagrabat piignand! cupiditate. Quo<br />
.factum est ut plus quam conlegae Miltiades valeret. s<br />
Eius ergo auctoritate impuls! Athenienses copias ex urbe<br />
eduxerunt locoque idoneo castra fecerunt. Dein postero<br />
die sub mentis radicibus acie regione Instructa non apertissima<br />
(namque arbores multis locis erant rarae) proelium<br />
commiserunt hoc consilio, ut et montium altitiidine lo<br />
tegerentur et arborum tractQ equitatus hostium impedlretur,<br />
ne multitudine clauderentur. Datis etsi non<br />
aequum locum videbat suis, tamen fretus numero copiarum<br />
suarum confllgere cupiebat, eoque magis quod<br />
priusquam Lacedaemoni! subsidio venirent, dimicare 15<br />
Qtile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum centum,<br />
equitum decem milia produxit proeliumque commisit.<br />
In quo tanto plus virtute valuerunt Athenienses ut
22 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
decemplicem numerum hostium profligarint adeoque eos<br />
perterruerunt ut Persae non castra, sed navis petierint.<br />
Qua pugna nihil adhiic exstitit nobilius ; nulla enim<br />
umquam tam exigua manus tantas opes prostravit.<br />
How the Athenians rewarded Miltiades.<br />
5 VI. Cuius victoriae non alienum videtur quale prae-<br />
mium Miltiadi sit tributum docere, quo facilius intelleg!<br />
MILTIADES AT MARATHON<br />
(Part of Robert's restoration of the painting in tlie Stoa Poecile.)<br />
possit eandem omnium civitatum esse naturam. Ut<br />
enim populi Roman! honores quondam fuerunt rari et
MILTIADES 23<br />
tenues ob eamque causam gloriosi, nunc autem effus!<br />
atque obsoleti, sic ohm apud Atheniensis fuisse reperi-<br />
mus. Namque huic Miltiadi, qui Athenas totamque<br />
Graeciam llberarat, tahs honos tributus est, in porticu<br />
quae Poecile vocatur cum pugna depingeretur Mara-<br />
thonia, ut in decem praetorum numerS prima eius imago<br />
poneretur isque hortaretur milites proeliumque com-<br />
mitteret. Idem ille populus postea quam mains im-<br />
perium est nactus et largitione magistratuum corruptus<br />
est, trecentas statuas Demetrio Phalere5 decrevit.<br />
Miltiades attacks Pares; but falling to take It, is accused of treason,<br />
fined, and thrown Into prison, where he dies.<br />
VII. Post hoc proelium classem septuaginta navium<br />
Athenienses eldem Miltiadi dederunt, ut Insulas quae<br />
barbaros adiuverant hello persequeretur. Qu5 in im<br />
pend plerasque ad officium redire coegit, nonniallas- vi<br />
expugnavit. Ex his Parum insulam opibus elatam cum<br />
oratione reconciliare non posset, copias e navibus eduxit,<br />
urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatu prlvavit, dein<br />
vineis ac testudinibus constitQtis propius miiros accessit.<br />
Cum iam in eo esset ut oppidS potiretur, procul in con<br />
tinent! lucus qui ex insula conspiciebatur nescio quo<br />
casu nocturno tempore incensus est. Cuius flamma ut<br />
ab oppidanis et oppOgnatoribus est visa, utrisque venit<br />
in opinionem signum a classiariis regiis datum. Qu5<br />
factum est ut et Pari! a deditione deterrerentur et<br />
Miltiades timens ne classis regia adventaret, incensis<br />
operibus quae statuerat, cum totidem navibus atque erat<br />
profectus Athenas magna cum offensione civium suorum
24 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
rediret. Accusatus ergo est proditionis, quod cum<br />
Parum expugnare posset, a rege corruptus infectis rebus<br />
discessisset. Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus quae in<br />
oppflgnand5 oppido acceperat. Itaque cum ipse pro<br />
S se dicere non posset, verba fecit frater eius Stesagoras.<br />
Causa cognita capitis absolutus pecunia multatus est,<br />
eaque lis quinquaginta talentis aestimata est, quantus in<br />
classem sumptus factus erat. Hanc peciiniam quod<br />
solvere in praesentia non poterat, in vincla publica con-<br />
lo iectus est ibique diem obiif supremum.<br />
A second reason for the condemnation of Miltiades.<br />
VIII. Hie etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, tamen<br />
alia causa fuit damnationis. Namque Athenienses<br />
propter Pisistrat! tyrannidem, quae panels annis ante<br />
fuerat, nimiam civium suorum potentiam extimescebant.<br />
15 Miltiades multum in imperils magistratibusque versatus<br />
non videbatur posse esse privatus, praesertim cum con-<br />
suetudine ad imperi cupiditatem trahi videretur. Nam<br />
in Chersoneso omnis illos quos habitarat annos per-<br />
petuam obtinuerat dominationem tyrannusque fuerat<br />
20 appellatus, sed iustus. Non erat enim vi cSnseciitus,<br />
sed suorum voluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate<br />
retinebat. Omnes autem et dicuntur et habentur<br />
tyranni qui potestate sunt perpetua in ea civitate quae<br />
libertate iisa est. Sed in Miltiade erat cum summa<br />
25 humanitas tum mira communitas, ut nemo tam humilis<br />
esset cui non ad eum aditus pateret; magna auctoritas<br />
apud omnis civitates, nobile nomen, laus re! militaris<br />
maxima. Haec populus respiciens maluit ilium in-<br />
noxiura plecti quam se diutius esse in timore.
THEMISTOCLES 25<br />
THEMISTOCLES<br />
Themistocles, disinherited by his father, gives himself to politics with<br />
such success that he soon becomes famous.<br />
I. Themistocles, Neocl! filius,<br />
Atheniensis. Huius vitia ineuntis<br />
adulescentiae magnis sunt emendata<br />
virtutibus, ade5 ut anteferatur huic<br />
nemo, pane! pares putentur. Sed<br />
ab initio est ordiendus. Pater eius<br />
Neocles generosus fuit. Is ux5rem<br />
Acarnanam civem duxit, ex qua na-<br />
THEMISTOCLES . , T^i • ^. 1- r^ -<br />
tus est Themistocles. Qui cum<br />
minus esset probatus parentibus, quod et llberius vivebat<br />
et rem familiarem neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est.<br />
Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam cum<br />
iudicasset sine summa industria non posse eam ex-<br />
stingui, totum se dedidit re! publicae, diligentius amicis<br />
famaeque serviens. Multum in iudiciis privatis versa-<br />
batur, saepe in cSntionem populi prodlbat; niilla res<br />
maior sine eo gerebatur; celeriter quae opus erant<br />
reperiebat, facile eadem oratione explicabat. Neque<br />
minus in rebus gerendis promptus quam excogitandis<br />
erat, quod et de Instantibus, ut ait ThQcydides, verissime<br />
iudicabat et de futuris calhdissime cdniciebat. Quo<br />
factum est ut brev! tempore inlustraretur.<br />
Xerxes invades Greece. Themistocles persuades the Athenians to<br />
abandon the city.<br />
II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae re! publicae<br />
bello CorcyraeS, ad quod gerendum praetor a populo
26 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam rehquS tem<br />
pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam cum pecilnia<br />
publica quae ex metaUls redibat largitione magistra<br />
tuum quotannis interlret, ille persuasit populo ut ea<br />
5 pecQnia classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua<br />
celeriter effecta primum<br />
Corcyraeos fregit, deinde<br />
maritimos praedones con-<br />
sectando mare tutum<br />
10 reddidit. In quo cum<br />
divitiis ornavit, tum etiam<br />
perltissimos bell! navalis<br />
fecit Atheniensis. Id<br />
quantae salut! fuerit uni-<br />
_ . 11,- MERCHANT SHIP<br />
15 versae Graeciae, bello<br />
cognitum est Persico. Nam cum Xerxes et marl et<br />
terra bellum universae Inferret Europae, cum tantis<br />
copils eam invasit quantas neque ante nee postea<br />
habuit quisquam. HQius enim classis mille et ducenta-<br />
20 rum navium longarum fuit, quam duo milia oneraria-<br />
rum sequebantur ; terrestres autem exercitus septingenta<br />
peditum, equitum quadringenta milia fuerunt. Cuius<br />
de advents cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata et<br />
maxime Athenienses peti dicerentur propter piignam<br />
25 Marathoniam, miserunt Delphos consultum quidnam<br />
facerent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit<br />
ut moenibus ligneis se munirent. Id responsum quo<br />
valeret cum intellegeret nemo, Themistocles persuasit<br />
c5nsilium esse ApoUinis ut in navIs se suaque confer-<br />
30 rent; eum enim a deo significar! raurum ligneum. Tali
THEMISTOCLES 27<br />
consilio probato addunt ad superiores totidem navis<br />
triremis, suaque omnia quae moveri poterant partim<br />
Salamlna, partim Troezena deportant; arcem sacerdoti-<br />
bus pauclsque maioribus natu ad sacra procuranda tradunt,<br />
reliquum oppidum relinquunt.<br />
The Persians destroy the defenders of Thermopylae. The Greek fleet<br />
retreats to Salamis.<br />
III. Huius consilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat<br />
et in terra dimicar! magis placebat. Itaque miss! sunt<br />
delect! cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Ther-<br />
TOMB OF LEONIDAS AT SPARTA<br />
mopylas occuparent longiusque barbaros progred! non<br />
paterentur. Ii vim hostium non sustinuerunt eoque loco 10<br />
omnes interierunt. At classis communis Graeciae tre-<br />
centarum navium, in qua ducentae erant Atheniensium,<br />
primum apud Artemisium inter Euboeam continen-
28 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
temque terram cum classiariis regiis conflixit. Angustias<br />
enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine circumire-<br />
tur. Hinc etsi pari proelio discesserant, tamen eodem<br />
loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum ne si<br />
pars navium adversariorum Euboeam superasset, an-<br />
cipit! premerentur periculo. Quo factum est ut ab<br />
Artemlsio discederent et exadversum Athenas apud<br />
Salamlna classem suam constituerent.<br />
Xerxes destroys Athens. Themistocles, by a stratagem, hastens the<br />
attack of the barbarians, who are defeated.<br />
IV. At Xerxes Thermopylls expiignatis protinus<br />
10 accessit astu idque nullis defendentibus, interfectis<br />
sacerdStibus quos in<br />
arce invenerat, incendio<br />
delevit. Cuius flamma<br />
perterrit! classiari! cum<br />
15 manere non auderent et<br />
plQrim! hortarentur ut<br />
domos suas discederent<br />
moenibusque se defende<br />
rent, Themistocles Onus<br />
PROW OF GREEK WAR-VESSEL<br />
20 restitit et universos paris esse posse aiebat, disperses<br />
testabatur perituros, idque EurybiadI, reg! Lacedaemo<br />
niorum, qui tum summae imperi praeerat, fore adfirma-<br />
bat. Quem cum minus quam vellet moveret, noctu de<br />
servis suis quem habuit fidelissimum ad regem misit, ut<br />
25 e! nuntiaret suis verbis adversarios eius in fuga esse;<br />
qui s! discessissent, maiore cum labore et longinquiore<br />
tempore bellum confecturum, cum singulos consectari
THEMISTOCLES 29<br />
cogeretur; quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos<br />
oppressQrum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum<br />
omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita barbarus,<br />
nihil doll subesse credens, postridie alienissimo sibi<br />
loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus adeo angusto mar! s<br />
conflixit ut eius multitudo navium explicar! non potuerit.<br />
Victus ergo est magis etiam consilio Themistoch quam<br />
armis Graeciae.<br />
Themistocles sends word to the king that his retreat Is in danger<br />
of being cut off.<br />
V. Hie ets! male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat<br />
reliquias copiarum ut etiam tum iis opprimere posset lo<br />
hostis. Iterum ab eodem gradii depulsus est. Nam<br />
Themistocles, verens ne bellare perseveraret, certiorem<br />
eum fecit id agl, ut pons quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat<br />
dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur, idque<br />
el persuasit. Itaque qua sex, mensibus iter fecerat, 15<br />
eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est, seque<br />
a Themistocle non superatum sed conservatum iudicavit.<br />
Sic unlus viri prudentia Graecia llberata est<br />
Europaeque succubuit Asia. Haec altera victoria quae<br />
cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari 20<br />
modo apud Salamlna parvo numero navium maxima<br />
post hominum memoriam classis est devlcta.<br />
The Spartans objecting to the fortification of Athens, Themistocles<br />
goes as ambassador to Sparta.<br />
VI. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque minor<br />
in pace. Cum enim Phalerico portu neque magno neque<br />
bono Athenienses uterentur, hQius consilio triplex Piraei 25
3° CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
portus constitutus est iisque moenibus circumdatus ut<br />
ipsam urbem dignitate aequiperaret, utilitate superaret.<br />
Idem muros Atheniensium restituit praecipuo su5 peri<br />
culo. Namque Lacedaemoni! causam idoneam nacti<br />
5 propter barbarorum excursiones qua negarent oportere<br />
extra Peloponnesum ullam urbem muros habere, ne<br />
essent loca munita quae hostes possiderent, Atheniensis<br />
aedificantis prohibere sunt conati. Hoc longe alio spec-<br />
tabat atque videri volebant. Athenienses enim duabus<br />
lo victoriis, Marathonia et Salamlnia, tantam gloriam apud<br />
omnis gentis erant consecOtI ut intellegerent Lacedae<br />
moni! de principatu sibi cum iis certamen fore. Qua re<br />
eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postquam autem<br />
audierunt murSs strui, legates Athenas miserunt qui id<br />
IS fieri vetarent. His praesentibus desierunt ac se de ea
THEMISTOCLES 31<br />
re legatSs ad eos missuros dixerunt. Hanc legationem<br />
suscepit Themistocles et s5lus prim5 profectus est.<br />
Reliqui legati ut tum exirent cum satis alt! tuendo miirl<br />
exstructi viderentur, praecepit; interim omnes, servl<br />
atque liberi, opus facerent neque uUi loco parcerent, S<br />
sive sacer slve privatus esset sive publicus, et undique<br />
quod idoneum ad miiniendum putarent congererent.<br />
Quo factum est ut Atheniensium, muri ex sacehls sepul-<br />
crisque constarent.<br />
Themistocles keeps the Spartans in ignorance until the walls are fit<br />
for defense.<br />
VII. Themistocles autem ut Lacedaemonem venit, 10<br />
adire ad magistratus noluit, et dedit operam ut quam<br />
longissime tempus duceret, causam interponens se con-<br />
legas exspectare. Cum Lacedaemonii quererentur opus<br />
nihilo minus fieri eumque in ea re c5narl fallere, interim<br />
reliqui legati sunt consecuti. A quibus cum audisset 15<br />
non multum superesse munitionis, ad ephorSs Lacedae<br />
moniorum accessit, penes qu5s summum erat imperium,<br />
atque apud eos contendit falsa iis esse delata; qua re<br />
aequum esse illos viros bonos nobilisque mittere quibus<br />
fides haberetur, qui rem explorarent; interea se obsidem 20<br />
retinerent. Gestus est e! mos, tresque legati funct!<br />
summis honoribus Athenas miss! sunt. Cum his conlegas<br />
suos Themistocles iussit proficlsc! iisque praedixit ut ne<br />
prius Lacedaemoniorum legates dimitterent quam ipse<br />
esset remissus. Hos postquam Athenas pervenisse ratus 25<br />
est, ad magistratus senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit<br />
et apud eos liberrime professus est: Atheniensis suo
32 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
consilio, quod commQnl iure gentium facere possent,<br />
deos pflblicos suosque patrios ac penatis, quo facilius ab<br />
hoste possent defendere, murls saepsisse neque in eo<br />
quod inQtile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illprum urbem<br />
5 ut propugnaculum oppositum esse barbaris, apud quam<br />
iam bis copias regias fecisse naufragium. Lacedae-<br />
monios autem male et iniuste facere, qui id potius intue-<br />
rentur quod ips5rum dominationi quam quod iiniversae<br />
Graeciae iitile esset. Qua re, si suos legates recipere<br />
10 vellent quos Athenas miserant, se remitterent, cum<br />
aliter illos numquam in patriam essent recepturl.<br />
Themistocles is banished from Athens. In his absence he is accused<br />
of treason.<br />
VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam.<br />
Namque ob eundem timSrem quo damnatus erat Mil<br />
tiades, testularum suffragils e civitate eiectus Argos<br />
'S habitatum concessit. Hlc cum propter multas virtiites<br />
magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii legates<br />
Athenas miserunt qui eum absentem accusarent, quod<br />
societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam<br />
fecisset. Hoc crimine absens damnatus est. Id ut<br />
2o audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, Corey-<br />
ram demigravit. Ibi cum eius principes insulae animad-<br />
vertisset timere ne propter se bellum iis Lacedaemonii<br />
et Athenienses indicerent, ad Admetum, Molossum<br />
regem, cum quo el hospitium non erat, confugit. Hue<br />
25 cum venisset et in praesentia rex abesset, qu5 maiore<br />
religione se receptum tueretur, filium eius parvulum<br />
adripuit et cum eo se in sacrarium quod summa coleba-
THEMISTOCLES 33<br />
tur caerimonia coniecit. Inde non prius egressus est<br />
quam rex eum data d extra in fidem reciperet, quam<br />
praestitit. Nam cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemoniis<br />
exposceretur piiblice, supplicem non prodidit<br />
moniiitque ut consuleret sibi; difficile enim esse in tam 5<br />
propinquS loco tuto eum versari. Itaque Pydnam eum<br />
deduci iussit et quod satis esset praesidi dedit. Hic in<br />
navem omnibus ignotus nautis escendit. Quae cum<br />
tempestate maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi tum Atheniensium<br />
erat exercitus, sensit Themistocles si eo perve- lo<br />
nisset, sibi esse pereundum. Hac necessitate coactus<br />
domino navis quis sit aperit, multa pollicens si se conservasset.<br />
At ille clarissimi virl captus misericordia<br />
diem noctemque procul ab insula in salo navem tenuit in<br />
ancoris, neque quemquam ex ea exire passus est. Inde 15<br />
Ephesum pervenit ibique Themistoclem exponit. Cui<br />
ille pro meritis postea gratiam rettulit.<br />
Themistocles sends a letter to King Artaxerxes offering his aid and<br />
friendship.<br />
IX. Scio plerosque ita scrlpsisse, Themistoclem<br />
Xerxe regnante in Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissimum<br />
Thucydidi credo, quod et aetate proximus de iis 20<br />
qui illorum temporum historiam rellquerunt et eiusdem<br />
civitatis fuit. Is autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum venisse<br />
atque his verbis epistulam misisse : " Themistocles veni<br />
ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum<br />
tuam intull, quam diu mihi necesse fuit adversum patrem 25<br />
tuum bellare patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo<br />
plura bona feci, postquam in tuto ipse et ille in periculo<br />
D
34 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
esse coepit. Nam cum in Asiam reverti vellet proelio<br />
apud Salamlna facto, litteris eum certi5rem feci id agi,<br />
ut pons quem in Hellesponto fecerat dissolveretur<br />
atque ab hostibus circumlretur; quo nuntio ille periculo<br />
5 est liberatus. Nunc autem confugi ad te exagitatus a<br />
ciincta. Graecia, tuam petens amicitiam; quam si ero<br />
adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum habebis quam<br />
fortem inimicum ille expertus est. Te autem rogo ut<br />
de iis rebus quas tecum conloqui vol5 annuum mihi<br />
10 tempus des eoque transacto ad te venire patiaris."<br />
Themistocles promises to give Greece into the hands of the king.<br />
His death.<br />
X. Huius rex animi magnitudinem admlrans cupi-<br />
ensque talem virum sibi conciliari veniam dedit. Ille<br />
omne illud tempus litteris sermonique Persarum dedit;<br />
quibus ade5 eruditus est ut multo commodius dicatur<br />
15 apud regem verba fecisse quam ii poterant qui in<br />
Perside erant natl. Hlc cum multa regi esset pollicitus<br />
gratissimumque illud, si suis uti consiliis vellet, ilium<br />
Graeciam bello oppressilrum, magnis miineribus ab<br />
Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam rediit domiciliumque Ma-<br />
20 gnesiae sibi constituit. Namque hanc urbem el rex dona-<br />
rat his quidem verbis, quae ei panem praeberet (ex qua<br />
regiSne quinquagena talenta quotannis redlbant); Lamp-<br />
sacum autem, unde vinum sumeret; Myunta, ex qua<br />
obsonium haberet.<br />
25 Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta manserunt<br />
duo: sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quo est sepultus,<br />
statua in foro Magnesiae. De cuius morte multimodls
ATHENS
36 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
apud plerosque scriptum est, sed nos eundem potissi-<br />
mum Thiicydidem auctorem probamus, qui ilium ait<br />
Magnesiae morb5 mortuum neque negat fuisse famam<br />
venenum sua sponte sumpsisse, cum se quae regl de<br />
S Graecia oiDprimenda pollicitus esset praestare posse<br />
desperaret. Idem ossa eius clam in Attica ab amicis<br />
sepulta, quoniam legibus non concederetur, quod pro<br />
ditionis esset damnatus, memoriae prodidit.<br />
ARISTIDES<br />
Aristides is ostracized because of his political opposition to Themistocles.<br />
I. Aristides, LysimachI filius, Atheniensis, aequalis<br />
1° fere fuit Themistocll atque cum eo de prlncipatii con<br />
tendit ; namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his autem<br />
cognitum est quanto antestaret eloquentia innocentiae.<br />
Quamquam enim adeo excellebat Aristides abstinentia<br />
ut Onus post hominum memoriam, quem quidem nos<br />
IS audierimus, cognomine lOstus sit appellatus, tamen a<br />
Themistocle conlabefactus testula ilia exsilio decem<br />
annSrum multatus est. Qui quidem cum intellegeret<br />
reprimi concitatam multitOdinem non posse, cedensque<br />
animadvertisset quendam scrlbentem ut patria pellere-<br />
20 tur, quaesisse ab eo dicitur qua re id faceret, aut quid<br />
Aristides commls.isset cOr tanta poena dignus dOceretur.<br />
Cui ille respondit se ign5rare Aristiden, sed • sibi non<br />
placere quod tam cupide laborasset ut praeter ceteros<br />
Iustus appellaretur. Hic decem annorum legitimam
ARISTIDES 31<br />
poenam non pertulit. Nam postquam Xerxes in Graeciam<br />
descendit, sexto fere anno quam erat expulsus<br />
populi scito in patriam restitutus est.<br />
Aristides fights In the battles of Salamis and Plataea.<br />
II. Interfuit autem pugnae naval! apud Salamlna,<br />
quae facta est prius quam poena liberaretur. Idem s<br />
praetor fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in proelio quo<br />
fusus barbarorum exercitus Mardoniusque interfectus<br />
est. Neque aliud est Ollum hOius in re militari inlOstre<br />
factum quam eius imperi memoria, iOstitiae vero et<br />
aequitatis et innocentiae multa, in prlmls quod huius lo<br />
aequitate factum est, cum in commOni classe esset Graeciae<br />
simul cum Pausania, ut summa imperi maritimlab<br />
Lacedaemoniis transferretur. ad Atheniensis. Narhque<br />
ante id tempus et mar! et terra duces erant Lacedaemonii.<br />
Tum autem et intemperantia Pausaniae et iustitia factum 15<br />
est Aristidis ut omnes fere civitates Graeciae ad Atheniensium<br />
societatem se applicarent, et adversus barbaros<br />
hos duces dehgerent sibi.<br />
Aristides dies in poverty, though he has been assessor of the<br />
Confederacy of Delos.<br />
III. Quos quo facilius repellerent si forte bellum<br />
renovare conarentur, ad classis aedificandas exerci- 20<br />
tOsque comparandos quantum pecuniae quaeque civitas<br />
daret Aristides delectus est qui constitueret, eiusque<br />
arbitrio quadringena et sexagena talenta quotannis<br />
Delum sunt conlata; id enim commOne aerarium esse<br />
voluerunt. Quae omnis pecOnia posters tempore 25
38 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
Athenas translata est. Hic qua fuerit abstinentia nOl-<br />
lum est certius indicium quam quod, cum tantis rebus<br />
praefuisset, in tanta paupertate decessit ut qui efferfe-<br />
tur vix reliquerit. Quo factum est ut flliae eius publice<br />
alerentur et de communi aerario dotibus datis conloca-<br />
rentur. Decessit autem fere post annum quartum quam<br />
Themistocles Athenis erat. expulsus.<br />
ATHENIAN COIN<br />
PAUSANIAS<br />
Pausanias wins the battle of Plataea, and is made vain by his success.<br />
HEAD OF PERSIAN<br />
SATRAP<br />
I. Pausanias Lacedaemonius magnus<br />
homo, sed varius in omni genere vitae<br />
fuit; nam ut virtutibus elOxit, sic vitiis<br />
W est obrutus. HOius inlOstrissimum est<br />
proelium apud Plataeas. Namque illo<br />
duce Mardonius, satrapes regius, natione<br />
Medus, regis gener, in primis omnium<br />
15 Persarum et manO fortis et consili plenus, cum du-<br />
centis milibus peditum, quos viritim legerat, et viginti<br />
equitum baud ita magna manu Graeciae fugatus est,<br />
e5que ipse dux cecidit proelio. Qua victoria elatus<br />
plOrima miscere coepit et maiora concupiscere. Sed
PAUSANIAS 39<br />
primum in eo est reprehensus, quod ex praeda tripodem<br />
aureum Delphis posuisset epigrammate inscrlpto, in quo<br />
haec erat sententia : su5 ductu barbaros apud Plataeas<br />
REMAINS OF TRIPOD DEDICATED BY PAUSANIAS<br />
esse deletos eiusque victoriae ergo Apollini id donum<br />
dedisse. Hos versOs Lacedaemonii exsculpserunt neque 5<br />
aliud scripserunt quam nomina earum civitatum quarum<br />
auxilio Persae erant victi.<br />
Pausanias has further victories over the Persians, but is accused by<br />
his countrymen of disloyalty.<br />
II. Post id proelium eundem Pausaniam cum classe<br />
commOn! Cyprum atque Hellespontum miserunt, ut ex
4°<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
iis regionibus barbarSrum praesidia depelleret. Pari<br />
felicitate in ea re Osus elatius se gerere coepit maio-<br />
resque appetere res. Nam cum Byzantio expOgnato<br />
cepisset complurls Persarum nSbills atque in iis non-<br />
S nullos regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans<br />
ex vinclis pOblicis effOgisse et cum iis Gongylum Ere-<br />
triensem, qui litteras reg! redderet, in quibus haec fuisse<br />
scrlpta Thucydides memoriae prodidit: " Pausanias, dux<br />
Spartae, quos Byzanti! ceperat, postquam propinquos<br />
10 tuos cSgnovit, tibi mOnerl misit seque tecum adfinitate<br />
coniungi cupit. Qua re, si tibi videtur, des ei filiam tuam<br />
nOptum. Id s! feceris, et Spartam et ceteram Graeciam<br />
sub tuam potestatem se adiuvante te redactOrum poUi-<br />
cetur. His de rebus si quid agere volueris, certum homi-<br />
15 nem ad eum mittas face, cum quo conloquatur." Rex<br />
tot hominum salOte tam sibi nec'essariorum magno opere<br />
gavlsus conf estim cum epistula Artabazum ad Pausaniam<br />
mittit, in qua eum conlaudat ac petit ne cui re! parcat<br />
ad ea efflcienda quae polliceretur; si perfecerit, nulllus<br />
20 re! a se repulsam latOrum. Huius Pausanias voluntate<br />
cognita alacrior ad rem gerendam factus in suspicionem<br />
cecidit Lacedaemoniorum. Quo facto domum revocatus,<br />
accOsatus capitis absolvitur, multatur tamen pecunia,<br />
quam ob causam ad classem remissus non est.<br />
The unbearable arrogance of Pausanias causes him to be recalled. Though<br />
acquitted of treason, he is still regarded with suspicion.<br />
25 III. At ille post n5n mult5 sua sponte ad exercitum<br />
rediit et ibi non stolida sed dementi ratione cogitata<br />
patefecit; non enim mores patrios solum, sed etiam
PAUSANIAS 4^<br />
cultum vestitumque mutavit. Apparatu regio utebatur,<br />
veste Medica; satellites Medi et Aegyptii seque<br />
bantur; epulabatur more Persarum lOxuriosius quam<br />
qui aderant perpeti possent;<br />
aditum petentibus non dabat,<br />
superbe respondebat, crude-<br />
hter imperabat. Spartam re-<br />
dire nolebat; Colonas, qui<br />
locus in agro Troade est, se<br />
contulerat; ibi consilia cum<br />
patriae tum sibi inimica capie-<br />
bat. Id postquam Lacedae<br />
moni! rescierunt, legates cum<br />
clava ad eum miserunt, in qua ^MMIg/WS^gJlIt<br />
more illorum erat scriptum nisi ==::;==^==^^ i^<br />
domum reverteretur, se capi- PERSIAN<br />
tis eum damnaturos. Hoc nuntio commotus, sperans se<br />
etiam tum pecOnia et potentia instans periculum posse<br />
depellere, domum rediit. Hue ut venit, ab ephorls in<br />
vincla publica est coniectus; licet enim legibus eorum 20<br />
cuivis ephoro h5c facere regl. Hinc tamen se expedivit,<br />
neque eo magis carebat suspicione; nam opinio mane-<br />
bat eum cum rege habere societatem. Est genus quod-<br />
dam hominum quod Hilotae vocatur, quorum magna<br />
multitudo agros Lacedaemoniorum colit servorumque 25<br />
mOnere fungitur. Hos quoque sollicitare spe llbertatis<br />
existimabatur. Sed quod harum rerum nullum erat<br />
apertum crimen quo coargu! posset, non putabant de<br />
tali tamque claro viro suspicionibus oportere iOdicari, et<br />
exspectandum dum se ipsa res aperiret. 30
42<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
A messenger discovers the guilt of Pausanias, and reveals It<br />
to the ephors.<br />
IV. Interim Argilius quidam adulescentulus, cum<br />
epistulam ab eo ad Artabazum accepisset eique in susplciSnem<br />
venisset aliquid in ea de se esse scriptum, quod<br />
nemo eorum redisset qui eodem missi erant, vincla<br />
epistulae laxavit signoque detracto cognovit si pertulisset,<br />
sibi esse pereundum.<br />
Erant in eadem epistula quae ad<br />
ea pertinebant quae inter regem<br />
Pausaniamque convenerant. Has<br />
ille litteras ephorls tradidit. Non<br />
est praetereunda gravitas Lace<br />
daemoniorum hoc loco. Nam ne<br />
huius quidem indicio impuls! sunt<br />
ut Pausaniam comprehenderent,<br />
IS l^gs^^il neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt<br />
quam se ipse indicasset.<br />
TRIPOD DEDlUiTED BY<br />
PAUSANIAS<br />
(Restored.)<br />
Itaque huic indie! quid fieri vellent<br />
praeceperunt. Fanum NeptOn! est<br />
Taenari, quod violari nefas putant<br />
Graeci. Eo ille conf 0 git in araque<br />
consedit. Hanc iOxta locum fece<br />
runt sub terra, ex quo posset exaudir! s! quis quid loquere-<br />
tur cum Argilio. HOc ex ephorls quidam descenderunt.<br />
.Pausanias ut audivit Argilium confOgisse in aram, pertur-<br />
25 batus venit e5. Quem cum supplicem del videret in ara<br />
sedentem, quaerit causae quid sit tam repentini consili.<br />
Huic ille quid ex litteris comperisset aperit. Qu5<br />
magis Pausanias perturbatus orare coepit ne enOntiaret
PAUSANIAS 43<br />
neu se meritum de illo optime proderet; quod si eam<br />
veniam sibi dedisset tantisque imphcatum rebus sub-<br />
levasset, magno e! praemio futOrum.<br />
Pausanias perishes in the temple of Athena. The manner of<br />
his burial.<br />
V His rebus ephori cognitis satins putarunt in urbe<br />
eum comprehendi. Quo cum essent profecti et Pau- 5<br />
sanias placato Argili5, ut putabat, Lacedaemonem<br />
reverteretur, in itinere cum iam in eo esset ut com-<br />
prehenderetur, ex vultO cOiusdam ephori qui eum<br />
admoner! cupiebat Insidias sibi fieri intellexit. Itaque<br />
paucis ante gradibus quam qui eum sequebantur, in 10<br />
aedem Minervae quae Chalcioicos vocatur confugit.<br />
Hinc ne exire posset, statim ephori valvas eius aedis<br />
obstruxerunt tectumque sunt demSlItl, quo celerius sub<br />
divo interlret. Dicitur eo tempore matrem Pausaniae<br />
vixisse eamque iam magno natO, postquam de scelere 15<br />
fill comperit, in prImIs ad filium claudendum lapidem<br />
ad introitum aedis attulisse. Hlc cum semianimis de<br />
templo elatus esset, confestim animam efifiavit. Sic<br />
Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi morte maculavit.<br />
COius mortui corpus cum eodem nonnOlli dicerent in- 20<br />
ferri oportere quo ii qui ad supplicium essent dati,<br />
displicuit pluribus, et procul ab eo loco infoderunt<br />
quo erat mortuus. Inde posterius del DelphicI re<br />
sponse erutus atque eodem loco sepultus est ubi vitam<br />
posuerat. 25
44<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
CIMON<br />
Cimon's wife delivers him from prison.<br />
I. Cimon, Miltiadis filius, Atheniensis, dOro admo-<br />
dum initio Osus est adulescentiae. Nam cum pater eius<br />
litem aestimatam populo solvere non potuisset ob<br />
eamque causam in vinclis publicis decessisset, Cimon<br />
5 eadem custodia tenebatur neque legibus Atheniensium<br />
emitti poterat, nisi pecOniam qua pater multatus erat<br />
solvisset. Habebat autem in matrimonio Elpinicen.<br />
HOius coniugi cupidus Callias quidam, non tam gene<br />
rosus quam pecuniosus, qui magnas pecOnias ex metallis<br />
10 fecerat, egit cum Cim5ne ut eam sibi uxorem daret; id<br />
si impetrasset, se pro illo pecOniam soluturum. Is cum<br />
talem condicionem aspernaretur, Elpinice negavit se<br />
passOram Miltiadis progeniem in vinclis pOblicis in-<br />
terire, quoniam prohibere posset, seque Calliae nuptO-<br />
15 ram, si ea quae polliceretur praestitisset.<br />
Cimon soon becomes eminent in politics, and even more famous as<br />
a military commander.<br />
II. Tall modo custodia liberatus Cimon celeriter ad<br />
principatum pervenit. Habebat enim satis eloquentiae,<br />
summam llberalitatem, magnam prOdentiam cum iuris<br />
civilis tum rei militaris, quod cum patre a puero in<br />
20 exercitibus fuerat versatus. Itaque hic et populum<br />
urbanum in sua tenuit potestate et apud exercitum<br />
plurimum valuit auctoritate. Primum imperator apud<br />
flOmen Strymona magnas c5pias Thracum fugavit.
CIMON 4^<br />
oppidum Amphipolim constituit eoque decem mlHa<br />
Atheniensium in coloniam misit. Idem iterum impe<br />
rator apud Mycalen Cypriorum et Phoenlcum ducen-<br />
tarum navium classem devlctam cepit, eodemque die pari<br />
fortOna in terra usus est. Namque hostium navibus 5<br />
captis statim ex classe copias suas edOxit barbarorum-<br />
que maximam vim Ono concursu prostravit. Qua vic<br />
toria magna praeda potltus cum domum reverteretur,<br />
quod iam nonnullae Insulae propter acerbitatem imperi<br />
defecerant, bene animatas confirmavit, alienatas ad lo<br />
officium redire coegit. Scyrum, quam eo tempore<br />
Dolopes incolebant, quod contumacius se gesserant,<br />
vacuefecit, possessores veteres urbe Insulaque eiecit,<br />
agros civibus divisit. Thasios opulentia fretos suo ad-<br />
ventO fregit. H^Is ex manubiis arx Athenarum, qua is<br />
ad meridiem vergit, est ornata.<br />
Cimon Is ostracized, but recalled, and concludes a peace with Sparta.<br />
His death.<br />
III. Quibus rebus cum Onus in civitate maxime flo<br />
reret, incidit in eandem invidiam quam pater suus cete-<br />
rlque Atheniensium principes; nam testarum suffragils<br />
decem annorum exsilio multatus est. COius f acti celerius 20<br />
Atheniensis quam ipsum paenituit. Nam cum ille<br />
animo forti invidiae ingratSrum civium cessisset bellum-<br />
que Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, c5nfestim<br />
notae eius virtutis deslderium consecutum est. Itaque<br />
post annum quintum quam expulsus erat in patriam 2s<br />
revocatus est. Ille, quod hpspitio Lacedaemoniorum<br />
utebatur, satins existimans Graeciae civitates de contro-
46 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
versils suis inter se iOre disceptare quam armis conten<br />
dere, Lacedaemonem sua sponte est profectus pacemque<br />
inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, neque<br />
ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator<br />
S niissus, cum eius maiorem partem Insulae devicisset, in<br />
morbum implicitus in oppugnando oppido Citio est<br />
mortuus.<br />
Cimon's charities.<br />
IV Hunc Athenienses non solum in bello, sed etiam<br />
in pace diO desideraverunt. Fuit enim tanta liberalitate,<br />
10 cum complOribus locis praedia hortosque haberet, ut<br />
numquam in iis custodem posuerit fructOs servandi<br />
gratia, ne quis impedlretur qu5 minus iis rebus quibus<br />
quisque vellet frueretur. Semper eum pedisequi cum<br />
nummis sunt secuti, ut si quis opis eius indigeret, habe-<br />
iS ret quod statim daret, ne differendo videretur negare.<br />
Saepe cum aliquem offensum fortunae videret minus<br />
bene vestltum, suum amiculum dedit. Cottldie sic cena<br />
ei coquebatur ut quos invocatos vidisset in foro, omnis<br />
ad se vocaret; quod facere nOUo die praetermittebat.<br />
20 NOllI fides eius, nuUl opera, nOUl res familiaris defuit;<br />
multos locupletavit; complOrls pauperis mortuos, qui<br />
unde efferrentur n5n rellquissent, suo sumptu extulit.<br />
Sic se gerendS minime est mirandum si et vita eius fuit<br />
secura et mors acerba.
LYSANDER 47<br />
LYSANDER<br />
Lysander gives the death-blow to Athens at the end of the<br />
Peloponnesian war.<br />
I. Lysander Lacedaemonius magnam rellquit sui<br />
famam, magis felicitate quam virtOte partam. Athe<br />
niensis enim adversus Peloponnesios bellum gerentis<br />
sexto et vicesimo anno confecisse apparet, neque id qua<br />
ratione consecutus sit latet. Non enim virtOte sul exerci- s<br />
tus, sed immodestia factum est adversariorum, qui, quod<br />
dicto audientes imperatoribus suis non erant, dispalati in<br />
agris relictis navibus in hostium venerunt potestatem.<br />
Quo facto Athenienses se Lacedaemoniis dediderunt.<br />
Hac victoria Lysander elatus, cum antea semper factio- lo<br />
sus audaxque fuisset, sic sibi indulsit ut eius opera in<br />
maximum odium Graeciae Lacedaemonii pervenerint.<br />
Nam cum hanc causam Lacedaemonii dictitassent sibi<br />
esse belli, ut Atheniensiuni impotentem dominationem<br />
refringerent, postquam apud Aegos flumen Lysander 15<br />
classis hostium est potltus, nihil aliud molltus est quam<br />
ut omnis civitates in sua teneret potestate, cum id se<br />
Lacedaemoniorum causa facere simularet. Namque<br />
undique qui Atheniensium rebus studuissent eiectis,<br />
decem delegerat in una quaque civitate quibus summum 20<br />
imperium potestatemque omnium rerum committeret.<br />
Horum in numerum nemo admittebatur nisi qui aut eius<br />
hospitio contineretur aut se illius fore proprium fide<br />
conflrmarat.
48<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
All the states of Greece are now in his power. His cruelty and perfidy<br />
are shown in his treatment of the Thaslans.<br />
II. Ita decemvirall potestate in omnibus urbibus<br />
constituta ipslus nfltO omnia gerebantur. COius de cru-<br />
delitate ac perfidia satis est unam rem exempli gratia<br />
proferre, ne de eodem plura enumerando defatlgemus<br />
S lectores. Victor ex Asia cum reverteretur Thasumque<br />
devertisset, quod ea civitas praecipua fide fuerat erga<br />
Atheniensis, proinde ac si non Idem firmissimi solerent<br />
esse amici qui constantes fuissent inimici, pervertere<br />
eam concuplvit. Vidit autem nisi in eo occultasset<br />
10 voluntatem, f utOrum ut Thasii dllaberentur consulerent-<br />
que rebus suis.<br />
Lysander begins to plot against the Spartan kings.<br />
III. Itaque ii decemviralem potestatem ab illo consti-<br />
tOtam sustulerunt. Quo dolore incensus iniit consilia<br />
reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere. Sed sentiebat id se<br />
IS sine ope deorum facere non posse, quod Lacedaemonii<br />
omnia ad oracula referre consuerant. Primum Delphi-<br />
cum corrumpere est conatus. Cum id n5n potuisset,<br />
Dodonaeum adortus est. Hinc quoque repulsus dixit se<br />
vota suscepisse quae lovi Hammoni solveret, existimans<br />
20 se Afr5s facilius corruptOrum. Hac spe cum profectus<br />
esset in Africam, multum eum antistites lovis fefellerunt.<br />
Nam non solum corrumpi non potuerunt, sed etiam lega<br />
tes Lacedaemonem miserunt qui Lysandrum accusarent,<br />
quod sacerdotes fani corrumpere conatus esset. AccO-<br />
25 satus hoc crimine iOdicumque absolutus sententiis,<br />
Orchomeniis missus subsidio occisus est a Thebanis
LYSANDER 49<br />
apud Haliartum. Quam vere de eo secus foret iOdicatum<br />
oratio indicio fuit quae post mortem in domo eius<br />
reperta est, in qua suadet Lacedaemoniis ut regia potestate<br />
dissolOta ex omnibus dux deligatur ad bellum<br />
gerendum, sed sic scripta ut deum videretur congruere S<br />
sententiae, quam ille se habiturum pecOnia fidens non<br />
dubitarat. Hanc e! scrlpsisse Cle5n Halicarnasius<br />
dicitur.<br />
Lysander unwittingly accuses himself.<br />
IV. Atque hoc loco non est praetereundiim factum<br />
Pharnabazi, satrapis regii. Nam cum Lysander prae- i°<br />
fectus classis in bello multa crudeliter avareque fecisset<br />
deque iis rebus suspicaretur ad civis suos esse perlatum,<br />
petiit a Pharnabazo ut ad ephoros sibi testimonium<br />
daret, quanta sanctitate bellum gessisset sociosque tractasset,<br />
deque ea re accurate scriberet; magnam enim is<br />
eius auctoritatem in ea re futuram. Huic ille llberaliter<br />
pollicetur; librum grandem verbis multis conscripsit, in<br />
quibus summis eum effert laudibus. Quem cum hlc<br />
legisset probassetque, dum signatur, alteram pari magnitudine<br />
et tanta similitOdine ut discerni non posset 20<br />
signatum subiecit, in quo accuratissime eius avaritiam<br />
perfidiamque accOsarat. Lysander domum cum redisset,<br />
postquam de suis rebus gestis apud maximum<br />
magistratum quae voluerat dixerat, testimoni loco librum<br />
a Pharnabazo datum tradidit. Hunc submoto 25<br />
Lysandro cum ephori c5gnossent, ipsi legendum dederunt.<br />
Ita ille imprOdens ipse suus fuit accOsator.<br />
E
5°<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
ALCIBIADES<br />
The preeminence of Alcibiades in both vice and virtue.<br />
ALCIBIADES<br />
I. Alcibiades, Cliniae filius, Athe<br />
niensis. In hoc natOra quid efficere<br />
possit videtur experta. Constat enim<br />
inter omnis qui de eo memoriae<br />
prSdiderunt nihil illo fuisse excel-<br />
lentius vel in vitiis vel in virtutibus.<br />
Natus in amplissima civitate sum-<br />
mo genere, omnium aetatis suae<br />
multo f ormosissimus, dives; ad<br />
omnis res aptus consilique plenus<br />
(namque imperator fuit summus et<br />
marl et terra); disertus, ut in primis<br />
dicendo valeret, quod tanta erat<br />
commendatio oris atque 5rationis ut nemo ei posset<br />
15 resistere; cum tempus pSsceret, laboriosus, patiens;<br />
llberalis, splendidus non minus in vita quam vIctO;<br />
adfabilis, blandus, temporibus callidissime serviens;<br />
idem, simul ac se remlserat neque causa suberat qua re<br />
animi laborem perferret, luxuriosus, dissolOtus, libldi-<br />
20 nosus, intemperans reperiebatur, ut omnes admlrarentur<br />
in uno homine tantam esse dissimilitOdinem tamque<br />
diversam natOram.<br />
He is brought up by Pericles and educated by Socrates.<br />
II. Educatus est in domo Pericli (privlgnus enim eius<br />
fuisse dicitur), eruditus a Socrate. Socerum habuit
ALCIBIADES 51<br />
Hipponicum, omnium Graeca lingua loquentium ditissi-<br />
mum; ut si ipse fingere vellet, neque plOra bona eminisci<br />
neque maiora posset consequi quam vel natura vel<br />
fortOna tribuerat.<br />
SOCRATES PERICLES<br />
Alcibiades is chosen one of the three generals of the Sicilian expedition.<br />
The statues of Hermes are mutilated.<br />
III. Bello Peloponnesio huius consiho atque auctori- s<br />
tate Athenienses bellum Syracusanis indlxerunt. Ad<br />
quod gerendum ipse dux delectus est, duo praeterea<br />
conlegae datl, Nicias et Lamachus. Id cum apparare-<br />
tur, prius quam classis exiret, accidit ut Ona nocte omnes<br />
Hermae qui in oppido erant Athenis deicerentur, prae- 10<br />
ter Onum qui ante ianuam erat Andocidi; itaque ille<br />
postea Mercurius Andocidi vocitatus est. Hoc cum<br />
appareret n5n sine magna multorum consensione esse<br />
factum, quae non ad privatam, sed ad publicam rem
52 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
pertineret, magnus multitOdini timor est iniectus ne qua<br />
repentlna vis in civitate exsisteret, quae libertatem<br />
opprimeret populi. Hoc maxime convenire in Alcibiadem<br />
videbatur, quod et po-<br />
tentior et maior quam priva<br />
tus existimabatur; multos<br />
enim liberalitate devinxerat,<br />
plOrls etiam opera forensi<br />
suos reddiderat. Qua re<br />
fiebat ut omnium oculos,<br />
quotienscumque in pObli-<br />
cum prodisset, ad se con-<br />
verteret neque ei par quis<br />
quam in civitate poneretur.<br />
15 '—' '—' • Itaque non solum spem in<br />
HERMES g- j^g^^jgijg^jj^ maximam, sed<br />
etiam timorem, quod et obesse plurimum et prodesse<br />
poterat. Aspergebatur etiam Infamia, quod in dom5<br />
sua facere mysteria dicebatur, quod nefas erat more<br />
20 Atheniensium; idque non ad religionem, sed ad con-<br />
iOrationem pertinere existimabatur.<br />
Alcibiades has to sail without pleading his cause. He is declared guilty,<br />
and recalled. On the way he escapes.<br />
IV. Hoc crimine in contione ab inimicis compella-<br />
batur. Sed instabat tempus ad bellum proficiscendl.<br />
Id ille intuens neque ignorans civium su5rum consuetO-<br />
25 dinem postulabat, si quid de se agi vellent, potius de<br />
praesente quaestio haberetur quam absens invidiae cri<br />
mine accusaretur. Inimici vero eius quiescendum in
ALCIBIADES 53<br />
praesenti, quia noceri ei non posse intellegebant, et illud<br />
tempus exspectandum decreverunt quo classis exisset,<br />
ut absentem aggrederentur; itaque fecerunt. Nam postquam<br />
in Siciliam eum pervenisse crediderunt, absentem<br />
quod sacra violasset reum fecerunt. Qua de re cum ei s<br />
nuntius a magistratu in Siciliam missus esset, ut domum<br />
ad causam dicendam rediret, essetque in magna spe<br />
provinciae bene administrandae, non parere noluit, et in<br />
triremem quae ad eum erat deportandum missa ascendit.<br />
Hac ThOrios in Italiam pervectus, multa secum lo<br />
reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia crudelitateque<br />
erga nobilis, utilissimum ratus impendentem<br />
evitare tempestatem, clam se ab custodibus subduxit et<br />
inde primum Elidem, dein Thebas venit. Postquam<br />
autem se capitis damnatum bonis publicatis audivit et, 15<br />
id quod numquam antea usu venerat, Eumolpidas sacerdotes<br />
a populo coactos ut se devoverent, eiusque devotionis<br />
quo testatior esset memoria, exemplum in pllalapidea<br />
incisum esse positum in publico, Lacedaemonem<br />
demigravit. Ibi, ut ipse praedicare consuerat, non 20<br />
adversus patriam, sed inimicos suos bellum gessit, qui<br />
idem hostes essent civitati; nam cum intellegerent se<br />
plurimum prodesse posse rei publicae, ex ea eiecisse<br />
plusque Irae suae quam Otilitati commOni paruisse.<br />
Itaque hOius consilio Lacedaemonii cum Perse rege 25<br />
amicitiam fecerunt, dein Deceleam in Attica mOnierunt<br />
praesidioque ibi perpetuo posito in obsidione Athenas<br />
tenuerunt. Eiusdem opera loniam a societate averterunt<br />
Atheniensium. Quo facto mult5 superiores bello<br />
esse coeperunt. 30
54<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
The Spartans try to kill Alcibiades, who takes refuge with Tissaphemes.<br />
He is restored to favor with the Athenians.<br />
V. Neque vero his rebus tam amici Alcibiadl sunt<br />
facti quam timore ab eo alienatl. Nam cum acerrimi<br />
viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus c6-<br />
gnSscerent, pertimuerunt ne caritate patriae ductus<br />
S aliquando ab ipsis descisceret et cum suis in gratiam<br />
rediret. Itaque tempus eius inte'rficiendl quaerere In-<br />
stituerunt. Id Alcibiades diutius celari non potuit; erat<br />
enim ea sagacitate ut decipi n5n posset, praesertim cum<br />
animum attendisset ad cavendum. Itaque ad Tissa-<br />
10 phernem, praefectum regis Darei, se contulit. Cuius<br />
cum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset et Atheniensium<br />
male gestis in Sicilia rebus opes senescere, contra Lace<br />
daemoniorum crescere videret, initio cum Pisandro<br />
praetore, qui apud Samum exercitum habebat, per in-<br />
15 ternuntios conloqiiitur et de reditu suo facit mention em.<br />
Is erat enim eodem quo Alcibiades sensO, populi poten-<br />
tiae non amicus et optimatium fautor. Ab hoc destitO-<br />
tus primum per ThrasybOlum, Lyci filium, ab exercitfl<br />
recipitur praetorque fit apud Samum; post suffragante<br />
20 Theramene populi scito restituitur parique absens im<br />
perio praeficitur simul cum ThrasybOlo et Theramene.<br />
Horum in imperio tanta commutati5 rerum facta est ut<br />
Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant, per-<br />
territl pacem peterent. Victi enim erant quinque proe-<br />
25 lils terrestribus, 'tribus navalibus, in quibus ducentas<br />
navis triremis amiserant, quae captae in hostium vene-<br />
rant potestatem. Alcibiades simul cum conlegis re-<br />
ceperat loniam, Hellespontum, multas praeterea urbis
ALCIBIADES 55<br />
Graecas quae in 5ra sitae sunt Thraciae; quarum<br />
expugnarant complurls, in iis Byzantium, neque minus<br />
multas consilio ad amicitiam adiOnxerant, quod in cap-<br />
tos dementia fuerant Osi. Ita praeda onusti, locupletat5<br />
exercitO, maximis rebus gestis Athenas venerunt.<br />
On his return to Athens he is warmly welcomed and makes an affecting<br />
speech in the public assembly.<br />
VI. His cum obviam Oniversa civitas in Piraeum<br />
descendisset, tanta fuit omnium exspectatiS visendi Alci-<br />
biadis ut ad eius triremem vulgus conflueret, proinde ac<br />
SI solus advenisset. Sic enim populo erat persuasum, et<br />
adversas superi5res et praesentis secundas res accidisse lo<br />
eius opera. Itaque et exercitum in Sicilia amissum et<br />
Lacedaemoniorum victorias culpae suae tribuebant, quod<br />
talem virum e civitate expulissent. Neque id sine causa<br />
arbitrari videbantur. Nam postquam exercitui praeesse<br />
coeperat, neque terra<br />
neque marl hostes<br />
pares esse potuerant.<br />
Hlc ut e navl egres<br />
sus est, quamquam<br />
Theramenes et Thra<br />
sybulus isdem rebus<br />
praefuerant simulque<br />
venerant in Piraeum,<br />
tamen Onum omnes<br />
ilium prosequebantur<br />
et, id quod numquam ATHLETE RECEIVING TAENIAE
S6 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
antea Osu venerat nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis<br />
laurels taeniisque vulgo donabatur. Ille lacrimans<br />
talem benevolentiam civium suorum accipiebat, remi-<br />
niscens pristini temporis acerbitatem. Postquam in astO<br />
S venit, c5ntione advocata sic verba fecit ut nemo tam<br />
ferus fuerit quin eius casui inlacrimarit inimicumque iis<br />
se ostenderit quorum opera patria pulsus fuerat, proinde<br />
ac si alius populus, non ille ipse qui tum flebat, eum<br />
sacrilegi damnasset. Restituta ergo huic sunt pOblice<br />
10 bona, idemque illi Eumolpidae sacerdotes rOrsus resa-<br />
crare sunt coacti qui eum devoverant, pilaeque illae in<br />
quibus devotio fuerat scripta in mare praecipitatae.<br />
Alcibiades' good fortune is short-lived. He Is deposed from his<br />
command, and retires to Thrace.<br />
VII. Haec Alcibiadl laetitia non nimis fuit diOturna.<br />
Nam cum ei omnes essent honores decretl totaque res<br />
IS pOblica domi bellique tradita, ut unlus arbitrio gereretur,<br />
et ipse postulasset ut duo sibi conlegae darentur, Thrasy<br />
bulus et Adimantus, neque id negatum esset, classe in<br />
Asiam profectus, quod apud Cymen minus ex sententia<br />
rem gesserat, in invidiam recidit; nihil enim eum non<br />
20 efficere posse dOcebant. Ex quo fiebat ut omnia minus<br />
prospers gesta culpae tribuerent, cum aut eum neglegen-<br />
ter aut malitiose fecisse loquerentur, sicut tum accidit;<br />
nam corruptum a rege capere Cymen noluisse arguebant.<br />
Itaque huic maxime putamus mal5 fuisse nimiam<br />
25 opinionem ingenl atque virtOtis; timebatur enim non<br />
minus quam diligebatur, ne secunda fortOna magnlsque<br />
opibus elatus tyrannidem concuplsceret. Quibus rebus
ALCIBIADES 57<br />
factum est ut absenti magistratum abrogarent et alium<br />
in eius locum substituerent. Id ille ut audivit, domum<br />
reverti noluit et se Pactyen contulit ibique tria castella<br />
communiit, Ornos, Bizanthen, Neontichos, manOque conlecta<br />
primus Graecae civitatis in Thraciam introiit, 5<br />
gloriosius existimans barbarSrum praeda locupletari<br />
quam Graiorum. Qua ex re creverat cum fama tum<br />
opibus, magnamque amicitiam sibi cum quibusdam regibus<br />
Thraciae pepererat.<br />
He offers to drive off or bring to terms Lysander, who Is threatening the<br />
Athenian fleet at Aegospotami.<br />
VIII. Neque tamen a caritate patriae potuit rece- 10<br />
dere. Nam cum apud Aegos flOmen Philocles, praetor<br />
Atheniensium, classem c5nstituisset suam neque longe<br />
abesset Lysander, praetor Lacedaemoniorum, qui in eo<br />
erat occupatus ut bellum quam diutissime dOceret, quod<br />
ipsis pecOnia a rege suppeditabatur, contra Atheniensi- 15<br />
bus exhaustis praeter arma et navis nihil erat super,<br />
Alcibiades ad exercitum venit Atheniensium ibique<br />
praesente vulgo agere coepit: si vellent, se coactOrum<br />
Lysandrum dimicare aut pacem petere; Lacedaemonios<br />
eo nolle classe confllgere, quod pedestribus 20<br />
copils plOs quam navibus valerent; sibi autem esse facile<br />
Seuthem, regem Thracum, adducere ut eum terra deiDclleret;<br />
quo facto necessario aut classe conflicturum aut<br />
bellum compositurum. Id etsi vere dictum Philocles<br />
animadvertebat, tamen postulata facere n5luit, quod 25<br />
sentiebat se Alcibiade recepto nOllIus moment! apud<br />
exercitum futurum et, si quid secund! evenisset, nflllam
58 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
in ea re suam partem fore; contra ea si quid adversi<br />
accidisset, se Onum eius delicti futurum reum. Ab hoc<br />
discedens Alcibiades, "Quoniam," inquit, "victoriae pa<br />
triae repOgnas, illud moneo, ne iOxta hostem castra habeas<br />
S nautica; periculum est enim ne immodestia mihtum<br />
vestrorum occasio detur Lysandro vestri opprimendi<br />
exercitOs." Neque ea res ilium fefellit. Nam Lysander,<br />
cum per speculatores comperisset vulgum Atheniensium<br />
in terram praedatum exisse navisque paene inanis relic-<br />
lo tas, tempus rei gerendae non dimisit eoque impetO<br />
bellum totum delevit.<br />
After the fall of Athens, Alcibiades seeks safety, first In the Interior of<br />
Thrace, then In Asia.<br />
IX. At Alcibiades victis Atheniensibus non satis tOta<br />
eadem loca sibi arbitrans, penitus in Thraciam se supra<br />
Propontidem abdidit, sperans ibi facillime suam fortOnam<br />
IS occuli posse. Fals5. Nam Thraces postquam eum<br />
cum magna pecOnia venisse senserunt, insidias fecerunt<br />
eaque quae apportarat abstulerunt, ipsum capere non<br />
potuerunt. Ille cernens nullum locum sibi tOtum in<br />
Graecia propter potentiam Lacedaemoniorum, ad Pharna-<br />
20 bazum in Asiam transiit, quem quidem adeo sua cepit<br />
hOmanitate ut eum nemo in amicitia antecederet. Nam<br />
que ei Grynium dederat, in Phrygia castrum, ex quo<br />
quinquagena talenta vectlgalis capiebat. Qua fortOna<br />
Alcibiades non erat contentus, neque Athenas victas<br />
25 Lacedaemoniis servire poterat pati. Itaque ad patriam<br />
liberandam omni ferebatur cogitatione. Sed videbat id<br />
sine rege Perse non posse fieri, ideoque eum amicum
ALCIBIADES 59<br />
sibi cupiebat adiungi neque dubitabat facile se consecu-<br />
turum, si modo eius conveniendl habuisset potestatem.<br />
Nam Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare Lacedaemo<br />
niis adiuvantibus sciebat; id si aperuisset, magnam se<br />
initurum gratiam videbat. 5<br />
Assassins set his house on fire in the night. Alcibiades rushes out,<br />
and is slain by their javelins.<br />
X. Hoc cum moliretur peteretque a Pharnabazo ut<br />
ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias ceterlque<br />
tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysandrum in<br />
Asiam miserant qui eum certiorem facerent, nisi Alci<br />
biadem sustulisset, nihil earum rerum fore ratum quas lo<br />
ipse Athenis constituisset; qua re si suas res gestas<br />
manere vellet, ilium persequeretur. His Laco rebus<br />
commotus statuit accOratius sibi agendum cum Pharna<br />
bazo. Huic ergo renOntiat quae regi cum Lacedaemo<br />
niis convenissent, nisi Alcibiadem vivum aut mortuum 15<br />
sibi tradidisset. Non tulit hoc satrapes et violare cle-<br />
mentiam quam regis opes minui maluit. Itaque misit<br />
Susamithren et Bagaeum ad Alcibiadem interficiendum,<br />
cum ille esset in Phrygia iterque ad regem compararet.<br />
Missi clam vicinitati in qua tum Alcibiades erat dant 20<br />
negotium ut eum interficiant. Illi cum ferro aggredi<br />
non auderent, noctu llgna contulerunt circa casam eam<br />
in qua quiescebat eaque succenderunt, ut incendio con-<br />
ficerent quem manu superarl posse diffldebant. Ille<br />
autem ut sonitO flammae est excitatus, etsi gladius.ei 25<br />
erat subductus, famiharis sul subalare telum eripuit.<br />
Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui
6o CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
numquam discedere voluerat. Hunc sequi se iubet et<br />
id quod in praesentia vestimentorum fuit adripit. His<br />
in Ignem coniectis flammae vim transiit. Quem ut bar-<br />
bari incendium effOgisse viderunt, telis eminus missis<br />
S interfecerunt caputque eius ad Pharnabazum rettulerunt.<br />
At mulier quae cum eo vivere c5nsuerat muHebrI sua<br />
veste contectum aedificl incendiS mortuum cremavit,<br />
quod ad vivum interimendum erat comparatum. Sic<br />
Alcibiades annos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit<br />
10 supremum.<br />
Three historians unite in praise of Alcibiades, adding many good<br />
instances of his wonderful versatility.<br />
XI. Hunc infamatum a..<br />
plerisque tres gravissimi,<br />
historic! summis laudibus<br />
extulerunt: ThOcydides, qui<br />
eiusdem aetatis fuit, Theo-<br />
pompus, post aliquanto na<br />
tus, et Timaeus ; qui quidem<br />
duo maledlcentissimi nescio<br />
quo mods in illo Ono lau-<br />
dando consentiunt. Namque<br />
ea quae supra scrlpsimus de<br />
THUCYDIDES<br />
eo praedicarunt atque hoc<br />
amplius : cum Athenis,<br />
splendidissima civitate, natus esset, omnis splendore<br />
25 ac dignitate superasse vitae; postquam inde expulsus<br />
Thebas venerit, ade5 studiis eorum inservlsse ut nemo<br />
eum labore corporisque viribus posset aequiperare
THRASYBULUS 6l<br />
(omnes enim Boeoti magis firmitati corporis quam<br />
ingeni acOmini serviunt); eundem apud Lacedaemo-<br />
nios, quorum moribus summa virtOs in patientia pone-<br />
batur, sic dOritiae se dedisse ut parsimonia vlctOs<br />
atque cultOs omnis LacedaemoniSs vinceret; venisse<br />
ad Persas, apud quos summa laus esset fortiter venari,<br />
lOxuriose vivere; horum sic imitatum consuetOdinem ut<br />
illi ipsi eum in his maxime admlrarentur. Quibus rebus<br />
effecisse ut apud quoscumque esset princeps poneretur<br />
habereturque carissimus. Sed satis de hoc; reliquos<br />
ordiamur.<br />
THRASYBULUS<br />
Thrasybulus greater in deeds and character than in renown. His valiant<br />
opposition to the Thirty Tyrants.<br />
I. Thrasybulus, Lyci filius, Atheniensis. Si per se<br />
virtOs sine fortOna ponderanda est, dubito an hunc<br />
primum omnium ponam; Illud sine dubio: neminem<br />
huic praefero fide, constantia, magnitOdine animi, in<br />
patriam amore. Nam quod multi voluerunt paucique<br />
potuerunt, ab Ono tyranno patriam liberare, huic con-<br />
tigit ut a triginta oppressam tyrannis e servitiite in<br />
libertatem vindicaret. Sed nescio quo modo, cum eum<br />
nemo anteiret his virtOtibus, multi nSbilitate praecucur-<br />
rerunt. Primum Peloponnesio hello multa hic sine<br />
Alcibiade gessit, ille n ullam rem sine hoc; quae ille<br />
Oniversa naturali quodam bono fecit lucri. Sed ilia<br />
tamen omnia communia imperatoribus cum mihtibus et
62 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
fortuna, quod in proell concursu abit res a consilio ad<br />
vicis rerum virtOtemque pOgnantium. Itaque iure suo<br />
nonnOUa ab imperatSre miles, plOrima vero fortOna vin-<br />
dicat seque his plOs valuisse vere potest praedicare.<br />
5 Verum illud magnificentissimum factum proprium est<br />
Thrasybuh. Nam cum triginta tyranni praepositi a<br />
Lacedaemoniis servitOte oppi'essas tenerent Athenas,<br />
plOrimos civis quibus in bello parserat fortOna partim<br />
patria expulissent, partim interfecissent, plOrimorum<br />
10 bona pOblicata inter se divlsissent, non solum princeps,<br />
sed etiam solus initio bellum iis indlxit.<br />
Intrenching himself successively at Phyle and Munychla, he is able to<br />
resist two attempts at dislodgment.<br />
II. Hic enim cum Phylen c5nfugisset, quod est ca-<br />
stellum in Attica mOnltissimum, non plus habuit secum<br />
triginta de suis. Hoc initium fuit salOtis Atticorum,<br />
IS hoc robur llbertatis clarissimae civitatis. Neque vero<br />
hic non contemptus est prim5 a tyrannis atque eius soli-<br />
tOdo. Quae quidem res et illls contemnentibus perniciei<br />
et huic despecto saluti fuit; etenim illos segnis ad per-<br />
sequendum, hos autem tempore ad comparandum dato<br />
20 fecit rSbustiores. Quo magis praeceptum illud omnium<br />
in animis esse debet, nihil in bello oportere contemni;<br />
neque sine causa dicitur matrem timidi flere non solere.<br />
Neque tamen pro opinione ThrasybOli auctae sunt opes ;<br />
nam iam tum illls temporibus fortius boni pro libertate<br />
25 loquebantur quam pugnabant. Hinc in Piraeum transiit<br />
MOnychiamque munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare<br />
sunt adorti, ab eaque turpiter repulsl protinus in urbem
THRASYBULUS 63<br />
armis impedlmentlsque amissis refOgerunt. Usus est<br />
ThrasybOlus non minus prOdentia quam fortitudine.<br />
Nam cedentis violari vetuit (civis enim civibus parcere<br />
aequum censebat), neque quisquam est vulneratus nisi<br />
qui prior impugnare voluit. Neminem iacentem veste S<br />
spoliavit, nil attigit nisi arma, qu5rum indigebat, quaeque<br />
ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit<br />
Critias, dux tyrannorum, cum quidem adversus ThrasybOlum<br />
fortissime pOgnaret.<br />
Terms of peace procured by the arbitration of Pausanias. The amnesty.<br />
III. Hoc delects Pausanias venit Atticis auxiliS, rex 10<br />
Lacedaemoniorum. Is inter ThrasybOlum et eos qui<br />
urbem tenebant fecit pacem his condicionibus : ne qui<br />
praeter triginta tyrannos, et decem qui postea praetores<br />
creatisuperioris more crudelitatis erant usI, adficerentur<br />
exsilio neve bona pOblicarentur; rei publicae procOratio 15<br />
populo redderetur. Praeclarum hoc quoque ThrasybOli,<br />
quod reconciliata pace, cum plurimum in civitate posset,<br />
legem tulit ne quis ante actarum rerum accusaretur neve<br />
multaretur, eamque illi oblivionis appellarunt. Neque<br />
vero hanc tantum ferendam curavit, sed etiam ut valeret 20<br />
effecit. Nam cum quidam ex iis qui simul cum eo in<br />
exsilio fuerant caedem facere eorum vellent cum quibus<br />
in gratiam reditum erat publice, prohibuit et id quod<br />
pollicitus erat praestitit.<br />
An olive crown satisfies the ambition of Thrasybulus. His death.<br />
IV. Huic pro tantis meritis honSris causa corSna a 25<br />
populo data est, facta duabus virgulls oleaginls. Quam
64 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
quod amor civium et non vis expresserat, nOllam habuit<br />
invidiam magnaque fuit gloria. Bene ergo Pittacus<br />
ille, qui in septem sapientium numerS est habitus, cum<br />
Mytilenaei multa milia iOgerum agri ei mOneri darent,<br />
S " Nolite, oro vos," inquit, "id mihi dare quod multi invideant,<br />
plures etiam concupiscant. Qua re ex istis nolo<br />
amplius quam centum iOgera, quae et meam animi<br />
aequitatem et vestram voluntatem indicent." Nam parva<br />
munera diOtina, locupletia non propria esse consuerunt.<br />
10 Ilia igitur corona contentus ThrasybOlus neque amplius<br />
requislvit neque quemquam honore se antecessisse existimavit.<br />
Hic sequenti tempore cum praetor classem ad<br />
Ciliciam appulisset neque satis diligenter in castrls eius<br />
agerentur vigiliae, a barbaris ex oppido noctO eruptione<br />
IS facta in tabernaculo interfectus est.<br />
CONON<br />
Conon wins renown in the Peloponnesian war. Had he been present at<br />
Aegospotami, the result might easily have been different.<br />
I. Conon Atheniensis Peloponnesio bello accessit ad<br />
rem pOblicam, in eoque eius opera magni fuit. Nam<br />
et praetor pedestribus exercitibus praefuit et praefectus<br />
classis magnas marl res gessit. Quas ob causas prae-<br />
20 cipuus ei honos habitus est. Namque omnibus Onus<br />
insulis praefuit, in qua potestate Pheras cepit, coloniam<br />
Lacedaemoniorum. Fuit etiam extreme Peloponnesio<br />
bello praetor, cum apud Aegos flumen copiae Athe-
CONON 65<br />
niensium ab Lysandro sunt devlctae. Sed tum afuit,<br />
eoque peius res administrata est; nam et prOdens rei<br />
militaris et dlligens erat imperator. Itaque nemini erat<br />
iis temporibus dubium, si adfuisset, illam Atheniensis<br />
calamitatem acceptOros non fuisse. 5<br />
When his country is in distress, Conon opposes the Spartan power by obtaining<br />
influence with the-Persian satrap of Ionia and Lydia.<br />
II. Rebus autem adflictis, cum patriam obsideri .au<br />
disset, non quaeslvit ubi ipse t0t5 viveret, sed unde<br />
praesidio posset esse civibus suis. Itaque contulit se<br />
ad Pharnabazum, satrapem loniae et Lydiae eundem-<br />
que generum regis et propinquum; apud quem ut 10<br />
multum gratia valeret, multo labore multlsque effecit<br />
periculis. Nam cum Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus de-<br />
victls in societate non manerent quam cum Artaxerxe<br />
fecerant Agesilaumque bellatum misissent in Asiam,<br />
maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, qui ex intimis regis is<br />
ab amicitia eius defecerat et cum Lacedaemoniis coie-<br />
rat societatem, hunc adversus Pharnabazus habitus est<br />
imperator, re quidem vera exercitui praefuit Conon<br />
eiusque omnia arbitrio gesta sunt. Hic multum du-<br />
cem summum Agesilaum impedlvit saepeque eius con- 20<br />
silils obstitit, neque vero non fuit apertum, si ille<br />
non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus regi<br />
fuisse erepturum. Qui postea quam domum a suis<br />
civibus revocatus est, quod Boeoti et Athenienses<br />
Lacedaemoniis bellum indlxerant, Conon nihilo setius 25<br />
apud praefectos regis versabatur iisque omnibus magno<br />
erat usui.<br />
F
66 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
Conon learns of Tissaphemes' scheme of revolt, and reveals It to the<br />
king.<br />
III. Defecerat a rege Tissaphemes, neque id tam<br />
Artaxerxi quam ceteris erat apertum; multis enim magnlsque<br />
meritis apud regem, etiam cum in officio non<br />
maneret, valebat. Neque id erat mirandum, si non<br />
S facile ad credendum addOcebatur, reminiscens eius se<br />
opera Cyrum fratrem superasse. HOius accusandi gratia<br />
.Conon a Pharnabazo ad regem missus postea quam<br />
venit, primum ex more Persarum ad chiliarchum, qui<br />
secundum gradum imperi tenebat, Tithrausten accessit<br />
10 seque ostendit cum rege conloqui velle. Huic ille,<br />
" NOlla," inquit, " mora est, sed tO dellbera utrum conloqui<br />
malls an per litteras agere quae cogitas. Necesse<br />
est enim, si in conspectum veneris, venerarl te regem;<br />
nemo enim sine hoc admittitur. Hoc si tibi grave est,<br />
IS per me nihilo setius editls mandatis conficies quod<br />
studes." Tum Conon, "Mihi vero,'' inquit, "non est<br />
grave quemvis honSrem habere regi, sed vereor ne<br />
civitati meae sit opprobrio, si cum ex ea sim profectus<br />
quae ceteris gentibus imperare consuerit, potius barba-<br />
20 rorum quam illius more fungar.'' Itaque quae volebat<br />
huic scripta tradidit.<br />
The king commissions Conon to raise » fleet and attack the Lacedaemonians,<br />
whom he conquers at Cnidus.<br />
IV. Quibus cognitis rex tantum auct5ritate eius motus<br />
est ut et Tissaphernem hostem iudicarit, et Lacedaeraonios<br />
bello persequi iusserit, et ei permiserit quem vellet<br />
25 eligere ad dispensandam pecOniam. Id arbitrium Conon
CONON 67<br />
negavit sui esse consili, sed ipsius, qui optime suos<br />
n5sse deberet, sed se suadere Pharnabazo id negoti<br />
daret. Hinc magnis mOneribus donatus ad mare est<br />
missus, ut Cypriis et Phoenicibus ceterlsque maritimis<br />
civitatibus navis longas imperaret classemque qua S<br />
proxima aestate mare tueri posset compararet, dato<br />
adiOtore Pharnabaz5, sicut ipse voluerat. Id ut Lace<br />
daemoniis est nOntiatum, non sine cOra rem administrant,<br />
quod mains bellum imminere arbitrabantur quam si cum<br />
barbaro solum contenderent. Nam ducem fortem et 10<br />
prOdentem regiis opibus praefutOrum ac secum dimica-<br />
tOrum videbant, quem neque consilio neque copils supe-<br />
rare possent. Hac mente magnam contrahunt classem ;<br />
proficiscuntur Pisandro duce. Hos Conon apud Chidum<br />
adortus magno proelio fiigat, multas navis capit, com- 15<br />
pluris deprimit. Qua victoria non solum Athenae, sed<br />
etiam cuncta Graecia, quae sub Lacedaemoniorum fuerat<br />
imperio, llberata est. Conon cum parte navium in<br />
patriam venit, muros dirutos a Lysandro utrosque, et<br />
Piraei et Athenarum, reficiendos curat, pecOniaeque quin- 20<br />
quaginta talenta quae a Pharnabazo acceperat civibus<br />
suis donat.<br />
An ill-concealed attempt to recover the Asiatic possessions of Athens<br />
leads to Conon's capture by the Persian authorities.<br />
V. Accidit huic, quod ceteris mortalibus, ut incon-<br />
slderatior in secunda quam in adversa esset .fortOna.<br />
Nam classe Peloponnesiorum devlcta cum ultum se 25<br />
iniOrias patriae putaret, plOra concupivit quam efficere<br />
potuit. Neque tamen ea non pia et probanda fuerunt.
68 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
quod potius patriae opes augeri quam regis maluit.<br />
Nam cum magnam auctoritatem sibi pOgna ilia navali<br />
quam apud Cnidum fecerat constituisset non solum<br />
inter barbaros, sed etiam omnis Graeciae civitates, clam<br />
5 dare operam coepit ut loniam et Aeoliam restitueret<br />
Atheniensibus. Id cum minus dihgenter esset celatum,<br />
Tiribazus, qui Sardibus praeerat, Cononem evocavit,<br />
simulans ad regem eum se mittere velle magna de re.<br />
Huius nOntio parens cum venisset, in vincla coniectus<br />
10 est, in quibus aliquamdiO fuit. Inde nonnOlli eum ad<br />
regem abductum ibique eum perisse scriptum rellquerunt.<br />
Contra ea Dinon historicus, cui nos plOrimum de<br />
Persicis rebus credimus, effOgisse scripsit; illud addubitat,<br />
utrum Tiribazo sciente an imprOdente sit factum.<br />
DION<br />
Dion's close connection with the reigns of both the elder and the younger<br />
Dionyslus.<br />
15 I. Dion, Hipparlnl filius, Syracusanus, nobili genere<br />
natus, utraque implicatus tyrannide Dionysiorum. Nam:<br />
que ille superior Aristomachen, sororem Di5nis, habuit<br />
in matrimonio, ex qua .duos fllios, Hipparlnum et Nlsaeum,<br />
procreavit totidemque filias, nomine Sophrosynen<br />
20 et Areten; quarum pri5rem Dionysio fIliS, eidem cui<br />
regnum rellquit, nuptum dedit, alteram, Areten, Dioni.<br />
Dion autem praeter generosam propinquitatem nobilemque<br />
maiorum famam multa alia ab natOra habuit
DION 69<br />
bona, in iis ingenium docile, come, aptum ad artis opti-<br />
mas, magnam corporis dignitatem, quae non minimum<br />
commendat, magnas praeterea divitias a patre rellctas,<br />
quas ipse tyranni mOneribus aiixerat. Erat intimus<br />
Dionysio priori, neque minus propter mores quam adfini-<br />
tatem. Namque etsi DionySi crudelitas ei displicebat,<br />
tamen salvum propter necessitOdinem, magis etiam suo<br />
rum causa studebat. Aderat in magnis rebus, eiusque<br />
c6nsili5 multum movebatur tyrannus, nisi qua in re<br />
maior ipsius cupiditas intercSsserat. Legati5nes vero<br />
omnes quae essent inlustriores per Dionem administra-<br />
bantur; quas quidem ille diligenter obeundo, fideliter<br />
administrando crudelissimum nomfen tyranni sua hOmani<br />
tate leniebat. Hunc a Dionysio missum Karthaginienses<br />
sic suspexerunt ut neminem ufliquam Graeca lingua<br />
loquentem magis sint admirati.<br />
Dionyslus brings Plato to his court. Intrigues cause enmity between<br />
Dion and the younger Dionyslus.<br />
II. Neque vero haec Dionysium fugiebant; nam<br />
quanto esset sibi ornaments sentiebat. Qu5 fiebat ut<br />
Oni huic maxime indulgeret neqtie eum secus diligeret<br />
ac filium; qui quidem, cum Platonem Tarentum venisse<br />
fama in Siciliam esset perlata, adulescenti negare non<br />
potuerit quin eum arcesseret, cum Dion eius audiendi<br />
cupiditate flagraret. Dedit ergo huic veniam magnaque<br />
eum ambitiSne Syracusas perdOxit. Quem Dion adeo<br />
admiratus est atque adamavit ut se ei totum traderet.<br />
Neque vero minus ipse Plat5 delectatus est Dione. Ita<br />
que cum a tyranno crOdeliter violStus esset, quippe qui
70 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
eum venumdari iussisset, tamen e5dem rediit eiusdem<br />
Di5nis precibus adductus. Interim in morbum incidit<br />
Dionyslus. Quo cum gravius<br />
conflictaretur, quaeslvit a<br />
medicis Dion quem ad mo-<br />
dum se haberet, simulque ab<br />
iis petiit, si forte in mai5re<br />
esset periculo, ut sibi fate-<br />
rentur; nam velle se cum eo<br />
conloqui de partiendo regno,<br />
quod sororis suae fllios ex<br />
illo natos partem regni puta<br />
bat debere habere. Id<br />
IS<br />
PLATO<br />
medici non tacuerunt et ad<br />
Dionysium filium sermonem<br />
rettulerunt. Qu5 ille commotus, ne agendi esset Dioni<br />
potestas, patri soporem medicos dare coegit. Hoc aeger<br />
sOmpto sopitus diem obiit supremum.<br />
There being no open quarrel, Plato is again Invited to Syracuse at Dion's<br />
request.<br />
III. Tale initium fuit Dionis et Dionysl simultatis,<br />
20 eaque multis rebus aucta est. Sed tamen primis tem<br />
poribus aliquamdiO simulata inter eos amicitia mansit.<br />
Sicut cum Dion non desisteret obsecrare Dionysium ut<br />
Platonem Athenis arcesseret et eius consiliis Oteretur,<br />
ille, qui in aliqua re vellet patrem imitari, morem ei<br />
25 gessit. Eodemque tempore Philistum historicum Syra<br />
cusas redOxit, hominem amicum non magis tyranno quam<br />
tyrannidi. Sed de hoc in eo libro plura sunt exposita
DION 7T<br />
qui de historicis Graecis conscriptus est. Plato autem<br />
tantum apud Dionysium auctoritate potuit valuitque eloquentia<br />
ut el persuaserit tyrannidis facere finem llbertatemque<br />
reddere Syracusanis. A qua voluntate Philisti<br />
consilio deterritus aliquanto crudelior esse coepit. s<br />
Jealousy leads Dionyslus to banish Dion. He causes Dion's son to be<br />
debauched.<br />
IV. Qui quidem cum a Dione se superarl videret<br />
ingenio, auctoritate, amore populi, verens ne si eum<br />
secum haberet, aliquam occasionem sui daret opprimendi,<br />
navem el triremem dedit qua Corinthum deveheretur,<br />
ostendens se id utriusque facere causa, ne cum lo<br />
inter se timerent, alteruter alteram praeoccuparet. Id<br />
cum factum multi indlgnarentur magnaeque esset invidiae<br />
tyranno, Dionyslus omnia quae moveri poterant<br />
Dionis in navis imposuit ad eumque misit. Sic enim<br />
existimari volebat, id se non odio hominis, sed suae salO- is<br />
tis fecisse causa. Postea vero quam audivit eum in<br />
Peloponneso manum comparare sibique bellum facere<br />
conari, Areten, Dionis uxorem, alii nuptum dedit, flliumque<br />
eius sic educarl iussit ut indulgendo turpissimis<br />
imbueretur cupiditatibus. Nam vin5 epulisque obrueba- 20<br />
tur, neque Ollum tempus sobrio relinquebatur. Is Osque<br />
eo vitae statum commutatum ferre non potuit, postquam<br />
in patriam rediit pater (namque appositi erant custodes<br />
qui eum a prlstin5 victO deducerent), Ot se de superiore<br />
parte aedium deiecerit atque ita interierit. Sed illOc 25<br />
reverter.
72<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
Dion joins with Heraclides, forces an entrance Into Syracuse, and<br />
dictates terms of peace to Dionyslus.<br />
V. Postquam Corinthum pervenit Dion et eodem per-<br />
fugit Heraclides ab eSdem expulsus Dionysio, qui prae<br />
fectus fuerat equitum, omni ratione bellum comparare<br />
coeperunt. Sed non multum pr5ficiebant, quod multo-<br />
S rum annorum tyrannis magnarum opum putabatur;<br />
quam ob causam pauci ad societatem perlculi perdOce-<br />
bantur. Sed Di5n fretus n5n tam suis copils quam odio<br />
tyranni, maximo animo duabus onerariis navibus quin-<br />
,quaginta annorum imperium, munltum quingentis longis<br />
lo navibus, decem equitum centumque peditum milibus,<br />
profectus oppOgnatum, quod omnibus gentibus admirabile<br />
est visum, ade5 facile perculit ut post diem tertium<br />
quam Siciliam attigerat SyracOsas introierit. Ex qu5<br />
intellegi potest nullum esse imperium tOtum nisi bene-<br />
15 volentia mOnitum. Eo tempore aberat Dionyslus et in<br />
Italia classem opperiebatur adversariorum, ratus nemi<br />
nem sine magnis copils ad se ventOrum. Quae res eum<br />
fefellit. Nam Dion iis ipsis qui sub adversarl fuerant<br />
potestate regies spiritOs repressit, totlusque eius partis<br />
20 Siciliae potltus est quae sub Dionysl fuerat potestate,<br />
- parique modo urbis SyracOsarum praeter arcem et Insu<br />
lam adiOnctam oppido, eoque rem perdOxit ut talibus<br />
pactionibus pacem tyrannus facere vellet: Siciliam Dion<br />
obtineret, Italiam Dionyslus, SyracOsas Apollocrates,<br />
25 cui maximam fidem Oni habebat.<br />
The death of Dion's son Is followed by a quarrel with Heraclides,<br />
who Is put to death.<br />
VI. Has tam prosperas tamque inopinatas res con-
DION 73<br />
secuta est subita commutatio, quod fortOna sua mobilitate,<br />
quem paulo ante extulerat, demergere est adorta.<br />
Primum in filio, de quo commemoravi supra, suam vim<br />
exercuit. Nam cum uxorem redOxisset, quae alii fuerat<br />
tradita, fihumque vellet revocare ad virtOtem a perdita s<br />
lOxuria, accepit gravissimum parens vulnus morte fill.<br />
Deinde orta dissensio est inter eum et Heraclidem, qui,<br />
quod ei principatum non concedebat, factionem comparavit.-<br />
Neque is minus valebat apud optimatis, quorum<br />
consensO praeerat classl, cum Dion exercitum pedestrem lo<br />
teneret. Non tulit hoc animo aequ5 Dion, et versum<br />
ilium Homeri rettulit ex secunda rhapsodia, in quo haec<br />
sententia est: non posse bene geri rem publicam multorum<br />
imperils. Quod dictum magna invidia consecOta<br />
est; namque aperuisse videbatur omnia in sua potestate 15<br />
esse velle. Hanc ille non lenlre obsequio, sed acerbitate<br />
opprimere studuit Heraclldemque, cum Syracusas venisset,<br />
interficiendum curavit.<br />
The murder of Heraclides is followed by other tyrannical acts.<br />
VII. Quod factum omnibus maximum timorem iniecit;<br />
nemo enim illo interfectd se tOtum putabat. Ille autem 20<br />
adversario remoto licentius eorum bona quos sciebat<br />
adversus se sensisse mllitibus dispertlvit. Quibus divisis<br />
cum cottldiani maxim! fierent sOmptus, celeriter<br />
pecunia deesse coepit, neque quo manus porrigeret<br />
suppetebat, nisi in amicorum possessiones. Id eius 25<br />
modi erat ut cum milites reconciliasset, amitteret optimatis.<br />
Quarum rerum cura angebatur, et Insuetus male<br />
audiendi non animo aequo ferebat de se ab iis male
74 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
existimari quorum paulo ante in caelum fuerat elatus<br />
laudibus. Vulgus autem offensa in eum militum vo<br />
luntate llberius loquebatur, et tyrannum n5n ferendum<br />
dictitabat.<br />
Calllcrates invents a cunning scheme to overthrow the tyrant.<br />
S VIII. Haec ille intuens cum quem ad modum sedaret<br />
nesciret et quorsum evaderent timeret, Callicrates qui<br />
dam, civis Atheniensis, qui simul cum eo ex Pelopon<br />
neso in Siciliam venerat, homo et callidus et ad fraudem<br />
acOtus, sine Olla religione ac fide, adiit ad Dionem et<br />
10 ait eum magno in periculo esse propter offensionem<br />
populi et odium militum, quod nullo modo evitare pos<br />
set, nisi alicui suorum negotium daret, qui se simularet<br />
illi inimicum. Quem si invenisset idoneum, facile om<br />
nium animos cognitOrum adversariosque sublaturum,<br />
IS quod inimici eius dissident! suos sensOs apertOr! forent.<br />
Tali consilio probato excepit has partis ipse Callicrates<br />
et se armat imprOdentia Dionis. Ad eum interficien<br />
dum sociSs conqulrit, adversarios eius convenit, coniO-<br />
ratione conflrmat. Res multis consciis quae ageretur,<br />
20 elata defertur ad Aristomachen, sororem Dionis, uxo-<br />
remque Areten. Illae timore perterritae conveniunt<br />
cOius de periculo timebant. At ille negat a Callicrate<br />
fieri sibi insidias, sed ilia quae agerentur fieri praecepto<br />
su5. Mulieres nihilo setius Callicratem in aedem Pr5-<br />
25 serpinae dedOcunt ac iOrare cogunt nihil ab illo periculi<br />
fore Di5ni. Ille hac religione n5n modo non est deterri<br />
tus, sed ad matOrandum concitatus est, verens ne prius<br />
consilium aperiretur suum quam cogitata perfecisset.
Dion is assassinated in his palace.<br />
DION 75<br />
IX. Hac mente proximo die festo cum a conventO<br />
se remotum Dion domi teneret atque in conclavl edito<br />
recubuisset, consciis facinoris loca munltiora oppidi tra-<br />
dit, domum cust5diis saepit, a foribus qui non discedant<br />
certos praeficit, navem triremem armatis ornat Philo- s<br />
stratoque, fratrl suo, tradit eamque in portu agitare<br />
iubet, ut s! exercere remiges vellet, cogitans s! forte<br />
consiliis obstitisset fortOna, ut haberet qua aufugeret<br />
ad salOtem. Suorum autem e numero Zacynthios adu-<br />
lescentls quosdam ehgit cum audacissimos tum viribus lo<br />
maximis, iisque dat negotium ad Dionem eant inermes,<br />
sic ut conveniend! eius gratia viderentur venire. Ii<br />
propter notitiam sunt intromissi. At illius ut limen<br />
intrarant, foribus obseratis in lecto cubantem invadunt,<br />
conligant; fit strepitus, adeo ut exaudir! posset foris. 15<br />
Hic, sicut ante saepe dictum est, quam invisa sit singu-<br />
laris potentia et miseranda vita qui se metui quam<br />
amar! malunt, cuivis facile intellectu fuit. Namque illi<br />
ipsi custodes, s! prompta fuissent voluntate, foribus<br />
effractis servare eum potuissent, quoad illi inermes te- 20<br />
lum foris flagitantes vivum tenebant. Cui cum succur-<br />
reret nemo, Lyc5 quidam Syracusanus per fenestram<br />
gladium dedit, quo Dion interfectus est.<br />
The fickle populace call Dion good after he is dead, and give him<br />
public burial.<br />
X. Confecta caede cum multitOdo visend! gratia in-<br />
troisset, nonnOll! ab inscils pro noxiis conciduntur. Nam 25
76 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
celeri rOmore dilato Dion! vim adlatam, multi concurre-<br />
rant quibus tale facinus displicebat. Ii falsa suspicione<br />
ducti immerentis ut sceleratos occidunt. HOius de morte<br />
ut palam factum est, mirabiliter vulg! mutata est vo-<br />
S luntas. Nam qui vivum eum tyrannum vocitarant,<br />
idem liberatorem patriae tyrannique expulsorem prae-<br />
dicabant. Sic subito misericordia odio successerat ut<br />
eum su5 sanguine ab Acherunte, si possent, cuperent<br />
redimere. Itaque in urbe celeberrimo loco, elatus pu-<br />
10 blice, sepulcri monumento donatus est. Diem obiit cir<br />
citer annos quinquaginta natus, quartum post annum<br />
quam ex Peloponneso in Siciliam redierat.<br />
IPHICRATES<br />
Iphicrates makes important changes in the equipment of infantry.<br />
y^'X/L ]f\ •'•• Iphicrates Atheni-<br />
(\i^^^^:^ ensis non tam magnitOdine<br />
'5 ^Aj^^^=--^ -^^ • ..a- rerum gestarum quam dis-<br />
^^ ^^
IPHICRATES 77<br />
partim meliora fecerit. Namque ille pedestria arma<br />
mutavit. Cum ante ilium imperatorem maximis clipeis,<br />
brevibus hastis, minOtIs gladils Oterentur, ille e con-<br />
trario peltam pr5 parma fecit (a quo postea peltastae<br />
pedites appellati sunt qui antea hoplltae appellabantur), S<br />
ut ad m5t0s concursOsque essent leviores, hastae mo<br />
dum duplicavit, gladios longiores fecit. Idem genus<br />
loricarum novum instituit et pro sertis atque aeneis<br />
linteas dedit. Quo facto expeditiores milites reddidit;<br />
nam pondere detracto quod aeque corpus tegeret et lo<br />
leve esset cOravit.<br />
The fine discipline of his troops brings him many successes.<br />
II. Bellum cum<br />
Thracibus gessit;<br />
Seuthem, socium<br />
Atheniensium, in 15<br />
regnum restituit.<br />
Apud Corinthum<br />
tanta severitate ex<br />
ercitui praefuit ut<br />
nullae umquam in 20<br />
Graecia neque ex-<br />
ercitatiores copiae<br />
neque magis dicto<br />
audientes fuerint<br />
duel, in eamque 25<br />
consuetOdinem ad-<br />
duxit ut, cum proeli<br />
signum ab impera-
78 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
tore esset datum, sine duels opera sic ordinatae con-<br />
sisterent ut singuli a peritissimo imperatore dispositi<br />
viderentur. Hoc exercitu moram Lacedaemoniorum in-<br />
terfecit, quod maxime tota celeb ratum est Graecia.<br />
S Iterum eodem bello omnis copias eorum fugavit, quo<br />
facts magnam adeptus est gloriam. Cum Artaxerxes<br />
Aegyptio regi bellum Inferre voluit, Iphicraten ab Athe<br />
niensibus ducem petlvit, quem praeficeret exercitui con-<br />
ductlciS, cOius numerus duodecim milium fuit. Quem<br />
10 quidem sic omni disciplina militari erudivit ut, quem<br />
ad modum quondam Fabiani milites Romae appellati<br />
sunt, sic Iphicratenses apud Graecos in summa laude<br />
fuerint. Idem subsidiS Lacedaemoniis profectus Epa-<br />
mlnondae retardavit impetOs. Nam nisi eius adventus<br />
IS appropinquasset, non prius ThebanI Sparta abscessis-<br />
sent quam captam incendio delessent.<br />
His appearance and character. Anecdote of his son..<br />
III. Fuit autem et animo magn5 et corpore impera-<br />
toriaque forma, ut ipso aspectO cuivis iniceret adrairatio-<br />
nem sui, sed in lab5re nimis remissus parumque patiens,<br />
20 ut Theopompus memoriae prodidit, bonus vero civis<br />
fideque magna. Quod cum in aliis rebus declaravit, tum<br />
maxime in Amyntae Macedonis liberis tuendls. Nam<br />
que Eurydice, mater Perdiccae et PhilippI, cum his<br />
duobus puerls Amynta raortuo ad Iphicraten confugit<br />
25 eiusque opibus defensa est. Vixit ad senectOtem placa-<br />
tls in se suorum civium animis. Causam capitis semel<br />
dixit, bello sociali, simul cum Timotheo, eoque iOdicio
CHABRIAS 79<br />
est absolutus. Menesthea filium rellquit ex Thraessa<br />
natum, Coti regis fllia. Is cum interrogaretur utrum<br />
pluris, patrem matremne, faceret, " Matrem," inquit. Id<br />
GREEK SWORDS<br />
cum omnibus mirum videretur, at ille, " Merito,' inquit,<br />
"facio; nam pater, quantum in se fuit, Thracem me s<br />
genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem."<br />
CHABRIAS<br />
Chabrias Invents a new method of resisting a charge.<br />
I. Chabrias Atheniensis. Flic quoque in summis<br />
habitus est ducibus resque multas memoria dignas<br />
gessit.- Sed ex iis elOcet maxime inventum eius in proe-
8o CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
li5 quod apud Thebas fecit, cum Boeotis subsidiS ve<br />
nisset. Namque in e5 victoria fidentem summum ducem<br />
Agesilaum, fugatis iam ab eo conducticils catervis, eo<br />
frustratus est, quod reliquam phalangem loco vetuit<br />
S cedere obnixoque genO scOto proiecta hasta impetum<br />
excipere hostium docuit. Id novum Agesilaus contuens<br />
progredi non est ausus suosque iam incurrentis tuba<br />
revocavit. Hoc Osque eo tota Graecia fama celebratum<br />
est ut illo statO Chabrias sibi statuam fieri voluerit, quae<br />
10 publice ei ab Atheniensibus in foro constitOta est. Ex<br />
quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterlque artifices iis<br />
statibus in statuis p5nendls Oterentur quibus victoriam<br />
essent adeptl.<br />
He wins fame In Egypt and Cyprus, fighting against Persia for the<br />
Egyptians.<br />
II. Chabrias autem multa in Europa bella administra-<br />
15 vit, cum dux Atheniensium esset; in Aegypto sua sponte<br />
gessit; nam Nectanabin adiOtum profectus regnum ei<br />
constituit. Fecit idem Cypii, sed pOblice ab Athe<br />
niensibus Euagorae adiutor datus, neque prius inde<br />
discessit quam totam Insulam bello devinceret; qua ex<br />
20 re Athenienses magnam gloriam sunt adeptl. Interim<br />
bellum inter Aegyptios et Persas cSnflatum est. Athe<br />
nienses cum Artaxerxe societatem habebant, Lacedae<br />
monii cum Aegyptils, a quibus magnas praedas<br />
Agesilaus rex eorum faciebat. Id intuens Chabrias,<br />
25 cura in re nulla Agesilao cederet, sua sponte eos<br />
adiOtum profectus Aegyptiae classl praefuit, pedestribus<br />
copils Agesilaus.
CHABRIAS 8i<br />
Chabrias is recalled to Athens on complaint of the Persians.<br />
III. Tum praefecti regis Persae legates miserunt<br />
Athenas questum quod Chabrias adversum regem bellum<br />
gereret cum Aegyptils. Athenienses diem certam<br />
Chabriae praestituerunt, quam ante domum nisi redisset,<br />
capitis se ilium damnatOros denOntiarunt. Hoc ille nOn- 5<br />
tio Athenas rediit, neque ibi diOtiiis est moratus quam<br />
fuit necesse. Non enim libenter erat ante oculos suorum<br />
civium, quod et vivebat laute et indulgebat sibi<br />
liberalius quam ut invidiam vulgi posset. eff ugere. Est<br />
enim hoc coraraOne vitium magnis llberlsque civitatibus, 10<br />
ut invidia gloriae comes sit, et libenter de iis detrahant<br />
quos eminere videant altius, neque animo aequo pauperis<br />
alienam opulentiam intueantur. Itaque Chabrias,<br />
quoad ei licebat, plurimum aberat. Neque vero solus<br />
ille aberat Athenis libenter, sed omnes fere principes 15<br />
fecerunt idem, quod tantum se ab invidia putabant afutOros<br />
quantum a conspectu suorum recesserint. Itaque<br />
Conon plOrimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia,<br />
Timotheus Lesbl, Chares Sigei, dissimilis quidera Chares<br />
horum et factis et raoribus, sed tamen Athenis et bono- 20<br />
ratus et poteiis.<br />
The manner of his death.<br />
IV. Chabrias autem periit bell5 sociali tali modo.<br />
OppOgnabant Athenienses Chium. Erat in classe Chabrias<br />
privatus, sed omnis qui in magistratO erant auctoritate<br />
antelbat, eumque magis milites quam qui praeerant 25<br />
suspiciebant. Quae res el matOravit mortem. Nam dum<br />
G
82 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
primus studet portum intrare gubernatoremque iubet eo<br />
derigere navem, ipse sibi perniciei fuit; cum enim eo<br />
penetrasset, ceterae n5n sunt secOtae. Quo facto cir-<br />
cumfOsus hostium concursu, cum fortissime pOgnaret,<br />
S navis rostro percussa coepit sidere. Hinc refugere cum<br />
posset, si se in mare deiecisset, quod suberat classis<br />
Atheniensium quae exciperet natantis, perire maluit<br />
quam armis abiectis navem relinquere in qua fuerat<br />
vectus. Id ceteri facere nSluerunt, qui nando in tutum<br />
10 pervenerunt. At ille, praestare honestam mortem ex<br />
istimans turpi vitae, coraminus pugnans tells hostium<br />
interfectus est.<br />
SEA-FIGHT<br />
EPAMINONDAS<br />
As in the Preface, the reader is warned not to judge Greek manners<br />
by Roman standards.<br />
I. Eparalnondas, Polymnidis filius, Thebanus. De<br />
hoc priusquam scribimus, haec praecipienda videntur<br />
15 lectoribus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant, neve ea<br />
quae ipsis leviora sunt pari modo apud ceterds fuisse
EPAMINONDAS 83<br />
arbitrentur. Sclmus enim mOsicen nostrls raoribus<br />
abesse a principis persona, saltare vero etiam in vitiis<br />
p5nl; quae omnia apud Grae<br />
cos et grata et laude digna<br />
dOcuntur. Cum autem expri-<br />
mere imaginem consuetOdinis<br />
atque vitae velimus Eparai-<br />
nondae, nihil videmur debere<br />
praetermittere quod pertineat<br />
ad eam declarandara. Qua re<br />
dicemus primum de genere<br />
eius, deinde quibus discipllnis<br />
et a quibus sit eruditus, tum<br />
de m5ribus ingenlque faculta-<br />
tibus et si qua alia memoria digna erunt, postremo de 15<br />
rebus gestis, quae a plOrimis aniral anteponuntur virtO<br />
tibus.<br />
HOY SINGING TO TIBIAE<br />
ACCOMPANIMENT<br />
Epaminondas has the most distinguished teachers, and surpasses his<br />
schoolmates in all his studies.<br />
II. Natus igitur patre quo dixiraus, genere honesto,<br />
pauper iam a mai5ribus rellctus est, eruditus autem sic<br />
ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et citharlzare et cantare 20<br />
ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui non<br />
minore fuit in mOsicis gloria quam Damon aut Lamprus,<br />
quorum pervulgata sunt nomina; cantare tibils ab Olym-<br />
piodoro; saltare a Calhphrone. At philosophiae prae-<br />
ceptorem habuit Lysim Tarentinum, Pythagoreum; cui 25<br />
quidem sic fuit deditus ut adulescens tristem ac seve-<br />
rum senem omnibus aequalibus suis in familiaritate
84 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
anteposuerit; neque prius eum a se dimisit quam in<br />
doctrinis tanto antecessit condiscipul5s ut facile in<br />
tellegi posset pari modo superaturum omnis in ceteris<br />
artibus. Atque haec ad nostram consuetOdinem sunt<br />
S levia et potius contemnenda; at in Graecia, utique olim,<br />
magnae-laudi erant. Postquam ephebus est factus et<br />
palaestrae dare operam coepit, non tam magnitOdini<br />
virium servivit quam velocitati; illam enim ad athle-<br />
tarum Osum, hanc ad belli existimabat utilitatem<br />
10 pertinere. Itaque exercebatur plurimum currendo et<br />
luctando ad eum fInem, quoad stans complecti posset<br />
atque contendere. In armis vero plOrimum studi<br />
consumebat.<br />
He was virtuous, brave, and clever; fond of learning, and charitable.<br />
III. Ad banc corporis firmitatera plflra etiam animi<br />
IS bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prudens, gravis,<br />
temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis manu,<br />
animo maxirao, adeo veritatis dlligens ut ne ioco quidem<br />
mentlretur. Tdem continens, clemens patiensque adml-<br />
randum in modum, non s5lura populi, sed etiam amico-
EPAMINONDAS 85<br />
rum ferens iniurias, in primis commissa celans, quodque<br />
interdum non minus prodest quam diserte dicere, studiosus<br />
audiendi; ex hoc enim facillime disci arbitrabatur.<br />
Itaque cum in circulum venisset in quo aut de<br />
re publica disputaretur aut de philosophia sermo habe- 5<br />
retur, numquam inde prius discessit quam ad finem<br />
sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus<br />
est ut de re pOblica nihil praeter gloriam ceperit.<br />
Amicorum in se tuendo caruit facultatibus, fide ad<br />
ahos sublevandos saepe sic Osus est ut iOdicari possit 10<br />
omnia ei cum amicis fuisse comraOnia. Nara cum aut<br />
civium suorum aliquis ab hostibus esset captus aut<br />
virgo nObilis propter paupertatem conlocari non posset,<br />
amicorum concilium habebat et quantura quisque daret<br />
pro facultatibus iraperabat. Earaque summam cura fe- 15<br />
cerat, potius quam ipse acciperet pecOniam, adducebat<br />
eum qui quaerebat ad eos qui conferebant, eique ut ipsi<br />
nuraerarent faciebat, ut ille ad quera ea res perveniebat<br />
sclret quantum cuique deberet.<br />
An attempt is made to bribe Epaminondas to betray his city to<br />
Persia; but he proves incorruptible.<br />
IV. Temptata autem eius est abstinentia a Diomedonte 20<br />
Cyziceno ; namque is rogatu Artaxerxis regis Epaminondam<br />
pecOnia corrurapendum susceperat. Hic magno<br />
cum pondere aurl Thebas venit et Micythum adulescentulum,<br />
quera tum Epaminondas plOrimum diligebat, quinque<br />
talentis ad suam perdOxit voluntatem. Micythus 25<br />
Epaminondam convenit et causam adventOs Diomedontis<br />
ostendit. At ille DiomedontI coram: " Nihil," inquit.
86 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
" opus pecOnia est. Nam si rex ea vult quae Thebanis<br />
sunt Otilia, gratiis facere sum paratus; sin autem con-<br />
traria, non habet auri atque argenti satis. Namque<br />
orbis terrarum divitias accipere nolo pro patriae caritate.<br />
5 TO quod me incognitum temptasti tuique sirailem exlsti-<br />
raastl, non miror tibique ignosc5; sed egredere propere,<br />
ne alios corrumpas, cum me non potueris. Et tO,<br />
Micythe, argentum huic redde, aut nisi id confestim<br />
facis, ego te tradara magistratui." Hunc Diomedon cum<br />
10 rogaret ut tOto exire suaque quae attulerat liceret efferre,<br />
"Istud quidem," inquit, "faciam, neque tua causa, sed<br />
mea, ne si tibi sit pecunia aderapta, aliquis dicat id<br />
ad me ereptum pervenisse quod delatum accipere nolu-<br />
issem." A quo cum quaeslsset quo se deduci vellet, et<br />
15 ille Athenas dixisset, praesidium dedit ut tOto perve-<br />
niret. Neque vero id satis habuit, sed etiam ut inviola-<br />
tus in navem escenderet per Chabriam Atheniensem, de<br />
quo supra mentionera feciraus, effecit. Abstinentiae<br />
erit hoc satis testimonium. Plurima quidem proferre<br />
20 possumus, sed modus adhibendus est, quoniam Ono hoc<br />
volumine vitam excellentium virorum coraplflrium con-<br />
clOdere constituimus, qu5rum res separatim multis mili<br />
bus versuum complOres scriptores ante nos explicarunt.<br />
Epaminondas gets the better of Meneclldes in repartee.<br />
V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo ei Thebanus par<br />
25 esset eloquentia, neque minus concinnus in brevitate<br />
respondendl quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Habuit<br />
obtrectatorera Menecllden quendam, indidem Thebis, et
EPAMINONDAS 87<br />
adversarium in administranda re pObhca, satis exercita-<br />
tura in dicendo, ut Thebanum scilicet; namque illi genti<br />
plus inest viriura quara ingeni. Is quod in re militari<br />
florere Epaminondam vi<br />
debat, hortari solebat The-<br />
banos ut pacem bello<br />
anteferrent, ne illius im-<br />
peratoris opera desiderare-<br />
tur. Huic ille, "Falhs,"<br />
inquit, " verb5 civis tuos,<br />
quod eos a bell5 avocas; oti<br />
enim n5mine servitOtem<br />
concilias. Nam paritur<br />
pax bello. Itaque qui ea<br />
diutina volunt frul, bello<br />
exercitatl esse debent.<br />
QOa re si principes Grae<br />
ciae vultis esse, castrls est<br />
v5bls Otendum, non palae<br />
stra." Idem ille Menecll<br />
des cum huic Qbiceret quod<br />
sibi Agaraemnonis belli<br />
gloriam videretur consecu<br />
tus, at ille : " Quod," inquit,<br />
"me Agamemnonem aemu-<br />
lari putas, falleris. Nam<br />
CITHARA-PLAYER<br />
que ille cum Oniversa<br />
Graecia vix decem annis Onam cepit urbem, ego contra<br />
ea Ona urbe nostra dieque Ono totam Graeciam Lace<br />
daemoniis fugatis llberavi." 3°
88 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
His eloquence appears in speeches urging the Arcadians to join the<br />
Theban alliance, and showing Sparta's allies her true character.<br />
VI. Idem cura in conventum venisset A.rcadum,<br />
petens ut societatem cum Thebanis et Arglvis facerent,<br />
contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui elo<br />
quentia omnis eo praestabat tempore, postularet ut<br />
5 potius amicitiam sequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione<br />
sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Arglvos in<br />
iisque hoc posuisset, animum advertere debere Arcadas<br />
quails utraque civitas civis procreasset, ex quibus de<br />
ceteris possent iudicare; Arglvos enim fuisse Orestem<br />
lo et Alcmaeonera raatricidas, Thebis Oedipum natum,<br />
qui patrem suum interfecisset; huic in respondendo<br />
Epaminondas, cura de ceteris perorasset, postquam ad<br />
ilia duo opprobria pervenit, admlrari se dixit stultitiam<br />
rhetoris Attici, qui non animadverterit innocentis illos<br />
IS natos domi, scelere admisso cum patria essent expulsl,<br />
receptos esse ab Atheniensibus. Sed maxime eius elo<br />
quentia elOxit Spartae legati ante pOgiiam Leuctricam.<br />
Quo cum omniura sociorum convenissent legati, coram<br />
frequentissirao conventu sic Lacedaeraoniorum tyranni-<br />
20 dera coarguit ut non minus ilia oratiSne opes eorum<br />
concusserit quara Leuctrica pOgna. Tum enim perfe-<br />
cit, quod post apparuit, ut auxilio Lacedaemonii socio<br />
rum privarentur.<br />
He retains his command longer than the law allows, though at the risk<br />
of his life, because he believes that he alone can save the state.<br />
VII. Fuisse patientem suoruraque iniOrias ferentem<br />
25 civium, quod se patriae IrascI nefas esse dOceret, haec
EPAMINONDAS 89<br />
sunt testimonia. Cum eura propter invidiam cives suipraeficere<br />
exercitui noluissent duxque esset delectus<br />
belli iraperitus, cuius errore res e5 esset deducta ut<br />
omnes de salOte pgrtimescerent, quod locorum angustils<br />
clausi ab hostibus obsidebantur, desiderari coepta est 5<br />
Epamlnondae diligentia; erat enim ibi privatus numero<br />
mllitis. A quo cura peterent opera, nOllam adhibuit<br />
memoriam contumeliae et exercitum obsidiSne liberatura<br />
doraum reduxit incolumera. Nee vero hoc serael<br />
fecit, sed saepius. Maxime autem fuit inlOstre, cum in 10<br />
Peloponnesum exercitum dOxisset adversus Lacedaeraonios<br />
haberetque conlegas duos, quorum alter erat<br />
Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. Hi cura criminibus<br />
adversariorum omnes in invidiam venissent, ob eamque<br />
rem imperium lis esset abrogatum atque in eorura locura 15<br />
alii praetores successissent, Epaminondas popuh scito<br />
non paruit idemque ut facerent persuasit conlegis, et<br />
bellum quod susceperat gessit. Namque animadvertebat<br />
nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter praetorum<br />
imprOdentiam Inscitiamque belli peritOrum. Lex erat 20<br />
Thebis quae morte raultabat si quis imperium diOtius<br />
retinuisset quam lege praefinitum foret. Hanc Epaminondas<br />
cum rei pOblicae conservandae causa latara videret,<br />
ad perniciera civitatis conferri noluit, et quattuor<br />
raensibus diOtius quam populus iusserat gessit imperium. 25<br />
An appeal to the court's sense of humor prevents his suffering the<br />
legal penalty of his act.<br />
VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, conlegae eius<br />
h5c crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille perralsit ut
9°<br />
CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
omnem causam in se transferrent suaque opera factum<br />
contenderent ut legi non oboedirent. Qua def ensione illls<br />
periculo liberatis nemo Epaminondam responsOrum puta<br />
bat, quod quid diceret non haberet. At ille in iOdicium<br />
S venit, nihil e5rum negavit quae adversarii crimini dabant,<br />
omniaque quae conlegae dixerant confessus est, neque<br />
recOsavit quo minus legis poenam sublret; sed Onum<br />
ab iis petivit, ut in sepulcro suo inscriberent: " Epaminon<br />
das a Thebanis morte multatus est quod eos coegit apud<br />
lo Leuctra superare Lacedaemonios, quos ante se impera<br />
torem nemo Boeotorum ausus sit aspicere in acie, quod<br />
que Ono proelio non solum Thebas ab interitO retraxit,<br />
sed etiam Oniversam Graeciam in libertatem vindicavit,<br />
eoque res utrorumque perduxit ut ThebanI Spartam<br />
15 oppugnarent, Lacedaemonii satis haberent si salvl esse<br />
possent, neque prius bellare destitit quam Messene<br />
restitOta urbem eSrura obsidione clausit." Haec cum<br />
dixisset, risus omnium cum hilaritate coortus est, neque<br />
quisquam iudex ausus est de e5 ferre suffragium. Sic a<br />
20 iudiciS capitis maxima discessit gloria.<br />
Epaminondas falls fighting against the Spartans at Man-I:inea.<br />
IX. Hic extremo tempore imperator apud Mantineam<br />
cum acie instrOcta audacius Instaret hostis, cognitus a<br />
Lacedaemoniis, quod in Onius pernicie eius patriae sitam<br />
putabant salOtem, OniversI in Onum impetum fecerunt,<br />
25 neque prius abscesserunt quam magna caede edita mul<br />
tlsque occisis fortissime ipsum Epaminondam pugnan-<br />
tera, sparo eminus percussum, concidere viderunt. HOius<br />
casO aliquantura retardati sunt Boeoti, neque tamen prius
EPAMINONDAS 91<br />
pOgna excesserunt quam repOgnantis pr5fligarunt. At<br />
Epaminondas cum aniraadverteret mortiferum se vulnus<br />
accepisse simulque si ferrum (quod ex hastlli in corpore<br />
remanserat) extraxisset, animam statim emissurum, Osque<br />
eo retinuit quoad renOntiatum est vicisse Boeotos. Id<br />
postquam audivit, "Satis," inquit, "vixi; invlctus enim<br />
morior." Tum ferro extracto confestira exanimatus est.<br />
The liberty which he has won for Thebes perishes after his death.<br />
X. Hlc uxorem numquam duxit. In qu5 cum repre-<br />
henderetur a Pelopida, qui filium habebat infamera,<br />
raaleque eura in eo patriae consulere diceret quod 10<br />
liberos non relinqueret,<br />
"Vide," inquit, "ne tu<br />
peius consulas, qui talem<br />
ex te natum relictOrus sis.<br />
Neque vero stirps potest (1 , "is^^i^?^,..-v.' J '5<br />
mihi deesse; namque ex<br />
ine natam relinquo pO-<br />
gnara Leuctricara, quae<br />
non modo mihi superstes,<br />
sed etiara imraortalis sit<br />
necesse est." Quo tem<br />
pore duce Pelopida exsu-<br />
les Thebas occuparunt et<br />
praesidium Lacedaemo-<br />
niorura ex arce expulerunt,<br />
Eparalnondas, quara<br />
A BOEOTIAN WARRIOR<br />
2S<br />
diu facta est caedes civiura, dorao se tenuit, quod neque<br />
defendere malos volebat neque impugnare, ne manus
92 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
su5rum sanguine cruentaret. Namque omnem civilem<br />
victoriam funestara putabat. Idem, postquam apud<br />
Cadmeam cum Lacedaemoniis pugnarl coeptura est, in<br />
primis stetit.<br />
S HOius de virtOtibus vitaque satis erit dictum si hoc<br />
Onum adiOnxero, quod nemo ibit infitias, Thebas et ante<br />
Eparainondam natum et post eiusdem interitum perpetuo<br />
aliens paruisse iraperio; contra ea, quam diO ille prae-<br />
fuerit rei publicae, caput fuisse totius Graeciae. Ex<br />
lo quo intellegi potest Onum hominem plOris quam civita-<br />
tera fuisse.<br />
PLAIN OF MANTINEA
SIGHT-READING<br />
PELOPIDAS<br />
The difficulty of writing an acceptable biography of Pelopidas.<br />
His banishment.<br />
I. Pelopidas Thebanus, magis historicis quam vulgo<br />
notus. Cuius de virtutibus dubito quem ad modum<br />
exponara, quod vereor, si res explicare incipiam, ne n5n<br />
vitam eius enarrare, sed historiam videar scrlbere; sin<br />
tantum modo summas attigero, ne rudibus Graecarum S<br />
litterarum minus dllOcide appareat quantus fuerit ille<br />
vir. Itaque utrique rei occurram, quantura potuero, et<br />
medebor cum satietati tum Ignorantiae lectorura.<br />
Phoebidas Lacedaeraonius cura exercitum Olynthum<br />
dOceret iterque per Thebas faceret, arcem oppidi, quae lo<br />
Cadmea nominatur, occupavit impulsO paucorum Thebanorum,<br />
qui adversariae factiSnl quo facilius resisterent,<br />
Lac5num rebus studebant; idque suo privato, non publico<br />
fecit consilio. Quo facto eum Lacedaemonii ab<br />
I. historicis : its qui historiam scrlbunt. 3. explicare: ex -[plied,<br />
fold. 5. tantum modo : tantum. — Bvuxaaaas : salient points.—•<br />
attigero: ad + tango.—rudibus: igndrls. 6. dilucide: clearly.<br />
7. utrique rei occurram: try to m.eel both difficulties. 8. medebor:<br />
medicXnam adferam. — cum . . . tum: almost = et. . . et. — satietati:<br />
weariness. II. impulsii: instigation. 13. Laconum: Lacedaemoniorum.<br />
— rebus studebant: were siding with.<br />
93
94 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
exercitO reraSverunt pecflniaque raultarunt; neque eo<br />
raagis arcem Thebanis reddiderunt, quod susceptis<br />
inimlcitils satius dOcebant eos obsideri quara llberari.<br />
Nam post Peloponnesium bellum Athenasque devlctas<br />
5 cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimabant et e5s esse<br />
sol5s qui adversus se sistere auderent. Hac mente<br />
amicis suis summas potestates dederant alteriusque<br />
factionis principes partim interfecerant, alios in exsihum<br />
eiecerant; in quibus Pelopidas hie, de quo scrlbere<br />
10 exorsi sumus, pulsus patria carebat.<br />
The plot for recovering Thebes from the Spartans.<br />
II. Hi omnes fere Athenas se contulerant, n5n qu5<br />
sequerentur otiura, sed ut quem ex proximo locum fors<br />
obtulisset, eo patriam recuperare niterentur. Itaque<br />
cum tempus esset visum rei gerendae, commOniter cum<br />
15 lis qui Thebis idem sentiebant, diem delegerunt ad<br />
inimicos opprimendos civitateraque liberandam eum quo<br />
maximi magistratOs simul consuerant epularl. Magnae<br />
saepe res non ita magnis copils sunt gestae, sed profecto<br />
numquam tam ab tenui initio tantae opes sunt prSfll-<br />
I. multarunt: fined. 2. susceptis inimicitiis: cum iam inimtcitids<br />
suscepisseni. 3. satius: Utilius.— AvLCehant: putdiant.—obsideri<br />
: in obsidione tenerl. 4. Athenas devictas: postquam Adienae<br />
devtctae sunt. 5. sibi rem esse : that they had to reckon with. 10. exorsi<br />
sumuB: I have begun. 11. fere: almost. 12. otlum: peaceful life.<br />
— quem . .. locum . . . eo : eo loco quem. — ex proximo : close at<br />
hand.—13. recuperare: recipere.—niterentur: conarentur. 15. idem<br />
sentiebant: sympathized with them. — diem: as the day. 16. eum:<br />
so. diem. 17. consuerant: solebant. — epulari : feast. 18. non<br />
ita magnis: insignificant. — profecto: Terd. 19. ab : from, not by.<br />
— tenui: parvo. — opes : power. — profligatae: de-Jictae.
PELOPIDAS 9S<br />
gatae. Nara duodecim adulescentuli coierunt ex iis qui<br />
exsiho erant multati, cum omnino non essent amplius<br />
centum qui tanto se offerrent periculo. Qua paucitate<br />
perculsa est Lacedaemoni5rura potentia. Il enim non<br />
raagis adversariorura factiSnl quam Spartanis eo tempore<br />
bellum intulerunt, qui principes erant totius Graeciae<br />
; quorum imperi maiestas, neque ita multo post,<br />
Leuctrica pOgna ab hoc initio perculsa concidit. Illi<br />
igitur duodecim, quorum dux erat Pelopidas, cura<br />
Athenis interdiu exissent, ut vesperascente caelo Thebas<br />
possent pervenire, cum canibus venaticis exierunt, retia<br />
ferentes, vestitu agresti, quo rainSre suspicione facerent<br />
iter. Qui cum tempore ipso quo studuerant pervenissent,<br />
domum Charonis deverterunt, a quo et tempus et<br />
dies erat datus.<br />
The folly of the magistrates.<br />
III. Hoc loco libet interp5nere, etsi seiOnctum ab re<br />
proposita est, nimia fidOcia quantae calamitati soleat<br />
esse. Nara raagistratuum Thebanorum statira ad auris<br />
pervenit exsules in urbem venisse. Id illi vino epulisque<br />
dediti usque eo despexerunt ut ne quaerere quidem de<br />
2. omnino : in all. 3. paucitate: handful. 4. perculsa: overthrown<br />
(from percello). 7. imperi maiestas: magnum imperium.<br />
8. Leuctrica: of Leuctra. — pugna: abl. of means explaining perculsa.<br />
— ab hoc initio: gives the cause of perculsa concidit. 10. interdiu<br />
: the opposite of noctii. — vesperascente caelo: of. vesper,<br />
evening, 11. venaticis: cf.venor, hunt. — retia: nets. 12. agresti:<br />
zi. ao-er. 14. deverterunt: i.e. z/za. id.VLfoe'i,: I should like. 17. nlmia<br />
fiducia: too inuch confidence. — quantae calamitati: dat. of service;<br />
render by pred. nom. 19. epulis: of. epulor. 20. usque eo: adeo.<br />
— despexerunt: contempserunt.
96 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
tanta re laborarint. Accessit quod etiara magis aperiret<br />
eorum dementiam. Adlata est enira epistula Athenis<br />
ab Archia, un5 ex iis qui sacris praeerant Eleusiniis,<br />
Archiae, qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis ob-<br />
5 tinebat, in qua omnia de profectione eorura perscripta<br />
erant. Quae cum iam accubanti in convivio esset data.<br />
CONVIVIUM<br />
Sicut erat signata sub pulvinum subiciens," In crastinum,"<br />
inquit, "differo res serias." At illi omnes, cum iam nox<br />
processisset, vinolenti ab exsulibus duce Pelopida sunt<br />
10 interfecti. Quibus rebus confectis, vulgo ad arma liber-<br />
tatemque vocato, non solum qui in urbe erant, sed etiam<br />
undique ex agris concurrerunt, praesidium Lacedaemoni<br />
orum ex arce pepulerunt, patriam obsidione liberarunt,<br />
I. laborarint: took the trouble. — Accessit quod: an additional<br />
circumstance (lit. there was added that whicli). 3. sacris Eleusiniis:<br />
Eleusinian mysteries. 6. accubanti: reclining; sc. «. 7. signata:<br />
with seal unbroken. — pulvinum : cushion. — crastinum: to-morrow.<br />
9. processisset: ivas far spent. —• vinolenti: drtmken 'with tvine.
PELOPIDAS 97<br />
auctores Cadraeae occupandae partim occiderunt, partim<br />
in exsiliura eiecerunt.<br />
Pelopidas compared with Epaminondas.<br />
IV. Hoc tara turbido tempore, sicut supra docuimus,<br />
Epaminondas, quoad cum civibus diraicatura est, domi<br />
quietus fuit. Itaque haec liberatarum Thebarura propria<br />
laus est Pelopidae, ceterae fere communes cura<br />
Epamlnonda. Namque in Leuctrica pugna imperatore<br />
Eparainonda hic fuit dux delectae manOs quae prima<br />
phalangem prostravit Laconum. Omnibus praeterea<br />
periculis eius adfuit (sicut Spartam cura oppOgnavit,<br />
alteram tenuit cornu), quoque Messena celerius restitueretur,<br />
legatus in Persas est profectus. Denique haec<br />
fuit altera persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita ut<br />
proxima esset Epamlnondae.<br />
His varying fortune. His death and honors.<br />
V. Conflictatus autem est etiam adversa fortuna.<br />
Nam et initio, sicut ostendiraus, exsul patria caruit, et<br />
cura Thessaliam in potestatem Thebanorum cuperet<br />
redigere legationisque iOre satis tectum se arbitraretur,<br />
quod apud omnis gentis sanctum esse consuesset, a<br />
tyranno Alexandre Pheraeo simul cum Ismenia com-<br />
I. auctores: those who were responsible. 3. turbido: troublous.<br />
4. quoad: as longas. 5. liberatarum Thebarum: liberation of<br />
Thebes. — propria est: belongs exclusively to. 6. ceterae : sc. laudes.<br />
9. prostravit: disiecit. 10. eius: Epamlnondae. 11. cornfi: wing.<br />
— quoque: ei quo. 12. Denique: in short.—haec: for/5ff, attracted<br />
into agreement with the predicate noun persona. 20. Pheraeo: of<br />
Pherae (a city of Thessaly).—Ismenia: nom. Ismenids.<br />
H
98 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
prehensus in vincla coniectus est. Hunc Eparalnondas<br />
recuperavit, bello persequens Alexandrum. Post id<br />
factum numquara animo placarl potuit in eura a quo<br />
erat violatus. Itaque persuasit Thebanis ut subsidio<br />
S Thessaliae proficiscerentur tyrannSsque eius expellerent.<br />
COius belli cum ei summa esset data eoque cum exercitO<br />
profectus esset, non dubitavit simul ac conspexit hostem<br />
confllgere. In quo proelio Alexandrum ut animadvertit,<br />
incensus Ira equura in eura concitavit proculque digressus<br />
lo a suis coniectO telorum confossus concidit. Atque hoc<br />
secunda victoria accidit; nam iara inclinatae erant tyran<br />
norum copiae. Quo facto omnes Thessaliae civitates<br />
interfectum Pelopidara coronis aurels et statuis aeneis<br />
llberosque eius raulto agro d5narunt.<br />
AGESILAUS<br />
How Agesilaus came to the throne of Sparta.<br />
IS I. Agesilaus Lacedaemonius cura a ceteris scripto-<br />
ribus tum eximie a Xenophonte Socratico conlaudatus<br />
est; eo enim Osus est familiarissime. Hic primum de<br />
regno cura Leotychide, fratris filio, habuit contentiSnem.<br />
Mos erat enim Lacedaemoniis a maioribus traditus<br />
6. summa: chief command. — eociue : i.e. ad hoc belhim. 7. dubitavit<br />
: hesitated. 9. concitavit: spurred. 10. coniectu telorum confossus:<br />
pierced by a shower of darts. 11. secunda victoria: in the<br />
moment of victory. — inclinatae: driven back. 16. eximie: maxime. —<br />
Socratico: the pupil of Socrates. 17. iisus est familiarissime: was<br />
very intimate with. 18. Leotychide: nom. Leotychides.
AGESILAUS 99<br />
ut binos haberent semper reges, nomine magis quam<br />
iraperio, ex duabus -familiis Proeli et Eurysthenis, qui<br />
principes ex progenie Herculis Spartae reges fuerunt.<br />
Horum ex altera in alterius familiae locum fieri non<br />
licebat; ita suum utraque retinebat ordinem. Primum<br />
ratio habebatur qui maximus natu esset ex liberis eius<br />
qui regnans decessisset; sin is virile secus non rellquis-<br />
set, tum deligebatur qui proximus esset propinquitate.<br />
Mortuus erat Agis rex, frater Agesilal. Filium reliquerat<br />
Leotychidera, quem ille natum non agnorat, eundem<br />
moriens suura esse dixerat. Is de honore regni cum<br />
Agesilao, patruo suo, contendit neque id quod petivit<br />
consecOtus est. Nam Lysandro suffragante, homine, ut<br />
ostendiraus supra, factioso et iis temporibus potent!,<br />
Agesilaus antelatus est.<br />
War In Asia. An armistice.<br />
II. Hic siraul atque imperi potltus est, persuasit^<br />
Lacedaemoniis ut cum exercitO se mitterent in Asiara bel-<br />
lumque regi facerent, docens satius esse in Asia quam in<br />
Europa dimicari. Namque fama exierat Artaxerxen com<br />
parare classis pedestrisque exercitOs, quos in Graeciam<br />
2. Proeli: nom. Procles. 3. principes : primi. 4. fieri: sc. regem<br />
as subject. 5. ordinem: line of descent. The meaning is that the<br />
members of one family could not receive right of succession in the other;<br />
so each family must al-ways be represented. 6. ratio: regard. — qui:<br />
as to who; for quis. 7. virile secus: male issue. 8. propinquitate<br />
: of kin. 10. natum: when he was born. —non agnSrat: had<br />
not owned. 12. patruo: paternal uncle. 13. consecutus: adeptus.<br />
— suffragante: through the support of 14. factioso: ambitious.<br />
16. imperi: for the more usual ablative. 18. satius : melius.
lOO CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
mitteret. Data potestate tanta celeritate Osus est ut prius<br />
in Asiam cum copils pervenerit quam regii satrapae eum<br />
scirent profectum. Quo factum est ut omnis imparatos<br />
imprOdentlsque offenderet. Id ut cognovit Tissaphemes,<br />
S qui summum imperium tum inter praefectos habebat<br />
regi5s, indutias a Lacone petivit, simulans se dare<br />
operam ut Lacedaemoniis cum rege conveniret, re au<br />
tem vera ad copias comparandas, casque impetravit<br />
triraestris. luravit autera uterque se sine dolo indOtias<br />
10 conservaturura. In qua pactione suraraa fide mansit<br />
Agesilaus, contra ea Tissaphemes nihil aliud quam<br />
bellum comparavit. Id etsi sentiebat Laco, tamen<br />
iOs iOrandum servabat multumque in eo se consequi<br />
dicebat, quod Tissaphemes periurio suo et homines<br />
IS suis rebus abalienaret et deos sibi iratos redderet; se<br />
autem conservata religione confirmare exercitum, cum<br />
aniraadverteret deOm nOmen facere secum, hominesque<br />
sibi conciliare araici5res, quod iis studere consuessent<br />
quos conservare fidem viderent.<br />
I. potestate: authority. 3. profectum: sc. MJS. 4. imprudentis:<br />
in-fro-videntls. — offenderet: came upon. 5. praefectos: here a synonym<br />
for satrapds. 6. indutias: an armistice. — dare operam: was<br />
making an attempt. 7. ut ... conveniret: impers.; to bring about an<br />
agreement between the Lacedaemonians and the king. — re vera: in reality.<br />
8. eas: refers to indiitids. — impetravit: obtained. 9. trimestris:<br />
trium mensium. 10. pactione: covenant. 11. nihil . . . quam:<br />
did nothing but. 13. in eo : in so doing. 14. homines . abalienaret:<br />
was estranging men from his cause. 16. religione: obligation.—<br />
confirmare: loas giving confidence to. 17. deirm ... secum: the<br />
favor of the gods was on his side. 18. conciliare: reddere; the subject<br />
is se above. — studere : favere.
AGESILAUS lOI<br />
Winter preparations. Agesilaus outwits and defeats Tissaphemes.<br />
III. Postquam indOtiarum praeteriit dies, barbarus<br />
non dubitans, quod ipsius erant plOrima doraicilia in<br />
Caria et ea regio iis teraporibus multo putabatur locu-<br />
pletissiraa, eo potissimum hostis impetum facturos, omnis<br />
suas copias eo contraxerat. At Agesilaus in Phrygiam<br />
se convertit earaque prius depopulatus est quara Tissa<br />
phemes Osquam se moveret. Magna praeda mllitibus<br />
locupletatis Ephesum hieraatura exercitum reduxit atque<br />
ibi officinis armorura institOtIs raagna industria bellura<br />
apparavit. Et quo studiosius arraarentur Insigniusque<br />
ornarentur, praeraia proposuit, quibus donarentur qu5-<br />
rum egregia in ea re fuisset industria. Fecit idem in<br />
exercitationum generibus, ut qui ceteris praestitissent,<br />
eos magnis adficeret mOneribus. His igitur rebus effecit<br />
ut et ornatissiraum et exercitatissiraum haberet exer<br />
citum. Huic cum tempus esset visum copias extrahere<br />
ex hibernaculls, vidit si quo esset iter factOrus palam<br />
pronuntiasset, hostis non creditOros aliasque regiones<br />
praesidils occupatOros neque dubitatOros aliud eum fac-<br />
turum ac pronOntiasset. Itaque cura ille Sardis itOrura<br />
I. barbarus: i.e. Tissaphemes. 3. locupletissima: divitissima.<br />
4. eo: adv.; on it. — factiiros: after dubito in the sense of doubt we<br />
should expect quin facerent. 6. se convertit; ttirned aside. — depopulatus<br />
est: vastdvit. 8. hiematum: to pass the winter. 9. officinis:<br />
workshops. 10. insigniusque ornarentur: and equip themselves the<br />
more splendidly. 11. quibus : abl. of means. — qu5rum: its antecedent<br />
is the subject of donarentur. 12. egregia: id quod e grege exstat.<br />
13. exercitationum generibus: different sorts of drill. 14. adficeret:<br />
dondret. 17. hibernaculis: winter-quarters. — palam : openly. 20. ac:<br />
than {i&tx aliud). — Sardis: ace.
102 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
se dixisset, Tissaphemes eandem Cariam defendendam<br />
putavit. In qu5 cum eum opinio fefellisset vlctumque<br />
se vidisset consilio, sero suis praesidio profectus est.<br />
Nam cum illo venisset, iam Agesilaus multis locis<br />
S expOgnatis magna erat praeda potltus. Laco autem<br />
cum videret hostis equitatO superare, numquara in<br />
campo sui fecit potestatem et iis locis manura conseruit<br />
quibus plOs pedestres c5piae valerent. Pepulit ergo,<br />
quotienscuraque congressus est, multo maiores adver-<br />
10 sariorum copias et sic in Asia versatus est ut omnium<br />
opinione victor duceretur.<br />
His return, victory over the Athenians, and scrupulous regard<br />
for a sanctuary.<br />
IV. Hic cum iam animo meditaretur proficisci in<br />
Persas et ipsum regem adoriri, nOntius ei domo venit<br />
ephororum missu bellura Atheniensis et Boeotos in-<br />
15 dixisse Lacedaemoniis; qua re venire ne dubitaret. In<br />
hoc n5n minus eius pietas suspicienda est quam virtOs<br />
bellica; qui cum victori praeesset exercitui maximam-<br />
que haberet fiduciara regni Persarura potiendi, tanta<br />
raodestia dicto audiens fuit iussis absentiura raagistra-<br />
20 tuum ut si privatus in comitio esset Spartae. COius<br />
exemplum utinam imperatores nostrl sequi voluissent!<br />
I. eandem: as before. ^. opinio fefellisset: his conjecture had<br />
misled hiin. 3. sero : too late. 7. sui fecit potestatem: gave them<br />
a chance at him ; hence, exposed himself. 8. quibus: loc. abl. 13. adoriri:<br />
attack. —• nuntius: a verb of saying is implied. 14. missu: by command<br />
(VA. sending). 15. dubitaret: quoted imperative. 16. pietas:<br />
loyalty.'—^ suspicienda: admiranda. 19. dicto audiens: obedient.<br />
20. comitio : place of meeting; i.e. the Ephoreum.
AGESILAUS 103<br />
Sed illOc redeamus. Agesilaus opulentissimo regno<br />
praeposuit bonam existiraationem, multoque gloriosius<br />
dOxit si institutis patriae paruisset quam si bello<br />
superasset Asiara. Hac igitur raente Hellespontum<br />
copias traiecit tantaque usus est celeritate ut quod iter<br />
Xerxes anno vertente confecerat, hic transierit triginta<br />
diebus. Cura iam hand ita longe abesset a Peloponneso,<br />
obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeoti ceterlque<br />
eorum socil apud Coroneam ; quos omnis gravi proelio<br />
vIcit. Huius victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod cura<br />
plerique ex fuga se in templum Minervae coniecissent<br />
quaerereturque ab eo quid iis vellet fieri, etsi aliquot<br />
vulnera acceperat eo proeli5 et iratus videbatur omnibus<br />
qui adversus arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religi<br />
onem, et eos vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in<br />
Graecia fecit, ut templa deorum sancta haberet, sed<br />
etiam apud barbaros summa religione omnia simulacra<br />
arasque conservavit. Itaque praedicabat mirari se non<br />
sacrilegorum numero haberl qui supplicibus deorum<br />
nocuissent, aut non gravioribus poenis adfici qui religi<br />
onem minuerent quara qui fana spoliarent.<br />
His moderation when victor.<br />
V. Post hoc proelium conlatum omne bellum est circa<br />
Corinthum ideoque Corinthium est appellatura. Hic<br />
I. illuc: to our subject. 2. bonam existimationem: «^ra(/«a;««.<br />
3. institiitis: legibus. 6. anno vertente: in the course of a year.<br />
10. vel: the very. 12. aliquot: a number of. 13. omnibus: join with<br />
h-dtus. 14. adversus : on the other side. 16. ut . . .haberet: substantive<br />
clause of result in apposition with hoc. 17. religi5ne: veneration.—<br />
simulacra: z»2af«/ ci. similis. iZ.'pxaedicaha.t: dicebat. 20. adfici:<br />
were visited. 23. ideo : ob eam rem.
I04 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
cum Ona pOgna decem milia hostium Agesilao duce<br />
cecidissent eoque facto opes adversariorum debilitatae<br />
viderentur, tantum afuit ab Insolentia gloriae ut com-<br />
raiseratus sit fortOnara Graeciae, quod tara raultl a se<br />
5 victi vitio adversariorura concidissent; -naraque ilia multi-<br />
tOdine, si sana mens esset, Graeciae supplicium Persas<br />
dare potuisse. Idem cum adversarios intra moenia com-<br />
pulisset et ut Corinthum oppOgnaret multi hortarentur,<br />
negavit id suae virtoti convenire; se enim eum esse dixit<br />
io qui ad officium peccantis redire cogeret, non qui urbis<br />
nobilissiraas expOgnaret Graeciae. " Nam si," inquit,<br />
"eos exstinguere voluerimus qui nobiscura adversus<br />
barbaros steterunt, nosmet ipsi nos expOgnaveriraus<br />
illis quiescentibus. Quo facto sine negotio, cum volue-<br />
15 rint, nos oppriment.''<br />
Agesilaus at the siege of Spiirta.<br />
VI. Interim accidit ilia calaraitas apud Leuctra Lace<br />
daemoniis. Quo ne proficisceretur, cum a plerisque ad<br />
exeundum impelleretur, ut si de exitO divinaret, excusa-<br />
vit senectOtem. Idem, cum Eparalnondas Spartam<br />
20 oppugnaret essetque sine mOris oppidum, talem se im-<br />
peratSrem praebuit ut eo tempore omnibus apparuerit,<br />
3. tantum afuit: was so far from. — commiseratUB sit: pitied.<br />
5. vitio: fault 6. supplicium dare: have paid the penalty to; hence<br />
have been punished by. 9. suae virtuti convenire : agree with his principles.—<br />
eum: avian. \o. oi&oiMxa.: duty.—^eccsBfOB: transgressors.<br />
12. voluerimus: are ever willing. 14. illis quiescentibus: though<br />
the barbarians {illis) do nothing. — negotio: labore. 15. oppriment:<br />
exstingueni. 17. Quo: adv. 18. impelleretur : hortaretur. — exitu:<br />
issue. — divinaret de: foresaw. — excusavit: gave as an excuse.<br />
21. praebuit: showed.
AGESILAUS 105<br />
nisi ille fuisset, Spartam futOrara non fuisse. In quo<br />
quidem discriraine celeritas eius consili salOti fuit universis.<br />
Nam cura quidam adulescentuli hostium adventO<br />
perterriti ad Thebanos transfugere vellent et locum<br />
extra urbem editum cepissent, Agesilaus, qui perniciosissimum<br />
fore videret si aniraadversum esset quemquam<br />
ad hostis transfugere conari, cum suis eo venit atque, ut<br />
si bono anim5 fecissent, laudavit consilium eorum, quod<br />
eum locum occupassent; id se quoque fieri debere animadvertisse.<br />
Sic adulescentis simulata laudatione recuperavit<br />
et adiunctis de suis coraitibus locum tOtum<br />
rellquit. Naraque illi adiecto nuraero eorum qui expertes<br />
erant consili, commovere se non sunt ausi, eoque<br />
Ubentius, quod latere arbitrabantur quae cogitaverant.<br />
His unchanging patriotism and simplicity of life.<br />
VII. Sine dubiS post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii<br />
se numquara refecerunt neque pristinum imperium<br />
recuperarunt, cura interim numquam Agesilaus destitit<br />
quibuscumque rebus posset, patriara iuvare. Nara cura<br />
praecipue Lacedaemonii indigerent pecOnia, ille omnibus<br />
qui a rege defecerant praesidio fuit; a quibus raagna<br />
donatus pecOnia patriara sublevavit. Atque in hoc illud<br />
in prirais fuit adrairabile, cura maxima mflnera ei ab<br />
I. nisi ille fuisset: that had it not been for him. 2. discrimine:<br />
crisis. 5. editum: a//'«?;«. — pemiciosissimum: ^^a/. 10. recuperavit<br />
:«/
io6 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
regibus ac dynastis civitatibusque conferrentur, quod<br />
nihil umquara domura suam contulit, nihil de victO, nihil<br />
de vestitO Laconum raOtavit. Dom5 eadem fuit con<br />
tentus qua Eurysthenes, progenitor maiorum suorum,<br />
S fuerat Osus; quam qui intrarat nullum signum lOxuriae<br />
videre poterat, contra ea plurima patientiae atque ab<br />
stinentiae. Sic enim erat instructa ut in nOlla re differret<br />
a cOiusvis inopis atque privati.<br />
His personal appearance, contempt of luxury, and death.<br />
VIII. Atque hic tantus vir ut naturam fautricera ha-<br />
10 buerat in tribuendis animi virtOtibus, sic maleficam<br />
nactus est in corpore fingendo. Nam et statOra fuit<br />
huraill et corpore exiguo et claudus altero pede. Quae<br />
res etiara nSnnOUam adferebat deformitatera, atque IgnotI<br />
faciera eius cum intuerentur, contemnebant; qui autem<br />
IS virtutes noverant, non poterant admirarl satis. Quod el<br />
Osu venit cum annorum octoginta subsidio Tacho in<br />
Aegyptum missus esset et in acta cum suis accubuisset<br />
sine Olio tecto, straturaque haberet tale ut terra tecta<br />
esset stramentis neque hOc araplius quara pellis esset<br />
I. dynastis : princes. — quod : conj.; it looks back to illud. z. victu<br />
manner of life. 7. va.BtTix^c\,a: furnished. 8. cQiusvis: sc. domo.—<br />
inopis : pauperis. — privati: although he was a king. 9. ut. . . sic:<br />
though . . . yet. — fautricem : derived irovafaveo. 10. maleficam: male<br />
-1- facio; sc. eam. ii. fingendo: forming. 12. ezsigab : parvo.—<br />
claudus: lame. 13. ignoti; strangers. 14. faciem: appearance.—<br />
intuerentur: conspicerent. 15. Quod venit: and that was what<br />
happened to him. 16. annorum: at the age of. 17. acta: sea-shore.—<br />
accubuisset: had lain do-wn. 18. stratum: couch. 19. stramentis<br />
: straw; this and slrdtum are derived from sterno, strtiu. — hiic:<br />
on this. — pellis : skin.
AGESILAUS 107<br />
iniecta, e5dem quo comites omnes vestitO humih atque<br />
obsolete, ut eorum ornatus non modo in iis regem<br />
neminem significaret, sed homines esse non beatissiraos<br />
suspicionem praeberet. Huius de adventu fama cum<br />
ad regios esset perlata, celeriter mOnera eo cOiusque S<br />
generis sunt adlata. His quaerentibus Agesilaum vix<br />
fides facta est Onum esse ex iis qui tum accubabant.<br />
Qui cum regis verbis quae attulerant dedissent, ille<br />
praeter vitullnam et eius modi genera obs5nI, quae<br />
praesens tempus desiderabat, nihil accepit; unguenta, 10<br />
cor5nas secundamque mensam 'servis dispertiit, cetera<br />
referri iussit. Quo facto eum barbari raagis etiam con<br />
tempserunt, quod eura Ignorantia bonarum rerum villa<br />
potissimura sumpsisse arbitrabantur.<br />
Hic cum ex Aegypto reverteretur, donatus a rege 15<br />
Nectanabide ducentis viginti talentis, quae ille raOnerl<br />
populo suo daret, venissetque in portum qui Menelai<br />
vocatur, iacens inter Cyrenas et Aegyptum, in morbura<br />
implicitus decessit. Ibi eum amici, quo Spartam facilius<br />
perferre possent, quod mel non habebant, cera circum- 20<br />
fOderunt atque ita domum rettulerunt.<br />
2. obsolete : shabby. — ornatus : garb. 3. non beatissimos :<br />
not particularly well off. 5. munera: dona. 6. vix . . . facta est:<br />
they could scarcely be made to believe. 7. rinum : sc. eum. 8. regis : of<br />
Egypt. 9. vitulinam : some veal. — eius modi : tdlia. — obsoni :<br />
food. 10. unguenta: perfumes. 11. secundam mensam : dessert.<br />
— dispertiit: divisit. 13. vilia : things of no worth. 17. qui Menelai:<br />
sc. Portus. 20. mel: honey. — cera: wax (used, as was honey,<br />
in embalming). — circiunfuderunt: circum-\-fundo,pour.
io8 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
Phocion's indifference to wealth.<br />
PHOCION<br />
I. Phocion Atheniensis etsi saepe exercitibus praefuit<br />
summosque magistratOs cepit, tamen multo eius notior<br />
est integritas vitae quam rei militaris labor. Itaque<br />
hOius meraoria est nOlla, illius autem magna fama, ex<br />
5 quo cognomine Bonus est appellatus. Fuit enim per<br />
petuo pauper, cum divitissimus esse posset propter<br />
frequentis delatos honores potestatesque suraraas quae<br />
el a popul5 dabantur. Hic cum a rege Philippo munera<br />
magnae pecOniae repudiaret legatique hortarentur ac-<br />
10 cipere simulque admonerent, si ipse iis facile careret,<br />
liberis tamen suis prospiceret, quibus difficile esset in<br />
summa paupertate tantam paternam tueri gloriam, iis<br />
ille, " Si mel similes erunt. Idem hie," inquit, "agellus illos<br />
alet qui me ad banc dignitatem perdOxit; sin dissimiles<br />
15 sunt futOri, nolo meis impensls illorum all augerique<br />
luxuriam."<br />
Late in life he falls Into disfavor with the people.<br />
II. Idem cura prope ad annum octogesiraum prospera<br />
pervenisset fortOna, extremis temporibus magnum in<br />
odium pervenit suorum civium, prImo quod cum De-<br />
20 made de urbe tradenda Antipatro consenserat, eiusque<br />
consilio Demosthenes cum ceteris qui bene de re pOblica<br />
5. perpetuo : semper. 7. potestates : appointments. 10. careret:<br />
coidd do without. 11. prospiceret: consuleret. 12. tueri: conservare.<br />
13. agellus : diminutive of ager. 15. meis impensis : at<br />
die expense of my reputation. — ali : be maintained.
PHOCION 109<br />
raeriti existimabantur populi scito in exsiliura erant<br />
expulsl. Neque in eo solum offenderat, quod patriae<br />
male consuluerat, sed etiam quod amicitiae fidem n5n<br />
praestiterat Namque auctus adiOtusque a Demosthene<br />
eum quem tenebat ascenderat gradura, cum adversus s<br />
Charetem eum subornaret; ab eodem in iOdiciis, cum<br />
capitis causam diceret, defensus aliquotiens liberatus<br />
discesserat. Hunc non solura in periculis non defendit,<br />
sed etiam prodidit. Concidit autem maxirae uno crimine,<br />
quod cum apud eum summum esset imperium populi 10<br />
iOssu et Nicanorem, Cassandri praefectura, Insidiari<br />
Piraeo a Dercylo moneretur, Idemque postularet ut<br />
provideret ne commeatibus civitas privaretur, huic audiente<br />
populo Phocion negavit esse periculum seque eius<br />
rei obsidem fore pollicitus est. Neque ita raulto post is<br />
Nicanor Piraeo est potltus. Ad quem recuperandum<br />
cum populus armatus cohcurrisset, ille non modo neminem<br />
ad arma vocavit, sed ne armatis quidera praeesse<br />
voluit.<br />
Party politics at Athens.<br />
III. Erant eo tempore Athenis duae factiones, qua- 20<br />
rum Ona populi causam agebat, altera optimatium.<br />
In hac erat Phocion et Demetrius Phalereus. Harum<br />
utraque Macedonura patr5ciniis utebatur; nara popula-<br />
I. scito : vote. 3. amicitiae praestiterat: had not shown<br />
himself a faithful friend. 4. anctua : exalted. 6. exibomaiet: secretly<br />
supported; sc. Demosthenes. 7. aiiqvioiieiis: at different times. 10. apud<br />
eum: i)i his hands. 12. moneretur: here governs indir. disc, because<br />
eqmv3.lent to certior fieret. 13. conaaeatihns : provisions. 15. obsidem<br />
: surety. 21. agebat: championed. 23. patrociniis : patronage.
I IO CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
res Polyperchonti favebant, optimates cum Cassandro<br />
sentiebant. Interim a Polyperchonte Cassandrus Mace<br />
donia pulsus est. Quo facto populus superior factus<br />
statim duces adversariae factionis capitis damnatos<br />
S patria propulit, in iis Phocionera et Demetrium Phale-<br />
reura, deque ea re legates ad Polyperchontem raisit qui<br />
ab eo peterent ut sua decreta confirraaret. HOc eodem<br />
profectus est Phocion. Qu5 ut venit, causam apud<br />
Philippum regem verbo, re ipsa quidem apud Polyper-<br />
10 chontem iOssus est dicere. Namque is tum regis rebus<br />
praeerat. Hic ab Agnone accOsatus quod Piraeum<br />
Nicanori prodidisset, ex consili sententia in custodiam<br />
coniectus Athenas deductus est, ut ibi de eo legibus fieret<br />
iudicium.<br />
The trial and death of Phocion.<br />
IS IV. HOc ut perventura est, cum propter aetatem pe-<br />
dibus iam • non valeret vehiculoque portaretur, raagnl<br />
concursfls sunt facti, cum alii reminiscentes veteris<br />
famae aetatis raisererentur, plOrirai vero Ira exacue-<br />
rentur propter proditionis suspicionem Piraei, maxi-<br />
20 meque quod adversus populi coraraoda in senectute<br />
steterat. Qua re ne perorandi quidem el data est fa-<br />
cultas dieenti causam in i0dici5; legitimis quibusdam<br />
confectis damnatus traditus est undecimvirls, quibus ad<br />
supplicium more Atheniensium pObhce damnati tradi<br />
7. decreta : decrees. — Hue eodem : ad hunc eundem locum. 9. re<br />
ipsa: in reality; contrasted with j'^r/w. 12. consili: council. 16. non<br />
valeret: had no strength. — vehiculo: carriage. 18. exacuerentur :<br />
-were inflamed. 20. commoda : interests. 11. perorandi : finishing<br />
his defense. 22. legitimis . . . confectis : after going through with a ce<br />
tain amount of red tape.
TIMOLEON 111<br />
Solent. Hic cura ad mortem dOceretur, obvius ei fuit<br />
Euphiletus, quo familiariter fuerat Osus. Is cum lacri<br />
mans dixisset: " O quam indigna perpeteris, Phocion ! "<br />
huic ille, "At non inopinata,' inquit; "hunc enira<br />
exitura plerique clarl viri habuerunt Athenienses." In 5<br />
hoc tantum fuit odium multitudinis ut nemo ausus sit<br />
eum liber sepellre. Itaque a servis sepultus est.<br />
TIMOLEON<br />
The sternness of Timoleon's patriotism.<br />
I. Timoleon Corinthius. Sine dubio magnus omniura<br />
iOdicio hic vir exstitit. Namque huic Oni contigit, quod<br />
nescio an nOUi, ut et patriam in qua erat natus oppressam 10<br />
a tyranno llberaret et a SyracOsanIs, quibus auxilio erat<br />
missus, iam inveteratam servitOtem depelleret totamque<br />
Siciliam multos annos bello vexatara a barbarlsque<br />
oppressam suo adventO in pristinum restitueret. Sed in<br />
his rebus non simplici fortOna conflictatus est et, id 15<br />
quod difficilius putatur, raulto sapientius tulit secundara<br />
quara adversara fortOnara. Nam cura frater eius Tirao-<br />
phanes dux a Corinthils delectus tyrannidem per milites<br />
mercennarios occupasset particepsque regni ipse posset<br />
esse, tantum afuit a societate sceleris ut antetulerit 20<br />
I. obvius fuit: met. 2. familiariter . . . iisus : had been intimate<br />
with. 3. perpeteris : per -|- potior. 4. inopinata: improvisa.<br />
5. exitum: mortem. 9. exstitit: fuit.—-contigit: happened.<br />
10. nescio an nulli: perhaps to no one else. 12. inveteratam: of long<br />
standing. 14. pristinum: former state. 15. simplici fortuna: unvarying<br />
good fortune. 19. particeps : pars -|- capio.
112 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
civium suorum libertatem fratris salOti, et parere legibus<br />
quam imperare patriae satius duxerit. Hac mente per<br />
haruspicera communemque adfinem, cui soror ex Isdem<br />
parentibus nata nOpta erat, fratrem tyrannum interfici-<br />
S endura cOravit. Ipse non raodo raanOs non attulit, sed<br />
ne aspicere quidera fraternum sanguinem voluit. Nam<br />
dum res conficeretur, procul in praesidio fuit, ne quis<br />
satelles posset succurrere. Hoc praeclarissiraum eius<br />
factum non pari mod5 probatura est ab omnibus. Non-<br />
10 nulli enim laesara ab eo pietatera putabant et invidia<br />
laudem virtOtis obterebant. Mater vero post id factum<br />
neque domum ad se filium admisit neque aspexit quin<br />
eum fratricidam impiumque detestans compellaret.<br />
Quibus rebus ille ade5 est commotus ut nonnumquam<br />
IS vitae finem facere voluerit atque ex ingratorum hominum<br />
conspectO morte decedere.<br />
Various military successes of Timoleon.<br />
II. Interim Di5ne Syracusis interfecto Dionyslus<br />
rOrsus SyracOsarum potltus est. COius adversarii opera<br />
a Corinthils petierunt ducem que quo in hello Oterentur<br />
20 postularunt. HOc Timole5n raissus incredibili felicitate<br />
Dionysiura tota SiciHa depulit. Cura interficere posset,<br />
noluit tOtoque ut Corinthum perveniret effecit, quod<br />
3. haruspicem: soothsayer. — adfinem: relative by marriage.<br />
.4. fratrem . . . curavit: had his brother put to death. 5. manus non<br />
attulit: did not lay hands on him. 7. in praesidio : with the garrison.<br />
8. satelles: body-guard. — snccmieie: auxilium.ferre. lo. laesam:<br />
violdtam. — pietatem: natural affection. 11. obterebant: minuebant.<br />
13. detestans compellaret: addressed with curses. i8. Syracusarum:<br />
gen. with potltus est. 20. Hue: ad eos. 22, tiito ; in safety.
TIMOLEON 113<br />
utrorumque DionysiSrum opibus Corinthii saepe adiuti<br />
fuerant, cOius benignitatis memoriam volebat exstare,<br />
eamque praeclaram vlctSriam dOcebat, in qua plus esset<br />
clementiae quam crudelitatis; postremo ut non s5lum<br />
auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cerneretur quem S<br />
CORINTH<br />
ex quanto regno ad quara fortOnam detuhsset. Post<br />
Dionysl decessum cum Hiceta bellavit, qui adversatus<br />
erat Dionysio; quem non odio tyrannidis dissensisse sed<br />
cupiditate, indicio fuit quod ipse expulso Dionysio<br />
imperium dimittere noluit. Hoc superato Timoleon 10<br />
maximas copias Karthaginiensium apud Crimlsura<br />
2. benignitatis: kindness. — exstare : manere. 4. ut: introducing<br />
the third reason why he did not kill Dionyslus, the first beginning with<br />
quod, and the second with eamque. 6. detulisset: had brought down.<br />
7. adversatus erat: obstilerat. 8. quem: refers to Hicetd. — Aia-<br />
aenBiaae: hostem fuisse. 10, dimittere : give up.<br />
I
114 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
flOmen fugavit ac satis habere coegit, si liceret Africam<br />
obtinere, qui iara coraplOris annos possessionera Siciliae<br />
tenebant. Cepit etiam Maraercum, Italicura ducem,<br />
hominem belhcosum et potentem, qui tyrannos adiOtum<br />
5 in Siciliam venerat.<br />
Timoleon's good reign and voluntary abdication.<br />
III. Quibus rebus confectis cura propter diuturnita-<br />
tera belli non solura regiones, sed etiam urbis desertas<br />
videret, conquisivit quos potuit, primura Siculos; dein<br />
Corinth5 arcesslvit colonos, quod ab iis initio SyracOsae<br />
10 erant conditae. Civibus veteribus sua restituit, novis<br />
hello vacuefactas possessiones divisit, urbium moenia<br />
disiecta fanaque detecta refecit, civitatibus leges llber-<br />
tatemque reddidit; ex maximo bello tantum otium toti<br />
insulae conciliavit ut hic conditor urbium earum, non<br />
IS illi qui initio dedOxerant, videretur. Arcem SyracOsis,<br />
quam munierat Dionyslus ad urbem obsidendam, a fun-<br />
daraentls disiecit; cetera tyrannidis propOgnacula derao-<br />
lltus est deditque operam ut quam minime multa vestigia<br />
servitOtis manerent. Cum tantis esset opibus ut etiam<br />
20 invitis imperare posset, tantum autera amorera haberet<br />
oraniura Siculoruin ut nOllo recOsante regnura obtinere<br />
liceret, raaluit se diligi quam metui. Itaque cum primum<br />
potuit, imperium deposuit ac privatus SyracOsis quod<br />
I. satis habere: sc. eos; be content. 2. obtinere: retain possession<br />
of. 7. regiones: agros. 8. conquisivit: brought togetlier.<br />
9. arcessivit: sent for. 10. conditae: founded. 11. possessiones:<br />
estates. 13. ex: after. — otium: pacem. 15. Syraciisis: locative'.<br />
16. fundamentis: foundations. 18. quam . . . vestigia: as few traces<br />
as possible. 20. invitis : iis quinolebant. 23. quod: subject of y««V.
TIMOLEON 115<br />
reliquum vitae fuit vixit. Neque vero id imperlte fecit.<br />
Nara quod ceteri reges iraperio potuerunt, hic benevo-<br />
lentia tenuit. NuUus hon5s huic defuit, neque postea<br />
res Olla SyracOsis gesta est pOblice de qua prius sit<br />
decretura quara Tiraoleontis sententia cognita. NOllIus 5<br />
umquara consilium non modo antelatum, sed ne com-<br />
paratura quidera est. Neque id magis eius benevolentia<br />
factum est quam prudentia.<br />
His honorable old age.<br />
IV. Hic cura aetate iara provectus esset, sine Olio<br />
morbo lOmina oculorum amisit. Quara calaraitatera 10<br />
ita raoderate tulit ut neque eum querentem quisquam<br />
audierit neque eo minus privatis pOblicisque rebus inter-<br />
fuerit. Veniebat autera in theatrura, cum ibi concilium<br />
populi haberetur, propter valetudinem vectus iumentis<br />
iOnctis, atque ita de vehiculo quae videbantur dicebat. 15<br />
Neque hoc illi quisquam tribuebat superbiae; nihil<br />
enira uraquam neque Insolens neque gloriosum ex ore<br />
eius exiit. Qui quidera cura suas laudes audiret praedi-<br />
carl, nuraquara aliud dixit quam se in ea re maxime dis<br />
agere gratias atque habere, quod cum Siciliam recreare 20<br />
constituissent, tum se potissimura ducera esse voluissent.<br />
Nihil enim rerum hOraanarum sine deorum nOmine geri<br />
1. imperite: unwisely. 6. antelatum: sc. eius consilio. g. provectus:<br />
well advanced. lO. lUmina oculorum: eyesight, ii. ita<br />
moderate: with such calmness. 14. valetudinem: infirmity.-—iiimentis<br />
iunctis : a pair of horses. 16. illi: iti his case. — superbiae :<br />
pride. 17. gloriosum: boastful. 20. agere . . . habere: that he offered<br />
heartfelt thanks. — recreare : restituere.
ii6 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
putabat. Itaque suae domi sacellura Autoraatias con-<br />
stituerat idque sanctissirae colebat.<br />
His lucky day. His open-mindedness. His death and burial.<br />
V. Ad banc hominis excellentem bonitatem mirabiles<br />
accesserant casus. Nam proelia maxima natali suo die<br />
5 fecit omnia, quo factum est ut eius diem natalem festura<br />
haberet Oniversa Sicilia. Huic quidam Laphystius,<br />
homo petulans et ingratus, vadimoniura cura vellet<br />
iraponere, quod cum illo se lege agere diceret, et com<br />
plOres concurrissent qui procacitatem horainis manibus<br />
lo coercere conarentur, Timoleon oravit homines ne id<br />
facerent. Namque id ut Laphystio et cuivis liceret, se<br />
maximos labores summaque adisse pericula. Hanc<br />
enim speciem llbertatis esse, si omnibus quod quisque<br />
vellet legibus experirl liceret. Idem, cum quidam<br />
IS LaphystI similis, noraine Deraaenetus, in contione populi<br />
de rebus gestis eius detrahere coepisset ac nonnOlla<br />
inveheretur in Tiraoleonta, dixit nunc demum se voti<br />
esse daranatura; namque hoc a dis immortalibus semper<br />
precatura, ut talem libertatem restitueret SyracOsanIs in<br />
20 qua cuivis liceret de quo vellet quod vellet impOne dicere.<br />
I. Automatias: gen. case; the goddess of chance. 3. mirabiles<br />
casHs : strange chances. 5. festum haberet: celebrated as a holiday.<br />
7. petulans: impudent. — vadimonium: bail. 8. cum agere:<br />
that he-was bringing action against him. 9. procacitatem: impudence.<br />
12. adisse: had braved. 12. speciem: the ideal 14. legibus experiri:<br />
test by law. The object is the unexpressed antecedent of quod. 15. contione:<br />
concilio; contio is for con-ventio. 16. detrahere: speak disparagingly.<br />
— nonnrilla inveheretur:. was casting some slurs. 17. demum<br />
: at last. — voti esse damnatum: -was liable for the fulfilment of<br />
hisvow; '\.c. had had his prayers granted. 19. precatum : had prayed;<br />
sc. se esse. 20. impiine: sine supplicipericulo.
HAMILCAR 117<br />
Hic cura diem supremum obisset, publice a Syra<br />
cusanis in gymnasio quod Timoleonteum appellatur tota<br />
celebrante Sicilia sepultus est.<br />
HAMILCAR<br />
Hamilcar In Sicily.<br />
I. Harailcar, Hannibalis filius, cognomine Barca, Kar-<br />
thaginiensis, primo POnico bello, sed temporibus ex<br />
tremis, admodum adulescentulus in Sicilia praeesse<br />
coepit exercitui. Cum ante eius adventum et raari et<br />
terra male res gererentur Karthaginiensium, ipse ubi<br />
adfuit nuraquara hosti cessit neque locum nocendi dedit,<br />
saepeque e contrario occasione data lacessivit semperque<br />
superior discessit. Qu5 fact5, cum paene omnia in<br />
Sicilia Poeni amisissent, ille Erycem sic defendit ut<br />
bellura eo loco gestura non videretur. Interim Kartha<br />
ginienses classe apud insulas Aegates a C. Lutatio, con-<br />
sule Romanorum, superati statuerunt belli facere finem<br />
eamque rem arbitrio permlserunt Hamilcaris. Ille etsi<br />
flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci serviendura<br />
putavit, quod patriam exhaustam sOmptibus diOtius<br />
calaraitates belli ferre non posse intellegebat; sed ita<br />
ut statira menfe agitaret, si paulum raodo res essent<br />
3. celebrante: attending. 4. cognomine: surname. 5. temporibus<br />
extremis : i.e. hfiius belli. 6. admodum: a mere. 9. locum:<br />
opportunity. 10. lacessivit; harassed; sc. ipse . hostis. 16. permiserunt:<br />
intrusted. 17. serviendum : he ought to strive for. 19. ita:<br />
so. padser-oiendumputdvit. 20. mente agitaret: cogitdret. The object is<br />
bellum . . . dedissent. — res . . . refectae : their strength should be rest
ii8 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
refectae, bellum renovare R5manosque armis persequi<br />
donicum aut virtute vicissent aut victi manus dedissent.<br />
Hoc consilio pacem conciliavit. In quo tanta fuit<br />
ferocia, cura Catulus negaret bellura compositOrum nisi<br />
5 ille cura suis, qui Erycem tenerent, armis relictis Sicilia<br />
decederent, ut succurabente patria ipse peritOrum se<br />
potius dixerit quam cum tanto flagitiS domura rediret;<br />
non enim suae esse virtutis arma a patria accepta<br />
adversus hostis adversarils tradere. HOius pertinaciae<br />
IO cessit Catulus.<br />
He quells mutiny and insurrection in Africa.<br />
II. At ille ut Karthaginem venit, multo aliter ac<br />
sperarat rem pOblicam se habentem cognovit. Nam<br />
que diOturnitate externi mall tantura exarsit intestinum<br />
bellum ut numquara in pari periculo fuerit Karthago<br />
15 nisi cura del eta est. Primo mercennarii railites quibus<br />
adversus Roraanos Osi erant desclverunt, qu5rum nu<br />
merus erat viginti milium. Ii totam abalienarunt Afri-<br />
cara, ipsam Karthaginem oppOgnarunt. Quibus malls<br />
adeo sunt PoenI perterriti ut etiam auxilia ab Romanis<br />
20 petierint; eaque irapetrarunt. Sed extrerao, cura prope<br />
iam ad desperationem pervenissent, Hamilcarera impera<br />
torem fecerunt. Is non solum hostis a inOrls Kartha-<br />
2. donicum: donee. — manus dedissent: had surrendered. 3. quo :<br />
i.e. pace conciliandd. 6. ut: looks back to tanta. — succumbente<br />
patria: eliamsipatria'opprimeretur. 7. flagitio: disgrace. 8. suae<br />
esse virtutis: suae virtuti -convenire. 9. pertinaciae: obstinacy.<br />
11. multo aliter se habenteni ac: in a far different condition<br />
from what. 13. exarsit: blazed out.—intestinum: civil. 16. desciverunt;<br />
defedrunt. 20. extremo : finally.
HAMILCAR 119<br />
ginis removit, cum amplius centum milia facta essent<br />
armatorum, sed etiam eo compulit ut locorura angustils<br />
clausi plures fame quam ferro interlrent. Omnia oppida<br />
abahenata, in iis Uticam atque Hipponem, valentissima<br />
totius Africae, restituit patriae. Neque eo fuit contentus,<br />
sed etiam finis imperi propagavit, tota Africa tantum<br />
otium reddidit ut nullura in ea bellum videretur multis<br />
annis fuisse.<br />
He goes to Spain.<br />
III. Rebus his ex sententia peractis fidenti animo<br />
atque infesto Romanis, quo facilius causam bellandi<br />
reperiret, effecit ut imperator cum exercitO in Hispaniara<br />
raitteretur, eoque secum dflxit filium Hannibalem<br />
annorum novem. Erat praeterea cum eo adulescens<br />
inlOstris, formosus, Hasdrubal. Huic ille filiam suam in<br />
raatriraoniura dedit. De hoc ideo raentionera fecimus,<br />
quod Hamilcare occis5 ille exercitui praefuit resque<br />
raagnas gessit, et princeps largitione vetustos pervertit<br />
mores Karthaginiensium, eiusdemque post mortem Hannibal<br />
ab exercitO accepit imperium.<br />
His exploits in Spain. His death.<br />
IV. At Hamilcar, postea quara raare transiit in Hispaniamque<br />
venit, raagnas res secunda gessit fortOna;<br />
maximas bellicosissiraasque gentis subegit; equis, armis,<br />
viris, pecunia totam locupletavit Africam. Hie cura in<br />
Italiam bellum inferre meditaretur, nono anno post-<br />
2. eo compulit: dro-ue them to such straits, — locorum angustils :<br />
defiles. 6. propagavit: extended. 9. ex sententia: as he desired.<br />
10. infSsto: inimico. 13. annorum: so. puerum in apposition with<br />
Hannibalem. 17. vetustos: pristiiios.
120 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
quam in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pOgnans ad<br />
versus Vettones occisus est. HOius perpetuum odium<br />
erga Romanes maxime concitasse videtur secundum<br />
bellum POnicum. Namque Hannibal, filius eius, adsi-<br />
duls patris obtestationibus eo est perductus ut interire<br />
quam Roraanos non experiri mallet.<br />
HANNIBAL<br />
Hannibal's greatness as a general. His hatred of the Romans.<br />
I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Karthaginiensis. Si<br />
verum est, quod nem5 dubitat, ut populus Romanus<br />
oranis gentis virtOte superarit, non est infitiandum<br />
Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros imperatores prO<br />
dentia quanto populus RSmanus antecedat fortitudine<br />
cOnctas nationes. Nara quotienscumque cum eo con<br />
gressus est in Itaha, semper discessit superior. Quod<br />
nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset,<br />
Romanes videtur superare potuisse. Sed multorum<br />
obtrectatio devicit unlus virtOtera.<br />
Hic autem velut hereditate rehctum odium paternum<br />
erga Roraanos sic conservavit ut prius animam quam id<br />
deposuerit; qui quidem cum patria pulsus esset et<br />
alienarum opura indigeret, nuraquara destiterit animo<br />
bellare cum Romanis.<br />
3. concitasse : brought on. 4. adsiduis: persistent. 5. obtestatiSnibus<br />
: adjurations. — eo ut: was brought to a point -where.<br />
6. experiri: try the mettle of. 9. infitiandum : to be denied. 12. eo :<br />
'\.o. populo Romano. 13. Quod: and so. 16. dhtiectsXib : disparagement.<br />
17. hereditate: legacy. 18. animam: -jitam. 20. alienarum<br />
indigeret: tvas in need, of help from strangers.
HARBORS OF CARTHAGE<br />
:S5L-.*i^
122 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
Hannibal tells Antiochus of his vow.<br />
II. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quem absens hostem<br />
reddidit Romanis, omnium iis temporibus potentissimus<br />
rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit<br />
bellandi ut usque a rubro raari arraa conatus sit inferre<br />
S Italiae. Ad quem cura legati venissent Romani qui de<br />
eius voluntate explorarent darentque operam consiliis<br />
clandestinis ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi addO-<br />
cerent, tam quam ab ipsis corruptus alia atque antea<br />
sentiret, neque id frOstra fecissent idque Hannibal<br />
10 comperisset seque ab interioribus consiliis segregari<br />
vidisset, tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique cum multa<br />
de fide sua et odio in Roraanos commemorasset, hoc<br />
adiOnxit: "Pater meus," inquit, "Harailcar puerulo rae,<br />
utpote non amplius novem- annos nato, in Hispaniam<br />
IS imperator proficiscens Karthagine lovi optimo maximo<br />
hostias imraolavit. Quae divina res dura conficiebatur,<br />
quaeslvit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id<br />
cum libenter accepissera atque ab eo petere coepissem<br />
ne dubitaret dOcere, tum ille, 'Faciam,' inquit, 'si mihi<br />
20 fidem quam postulo dederis.' Simul me ad aram<br />
addOxit apud quam sacrificare instituerat, eamque ceteris<br />
X. ut omittam: 7uith. the exception of. — absens: -without meeting<br />
him in person. 4. rubro mari: here refers to the Persian Gulf. 6. voluntate<br />
: purpose. 7. regi: in the king's eyes. 8. tamquam alia . . .<br />
sentiret: as if he held different -oiews from those he had formerly entertained.<br />
9. friistra: -without effect. 10. segregari: exclicdi. 11. tempore<br />
: opportunity. 12. commemorasset: cfocuisset. 13. puerulo<br />
me: abl. abs. 14. utpote: since I was. 16. hostias immolavit:<br />
offered a sacrifice. — divina res: sacred rite. 19. dubitaret: hesitate.<br />
20. fidem: promise. 21. instituerat: coeperat.
HANNIBAL 123<br />
remotis tenentem iOrare iussit numquam me in amicitia<br />
cura Roraanis fore. Id ego iOs iurandum patri datum<br />
Osque ad hanc aetatem ita conservavi ut nemini dubiurn<br />
esse debeat quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim<br />
futurus. Qua re, si quid aralce de Romanis cogitabis, 5<br />
non imprOdenter feceris si me celaris; cura quidem<br />
bellum parabis, te ipsum frustraberis si non me in eo<br />
principem posueris."<br />
Hannibal is quickly promoted and passes into Italy.<br />
III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cura patre in<br />
Hispaniara profectus est. COius post obitum, Has- 10<br />
drubale iraperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit.<br />
Hoc quoque interfecto exercitus summam imperi ad<br />
eum detulit. Id Karthaginem delatum pOblice corapro-<br />
batum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti<br />
annis natus imperator factus proxim5 triennio oninis 15<br />
gentis Hispaniae bello subegit, Saguntura foederatam<br />
civitatem vi expOgnavit, tris exercitOs maximos com<br />
paravit. Ex his Onum in Africam misit, alteram cum<br />
Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania rellquit, tertium in Italiam<br />
secura duxit. Ut saltum Pyrenaeura transiit, quacura- 20<br />
que iter fecit cum omnibus incolis conflixit; neminem<br />
nisi victum dimisit. Ad Alpis postea quam venit qua<br />
Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nem5 umquam cum<br />
5. quid amice cogitabis : . cherish any friendly purpose. 6. me<br />
celaris : keep me in ignorance of it. 7. te ipsum frustraberis : frustrate<br />
your own ends. 10. obitum: mortem. 11. imperatore suffecto:<br />
having been made commander in his stead. 13. comprobatum:<br />
ratified. 15. triennio: spatio trium annorum. 16. foederatam:<br />
allied with us. Ci.foedus, treaty. 20. saltum: pass. 22. dimisit: let go.
124 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
exercitO ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat<br />
(quo facto is hodie saltus Grains appellatur), Alpicos<br />
conantis prohibere transitO concidit, loca patefecit, iti<br />
nera mOniit, effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset<br />
5 qua antea Onus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac<br />
copias tradOxit in Italiaraque pervenit.<br />
Hannibal's victorious march into Apulia.<br />
IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanura cura P. Cornelio<br />
Scipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem<br />
Clastidii apud Padura decernit sauciumque inde ac<br />
10 fugatum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipio cum conlega<br />
Ti. Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cura<br />
iis raanum conseruit, utrosque profligavit. Inde per<br />
Ligures Appennlnura transiit petens EtrOriam. Hoc<br />
in itinere adeo gravi morbo adficitur oculorum ut postea<br />
15 numquam dextro aeque bene usus sit. Qua valetOdine<br />
cum etiamnum premeretur lecticaque ferretur, C. Fla-<br />
minium consulem apud Trasuraenum cura exercitO<br />
insidiis circumventum occldit, neque raUltS post C.<br />
Centeniura praetorem cura delecta raanu saltOs occu-<br />
20 pantem. Hinc in ApOliam pervenit. Ibi obviam el<br />
venerunt duo consules, C. Terentius et L. Aemilius.<br />
Utriusque exercitOs un5 proelio fugavit, Paulum con-<br />
3. concidit: cut to pieces. — patefecit: opened up. — itinera<br />
muniit: made roads. 4. ornatus: ftdly equipped. 5. inermis:<br />
in-\-arma. — repere: creep. 7. conflixerat: observe the tense, and<br />
sc. iam anted, g. saucium: vulnerdtum. 10. Tertio : third time.<br />
12. manum conseruit: tried conclusions. 14. gravi: serious. 16. etiamnum:<br />
even yet. — lectica : litter.
HANNIBAL 125<br />
sulem occidit et aliquot praeterea consularis, in iis Cn.<br />
Serviliura Gerainum, qui superiore anno fuerat consul.<br />
He deceives Fabius and defeats three other Roman generals.<br />
V. Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus nODo re-<br />
sistente in propinquls urbi montibus moratus est. Cum<br />
aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et Capuara reverteretur, 5<br />
Q. Fabius Maxiraus, dictator Romanus, in agro Falerno<br />
ei se obiecit. Hic clausus locorum angustils noctO sine<br />
ullo detrimento exercitus se expedivit Fabioque, callidis-<br />
sirao imperatori, dedit verba. Namque obducta nocte<br />
sarraenta in cornibus iuvencorura deligata incendit eius- 10<br />
que generis multitOdinem magnara dispalatara iramlsit.<br />
Quo repentino visu obiecto tantura terrorera iniecit exer<br />
citui Romanorura ut egredi extra vallum nemo sit ausus.<br />
Hanc post rem gestam non ita multis diebus M. Minu-<br />
cium ROfum, raagistrura equitura pari ac dictatoreni 15<br />
iraperio, dolo productura in proeliura fugavit. Ti.<br />
Sempronium Gracchum, iterum consulem, in LOcanIs<br />
absens in insidias inductura sustulit. M. Claudium<br />
Marcellum, quinquiens consulem, apud Venusiam pari<br />
raodo interfecit. Longura est omnia enumerare proelia. 20<br />
Qua re hoc Onum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi<br />
I. consularis: ex-consuls. 8. expedivit: ex-^ pes. — callidissimo<br />
: astute. —Fabio . . . dedit verba: Fabium fefellit. — obducta :<br />
gloomy {overcast). 10. sarmenta : brushwood. — i-o.vencb\\\xa.: btdlocks<br />
— deligata: bound. — eius generis : of animals thus equipped. 11. dispalatam:<br />
straying about. 12. Quo . . . obiecto: by this unexpected<br />
apparitio7i. 13. vallum: rampart. 15. pari ac : eodem quo. — dictatoreni:<br />
ace. for nom. by attraction to magistrum. i6. productum :<br />
drawn out. 18. absens: though he -was not in command in person.
126 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
possit quantus ille fuerit: quam diu in Italia fuit, nemo<br />
el in acie restitit, nemo adversus eura post Cannensera<br />
pOgnara in carapo castra posuit.<br />
SCIPIO AFRICANUS<br />
He meets Scipio.<br />
VI. Hinc invlctus patriam<br />
defensum revocatus<br />
bellum gessit adversus P.<br />
Scipionem, filium eius Scl-<br />
pionis quera ipse primo apud<br />
Rhodanum, iterum apud<br />
Padura, tertio apud Trebiam<br />
f ugarat. Cum hoc exhaustis<br />
iam patriae facultatibus<br />
cupivit impraesentiarum bel<br />
lum componere, quo valen-<br />
tior postea congrederetur.<br />
Inde conloquium convenit,<br />
condiciones non convene<br />
rant. Post id factum pan<br />
els diebus apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit; pulsus<br />
20 (incredibile dictO) biduo et duabus noctibus HadrOmetura<br />
pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia passuum<br />
trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex<br />
acie excesserant, Insidiati sunt ei, qu5s n5n solum effOgit,<br />
sed etiam ips5s oppressit. HadrOmeti reliquos e fuga<br />
3. campo: die open, 12. facultatibus: opibus, 13. impraesentiarum:<br />
for the present. 16. convenit: was agreed upon, 17. condiciones<br />
: terms, 20. biduo: du3bus diebus. 23. excesserant: had<br />
withdrawn, 24, Hadrumeti: locative.
HANNIBAL 127<br />
conlegit, novis dilectibus paucis diebus multos contraxit.<br />
Hannibal at the head of the Carthaginian state. His flight.<br />
VII. Cum in apparandS acerrime esset occupatus,<br />
Karthaginienses bellum cum R5manls coraposuerunt.<br />
Ille nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in<br />
Africa gessit usque ad P. Sulpiciura C. Aurelium con<br />
sules. His enira raagistratibus legati Karthaginienses<br />
Roraam venerunt, qui senatui populSque R5man5 gratias<br />
agerent quod cum iis pacem fecissent, ob earaque rem<br />
corona aurea eos donarent, simulque peterent ut obsides<br />
eorura Fregellls essent captivlque redderentur. His ex<br />
senatus consults responsum est: mOnus e5rum gratum<br />
acceptumque esse; obsides quo loco rogarent futuros;<br />
captlvos non reraissOros, quod Hannibalem, cOius opera<br />
susceptum bellum foret, inimicissimura noraini RomanS,<br />
etiamnum cura iraperio apud exercitum haberent iteraque<br />
fratrera eius Magonera. Hoc response Karthaginienses<br />
cognito Hannibalem domura et Magonera revocarunt.<br />
HOe ut rediit, rex factus est, postquara imperator fuerat<br />
anno secundo et vicesimo. Ut enim Romae consules, sic<br />
Karthagine quotannis annul bini reges creabantur. In<br />
eo magistratu pari diligentia se Hannibal praebuit ac<br />
fuerat in bello. Naraque effecit ex novis vectlgalibus<br />
I. dilectibus: levies, 5. nihilo setius: nihilo minus, 7. His<br />
magistratibus: abl. abs. expressing time. 11. ex: in accordance<br />
-with, 13. acceptum: here adj.; acceptable, 14. remissQros: so. se.<br />
16. imperio: authority. — item: likewise, 19. fuerat: sc. factus.<br />
21. bini: i-wo at a time. 22. ac : particle of comparison aitoi pari.
128 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
n5n s5lum ut esset pecOnia quae RSmanis ex foedere<br />
penderetur, sed etiam superesset quae in aerariS repo-<br />
neretur. Deinde M. Claudio L. FOrio consulibus Roma<br />
legati Karthaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui<br />
exposcendi gratia raissos, priusquam lis senatus daretur,<br />
navem ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum<br />
perfugit. Hac re palam facta Poeni navis duas quae<br />
eum coraprehenderent, si possent c5nsequl, raiserunt;<br />
bona eius publicarunt; domum a fundamentis disie-<br />
cerunt; ipsum exsulem iudicarunt.<br />
Hannibal at the court of Antiochus.<br />
VIII. At Hannibal anno quarto postquam domo pro-<br />
fOgerat, L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus cum quinque<br />
navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeorura, si<br />
forte Karthaginiensis ad bellum indOcere posset An-<br />
tiochi spe fidOciaque, cui iam persuaserat ut cura<br />
exercitibus in Italiam proficisceretur. HOc Magonera<br />
fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poeni resciverunt, Magonera<br />
eadem qua fratrera absentem adfecerunt poena. Illi<br />
desperatis rebus cum solvissent navis ac vela ventis<br />
dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum pervenit. De Ma-<br />
gonis interitO duplex memoria prodita est. Namque alii<br />
z. penderetur: be paid. — superesset: contrasted with esset. —<br />
aerario: treasury. 4. ratus : existimans. — sui gratia: for the<br />
purpose of demanding his extradition. 5. senatus: i.e. an audience<br />
before the senate. 7. palam facta: becoming knvion. 14. Antiochi:<br />
obj. gen. 16. Hiic: i.e. /;/ finis Cyrenaeorum, 17. excivit: like<br />
arcessivit, but stronger. — resciverunt: reppererunt, 18. adfecerunt:<br />
sentenced, 19. desperatis rebus: despairing of success. — solvissent<br />
navis: had -weighed anchor.-—vela: sails. 21. memoria: tradition..
HANNIBAL 129<br />
naufragio, alii a servulis ipsius interfectum eum scrip<br />
tum rellquerunt. Antiochus autem si tam in gerendo<br />
bello consiliis eius parere voluisset quam in suscipiendo<br />
instituerat, propius Tiberl quam Thermopylls de summa<br />
imperi dimicasset. Quem etsi multa stulte conari vide<br />
bat, tamen nulla deseruit in re. Praefuit paucis navibus<br />
quas ex Syria iussus erat in Asiam dOcere, iisque<br />
adversus Rhodiorum classera in Paraphylio raari con<br />
flixit. In quo cura raultitOdine adversariorura sui<br />
superarentur, ipse quo cornu rera gessit fuit superior.<br />
Hannibal in Crete.<br />
IX. Antiocho fugato verens ne dederetur, quod sine<br />
dubio accidisset si sul fecisset potestatera, Cretara ad<br />
GortyniSs venit, ut ibi quo se conferret consideraret.<br />
Vidit autera vir cranium calhdissiraus in magnS se fore<br />
periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Creten-<br />
siura. Magnam enira secum pecOniam portabat, de qua<br />
sciebat exisse faraam. Itaque capit tale consilium.<br />
Amphoras complurls coraplet plumbs, summas operit<br />
auro et argento. Has praesentibus principibus deponit<br />
in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortOnas illorum<br />
fidei credere. His in errorera inductis statuas aeneas<br />
quas secum portabat omni sua pecOnia complet casque<br />
in propatulo domi abicit. Gortynii templum magna<br />
I. naufragio: ship-wreck. 5. stulte: non sapienter. 11. dederetur:<br />
be given up. 12. sui . . . potestatem: had given them a chance<br />
at him. 18. Amphoras: (two-handled) /««. — plumbo: lead,—<br />
stmimas: sc. amphoras. — aperit: covers. 21. aeneas: bronze.<br />
23. propatulo: court.<br />
K
I30 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
cura custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam ab Hannibale,<br />
ne ille Inscientibus iis toUeret sua secumque duceret.<br />
Hannibal and Pruslas.<br />
X. Sic conservatis suis rebus omnibus Poenus inlQsIs<br />
Cretensibus ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. Apud<br />
5 quem eodem animo fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud quic-<br />
quam egit quara regem arraavit et exacuit adversus<br />
R5man6s. Quera cum videret domesticis opibus rainus<br />
esse robustura, conciliabat ceteros reges, adiungebat<br />
bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat ab eo Pergamenus<br />
10 rex Euraenes, Romanis amicissiraus, belluraque inter<br />
eos gerebatur et marl et terra; sed utrobique Euraenes<br />
plOs valebat propter Romanorum societatem. Quo<br />
magis cupiebat eum Hannibal opprimi, quera si rerao-<br />
visset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc<br />
15 interficiendura talem iniit rationera. Classe paucis<br />
diebus erant decreturi. Superabatur naviura raultitOdine;<br />
dolo erat pOgnandum, cum par non esset armis. Im-<br />
peravit quam plOriraas venenatas serpentis vivas conligi<br />
easque in vasa fictilia coniei. Harum cura effecisset<br />
20 raagnam multitOdinem, die ips5 quo factOrus erat navale<br />
proelium, classiarios convocat iisque praecipit omnes ut<br />
in Onam Eumenis regis concurrant navem, a ceteris<br />
tantura satis habeant se defendere. Id illos facile<br />
2. tolleret sua: carry off his own property. 3. inliisis: deceived.<br />
6. exacuit: incitdvit. 'j.mma.^raSyViBtma.: not very powerj'ul. 9. Dissidebat<br />
; dissentiebat. 11. utrobique: lit. in both places; hence, -with<br />
both land and naval forces. 17. par: a match. 18. venenatas: venomous.<br />
19. vasa fictilia : earthen jars.
HANNIBAL 131<br />
serpentium raultitOdine c6nsec0t0r5s. Rex autem in<br />
qua nave veheretur ut scirent se facturum. Quem si<br />
aut cepissent aut interfecissent, magno iis polhcetur<br />
praeraio fore.<br />
The effect of Hannibal's stratagem.<br />
XI. Tall cohortatione militura facta classis ab utrisque s<br />
in proelium deducitur. Quarum acie constitOta, priusquam<br />
signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam<br />
faceret suis quo loco Euraenes esset, tabellarium in<br />
scapha cum cadOceo mittit. Qui ubi ad navis adversariorum<br />
pervenit epistulamque ostendens se regem pro- 10<br />
fessus est quaerere, statim ad Euraenera deductus est,<br />
quod nem5 dubitabat quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum.<br />
Tabellarius duels nave declarata suis, eodem<br />
unde erat egressus se recepit. At Euraenes solOta<br />
epistula nihil in ea repperit nisi quae ad inridendura 15<br />
eura pertinerent. Cuius rei etsi causam mirabatur neque<br />
reperiebat, tamen proeliura statira committere non dubitavit.<br />
Horum in concursO Bithyni Hannibalis praecepto<br />
OniversI navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex<br />
cum sustinere non posset, fuga salOtera petiit, quam 20<br />
consecutus non esset nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset,<br />
quae in proximo litore erant conlocata. Reliquae<br />
Pergaraenae naves cura adversarios premerent acrius,<br />
repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionera<br />
fecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae iacta initiS risura 25<br />
I. consecuturos: would accomplish. 2. veheretur: was carried.<br />
8. tabellarium : messenger. 9. scapha : boat. — cadSceo : herald's<br />
staff. 13. declarata: indicdtd. 14. solflta epistula: on opening<br />
the letter. 21. praesidia: castra. 22. litore: shore.
132 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
pOgnantibus concitarunt, neque qua re id fieret poterat<br />
intellegi. Postquara autem navis suas oppletas con-<br />
spexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum quid<br />
potissimura vltarent n5n viderent, puppis verterunt<br />
5 seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic Hannibal<br />
consilio arraa Pergaraenorura superavit, neque tum<br />
solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copils pari prOdentia<br />
pepulit adversarios.<br />
Hannibal's death.<br />
XII. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casO ut<br />
ID legati PrOsiae R5mae apud T. Quinctium Flamininum<br />
consularera cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale mentione<br />
facta ex lis Onus diceret eum in PrOsiae regno esse. Id<br />
postero die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres con-<br />
scripti, qui Hannibale vivo nuraquara se sine insidiis<br />
IS futOros existiraarent, legates in Bithyniam miserunt, in<br />
iis Flamininum, qui ab rege peterent ne inimicissimura<br />
suum secum haberet sibique dederet. His Prflsias negare<br />
ausus non est. Illud recOsavit, ne id a se fieri postula-<br />
rent quod adversus ius hospiti esset; ipsi, si possent,<br />
20 comprehenderent; locum ubi esset facile inventuros.<br />
Hannibal enira Ono loc5 se tenebat, in castello quod ei<br />
a rege datum erat mOneri, idque sic aedificarat ut in<br />
omnibus partibus aedificl exitus haberet, scilicet verens<br />
ne OsO veniret quod accidit. HOc cura legati Roma-<br />
i. concitarunt: excited. 2. opplStas : filled. 4. vitarent: try<br />
to avoid. — puppis: hehns (lit. sterns). 7. alias: at other times.<br />
11. cenarent: -were dining. 20. comprehenderent : quoted imperative.<br />
2T,.soi&cet: evidently. 24. iisu veniret: miglu come to pass.
HANNIBAL 133<br />
n5rum venissent ac raultitOdine doraum eius circum-<br />
dedissent, puer ab ianua prgspiciens Hanniball dixit<br />
plOris praeter consuetOdinera arraatos apparere. Qui<br />
imperavit ei ut omnis foris aedificl circumlret ac propere<br />
sibi nOntiaret num eodem modo undique obsideretur. 5<br />
Puer cum celeriter quid vidisset renuntiasset omnlsque<br />
exitus occupat5s ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito<br />
factum, sed se peti neque sibi diutius vitam esse<br />
retinendam. Quara ne alieno arbitrio diraitteret, raemor<br />
pristinarum virtOtum, venenum, quod semper secura 10<br />
habere consuerat, surapsit.<br />
The time of his death. Literaiy remains.<br />
XIII. Sic vir fortissiraus raultis variisque perfOnctus<br />
laboribus anno adquievit septuagesimo. Quibus con<br />
sulibus interierit non convenit. Namque Atticus M.<br />
Claudio Marcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus mor- 15<br />
tuum in annali suo scriptura rellquit; at Polybius, L.<br />
Aeraili5 Paulo Cn. Baebi5 Taraphilo; Sulpicius autera<br />
Blitho, P. Cornelio Cethego M. Baebio Taraphilo. At<br />
que hic tantus vir tantisque bellls districtus nonnihil<br />
teraporis tribuit htteris. Naraque aliquot eius libri 20<br />
sunt, Graec5 sermone confecti, in lis ad Rhodios de<br />
Cn. Manll Volsonis in Asia rebus gestis. HOius belli<br />
gesta multi memoriae prodiderunt, sed ex iis duo qui<br />
cum eo in castrls fuerunt simulque vixerunt quam diO<br />
fortOna passa est, Sllenus et Sosilus Lacedaemonius. 25<br />
4. foris : doors. — propere : celeriter. 7. fortuito : by accident<br />
13. adquievit: mortuus est, 16. annali: chronicle, 19. districtus:<br />
occupied, 21. confecti: composed.
1.34 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
Atque hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Graecarura usus<br />
est doctore.<br />
Sed nos tempus est hOius libri facere finera et Romanorum<br />
explicare imperatores, quo facilius conlatis<br />
5 utrorumque factis, qui viri praeferendi sint possit<br />
iOdicari.<br />
LIBER DE LATINIS HISTORICIS<br />
CATO<br />
Cato's career up to the time of his consulship.<br />
I. M. Cats, ortus raOnicipio TusculS, adulescentulus,<br />
prius quam honoribus operam daret, versatus est in<br />
Sablnis, quod ibi heredium a patre relictum habebat.<br />
10 Inde hortatO L. Valerl Flacci, quem in consulatO censuraque<br />
habuit conlegam, ut M. Perpenna censorius<br />
narrare solitus est, Romam demigravit in foroque esse<br />
coepit. Primum stipendiura meruit annorum decem<br />
septemque. Q. Fabio M. Claudio consulibus tribunus<br />
IS mihtum in Sicilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, castra secOtus<br />
est C. Claudi Neronis, raagnlque opera eius existimata<br />
est in proelio apud Senam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater<br />
Hannibalis. Quaestor obtigit P. Africano consuli, cum<br />
4. conlatis : compared. 7. ortus : natus. — munlcipio : free to-wn.<br />
8. versatus est: vixit. 9. heredium: ancestral estate. 10. censQra :<br />
censorship, 11. censorius:///;; ex-censor, 13. Primum stipendlum<br />
meruit: served his first campaign, 18. obtigit: -was allotted to.
CATO ^35<br />
qu5 non pro sortis necessitOdine vixit. Namque ab e5<br />
perpetua dissensit vita. Aedllis plebei factus est cura<br />
C. Helvio. Praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex<br />
qua quaestor superiore terapore ex Africa decedens<br />
Q. Enniura poetara dedOxerat, quod non minoris aestiraamus<br />
quam quemlibet araplissimura Sardiniensera<br />
triumphura.<br />
Cato as consul, as provincial governor, and as censor.<br />
II. Consulatura gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco. Sorte<br />
provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorera ex ea triumphum<br />
deportavit. Ibi cum diutius moraretur, P. Scipio<br />
Africanus consul iterum, cuius in priore consulatO<br />
quaestor fuerat, voluit eum de provincia depellere et<br />
ipse ei succedere, neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit,<br />
cuin quidem Scipio principatum in civitate obtineret,<br />
quod tum non potentia, sed iure res pOblica administrabatur.<br />
Qua ex re iratus senatui consulatO peracto<br />
privatus in urbe mansit. At Cato censor cum eodem<br />
Flacco factus, severe praefuit ei potestati. Nara et in<br />
coraplOris nobilis animadvertit et multas res novas in<br />
edictum addidit, qua re iQxuria reprimeretur, quae iam<br />
tum incipiebat puUulare. Circiter annos octoginta, Osque<br />
ad extremara aetatem ab adulescentia, rei pOblicae causa<br />
suscipere inimicitias non destitit. A multis tentatus non<br />
I. pro ... necessitudine: on the usual good terms ef those in this<br />
official relation, Sortis refers to the assignment of the quaestors by<br />
lot to duty with a particular commander. 2. perpetua : told. 6. quemlibet<br />
amplissimum : the most splendid. 18. in . . . animadvertit:<br />
punished. 20. edictum: proclamation; observe the case. 21. pullulate:<br />
spread (fit. sprout). 23. tentatus: though assailed.
136 CORNELIUS NEPOS<br />
modo nullum detrimentum exIstimatiSnis fecit, sed quoad<br />
vixit, virtutum laude crevit.<br />
The writings of Cato.<br />
III. In omnibus rebus singulari fuit industria. Nam<br />
et agricola sellers et peritus iOris c5nsultus et magnus<br />
S imperator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum<br />
fuit. Quarum studium etsi senior adripuerat, tamen<br />
tantum progressura fecit ut non facile reperirl possit<br />
neque de Graecis neque de Italicis rebus quod ei fuerit<br />
incognitum. Ab adulescentia confecit orationes. Senex<br />
10 historias scrlbere instituit. Earum sunt libri septem.<br />
Primus continet res gestas regum populi Romani, se-<br />
cundus et fortius unde quaeque civitas orta sit Italica, ob<br />
quam rem omnis Origines videtur appellasse. In quarto<br />
autera bellura POnicum est primum, in quinto secundum.<br />
IS Atque .haec omnia capitulatira sunt dicta. Reliqua quo<br />
que bella pari modo persecOtus est Osque ad praetOram<br />
Ser. Galbae, qui diripuit Lusitanos. Atque horum bello-<br />
rum duces non nominavit, sed sine nominibus res notavit.<br />
In isdem exposuit quae in Italia Hispaniisque viderentur<br />
20 admiranda.. In quibus multa industria et diligentia cora-<br />
paret, nfllla doctrlna.<br />
HOius de vita et raoribus plOra in c5 libro persecOti<br />
suraus quem separatim de eo fecimus rogatO T. Pom<br />
pom Attici. Qua re studiosos Catonis ad illud volOmen<br />
25 delegaraus.<br />
4. sellers: skilful. — iuris consultus: lawyer. 5. probabilis:<br />
pleasing. 6. adripuerat; had taken up. 15. capitulatim: summarily,<br />
1"], Aixipviit: plundered. 20. comparet: appears, 21.doctrina:<br />
learning, 22. plura persecuti ; have treated more in detail.
NOTES<br />
The references are to the grammars of Allen and Greenough (A.), Bennett<br />
(B.), Gildersleeve and Lodge (G.), Harkness (H.), and to Lane and Morgan's<br />
School Latin Grammar (M.). Most of the abbreviations will be easily<br />
understood; but cf. {confer") =• ' compare,' and sc. {scilicet) = ' understand,'<br />
' supply.'<br />
PRAEFATIO<br />
Line i. fore: used by Nepos for gietn futUri sint. A. 332. g.<br />
R. ; B. 298. a; G. 555. 2. N. ; H. 595. i ; M. 913, 914. —plerosque :<br />
here eqtiivalent to plurimos. For the case, see A. 240. f; B. 184;<br />
G. 526, 527; H. 415; M.499'.<br />
2. Attice : Titus Pomponius Atticus, to whom the work is dedicated.<br />
He was the friend of both Nepos and Cicero, and having<br />
lived at Athens, was friendly to the study of Greek and Greek ideas.<br />
4. summorum virorum personis : the words are arranged in<br />
the order of emphasis. For the case of personis, see A. 245. a. i;<br />
B. 226. 2; G. 397. N. 2; H. 481 ; M. 654.<br />
5. iadicent: subj. in a clause of characteristic. — relatum : in<br />
appositive agreement with quis . . Epaminondam. Trans, when<br />
they find (lit. read) it set forth who or that it is mentioned<br />
(commemordri').<br />
6. legent: what tense does the English idiom require here ?<br />
A. 278. b, 325. c; B. 261. 2; G. 242. R. i ; H. 600. I; M. 854.<br />
— miisicam . .Epaminondam: A. 239. 2. c; B. 178. i. b) ;<br />
G. 339: H. 411; M. 522.<br />
7. docuerit: A. 334; B. 300 ; G. 467 ; H. 649. II; M. 810.<br />
9. saltasse: iox saltavisse. For the inf., see A. 336. 2 ; B. 314. i;<br />
G. 650; H. 642; M. 1023. —eum : see note o-a.plerosque, 1. i.<br />
10. tibiis: abl. of means. See illustration, p. 83. The pipe<br />
was double, producing both air and accompaniment.<br />
12. qui: sc. il. — litterarum: A. 218. a; B. 204. l; G. 374;<br />
H. 45°) 451- i; M. 573-<br />
'37
138 NOTES<br />
14. ipsorum: their own. — moribus: A. 227. c; B. 187. Ill;<br />
G. 347; H. 429; M. 532.<br />
15. conveniat: A. 336. 2; B. 314; G. 650; H. 643; M. 788.<br />
— Ii: the tendency in Latin would be to have a relative here.<br />
16. didicerint: irom disco.— omnibus: in every one''s opini<br />
A. 23s ; B. 188. I. 2. c); G. 352; H, 425. 4; M. 546.<br />
17. honesta: does not mean honest in the modern sense, but is<br />
the opposite of turpia. For an English use of honest in the Latin<br />
sense, cf. the expression in the New Testament, King James'<br />
Version, " Let us walk honestly, as in the day " (Rom. xiii.'13).<br />
18. nos: like the 'editorial we,' but used much more freely<br />
by the Romans.<br />
I. exponendis: A. 296; B. 339. i. 2; G. 427; H. 631. i;<br />
M. 988, 1003.—secutos: see note on saltasse, p. 15, 1. 9. The<br />
omission of esse in compound infinitives is frequent.<br />
2. Lacedaemoni: A. 258. c. 2 ; B. 232 ; G. 411 ; H.483 ; M. 620<br />
— cenam mercede condictam: a banquet of which each person<br />
contributed part of the expense, either in money or provisions;<br />
not unlike a picnic.<br />
3. eat: A. 319. 2; B. 283. i; G. 631. i ; H. 591. 2; M. 836.<br />
— Magnis in laudibus : a great honor.—tota Graecia : A. 258.<br />
f. 2; B. 228. I. b; G. 388; H. 485. 2; M. 626.<br />
4. Olympiae: see note on Lacedaemoni, 1. 2. The Olympic<br />
games were athletic contests held in honor of Zeus every four years<br />
at Olympia, in Central Greece. — citari: the infinitive as subject.<br />
— in scaenam prodire : to appear on the stage.<br />
5. populo . . . spectaculS,nemini . . . tuipitiidini: A. 233. a;<br />
B. 191. 2; G. 356; H. 433; M. 547.<br />
6. Quae omnia: trans, as though at haec omnia. At the beginning<br />
of a sentence the relative is regularly rendered by and, but,<br />
etc., followed by a personal or demonstrative pronoun.<br />
7. ab honestate remota: far from reputable.<br />
8. Contra ea: on the other hand.—pleraque: see note on<br />
plerosque, p. 15, I. i.— moribus: A. 253. N.; B. 220. 3; G. 397;<br />
H. 480. 3 ; M. 650.<br />
9. Quem .ducere: A. 221. b. c; B. 209. I. a; G. 377. R. 3 ;<br />
H. 457.3; M. 585,972.<br />
10. Romanorum : partitive gen. — uxorem convivium :<br />
to take-his wife out to a dinner-party.
MILTIADES ^39<br />
II. familias: A. 36. b; B. 21. 3. a); G. 29. R. i ; H. 79. 2; PACJE<br />
M. 137. 2. — primum locum aedium: i.e. the atrium, which was ^-6<br />
the reception room of a Roman house.<br />
12. in versatur: move in society.— Quod: see note on<br />
quae, 1. 6.<br />
13. adhibetur: sc. uxor.<br />
15. nemo: notice the gender, shown by coniUnctus. Women<br />
were not debarred from visiting each other.<br />
17. pliira persequi: to cite further instances. — cum . tum :<br />
see Vocab. under cum.<br />
18. explicem: A. 317. 3; B. 282; G. 546. N. 2; H. 564. Ill;<br />
M. 893.<br />
20. excellentium: distinguished or eminent, a force which<br />
excellent has.largely lost in English.<br />
MILTIADES<br />
Nepos confounds an uncle and a nephew of the same name. The elder<br />
Miltiades went to the Chersonese in 560 B.C., and became "tyrant" of that<br />
region. He was succeeded, in turn, by two nephews, botli sons of his halfbrother<br />
Cimon; the first was named Stesagoras, and the second was the Miltiades<br />
who fought at Marathon.<br />
B.C.<br />
560. Miltiades I becomes tyrant of the Chersonese.<br />
518. Miltiades II succeeds Stesagoras.<br />
514. Darius makes war on the Scythians.<br />
499. Ionian Revolt.<br />
490. Battle of Marathon.<br />
488. Death of Miltiades.<br />
I. 21. Miltiades . cum: in English, conjunctions stand first<br />
in the clause; in Latin, as here, some other word may precede for<br />
emphasis. Trans, when Miltiades, not Miltiades, luhen he.<br />
The following scheme shows the relation of the different parts of<br />
this sentence, and will suggest the order in which the clauses should<br />
be translated:<br />
,,„,. ,_ f floreret ) ^ - - (sperare I<br />
cum Miltiades . . . \ . \ . . .vA cives . . . _ _^ pos-<br />
( essetque J 1 confidere '<br />
sent eum futQrum {esse) talem qtialem cognitum {^postquam. eum<br />
cognoverunt) mdlcarunt {eum esse).
140 NOTES<br />
After the meaning and relation of the parts have been mastered<br />
with the aid of the notes on constructions, and a satisfactory translation<br />
has been made, read the sentence over several times in the<br />
original Latin, observing carefully what ideas are presented first,<br />
and comparing the order with the English.<br />
22. antiquitate, gloria, modestia : ablatives of cause.<br />
23. unus omnium : used to strengthen the superlative. Trans.<br />
was so eminent as to be without a peer. — ea aetate: A. 251 ; B.<br />
224; G. 400; H. 473. 2; M. 643. Ed,\\t. that, must here be rendered<br />
such, as is regularly the case when this pronoun foreshadows<br />
a clause of result or characteristic. — floreret: A. 325; B. 288,<br />
289; G. 580, 585; H. 600; M. 854-858.<br />
I. eum futiirum: inf. with subj. ace. in indir. disc, depending<br />
on the complementary infinitives sperare and confidere. — qualem:<br />
for its regular translation after talis, see Vocab. — cognitum:<br />
postquam eum cognoverunt. Sperare and confidere are contrasted<br />
with cognitum iudicarunt-—^the hopes concerning the young Miltiades,<br />
with the later judgment based on exijerience.<br />
2. Chersonesum: A. 258. 2. b; B. 182; G. 337; H. 419. 2;<br />
M. 515.<br />
3. vellent: A. 332. a. 2 ; B. 297. 2; G. 553. 3; H. 571. I; M.<br />
902. —Cuius: see note on quae,-g. 16, 1. 6.— generis: class of<br />
people.<br />
4. esset: A. 326; B. 286. 2; G. 586; H. 598; M. 863.<br />
5. demigrationis : obj. gen. The Latin has share of where we<br />
must translate share in.<br />
6. Delphos: see note on Chersonesum, 1. 2. Delphi was the<br />
seat of an oracle of Apollo, the most famous in the Greek world.<br />
7. deliberatum: A. 302; B. 340. i ; G. 435 ; H. 633; M. 1005.<br />
— quo : A. 249; B. 218. I ; G. 407 ; H. 477. I; M. 646.<br />
8. duce: not what leader they would best employ,\m.t whom they<br />
would best employ as leader. —iiterentur : A. 334; B. 300 ; G. 467 ;<br />
H. 649. II; M. 810.<br />
10. cum quibus : this variation from the more regular quibuscum<br />
is best not followed in writing Latin. A. 104. e; B. 142. 4; G.<br />
413. R. I ; H. 182. 2 ; M. 668. — armis erat dimicandum : there<br />
would have to be an armed conflict. A. 294. b, 146. d; B. 337.<br />
7. b). I); G. 251. I. 2; H. 621. 2; M. 991, 992.
MILTIADES 141<br />
II. His: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. i; M. 531.—<br />
nominatim: i.e. not by an ambiguous answer, by which the oracles<br />
usually provided that their predictions should come true, however<br />
matters might turn out.<br />
12. Pythia: the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. The part of<br />
Phocis in which Delphi lay was called Pytho, and one of the local<br />
titles of Apollo was Pythius.<br />
13. imperatorem: see note on duce, 1. 8.—sibi: A. 235; B.<br />
188 ; G. 350. I ; H. 425. 2 ; M. 537. — siimerent: A. 331 ; B. 295 ;<br />
0.546; H. 565; M. 893, 894.<br />
14. fecissent: A. 337, 307. c; B. 319, 302; G. 656, 595; H.<br />
646, 574; M. 1035, 933. —futui-a: depends on the idea of saying<br />
implied in praecepit.<br />
15. response: abl. of cause.<br />
16. classe : abl. of means with profectus. — Chersonesum :<br />
see note on 1. 2. — profectus: English frequently employs coordinate<br />
expressions where the more logical Latin uses subordinate<br />
clauses or participles, and we may translate this as though it were<br />
profectus est, with an et before cum accessisset: Miltiades set out. . .<br />
and when he had come to Lemnos, etc.<br />
18. id: obj. of facerent, which depends on postulasset; see<br />
note on siimerent, 1. 13.<br />
20. domo : A. 258. a; B. 229. i. b) ; G. 390. 2 ; H. 462. 4; M. 608.<br />
21. aquilone: Lemnos lay northeast from Athens. — venisset:<br />
they said cum veneris. For constructions with cum temporal, see<br />
note on floreret, p. 16, 1. 23.<br />
22. Athenis : cf. domo, 1. 20. A. 258. a; B. 229. I. a) ; G. 391 ;<br />
'^.ifii; M. 605. — proficiscentibus : A. 23S.b; B. 188. 2. a) ; G.<br />
352, 353) H. 425.4; M. 546. Trans, is dead ahead as one leaves<br />
Athens.<br />
23. ra.oran&'i: for delay, lit, of delaying. What part of the verb ?<br />
— tempus non habens : the Latin prefers not having time where<br />
we say (and consequently translate) having no time.<br />
24. quo tendebat: explain the tense.<br />
25. tempore: A. 256; B. 230; G. 393; H. 486; M. 630.—<br />
copiis disiectis: A. 255; B. 227; G. 409, 410; H. 489; M. 638.<br />
II. 26. regione: see note on quo, 1. 7. — castellis: A. 234. a;<br />
B. 192. 2; G. 359; H. 434 2 ; M. 536.
142 NOTES<br />
28. conlocavit: never means collect.—Neque: usually translated<br />
by and not (appropriately placed), unless followed by a<br />
second neque, when the two mean neither nor.<br />
2. cum: at first seems to belong with virtiite, but on reading<br />
further is seen to be a conjunction, necessary to account for the mood<br />
of devicisset. This illustrates a principle very important in reading<br />
Latin: Do not decide on the use or nuaning of a word until its whole<br />
context has been read,<br />
3. aequitate: abl. of manner.—res constituit: avoid translating<br />
res by things. It always takes a meaning reflected upon<br />
it from the rest of the sentence. Here trans, he adjusted matters.<br />
— manere: he had gone out merely to establish the colony and<br />
return.<br />
4. dignitate regia: a man of royal rank. A. 251; B. 224. i;<br />
G. 400; H. 473. 2; M. 643.<br />
5. nomine: sc. regio. A. 243. a; B. 214. I. c); G. 405 ; H.462;<br />
M. 600, 601. — neque : see note on the same word, p. 17, 1. 28. —<br />
imperio : by virtue of his command.<br />
6. consecutus : sc. erat. — eo : on that account.<br />
8. eorum : stands early in the sentence because it is in emphatic<br />
contrast to illorum. The relative clause qui miserant is crowded<br />
towards the end by other more important ideas. Normally, it would<br />
tend to stand nearer the antecedent.<br />
9. obtineret: see note on vellent, p. 17, 1. 3.<br />
11. pacto : explained by the words in parentheses, which were<br />
probably inserted by a later hand.<br />
13. se . . habere : indirect discourse, showing what reason the<br />
subject oi postulat gave when he made his demand. The import of<br />
this statement as a ground for Miltiades' demand is, of course, that<br />
as he now dwelt north of the Lemnians, the north wind would carry<br />
him from home to their island. — Chersonesi : locative.<br />
15. res ceciderat: see note on res constituit, 1. 3. Trans, matters<br />
had turned out.— dicto: abl. of cause; it is limited, together<br />
v/'ithfortftna, by adversariorum.<br />
17. ceteras insulSs: to say that the rest of the isla.nds were<br />
called Cyclades is an error, as reference to the map of Greece and<br />
Asia Minor will show. Moreover, it was Conon and not Miltiades<br />
who subdued these islands.
MILTIADES H3<br />
III. 21. Scythis: dat. with inferre. A. 228; B. 187. III. 2;<br />
G. 347; H.429. i; M. 534.<br />
22 : in : over. — qua : adv.,, equivalent to ut ea via. It is<br />
followed by the subj. of purpose, traduceret.<br />
23. abesset: one of the numerous cases where the mood alone<br />
of the verb shows that there is a quotation, though no verb of saying<br />
or the like is present to account for the indirect discourse. Darius'<br />
own words would be dum absum. — custodes: as guards.<br />
25. singularum: the force of this is best brought out by<br />
rendering to each of whom he had given absolute power over one<br />
city.<br />
26. lingua : abl. of manner. — loquentis : sc. eos.<br />
28. tuenda: A. 294. d; B. 337. 7. 2); G. 430; H. 622; M.<br />
994- — tradidisset: see note on fecissent,-^. 17, 1. 14. — se oppresso<br />
: si {ipse') oppressus esset. The thought of Darius was quibus,<br />
si oppressus sim, nulla spes salutis relinquatur.<br />
I. sal-utis : obj. gen.<br />
2. male rem gerere : was in diff cullies.<br />
4. liberandae: A. 296; B. 339; G. 427; H. 623,626. l; M.<br />
988, 998.<br />
5. Nam . . . interitiirum: quotation of the speech of Miltiades,<br />
as implied by hortatus est; cf. note on abesset, p. 18, 1. 23.<br />
6. transportarat: when a rei. clause in indir. disc, is not necessarily<br />
part of the quotation, but belongs rather to the writer's own<br />
thought, its verb is put in the indicative. —interisset . . . fore : in<br />
general, when there is doubt about the classification of a conditional<br />
sentence in indirect discourse, the conclusion (apodosis) will furnish<br />
the means of determining it.<br />
7. Graeci: attracted into apposition with y2«, though logically it<br />
should agree with eos. — genere: abl. of specification.<br />
8. periculo : the danger -which it brought.<br />
9. ponte rescisso: the abl. abs. should hardly ever be translated<br />
literally. Render here by a conditional clause.<br />
10. paucis diebus : abl. of time within which.<br />
II. Hestiaeus: (in histories of Greece frequently spelled Histiaeus)<br />
tyrant of Miletus in Asia Minor. The tyrants, being despots,<br />
were generally favorable to Persia, and received its support; while<br />
the democratic and-oligardiic states of Greece were its enemies.
144<br />
NOTES<br />
12. ne . . . obstitit: opposed the carrying out of the undertaking<br />
A. 331. e. 2; B. 295. 3; G. 548; H. 596. 2; M. 898. —ipsis: defined<br />
by qui . . . tenerent, and in contrast with multitudini. It<br />
represents nobis of the direct form. Both the datives depend on<br />
expedire. A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. i; M. 530,<br />
531-<br />
13. summas imperi : supreme authority. —et: 12^ (after idem).<br />
14. regnS: notice the difference in the use of regnum and cbminatio.<br />
Trans, because their own power depended on the rule of<br />
Darius. For the case, see A. 254. b; B. 218. 3; G. 401, N. 6; H.<br />
476. 3 ; M. 629. — quo exstincto : see note on ponte rescisso, 1. 9.<br />
Darei, and not regno, is the antecedent of quo, because it was on<br />
his safety and not merely that of the Persian empire that the tyrants'<br />
power depended. The same thing is shown by the relative position<br />
of Darei and regno.<br />
15. potestate: abl. of separation with expulsos. — civibus . . .<br />
dataros : be punished by (lit. pay the penalty to) their subjects.<br />
17. putet: A. 319. 3. R.; B. 284. I; G. 552 ; H. 570; M. 905.—<br />
ipsis : A. 234. a; B. 192; G. 359; H. 434-2; M. 536.<br />
18. Huius : this word, standing first, regularly refers with emphasis<br />
to the principal person or thing of the preceding sentence.<br />
19. consciis: notice the derivation. Trans, (with tam multis)<br />
since so many were in the secret; abl. abs.<br />
I. Cuius ratio etsi: trans, as though etsi eius ratio.<br />
3. fuerit: see note on esset, p. 17, 1. 4.<br />
4. Dareus . . . cum : see note on Miltiades cum, p. 16, 1. 21.<br />
IV. 5. 'hoxtanti'bus amidia : since his friends kept urging. S<br />
notes on ponte rescisso, p. 19,1. 9, and consciis, p. 19, 1. 19. — redi<br />
geret: see note on sumerent, p. 17,1. 13.<br />
6. ei: A. 228. N. 2; B. 187. III. 2; G. 347; H. 429. I ; M. 534.<br />
7. peditum, equitum : A. 94. a; B. 80. 5 ; G. 293 ; H. 168. i;<br />
M. 267, 560.<br />
8. causam : as a reason.<br />
9. Sardis: ace.<br />
12. abreptos: A. 292. R. ; B. 337. 2; G. 637; H. 639. I;<br />
M. 1017.<br />
14. Marathona : ace. of the Greek third declension.<br />
15. milia: ace. of extent of space. — tumultu: abl. of cause.
MILTIADES 145<br />
18. qui: agrees by attraction with the pred. nom. — hgmerodromoe:<br />
the ending oe is occasionally found in tlie nom. plur. of<br />
Greek second decl. nouns which have not become perfectly Latinized.<br />
The day-runners were so called because of their endurance. Phidippus<br />
is said to have reached Sparta, over a hundred miles away,<br />
on tlie second day.<br />
19. quam celerrimo: A. 93. b; B. 240. 3; G. 303; H. 159. 2;<br />
M. 869.<br />
20. auxilio : A. 243. e ; B. 218. 2 ; G. 406 ; H. 477. Ill; M. 646. —<br />
creant: the present used for a vivid effect. This, often called the<br />
" historical present" because of its frequent use in spirited narrative,<br />
may have the sequence of either a primary or a secondary tense —<br />
most firequently the latter, as exemplified "bj praeessent, 1. 21.<br />
21. praetores: generals. At Rome ^ra^^or was in early times<br />
the title of the consul as general, but later the title was restricted to<br />
the magistrates who had charge of the administration of justice. —<br />
qui . . . praeessent: rei. clause of purpose.<br />
22. utrum . . . decernerent: A. 211, 334; B. 162. 4, 300; G.<br />
458, 467 ; H. 380, 649. II, 650 ; M. 705, 813.<br />
23. hostibus: dat. after the expression obviam irent, which<br />
may be regarded in the same light as the verbs compounded with<br />
prepositions and followed by a dative.<br />
24. Unus : especially. — maxime nitebatur: earnestly contended.<br />
— primo quoque tempore : at the very first opportunity.<br />
25. castra fierent: they should take the field. — id . . . dimicari:<br />
for the moods and tenses see A. 337; B. 319; 0.656; H.<br />
646; M. 1034-1036, 1038. The whole depends on the idea of saying<br />
contained in nitebatur.<br />
27. desperari, auderi, dimicari: impersonal verbs are often<br />
best rendered by a personal construction. Here trans, when they<br />
saw that their courage was not despaired of ... if they sa-cu<br />
that the Greeks dared to fight against them. At the same time,<br />
one should make sure that he is able to understand such a passage<br />
in the exact form of the Latin, whatever English may require.<br />
V. I. Hoc in tempore: at this crisis.— auxilio: A. 233. a;<br />
B. 191. 2; G. 356; H. 433; M. 547.<br />
2. mille militum: mille in the sing, is only rarely, as here, a<br />
noun. See note on peditum, p. 20,1. 7.<br />
L
146 NOTES<br />
3. decem . . . completa sunt: the number of armed men rose<br />
to ten thousand.<br />
4. pugnandi: A. 298; B. 338. i. a; G. 428; H. 626; M. 998.<br />
— Quo : from this-fact, i.e. the army's pUgnandi cupiditas, which<br />
lent weight to Miltiades' desire for immediate battle.<br />
5. plus : cognate accusative. Trans, had more influence. —<br />
valeret: see note on vellent, p. 17, 1. 3.<br />
7. loco idoneo: locative abl. Ln is not infrequently omitted<br />
when the noun in this abl. is qualified by an adj.<br />
8. acie . . . apertissima: interlocked order, instructa agreeing<br />
with acie.<br />
9. rarae: for an English use of the same word in this sense<br />
of scattered, cf. Milton's<br />
" The cattle in the fields and meadows green,<br />
Those rare and solitary, these in flocks."<br />
II. arborum tracta : by the stretch of wood.<br />
12. clauderentur: the subject is the same as that of commiserunt.—<br />
non aequum: iniquum.<br />
13. suis: not his, but his men, as the English requires. Latin<br />
constantly uses possessive adjs. with substantive force. — numero:<br />
A. 254. b. 2 ; B. 218. 3; G. 401. N. 6; H. 476. i; M. 629.<br />
14. eoque magis: and all the more (lit. and more on this<br />
account).<br />
15. subsidio: dat. of end or purpose.<br />
18. tanto . . . valuerunt: were so much superior in point of '<br />
courage.<br />
I. profligarint: A. 287. c; B. 268. 6; G. 513; H. 550; M.<br />
806.<br />
VI. 5. Cuius: trans, by a demonstrative. — victoriae: limits<br />
praemium,<br />
6. quo: A. 317. b; B. 282. a; G. 545. 2; H. 568. 7; M. 908.<br />
7. eandem: notice its emphatic po.sition.<br />
4. talis . . . est: this is the kind of honor -which was rendered.<br />
5. Poecile: Greek HOLKLXYI, the Painted {Forch), the name applied<br />
to that great hall at Athens which was adorned by the painter<br />
Polygnotus with frescoes of the battle of Marathon. A modem<br />
scholar has attempted a restoration of this painting accordim^ to
MILTIADES 147<br />
the description of the Greek writer Pausanias. The illustration<br />
on p. 22 shows part of this reproduction, and should be compared<br />
with the description which Nepos gives. The school of philosophers<br />
who met in this building or stoa (Greek o-i-oa, colonnade)<br />
were called on that account "Stoics." — Marathonia: the adj. is<br />
used, by a regular Latin idiom, in preference to the gen. Marathonis.<br />
6. ut . .committeret: describes the picture.— prima: i.e.<br />
his portrait occupied the most important place in the painting.<br />
9. largitione : money paid from the public treasury, on various<br />
accounts, to Athenian citizens. The system was begun under<br />
Pericles, and carried to excess by later politicians.<br />
10. Demetrio Phalereo : a man who governed Athens when it<br />
was no longer a free state, but subject to Macedon.<br />
VII. 15. Ex his : among these.<br />
17. commeatii : A. 243. a; B. 214. I ; G. 390. 2 ; H. 462 ; M. 600.<br />
18. viueis, testudinibus : these were movable sheds, used by<br />
besiegers working close under a wall as a protection against<br />
missiles thrown from above. The vinea was smaller and lighter<br />
than the testudo, and built like an arbor, whence its name. The<br />
testudo (" tortoise") was strongly buUt and specially defended<br />
against combustibles. Another kind of testudo than the one here<br />
referred to was made by the soldiers overlapping their shields above<br />
their heads, like the tUes on a roof. — muros : A. 234. e ; B. 141. 3 ;<br />
G. 359. N. I; H. 420. 5 ; M. 659.<br />
19. in potiretur : was on the point of getting possession;<br />
the substantive clause of result ut . . . potiretur is in apposition with<br />
eo. — oppido : see note on quo, p. 17, 1. 7.<br />
20. nescio quo : tra.ns. like aliqu/?. A. 202. a, 334. e; B. 253.6;<br />
G. 467. R. I; H. 512. 7 ; M. 818.<br />
21. nocturno: join with tempore.<br />
22. est visa: A. 324; B. 287. i; G. 561; H. 602; M. 881.<br />
— utrisque . opinionem: the thought occurred to both. The<br />
pi. of uterque shows that all persons on both sides are meant, and<br />
not two individuals merely.<br />
23. datum: sc. esse.<br />
25. adventaret: A. 331. f; B. 296. 2; G. 550. I. 2 ; H. 567. l ;<br />
M. 897.
148 NOTES<br />
26. totidem . . . profectus : just as many ships as he had set out<br />
with,<br />
I. proditionis: A. 220; B. 208. i ; G. 378; H. 4S6; M. 582.<br />
2. posset: subj. with cum concessive.—infectis rebus: with<br />
his mission unaccomplished,<br />
3. discessisset: A. 321 ; B. 286. i ; G. 540, 541 ; H. 588. II;<br />
M. 846, 788, 791. — vulneribus : abl. of cause.<br />
4. oppugnando: A. 296; B. 339; G. 427; H. 623; M. 988.<br />
5. Stesagoras: this cannot be correct, since according to the<br />
best authorities, Stesagoras had died some time before.<br />
6. Causa absolutus: when his case was tried, though<br />
acquitted of a capital offense.<br />
7. talentis : abl. of price. The talent was equal to about $1200.<br />
— quantus . . erat: a sum equal to the expenditure which had<br />
been made.<br />
9. solvere: cf. our use of solvent and insolvent as financial<br />
terms.<br />
VIII. 11. crimine Pario: on the charge concerning Paros.<br />
For the adj. see note on Marathonia, p. 23, 1. 5.<br />
13. Fisistrati: it was by a revolt from the rule of his sons that<br />
Athens had become a pure democracy. See Introd., p. 4. — annis:<br />
A. 250; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479. 3 ; M. 655.<br />
16. privatus: substantive.<br />
i8. quos, annos: ace. of extent of time. — perpetuam: see<br />
trans, of perpetua imperia in note on singularum, p. i8, 1. 25.<br />
19. obtinuerat: had held, not had obtained.<br />
20. consecutus: sc. eam hoxa dominationem, I, 19.<br />
21. suorum : see note on suis, p. 21, 1. 13.<br />
23. potestate perpetua: see note on dignitate regia, p. 18,1. 4.<br />
24. usa est: has enjoyed.<br />
26. auctSritas : sc. erat.<br />
27. nobile: here not noble, but famous (that is, well known,<br />
being derived from nosed).<br />
28. respiciens : quamvls respiceret.
THEMISTOCLES 149<br />
THEMISTOCLES<br />
B.C.<br />
480. Battle of Thermopylae.<br />
478-476. Rebuilding of the walls of Athens and fortification of the<br />
Piraeus.<br />
471. Ostracism of Themistocles.<br />
460. Death of Themistocles.<br />
I. I. Neocli: for nom. see Vocab., and for inflection, A. 43. a;<br />
B. 47. 7; G. 65, decl. oi Socrates; H. no. 4; M. 180.<br />
2. Hiiius: modifies vitia, which is farther defined by ineuntis<br />
adulescentiae.<br />
6. ordiendus : Nepos says he must be, instead of the less concise<br />
the story of his life must be.<br />
8. diixit: sc. in mdtriinonium.<br />
9. Qui cum : trans, as though cum is.<br />
10. parentibus : dat. of agent. — llberius : A. 93. a; B. 240. i;<br />
G. 297. 2; H. 498; M. 678.<br />
13. eam : sc. contumeliain.<br />
14. amicis famaeque: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426;<br />
M. 53°, 531-<br />
15. Multum. .prodibat: illustrates the preceding sentence.<br />
By conducting legal cases for his friends he carried out his principle<br />
amicis servire; by taking advantage of the opportunities for distinction<br />
which the Assembly gave, he exemplified the other maxim,<br />
famae servire.<br />
16. contionem : the Ecclesia, or public assembly, was the most<br />
powerful legislative body at Athens in the time of Themistocles. It<br />
was composed, not of elected representatives, but of all citizens.<br />
The privilege of speaking in its meetings was open to all its<br />
members.<br />
17. raaior: of special importance. The comparative often denotes<br />
the possession of a quality in a degree greater than the ordinary. —<br />
quae: A. 243. e. R.; B. 218. 2. a; G.406; H.477. III. N.; M. 649.<br />
19. gerendis: contrasted with excogitandis. For the syntax,<br />
see note on oppugnando, p. 24, 1. 4.<br />
21. Quo factum est ut: a common mode of introducing a<br />
clause of result.
I50<br />
NOTES<br />
II. 23. rei pvihiicae: public life.<br />
24. bello Corcyraeo : abl. of time. The statement is a historical<br />
error. Themistocles was not a general in this war, and it was<br />
when Athens was at war with Aegina that he pressed his naval<br />
policy on the attention of the Athenians. — ad . . . gerendum:<br />
A. 300; B. 339. 2; G. 432. R.; H. 628; M. 995. — praetor: A.<br />
239. I. a. N.2; B. 168; G. 206; H. 393; M. 475.<br />
I. reliquo tempore : for the future.<br />
3. metallis: Athenian money, the standard throughout Greece<br />
on account of its purity, was coined from silver obtained at Laurium<br />
in Southern Attica. The mines were very rich, and owned by the<br />
state. — largitione magistratuum: see note on the same expression,<br />
p. 23,1. 9.<br />
4. populo : see note on amicis, p. 25,1. 14.<br />
5. navium : gen. of quality.— aedificaretur : A. 331 ; B. 295. i ;<br />
G. 546 ; H. 565 ; M. 893, 894. — Qua . . . effecta: see note on copiis<br />
disiectis, p. 17,1. 25. Trans, as though cum ea celeriter eff'ecta e<br />
8. consectando: A. 301 ; B. 338. 4. a) ; G. 431 ; H. 630; M.<br />
1002. Its obj. is praedones. Piracy was a scourge of ancient<br />
times hard to realize in our day. Cicero tells us that at one<br />
time Rome was practically deprived of the use of the Mediterranean<br />
Sea, which was infested with corsairs.<br />
12. belli: A. 218; B. 204. I ; G. 374; H. 451. i; M. 573.<br />
14. saliiti . . . Graeciae: see note on populo . . . spectacido,<br />
p. 16, 1. 5.<br />
17. Europae : see note on Scythis, p. 18, 1. 21.<br />
18. quantas: this word after tantus, like qudlis after talis, tot<br />
after quot, etc., is regiflarly rendered as.<br />
19. classis: nominative.<br />
22. peditum: see note on the same word, p. 20, 1. 7.<br />
24. peti : to be the object of attack.<br />
25. miserunt Delphos consultum: do not attempt to supply<br />
an obj. to miserunt, but trans, by the same idiom, tliey sent to<br />
Delphi to ask. — quidnam facerent: what they were to do. For<br />
the original form of this indir. quest., see A. 268 ; B. 277 ; G. 265 ;<br />
H. 559-4; M. 723.<br />
26. Deliberantibus: to their question. Avoid wooden translation<br />
of participles, such as rendering this word those questioning.
THEMISTOCLES 151<br />
27. munirent: respondit contains the idea of a direction; hence<br />
this substantive clause of purpose. — Id . . . valeret: what this<br />
oracle meant; lit. in what direction this oracle had force.<br />
29. esse: persuaded has two uses. In one it means convince,<br />
and takes the construction of indir. disc.; in the other it means<br />
urge (action), and takes a substantive clause of purpose as its object.<br />
So in English:'<br />
" He persuaded us that this -was so." (Indir. disc.)<br />
" He persuaded us to do this.^^ (Purpose.)<br />
In the second use it must be remembered that Latin does not<br />
employ the infinitive. Cf. aedificaretur, 1. 5. —sua : their goods.<br />
30. eum . . . ligneum: abridged expression for eum enim esse<br />
m.urum. ligneutn qui a deo significaretur.<br />
I. addunt: see note on creant, p. 20, 1. 20. — superiores : those<br />
which they had before.<br />
3. Salamina . . . Troezena: seenoteonMaratfidna,'^.'2,o,l. 14;<br />
also on Chersonesum, p. 17,1. 2. — arcem : the Acropolis. See the<br />
view of Athens, p. 35.<br />
4. natii: abl. of specification.—ad prociiranda : the expression<br />
is equivalent to qui sacra procUrarent. See note on ad . . . gerendum,<br />
p. 25, 1. 24.<br />
III. 6. civitatibus : see note on amicis famaeque, p. 25, 1. 14.<br />
7. dimicari: verbs used impersonally may often be rendered<br />
as if they had as subject a noun formed from the same root as the<br />
verb. So here trans, that the battle should be fought.<br />
8. qui . . . occuparent: it is generally more idiomatic to translate<br />
purpose clauses by the English infinitive.<br />
10. sustinuerunt: in English we should say "(;
152 NOTES<br />
point of the past, the verb is put in the impf. or plup. subj., according<br />
as its action is conceived as continuing or as completed.<br />
6. premerentur: A. 331. f; B. 296. 2; G. 550. 2; H. 567. i.<br />
4; M. 897.<br />
IV. 10. nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus : abl.<br />
abs.<br />
13. CQius . . . auderent: trans, the phrases in the following<br />
order: cum classiarii cuius (render like huius) flamma perterriti<br />
manere non auderent. At the same time, it should be remembered<br />
that the order of the text is in no sense whimsical or haphazard.<br />
The ideas are arranged in the order of their importance, and it is<br />
only the restriction placed on English by the absence of inflections<br />
that compels us to alter this arrangement in rendering.<br />
17. domos: when it means/«w««, (^OT^J regularly, as here, omits<br />
the prep, with the ace. of end or limit of motion. The plural conveys<br />
the idea of their going each to his own home.<br />
19. unus : solus.<br />
20. universos : sc. se, and make a proper contrast with disperses<br />
in the translation. —paris : a match for thetn.<br />
22. summae . . . praeerat: -was co7nmander-in-chief.—fore:<br />
would happen.<br />
23. Quem: trans, after moveret, and as though it were sed<br />
hunc. — vellet: A. 342 ; B. 324; G.663; H. 652 ; M. 793.—noctu<br />
. . . misit: however this is arranged in the final translation,<br />
the thought should be taken in the Latin order. The first words are<br />
like the bold outlines of a sketch. Details are added like finer<br />
strokes, and give completeness. Study the following rendering in<br />
this light before recasting in every-day English: by night—from<br />
(the number of) his slaves-—the trustiest man he had—to the king<br />
— he sent.<br />
24. regem : i.e. Xerxes.<br />
25. suis : refers to subject of principal verb, while ei and eius<br />
refer to regem.<br />
26. discessissent: quoted perf. subj. or fut. perf. ind. after a<br />
secondary tense.—maiore cum labore : A. 248 ; B. 220; G. 399;<br />
H.473- 3; M. 636.<br />
27. confecturum: sc. eum {I.e. regem). 'ResaiA confides or conficias.<br />
See note on fecissent, p. 17, 1. 14. —singulos : one at a time.
THEMISTOCLES ^53<br />
I. quos si: this may be rendered as if sed si eos. — brevi:<br />
adverb. — universos : all together.<br />
2. oppressurum: not oppress.—eo valebat: had this object.<br />
See note on Ld . . . valeret, p. 26, 1. 27.<br />
3. barbarus: the barbarian is here, of course, the king. The<br />
Greeks gave the name "barbarian" to all foreigners.<br />
4. doli: A. 216. I ; B. 201. i ; G. 369; H. 441 ; M. 559, 564.<br />
V. 9. Hic . . . gesserat: although he had failed in this instance<br />
(lit. here).<br />
II. eodem: refers to Themistocles.—gradii: a word used<br />
technically of gladiatorial combats. Trans, was forced from his<br />
vantage-ground.<br />
13. id agi : that a plan was on foot.<br />
14. idque ei persuasit: and he convinced him. of the truth of<br />
this. In this sentence id takes the place of such an expression as<br />
id esse veru)n as the dir. obj. oi persuasit.<br />
15. qua . . . fecerat, eadem: by the same route over which lie<br />
had marched.<br />
19. Haec : sc. est. •.<br />
20. possit: A. 320; B. 283. I. 2; G. 631. i; H. 591. 5;<br />
M. 836.—Nam: introduces sentences which justify a preceding<br />
assertion.<br />
22. post hominum memoriam: within the menwry of man.<br />
VI. 24. portu: see note on quo, p. 17, 1. 7. The Athenians<br />
used Phalerum as their first harbor, because marshy ground lay<br />
between Athens and the much better port of Piraeus.<br />
25. triplex: it consisted of the Piraeus proper, and the smaller<br />
harbors of Munychla and Zea. See plan, p. 30.<br />
I. iis : see note on ea, p. 16,1. 23.<br />
3. restituit: they had been levelled by the Persians.—praecipu5<br />
suo periculo : abl. indicating the circumstances of the action.<br />
5. qua negarent: A. 320. f; B. 282. 3; G. 631. i ; H. 591. 7;<br />
M. 837-<br />
8. aedificantis : in their building, a slightly different idea from<br />
prevent them from building, which would be expressed by the<br />
inf. — longe . . . spectabat: had a far different object. Literally ?<br />
9. atque: from -what. A. 247. d; B. 341. I. c; G. 643; H.<br />
516. 3; M. 760.
154<br />
NOTES<br />
lo. Marathonia et Salaminia: those at Marathon and Salamis.<br />
See note on Marathonia, p. 23, 1. 5.<br />
12. sibi . . . fore: that they -would have. A. 231 ; B. 190; G.<br />
349i H. 430; M. 542.<br />
13. quam infirmissimos : see note on quam celerrimo, p. 20,1.19.<br />
14. strui: use the form for continued action, walls were building.<br />
15. fieri: A. 331. a; B. 331. II; G. 423- 2. N.6; H. 565. 3;<br />
M. 968. — His praesentibus : as long as these were on the ground,<br />
2. primo : at first is the regular meaning oi primo; vtVileprimum<br />
means first in order, with usually deinde or tum, next, then, to follow,<br />
and concluding with denique or postremo, finally, lastly.<br />
3. tuendS: A. 299, 234; B. 338. 2. a, 192. 2; G. 429, 359; H.<br />
627,434; M. 5-36.—^Reliqui: notice its emphatic position.<br />
4. viderentur: A. 341; B. 323; G. 508. 3; H. 649. I; M.<br />
1026, 1021. He said videbuntur.<br />
5. facerent: keep on with; quoted imperative. A. 339; B. 316;<br />
G. 652; H. 642; M. 1023. — loco: see note on populo, p. 26,<br />
1. 4.—neque parcerent: for the direct form of prohibitions see<br />
A. 269. a, 339. N. 2 ; B. 276. a. c; G. 270. R. 2; H. 561; M. 715,<br />
728. Neve {neu) is regularly used to introduce a second clause in<br />
any construction which requires ne instead of non.<br />
7. congererent: see note on facerent, 1. 5.<br />
VII. 12. causam : as an excuse.<br />
14. fieri: was going on.<br />
16. ephoros: the ephors. These were five magistrates in the<br />
Spartan state who served as a check on the two kings, and who held<br />
much of the administrative power. Their title is a Greek word<br />
meaning overseers.<br />
18. falsa . . . delata: that false reports had bee7i brought. Th<br />
student will find it worth while to notice how frequently/few and its<br />
compounds mean say, tell, the fundamental idea being the bringing<br />
of tidings.<br />
19. illos: subject of mittere, of which viros is object.<br />
20. fides haberetur : since fidem habere is equivalent to confidere,<br />
it has the constr. of A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. I;<br />
M. 531. — qui . . . explorarent: A. 317. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 630;<br />
H. 590; M. 835. — se retinerent: he said me retinete. See note<br />
on facerent, 1. 5.
THEMISTOCLES 155<br />
21. Gestus . . . mos : the exact idea of morem gerere alicui<br />
seems to be that of bearing or putting up with one's whim or fancy,<br />
humoring one. The dat. may be explained as the indir. obj. of the<br />
verbal phrase. Cf. note on fides haberetur, 1. 20.<br />
22. honoribus : A. 249; B; 218. i ; G. 407 ; H. 477. I; M. 646.<br />
23. iussit proficisci: what is the constr. after other verbs of<br />
commanding? — ut ne : less common than ne in negative clauses of<br />
purpose. Here the ne negatives prius rather than dimitterent.<br />
24. prius : not to be translated until quam is reached.<br />
25. esset remissus : for tense and mood of the direct form, see<br />
A. 327. a; B. 291, 292; G. 574, 577 ; H. 605 ; M. 878.<br />
27. liberrime professus est: made a clean breast of the inatter.<br />
— suo: A. 196. a. 2; B. 244. i. II; G. 521; H. 504; M. 1046.<br />
I. quod : a thing which, referring to the whole idea of deos . .<br />
saepsisse. Id quod is rather more usual in such a connection. —<br />
commiini ilire gentium : international law.<br />
2. deos . . . penatis: the greater gods were worshipped by the<br />
community. Such were the del pi'tblici, gods worshipped by all<br />
Greeks, and the dei patril, gods who had peculiar charge of some<br />
particular state. The Penates were guardian deities of the home, or of<br />
the state viewed as the home of its people; and their worship was<br />
essentially an affair of the family.<br />
• Notice the conjunctions in this clause: que connects the divinities<br />
which are alike in kind, while ac introduces the different class of the<br />
Penates. —cinb . . .possent: A. 317. b; 6.282.3; G. 545-2; H.<br />
568. 7 ; M. 908.<br />
3. neque inutile: emphasis of an idea by denying its opposite<br />
(" litotes ") is a common rhetorical device. Compare our colloquial<br />
" that's not half bad," said of something decidedly good.<br />
.5. oppositum: not attracted from the gender of urbem to that<br />
of propugnaculum, but belonging with the latter word. The sense<br />
is, their city is as a bulwark opposed to the barbarians.<br />
6. bis: at Marathon and Salamis.— fecisse naufragium: had<br />
suffered defeat. What is the literal meaning ?<br />
7. facere: were acting.—intuerentur: probably subj. in the<br />
direct form also. A. 320. e; B. 283. 3 ; G. 633 ; H. 592 ; M. 839.<br />
8. ipsorum : suae might refer, not to Lacedaemonios, but to the<br />
speaker, Themistocles. Cf. the use on p. 19, 11. 12, 14.
156<br />
NOTES<br />
9. suos: here, as there is no danger of ambiguity, this word<br />
refers to the subject of its own clause {direct reflexive), and not to<br />
that of the verb of saying {indirect reflexive). — recipere: not<br />
receive, which is generally expressed by accipere, while recipere has<br />
the idea of recovering something formerly in one's possession.<br />
10. miserant: ind. as being rather an explanatory statement<br />
by the author than a quotation from Themistocles. — remitterent:<br />
quoted imperative. See note on facerent, p. 31, 1. 5.<br />
VIII. 14. testularum suffragils: ostracism (lit. potsherdvotes).<br />
At Athens, when the rivalry of two prominent jjublic men<br />
seemed likely to cause a deadlock or threaten the safety of the<br />
state, the people were called together and voted for the banishment<br />
of one or the other. Originally the ballot used was an oyster-shell<br />
(ocrrpaKoi'), whence the name ostracism; afterwards a tile or potsherd<br />
was used. A man was not ostracised unless at least six<br />
thousand votes were cast against him. The banishment lasted for<br />
ten years, but involved neither confiscation of property nor permanent<br />
loss of civic rights. In later times, through abuse and evasion,<br />
the imperfection of ostracism as a remedy for political evils began<br />
to appear, and the custom was abolished.<br />
15. habitatum: see note on deliberatum, p. 17, 1. 7.—Hic:<br />
adverb. Trans, with viveret.<br />
18. ad . . . opprimendam : see note on ad .. . gerendum, p. 25,<br />
1. 24.<br />
19. crimine: see note on crimine Paris, p. 24,1. 11. — absens<br />
damnatus : declared guilty without a hearing.<br />
20. Argis: locative.<br />
22. iis: dat. with the compound verb indicerent.<br />
23. Molossiim: A. 40. e; B. 25. 6. c) ; G. 33.4; H. 84. 3 ; M. 154.<br />
24. ei: dat. of possessor. — hospitium: in early times, when<br />
all strangers were regarded as enemies, travellers in foreign lands<br />
were not safe unless protected by the hospitality of some native of<br />
the country. To secure this protection, or hospitium, they had to be<br />
recommended to their host, either on the scoi'e of previous acquaintance<br />
and friendly compact, or by a mutual friend himself enjoying<br />
the rights of such a comijact. It was because 1'hemistocles did not<br />
have hospitium with Admetus that he took the precautions described<br />
in the text.
THEMISTOCLES 157<br />
25. quo : see note on quo . . . possent, p. 32, 1. 2.<br />
26. religione : not religion. — se : refers to Themistocles, while<br />
the subject of tueretur is rex. — receptum tueretur: trans, as if<br />
reciperet et tueretur, though the other is, of course, better Latin.<br />
27. sacrarium: a private oratory or shrine, probably the place<br />
where the images of the household gods were kept.<br />
2. data dextra: among the Greeks to clasp hands was the<br />
mark of a pledge, not of greeting. They did not " shake hands."<br />
— in fidem: under his protection.— quam: trans, as if et eam<br />
fidevi.<br />
5. sibi: with the ace. consulere means consult; with the dat.,<br />
consult for, or as here, provide for one''s safety. A. 227. c; B. 187.<br />
II; G. 346. N.2; H. 426. 4; M. 537.<br />
6. tSto : adverb ; tuto versari = tiitum esse.<br />
7. esset: A. 341; B. 323; G. 508. 3; H. 649. I; M. 791.—<br />
praesidi: see note on doll, p. 29, 1. 4.<br />
10. pervenisset: direct,pervenero.<br />
II. sibi: A. 232; B. 189. i; G. 354, 355; H.431; M. 544.<br />
12. conservasset: see note on pervenisset, 1. 10, and notice<br />
that the indir. disc, is merely implied by the mood of the verb and<br />
the general drift of the sentence.<br />
13. viri: obj. gen. Render hy for, not of, in order to preserve<br />
the English idiom. — captus : moved.<br />
14. diem noctemque : a day and a night, not day and night;<br />
ace. of extent of time.<br />
15. quemquam: A. 202. b; B. 252. 4; G. 317. i; H. 513;<br />
M. 1071.<br />
16. Cui: i.e. to the captain.<br />
IX. 18. Themistoclem . . . transisse: the position of Xerxe<br />
regnante shows that it contains the leading idea. This, taken with<br />
the position of ad Artaxerxen, I. 22, shows that it is not the fact but<br />
the time of Themistocles' arrival in Asia which historians dispute.<br />
20. Thiicydidi: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346. R.2; H. 426. 2;<br />
M. 531. —aetate: abl. of specification. — de : in partitive expres<br />
sions regularly to be translated of.<br />
21. eiusdem : a citizen of the same.<br />
23. Themistocles: the form of the verb makes it unnecessary<br />
for him to say ego Themistocles.
158 NOTES<br />
24. qui . . . Intuli : the person of the relative is the same as that<br />
of its antecedent.<br />
26. idem : / also. This pronoun often has this force. — multo<br />
pliira: many more. The adv. multo was originally an abl. of<br />
degree of difference, so that the expression means literally more by<br />
much. , In this way multo can be distinguished from the adv.<br />
multum, originally an ace. of extent, and meaning to a great<br />
extent.<br />
27. ipse: sc. esse coepi.<br />
I. proelio facto : trans. as though postquam proelium factum est.<br />
2. id agi: see note on the same expression, p. 29,1. 13.<br />
4. quo : and by this.<br />
9. annuum tempus: a yearns time; see note on Marathonia,<br />
p. 23, 1. 5.<br />
10. eoque transacto : abl. abs.<br />
X. II. Huius animi magnitiidinem: the noble spirit of the<br />
man.<br />
14. dicatur: Latin usually prefers the personal he is said to the<br />
impersonal it is said that he, especially in the tenses of incomplete<br />
action (pres., impf., fut.).<br />
17. gratissimumque illud, si: and-what was especially pleasing,<br />
that if, etc.—suis: see note on suo, p. 31, I. 27. — iiti:<br />
not to be rendered use in this connection. — ilium : to whom must<br />
this refer ?<br />
18. oppressurum : do not render by the English derivative.<br />
19. donatus : presented with, miineribus being abl. of means.<br />
Dono may also take the ace. and dat. like do. — Asiam: this, to a<br />
Roman, meant Asia Minor.<br />
21. his quidem verbis: introduces the indir. disc, quae . . .<br />
praeberet, that it should supply.<br />
22. redibant: came in {pi revenue). Indicative, .because an<br />
explanatory note by the author, and not part of the quotation.<br />
I. apud plerosque: in the accounts given by many; while a<br />
plerisque would mean simply by many, plerosque is used as on,<br />
p. 15,1. I.<br />
2. auctorem : as an authority.<br />
3. morbo mortuum : died a natural death.<br />
5. praestare : used in the same sense, p. 33, 1. 3.
ARISTIDES ^59<br />
7. sepulta: his body appears to have been buried at Magnesia<br />
immediately after his death, then exhumed and taken to Athens.<br />
8. memoriae prodidit: has recorded.<br />
ARISTIDES<br />
B.C.<br />
483. Aristides sent into exile.<br />
480. Aristides is recalled and fights at Salamis.<br />
479. Battle of Plataea.<br />
477. Confederacy of Delos formed.<br />
I. 10. principatii: a position nearly akin to that of the leader of<br />
a dominant political party in England ; only, from the extreme democracy<br />
of the Athenian constitution, it did not of necessity involve<br />
holding any public office.<br />
11. namque : the general fact of their rivalry is mentioned as<br />
explanation of this particular instance. — obtrectarunt . . . se:<br />
they were rivals. — In: in the case of.<br />
12". quanto . . . innocentiae: what an advantage eloquence<br />
has over character.<br />
14. unus: hei-s tlie only one who, etc. — quidem: serves to<br />
emphasize quem, at least that I have heard of.<br />
15. audierimus: subj. of characteristic.<br />
16. testula: see note on testularum suffragils, p. 32, 1. 14.—<br />
ilia: when this word follows its noun, it often means, as here, the<br />
well-known. — exsilio : with judicial verbs the charge is usually in<br />
the genitive; the penalty is usually in the ablative, as here, though<br />
the genitive is also possible.<br />
17. Qui quidem cum : now when he.<br />
18. cedens : as he was going away.<br />
19. ut . . . pelleretur: depends on scrlbentem, which here acquires<br />
the force of a verb of commanding.<br />
20. dicitur : see note on dicatur, p. 34, 1. 14.<br />
21. poena: A. 245. a. i; B. 226. 2; G. 397. N.2; H. 481;<br />
M, 654. — ciir . . . diiceretur: a clause of characteristic. In this<br />
particular connection, cur may be rendered that; it is equivalent to<br />
qua re or quam ob rem.<br />
22. sibi non placere : that he didnH like it.
i6o NOTES<br />
24. legitimam : see note on testularum suffragils, p. 32, 1. 14.<br />
2. quam: iorpostquam.<br />
II. 4. pugnae: dat. after the intrans. compound of inter.—<br />
Salamina: see note on Marathona, p. 20, 1. 14.<br />
5. idem: he also.<br />
8. re militari : emphasize the contrast with iustitiae, etc,<br />
9. quam: except.<br />
10. multa: sc.facta.<br />
12. summa . . . maritimi: the naval supremacy.<br />
15. intemperantia: puffed up by his successes, Pausanias had<br />
assumed the dress and manners of a Persian desi^ot.<br />
18. duces sibi: as their leaders. The dat. of reference can<br />
often best be rendered by a possessive.<br />
III. 19. quo . . . repellerent: see note on quo ... possent,<br />
p. 32, 1. 2.<br />
20. conarentur: the context shows that this subj. belongs to<br />
a future condition, represented from the standpoint ef the past.<br />
Render by should.<br />
11. daret: subj. of indir. quest, depending on constitueret.<br />
Trans, the clauses in the order Aristides . . . constitueret, quantum<br />
. . . daret, ad . . . comparandos.<br />
25. voluerunt: appointed.<br />
I. qua abstinentia: abl. of quality. Cf. dignitate regia, p. 18,<br />
1. 4; potestate perpetua, p. 24,1.23. —fuerit: A. 287. b. 3 ; B. 267;<br />
G. 510, 511; H. 543-545; M. 803, 804.<br />
2. quam quod: than the fact that. A. 333; B. 299; G. 525. 2;<br />
H. 588. 3; M. 848.<br />
3. qui: adverb. Trans, he scarcely left enough for his burial.<br />
For the literal meaning of qui see Vocab., and cf the old English<br />
use of withal, and the colloquial " the wherewithal."<br />
4. reliquerit: A. 287. c; B. 268. 6; G. 513; H. 550; M. 806.<br />
— piiblice : at the expense of the state.<br />
5. d6tibus : dowry was a necessary condition in the marriage of<br />
an Athenian woman, and the match was arranged by friends without<br />
much regard to the bride's preference.<br />
6. post . . . quartum: four years after. In the best Latin,<br />
quattuor annis postquam or quarto anno postquam are more<br />
common.
PAUSANIAS i6i<br />
PAUSANIAS<br />
B.C.<br />
479. Battle of Plataea.<br />
I. 9. varius . . . vitae: inconsistent in the different relations<br />
of life. The Latin is much more vague, but the explanatory<br />
clause beginning with nam makes evident the particular turn to be<br />
given to varius and genere vitae.<br />
10. ut . . . sic : though . . .yet.<br />
II. HQius inlustrissimum : that for which he is most renowned.<br />
12. illo duce: abl. abs. Keep the emphasis of the Latin by<br />
translating it was when he was commander that Mardonius.<br />
13. natione: abl. of specification.<br />
14. Medus : often used loosely of Persians, as liere.<br />
15. manu fortis : a man of physical courage.<br />
17. equitum: sc. milia. ^ Cf. peditum, p. 20, 1. 7, and note.<br />
— hand . . . Graeciae: a comparatively small force of Greeks.<br />
Literally ?<br />
19. plurima miscere : create endless disturbance.—maiora concupiscere<br />
: have larger aspirations.<br />
I. tripodem aureum: the central support of three twisted<br />
bronze serpents, about fifteen feet high, is still preserved at Constantinople.<br />
A facsimile may be seen in the National Museum at<br />
Washington. This part was originally gilded, while the tripod itself,<br />
the bowl, and perhaps part of the decoration are said to have been<br />
of solid gold. See the illustration on p. 39, and the restoration on<br />
p. 42.<br />
2. posuisset: subj. because the reason is quoted.<br />
3. suo ductu: cf. note on illo duce, p. 38, 1. 12.<br />
5. dedisse: sc.se.—versiis : derived from verto, turn. It is<br />
only because in poetry the division into lines is important that<br />
" verse " has now come to be used of a line of poetry rather than<br />
prose. neque . . . scripserunt: not nor wrote anything else,<br />
but and wrote nothing else. See note on neque, p. 17, 1. 28.<br />
II. 8. classe commiini: see the note on the same words, p. 27,<br />
I. II.<br />
2. iisus: since he experienced. Literally ? —elatius se gerere :<br />
to behave more arrogantly.<br />
M
l62 NOTES<br />
3. res : power.<br />
5. Xerxi: not ad Xerxem, because the '\&eaoigiving back is more<br />
prominent than the actual homeward journey of the prisoners.<br />
6. efffigisse : sc. eos as subject.<br />
7. redderet: A. 317. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 630; H. 590; M. 835.<br />
9. quos : the antecedent is the unexpressed obj- of misit.<br />
10. tibi muueri: double dative, sent as a favor to you. See<br />
note on populo . . . spectaculo, p. i5, 1. 5. Sent to you as a favor<br />
connecting to you with sent, would require ad te.<br />
11. videtur : seems good. — des : more polite than the imperative<br />
da. A, 266. a; B. 275. 2; G. 263. 2 (a) ; H. 560. i ; M. 713.<br />
12. nuptum : A. 302 ; B. 340 i. b ; G. 435 ; H. 633.1 ; M. 1005.<br />
13. redactiirum : the construction of indirect discourse is regular<br />
after verbs of promising.<br />
14. quid agere : conduct any negotiations, — volueris : A. 307. c;<br />
B. 302, 303; G. 595, 596; H. 574. 3, 576; M. 933, 936, 748.—<br />
certum: trusty.<br />
15. mittas face: please send. The omission and insertion of<br />
ut in such sentences may be compared to the English " Don't forget<br />
! Be sure!" and " Be sure not to forget." Notice the irregular<br />
spelling/a«. A. 128. c; B. 116. 3; G. 130. 5; H. 241 ; M. 382.<br />
16. salQte: ahl. vi'ith gavlsus (irom gaudeb).<br />
18. ne cui rei parcat: to spare no pains. For the pronoun, see<br />
A. 105. d; B. 252. 1; G. 315; H. 512. i; M. 1064. For the<br />
tenses here, see note on creant, p. 20,1. 20.<br />
19. polliceretur: A. 342; B. 324; G. 629; H. 652; M. 793.<br />
•— si . . . laturum : in the direct form, si perfeceris, nulllus rei a<br />
me repulsam feres. Trans, the last clause would be refused (Ut.<br />
receive the refusal of) nothing.<br />
20. Hiiius: as often, it stands first, referring to a person just<br />
mentioned. Pausanias, being the next most important word,<br />
comes next, even though it separates Huius from voluntate.<br />
21. alacrior . . factus : having been made more eager to accomplish<br />
his object.<br />
22. Lacedaemoniorum: it is more idiomatic to render this<br />
genitive by with.<br />
23. accusatus: sc. et in translating.—capitis: gen. of the<br />
charge. See note on Causd . . . absolutus, p. 24. 1. 6.
PAUSANIAS 163<br />
III. 25. u5n multo: connect with/oj^.<br />
26. non . . . patefecit: displayed the workings, not of a dull but<br />
of a crazed intellect.<br />
4. possent: A. 320. c; B. 284.4; G*. 631.3; H. 570. i ; M.871.<br />
5. petentibus: petitioners.<br />
II. capieitat: formed.<br />
12. Id postquam: notice how frequently the conjunction is<br />
postponed in Latin, in order that some other word may be the<br />
more closely connected with the preceding sentence.<br />
15. more illorum : the writing was on a strip wound spirally on<br />
the clava. Unwound it could not be read, but by rewinding on a<br />
duplicate cylinder the parts of words were united and became<br />
legible.<br />
16. reverteretur . . . damnaturos: shown by the tense of the<br />
inf. to be a future condition.<br />
17. se . . . posse: see note on reddctUrum, p. 40, 1. 13, and<br />
observe that verbs of hoping take the same construction as verbs of<br />
promising.<br />
18. peciinia et potentia: bribery and political influence. In<br />
modern poKtical slang, Pausanias depended on his "pull" and the<br />
use of "boodle " to save him. —posse : this inf. is future in sense,<br />
though present in form. Regularly, however, a verb which, like<br />
possum,has, no fut. inf. is put in the pres. or imperf. subj. aiterfore<br />
ut whenever a fut. inf would be the natural construction.<br />
20. legibus : ablative.<br />
21. cuivis ephoro: dat. with licet. See note on ephoros, p. 31,<br />
1. 16.—facere:. what other construction is possible after licet 1<br />
A. 33i.i. N.3; B. 295. 6; G. 553. 2; H. 564. II. i; M. 782.<br />
22. suspicione: A. 243. a; B. 214. i. c) ; G. 405; H. 462;<br />
M. 600.<br />
24. Hilotae: the name "Helot" probably means "captive"<br />
(from the root k\- appearing in the 2 aor. system of aipim), although<br />
the Greeks themselves believed that it meant "inhabitant of Helos,"<br />
a town subdued by the Spartans.<br />
26. munere : see note on quo, p. 17, 1. 7.<br />
27. existimabatur: the personal construction is regular in the<br />
tenses of incomplete action.<br />
28. posset: subj. in a clause of characteristic.
164 NOTES<br />
29. suspicionibus . . . iildicari: that judgment ought not to be<br />
based on suspicions.<br />
30. exspectandum: sc. sibi; that they must wait. The non<br />
above, though placed before putabant, belongs and must be translated<br />
only with iudicdri. — res: the truth. — aperiret: A. 328. 1;<br />
B. 293. III. 2; G. 572; H. 603. II. 2; M. 921.<br />
IV. 2. ad: addressed to. — ei . . . venisset: suspected. Literally?<br />
For el, see note on utrisque, p. 23, 1. 22.<br />
4. vincla: the letter was probably written on the inside of a<br />
folding tablet, which was tied with a string, and sealed with wax<br />
over the knot.<br />
5. si . . . pereundum: direct, si pertulero, mihi est pereundum.<br />
12. ne . . . quidem : A. 151. e ; B. 347. I; G. 448. N. 2 ; H. 656. 2<br />
M. 1159.<br />
14. ut. . . comprehenderent: translate a purpose (final) clause<br />
by to with the infinitive whenever the English idiom requires it.<br />
19. quod violari: whose profanation. Literally?<br />
20. in . . . consedit: the temple itself was a sanctuary, while the<br />
altar was the holiest spot in it, and hence the safest.<br />
21. iiixta: ^re'p. with hanc.<br />
22. posset: subj. of purpose.—loqueretur: the subj. implies<br />
that this was what the ephors had in mind in digging the hole<br />
(informal or implied indirect discourse).<br />
23. ex ephoris: the ablative with ex or de is preferred to the<br />
partitive genitive after unus, duo, tres, and quidam.<br />
24. perturbatus: in great anxiety.<br />
26. causae : A. 216. a. 3 ; B. 201. 2 ; G. 369; H. 441 ; M. 564.<br />
27. Quo: abl. of cause.<br />
28. ne: do not translate ne with the subjunctive after verbs of<br />
asking, etc., by lest, but follow the English idiom, not to.<br />
I. neu: see note on neque parcerent, p. 31, 1.5.—meritum:<br />
trans, as though qui meritus esset.<br />
2. sibi, dedisset, sublevasset, ei, futiirum: direct, mihi,<br />
dederis, sublevdveris, tibi, erit. — implicatum : sc. se.<br />
3. ei praemio : see note on populo . . . spectaculo, p. 16, 1. 5.<br />
V. 7. in eo esset: see note on in . . . potiretur, p. 23,1. 19.<br />
10. gradibus : A. 250 ; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479. 3 ; M. 655. —
CIMON 165<br />
quam : omit in translating. It is used in the Latin because of the<br />
comparison implied in paucis ante gradibus. — qui: sc. il.<br />
14. matrem : mater would be more usual, the personal construction<br />
being preferred. See note on existimabatur, p. 41, 1. 27.<br />
16. in primis attulisse: was among the first to bring.—<br />
ad claudendum, ad introitum: in the first of these phrases ad<br />
expresses tendency or purpose, a use derived from its expression of<br />
actual direction, as in the second example.<br />
18. animam efElavit: breathed his last. Anima came to mean<br />
life, because the breath was believed to be the vital principle.<br />
20. eodem : adv., antecedent of quo.<br />
21. ii: sc. Inferrentur, from Inferrl.<br />
24. vitam posuerat: cf. English had laid down his life.<br />
CIMON B.C.<br />
477. Cimon and Aristides placed in command of the<br />
Athenian fleet.<br />
468. Battle of the Eurymedon.<br />
461. Cimon ostracized.<br />
457. Battle of Tanagra; Cimon recalled.<br />
I. 2. initio: A. 249; B. 218. i; G. 407; H.477. I; M. 646.<br />
— usus: see note on the same word, p. 40, 1. 2.<br />
3. litem: the fine imposed on account of the affair at Paros.<br />
The account is given in Miltiades, VII.—populo: dat. with<br />
solvere.<br />
7. solvisset: see note on loqueretur, p. 42,1. 22.<br />
8. Hiiius coniugi : A.218.a; B. 204. I ; G. 374; H. 450, 451. l ,<br />
M. 573- Desirous of this marriage is the author's concise way<br />
of saying desirous of marrying this woman. — generosus : do not<br />
trans, it generous. What better rendering is suggested by the<br />
derivation from genus ?<br />
9. peciinias : sums of money.<br />
10. egit cum : proposed to. — uxorem: predicate, as his wife.<br />
— id . . . soluturum. This form of sentence should now present<br />
no difficulty, but in case the syntax is still obscure, the followingquestions<br />
will suggest the method of classification: —
i66 NOTES<br />
(i) What is indicated by the fact that the apodosis of this condition<br />
has the infinitive and the protasis the subjunctive ?<br />
(2) To what time does the condition belong, as shown by the<br />
tense of the inf. soluturimi ?<br />
(3) Does the tense of impetrasset express completed or incomplete<br />
action ?<br />
(4) What tense (a) of the indicative, or (b) of the subjunctive,<br />
is used to express such action in the protasis of a condition of<br />
the class to which this was discovered to belong in (2) ?<br />
(5) Then what tense (a) of the indicative, or (b) of the subjunctive,<br />
is represented by soluturum f<br />
Study these questions carefully, as their method can be applied to<br />
the classification of any conditional sentence in indirect discourse.<br />
12. negavit . . . passiiram : trans,zsthot\gh dixit se non passii<br />
ram, but remember that only the former is idiomatic Latin. The<br />
negative loses its force when we come to nupturam, 1. 14.<br />
13. Miltiadis: emphatic.<br />
14. niipturam : the dat. after this verb is explained by the fact<br />
that it means literally put on the -wedding-veil for some one.<br />
II. 17. principatum: see note on principatu, p. 36, 1. lo.<br />
18. iliris : obj. gen. Render with z«, not
CIMON 167<br />
10. animatas: sc. Insulas. PAGE<br />
14. opulentia: A. 254.b. 2; B.218.3; G. 401. N.6; H. 476. I ; 45<br />
M. 629.<br />
15. arx: the Acropolis.<br />
16. ornata: generally considered to mean here mUnita, referring<br />
to Cimon's wall, built out of the proceeds of the sale of booty.<br />
III. 17. linus . . . floreret: see note on the same expression,<br />
p. 16, I. 23.<br />
19. testarum suffragils: explained in note on testularum<br />
suffragils, p. 32, 1. 14.<br />
20. exsilio: abl. of the penalty. — CQius . . . paenituit:<br />
A. 221. b; B. 209. I; G. 377 ; H. 457 ; M. 585.<br />
22. invidiae : dat. with cessisset,<br />
25. post . . . quam: five years after.<br />
26. hospitio : see note on the same word, p. 32, 1. 24.<br />
3. neque ita: though not very• 46<br />
IV. 12. quo minus: A. 331. e. 2; B. 295. 3; G. 549; H. 568;<br />
M. 909. — quibus : sc.frul, and see note on initio, p. 44, 1. 2.<br />
13. vellet: A. 342; B. 324; G. 629; H. 652; M. 793.<br />
14. opis: A. 243. f; B. 212. I. a; G. 383. i. N. i ; H. 458. 2;<br />
M. 594.<br />
15. quod . . . daret: something to give. Literally ? The subj.<br />
is characteristic.<br />
16. minus bene : poorly.<br />
18. quos . . . foro : trans, after the clause omnis . . . -aocdret.<br />
In Latin the relative clause often comes before the antecedent.<br />
19. quod : et id.<br />
20. fides: protection.<br />
22. unde efferrentur: means for their burial. The subj.<br />
belongs to the same class as daret, 1. 15.<br />
24. acerba: keenly felt.
i68 NOTES<br />
LYSANDER<br />
B.C.<br />
431. Beginning of Peloponnesian War.<br />
405. Battle of Aegospotami.<br />
404. Peloponnesian War ends with the surrender of Athens.<br />
I. I. sui: obj. gen. Omit in rendering.<br />
3. bellum: see Introd., pp. 8-9.<br />
4. apparet: sc. I^ysander. Cf note on dicatur, p. 34, 1. 14. —<br />
id : obj. oi consecutus sit.<br />
5. virtute: study this word. In 1. 2 it meant merit or worth;<br />
here it signifies bravery, that is, manfulness, its original meaning.<br />
Cf also in eius virtutibus, p. 15, 1. 8, where it is equivalent to points<br />
of excellence.<br />
6. iva.ra.o&estia: modestus means o\isexmng^amodus,limit. Hence<br />
immodestia is applicable to the laxity of discipline here described.<br />
7. dicto audientes: when audio means obey, it may take the<br />
dative. Compare the colloquial " won't hear to it." The two words<br />
together may be rendered obedient. — imperatoribus : dat. after<br />
the expression dicto audientes, denoting obedience. See note on<br />
hostibus, p. 20, 1. 23.<br />
II. eius opera: thanks to him.—in . . . pervenerint: came to<br />
be cordially hated throughout Greece. For the tense oiper-oenerint,<br />
see A. 287. c; B. 268. 6; G. 513 ; H. 550; M. 806.<br />
14. impotentem . . . refringerent: shatter the enfeebled power.<br />
The battle of Aegospotami had practically ended Athenian supremacy,<br />
but the subsequent measures of Lysander were intended to<br />
prevent any possibility of its reviving.<br />
16. classis: A. 249. a; B. 212.2; G. 407. N. 2 (d) ; H. 477. I. 3;<br />
M. 593. — nihil . . . ut: attempted nothing less than to.<br />
17. civitates: the members of the Delian League.<br />
18. causa: caz^j-fl and ^a^za regularly follow the genitive.<br />
19. studuissent: subj. of characteristic.<br />
20. summum imperium: another expression for this would be<br />
summam i-mperl. See p. 19, 1. 13, and note.<br />
21. omnium rerum: over everything; obj. gen.<br />
22. eius: refers to Lysander, illius in the next line being used<br />
of the same person for the sake of variety and emphasis.
LYSANDER 169<br />
23. contineretur: same construction as studuissent, 1. 19.—<br />
illius proprium : his creature. Literally ? A. 234. d ; B. 204. 2;<br />
0.359. R.I; H. 435.4. — fide: connectwlih. conflrmarat. Here it<br />
means pledge. Cf. note on fides, p. 46,1. 20.<br />
II. I. decemvirali potestate : this species of government was<br />
called by the Greeks a decarchy, i.e. the nde of ten.<br />
2. ipsius niitii: at his sole behest. A. 195. i; B. 249. i ; G. 311.R. i;<br />
H. 509; M. 1060.<br />
4. pliira enumerando : by telling too many anecdotes.<br />
6. praecipua fide : abl. of quality. Trans, especially loyal.<br />
7. solerent: A. 312; B. 307. 1.2; G. 602 ; H. 584. 1.2; M. 944,<br />
945-<br />
8. fuissent: see note on vellet, p. 46, 1. 13. — pervertere : not<br />
pervert.<br />
9. occultasset: quotation of his thought, nisi occultavero.<br />
10. futurum ut . . . dilaberentur: A. 288. f; B. 270. 3. a; G.<br />
248; H. 619. 2; M. 984.<br />
The last part of this chapter has been lost; but from other sources<br />
we know that the Spartans, annoyed by Lysander's misrule, decided<br />
to take away his authority over the subject cities.<br />
III. 12. ii: the Lacedaemonians. — decemviralem . . . sustulerunt<br />
: abolished the decarchies. Cf. note on 1. i.<br />
13. Quo dolbte: chagrin at this. Literally?<br />
14. tollere : the expression iniit consilia is nearly equivalent to<br />
constituit, which would take a complementary infinitive. But it<br />
would be more regular to say either consilia tollendl or ut tolleret.<br />
16. Primum: see note on primo, p. 31, 1. 2. — Delphicum: sc.<br />
ordculum.<br />
18. Dodonaeum: there was a famous oracle of Zeus at Dodona<br />
in Epirus, though not so renowned as that of Apollo at Delphi. The<br />
priests of the oracles were in a position to have extraordinary knowledge<br />
of events in all parts of the world, and thus exercised a powerful<br />
political as well as moral and religious influence. The part they<br />
played in the founding of colonies will be recalled from the story of<br />
Miltiades.<br />
19. solveret: direct, solvam. Irans. was going to pay.<br />
24. quod . . . conatus esset: subj. because the reason is<br />
quoted.
lyo NOTES<br />
26. Orchomeniis . . . subsidio : see note on poptilo spectaculo<br />
p. 16, 1. 5.<br />
I. Quam: modifies vere.-—foret iiidicatum: subj. in the<br />
apodosis of a past condition contrary to fact, the protasis being impHed<br />
in secus. For the form foret, see A. 119. b. N.; B. p. 57,<br />
footnote 2 ; G. 116. N. i (c) ; H. 205. 2 ; M. 327.<br />
2. indicio: A. 233. a; B. 191. i ; G. 356; H. 433. 3; M. 547.<br />
3. Lacedaemoniis: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. 2;<br />
M. 531.<br />
5. deiim: A. 40. e; B. 25. 4; G. 33. R.4; H. 83. 7; M. 146.<br />
6. sententiae : i.e. the response of an oracle which he hoped his<br />
money would buy for him. — habiturum: see note on fore, p. 15,<br />
1. I. — pecunia: A. 254. b. i ; B. 219. i; G. 401. N.6; H.476.3;<br />
M. 629.<br />
7. ei: for him. — Cleon : a professional rhetorician.<br />
IV. 11. multa: see note on the same word, p. 34,1. 16. Trans.<br />
had committed many acts of cruelty and greed.<br />
11. perlatum: impersonal, news had been carried. The per<br />
gives the idea of arrival, as though it were "all the way."<br />
13. a Pharnabazo : for constructions after other verbs of asking,<br />
see A. 239. c. N. I ; B. 178. i. a) ; G. 339. R. i ; H. 411. 2. 3. 4;<br />
M. 522. — ad ephoros: the ace. with ad Is used of the -person for<br />
whom the document was intended; the dat. (sibi), of the one to<br />
whom it was intrusted.<br />
15. scriberet: depending (like daret) on petiit. —magnam . . .<br />
futiiram : informal indirect discourse.<br />
16. eius : what would be the word if Lysander were referring to<br />
himself ? — Huic ille : since pronouns are not so finely distinguished<br />
in English as in Latin, in translating it is often best, for clearness'<br />
sake, to substitute the noun which one of the pronouns represents.<br />
19. signatur: A. 276. e; B. 293. I; G. 570; H. 533.4; M. 917.<br />
— alterum : why more appropriate than alium f<br />
24. magistratum : i.e. the board of ephors. — loco : to<br />
serve as.<br />
25. submoto Lysandro : postquam Lysander exire iUssus est.<br />
26. legendum: utab eo legeretu-r; see note on tuenda, p. 18,1.28.
ALCIBIADES 171<br />
ALCIBIADES<br />
B.C.<br />
415-413. The Sicilian Expedition.<br />
404. Fall of Athens.<br />
I. 3. experta: sc. esse, and see A. 185. a; B. 328. 2; G. 205,<br />
206. R.3; H.612. i; M. 957. —possit: pres. as denoting a general<br />
truth.<br />
4. memoriae prodiderunt: scripserunt.<br />
5. nihil: more emphatic than neyninem.—excellentius: see<br />
note on excellentium, p. 16,1. 20.<br />
7. summo genere: A. 244. a; B. 215; G. 395 ; H. 469. 2;<br />
M. 609.<br />
11. summus : unequalled.<br />
12. disertus: sc. adeo.<br />
13. dicendo: A. 301 ; B. 338.4. a) ; G. 431 ; H. 630; M. 1002.<br />
— valeret: ranked. Literally ?<br />
4. oris atque orationis: presence and diction.<br />
16. splendidus . . . victu: magnificent, no less in his conduct thati<br />
in his style of living.<br />
17. temporibus serviens: adaptinghiitiself to circumstances.<br />
18. idem : while at the same time . . . he.<br />
19. perferret: subj. of characteristic.<br />
23. privignus : a mistake. Pericles and Alcibiades were cousins.<br />
II. I. lingua: see note on the same word, p. 18, 1. 26.<br />
2. vellet, posset: A. 308. a; B. 304. 2 ; G. 597. R. I ; H. 579. i;<br />
M. 938, 939.<br />
3. vel . . . vel: used of an indifferent alternative, as though he<br />
had said, " call it which you will;" while aut . . . aut would imply<br />
that only one of the alternatives was possible.<br />
III. 5. Bello Peloponnesio : regularly a temporal construction<br />
in Latin.<br />
9. exiret: A. 327; B. 291, 292; G. 574, 577; H. 605. I. II;<br />
M. 878-880.<br />
10. Hermae: square stone pillars bearing the head of Hermes,<br />
whom the Romans identified with Mercury. He was the god of<br />
streets and traffic, and his statues were to be found everywhere<br />
throughout the city. See illustration, p. 52.
172<br />
NOTES<br />
14. rem: interests.<br />
I. multitfidini: dat. after the compound with in.<br />
2. opprimeret: subj. by attraction.<br />
8. opera forensi: i.e. by acting as their advocate in lawsuits.<br />
12. prodisset: subj. by attraction.<br />
17. et obesse . . . prodesse : to do both the most mischief and<br />
the most good.<br />
19. mysteria: carefully guarded rites, performed at Eleusis near<br />
Athens. It is believed that in connection with the myth of Demeter<br />
and Persephone, the planting and growth of the seed was made a<br />
symbol of death and immortality. There were other mysteries, but<br />
these, the Eleusinian, were the most important. — nefas: i.s. not<br />
merely illegal, but regarded as divinely forbidden.<br />
IV. 22. contione : see note on the same word, p. 25, 1. 16.<br />
The same men who composed the Athenian assembly also acted<br />
as jurors, the whole body of citizens being divided into large<br />
groups, called dicasteries, any one of which, with its presiding<br />
archon, constituted a court.<br />
25. agi: action to be taken.—vellent: direct, vultis.<br />
26. praesente: sc. se.—haberetur: see note on mittas face,<br />
p. 40,1. 15.—invidiae crimine: aft accusation born of ill-will.<br />
27. quiescendum : impersonal; sc. sibi and esse, and trans, as<br />
though a personal construction.<br />
I. noceri: impersonal, it was not possible for injury to be done<br />
him. A. 230; B. 187. II. b; G. 208. 2; H. 302. 6; M. 530.—<br />
intellegebant: notice the use of the indicative, implying that the<br />
statement is made on the writer's own authority.<br />
2. exisset: their thought was exierit.<br />
5. reum fecerunt: prosecuted.<br />
6. magistratu: not necessarily any particular magistrate, but, as<br />
we should say, the government.<br />
8. provinciae: i.e. the work of subduing Sicily.-—noluit: did<br />
not like.<br />
9. triremem: the " Salaminia," one of the two state barges of<br />
Athens.<br />
10. Hac pervectus : sailing in this. Literally? — Thiirios : an<br />
Athenian colony on the site of the once great and wealthy city of<br />
Sybaris. — secum reputans : pondering in his lieart.
ALCIBIADES 173<br />
13. subduxit: sub in composition often conveys the idea of<br />
secrecy or stealth.<br />
15. capitis damnatum: cf p. 24, 1. 6, capitis absolutus.<br />
16. id quod: a thifig which; the most idiomatic way of referring<br />
to a preceding statement, though the omission of id in such<br />
connections is not uncommon.-—usii venerat: had happened.<br />
usu = fisiii. the dat. used like indicio, p. 49, I. 2. —EumolpidSs:<br />
the Eumolpidae were hereditary priests of Demeter at Eleusis. Their<br />
ancestor, Eumolpus, was believed to have instituted the Eleusinian<br />
mysteries. See note on mysteria, p. 52,1. 19.<br />
17. coactos: sc. esse, depending on audivit. — se: refers to<br />
Alcibiades.<br />
19. esse: belongs with positum. — publico: substantive.<br />
20. praedicare : not predict.<br />
21. inimicos: distinguish from hostes in the next line. — qui<br />
idem : who at the same time.<br />
11. se : refers to Alcibiades; suae in 1. 24, to his enemies.<br />
24. pliis paruisse : regarded rather.<br />
28. loniam: the general name for a group of Greek cities and<br />
islands on the central part of the west coast of Asia Minor. Being<br />
of the same blood as the Athenians, they were her natural allies.<br />
29. Atheniensium : render the gen. by -with.<br />
V. 3. viri: genitive.<br />
5. ipsis: j^, while grammatically possible, might have referred to<br />
Alcibiades; but ipsis clearly shows the reference to be to the subject<br />
of pertimuerunt.<br />
6. tempus: opportunity,<br />
7. Id . . . potuit: Alcibiades could not be kept ignorant of this<br />
for any length of time. A. 239. 2. d. N.; B. 178. i. e). 2; G.<br />
339. R.3; H. 411. I. 2; M. 522, 523.<br />
8. ea: see note on the same word, p. 16, 1. 23.<br />
10. praefectum: i.e. the "satrap," or governor of one of the<br />
twenty provinces into which the Persian empire was divided.<br />
12. male . . . rebus: through-mismanagement of their operations<br />
in Sicily.<br />
14. Samum: the island of Samos was made the naval headquarters<br />
of Athens during the latter part of the Peloponnesian<br />
War. — exercitum : the army of Athens had great political power.
174<br />
NOTES<br />
since it was not a body of mercenaries, but composed of Athenian<br />
citizens of all ranks. The generals of such an army were naturally<br />
political leaders as well.<br />
i6. eodem sens-Q, quo : abl. of quality. Like qudlis after talis,<br />
quantus after tantus, and quot after tot, qui after lde?n must frequently<br />
be rendered as.<br />
17. Ab . . . Theramene: Pisander broke with Alcibiades<br />
because the latter did not seem sincere in certain promises of help<br />
which he had made on condition that he be recalled. Subsequently<br />
Athenian politics reached such a crisis that a large number of Athenians,<br />
among them Theramenes, felt that Pisander and his party,<br />
who had successfully conspired to overthrow the democracy, could<br />
not be ousted unless Alcibiades came to the rescue. The result of<br />
their invitation is described in the text.<br />
18. per : through the efforts of. Contrast with the abl. of agent<br />
ab exercitu,<br />
19. suffragante : on the recommendation of. Observe the contrasts<br />
— the mere taking back by the army with the formal restoration<br />
to citizenship by the people,<br />
20. pari imperio praeficitur: is appointed to a command of<br />
equal rank,<br />
22. in: during.—rerum: circumstances.<br />
23. victores viguerant: had been i?i the flush of victory.<br />
27. receperat: see note on recipere, p. 32, 1. 9.<br />
2. neque minus multas : totidem.<br />
4. onusti, locupletato : a good illustration of the principle that<br />
the abl. abs. is not used when the participle or adjective can be made<br />
to agree with some substantive of the main sentence.<br />
5. maximis . . . gestis: after accomplishing the most important<br />
results.<br />
VI. 9. populo : see note on noceri, p. 53, 1. i.<br />
II. exercitum amissum : the loss of the army.<br />
13. expulissent: why not the indicative ?<br />
17. pares: par and impar are regularly used in the sense a<br />
snatch for and no match for.<br />
21. isdem . . . praefuerant: had held the same command.<br />
I. usu venerat: see note on the same words, p. 53,1. 16.^victoribus<br />
: iti the case of, etc., will render this dat. well. — coro-
ALCIBIADES 175<br />
nis: abl. of means (was presented with). The ace. and dat. are<br />
also possible with dono as with do.<br />
2. taeniis : ribbons or bands fastened about the heads of priests,<br />
victims for sacrifice, the images of the gods, and victors in the games.<br />
See the illustration on p. 55. —vulgo : adverb.<br />
4. astii: the city proper, about four miles from the port of<br />
Piraeus, where he had landed.<br />
6. quin: A. 319. d; B. 284. 3; G. 556; H. 594. II, 595.4;<br />
M. 915.<br />
9. sacrilegi: see note on proditionis, p. 24,1. i. — piiblice: i.e.<br />
by decree of the assembly.<br />
VII. 13. non nimis : none too.<br />
14. res publica: administration of public affairs.<br />
15. belli: locative. Compare the common phrase domi mllitiaeque.<br />
— iinius : sc. eius.<br />
18. Cymen: Alcibiades attacked the town because it would not<br />
pay tribute. — ex sententia : to tfieir liking. This use of ex in the<br />
sense of ifi accordance with is a common one.<br />
19. nihil . . . posse: that there was nothing which he could<br />
not do.<br />
23. corruptum : quod corruptus esset.—rege : unless otherwise<br />
designated, kingto the Greeks of this period meant the king of Persia.<br />
24. huic . . . fuisse: maxime goes w'lth fuisse, was especially unfortunate<br />
for hi?n. For the syntax of huic maid, see note on auxilio,<br />
p. 21, 1. I.<br />
27. opibus : distinguish carefully the different meanings of this<br />
word, and do not confound it with operibus.<br />
I. absenti: A. 229; B. 188. 2. d) ; G. 345. R. I ; H. 427 ; M. 539.<br />
The dat. does not really mean " from " in such cases, but in expressions<br />
such as "' the dagger was wrenched from the assassin," the<br />
Romans felt so strongly that the person from whom the thing was<br />
taken was interested in the proceeding that they used the dat. to<br />
emphasize this interest, rather than the abl., which would merely<br />
express the separation.<br />
2. locum: accusative, because the Latin feels more sensitively<br />
than does the English the imphed idea of motion.<br />
5. primus : sc. civis. We should say -was the first to enter. —<br />
Graecae civitatis : a Greek state, not the state of Greece.
176 NOTES<br />
7. crgverat, pepererat: plup. as being completed before the<br />
events described in VIII.<br />
VIII. 10. Neque . . . tamen: and yet . . . not.<br />
11. Aegos Flumen: usually caUed " Aegospotami," which is<br />
Greek for Goat Rivers.<br />
13. in . . . occupatus: was busying himself in the attempt.<br />
14. diiceret: prolong.<br />
15. ipsis: i.e. Lacedae?nonils. Cf. the use on p. 19, 1. 12.—<br />
Atheniensibus exhaustis: dat., not abl. abs.<br />
16. erat: also depends upon j'z/Oi^. — super: left.<br />
17. praesente vulgo : in the presence of all the soldiers. — vellent<br />
: direct, vultis.<br />
20. eo . . . quod : for the reason that, a frequent correlation.<br />
26. Alcibiade recepto: trans, as thon^ si Alcibiades recepius<br />
esset.—^nullius momenti: gen. of quality.<br />
27. secundi: partitive. Trans, as though in agreement with<br />
quid. — evenisset: direct, evenerit.<br />
2. futurum reum : would be held responsible.<br />
5. immodestia : see note on the same word, p. 47, 1. 6.<br />
7. Nam . . . cum: for when Lysander; not for Lysander,<br />
when he.<br />
9. praedatum: see note on deliberatum, p. 17, I. 7.<br />
10. tempus rei gerendae : opportunity for action.<br />
11. delevit: ended.<br />
IX. 21. hiimanitate: not humanity. The word denotes the<br />
highest qualities of a man (homo). Render here so captivated by<br />
his winning manners. Cf. English, " I was greatly taken with him."<br />
22. castrum : distinguish from the plural.<br />
24. victas servire : trans, as though victas esse et servire.<br />
26. ferebatur : he was moved.<br />
I. cSnseciitiirum: cf. note on fore, p. 15, 1. I.<br />
2. habuisset: quoted fut. perf, as shown by consecfiturum,<br />
3. Cyrum: the younger brother of King Artaxerxes, and the<br />
hero of Xenophon's Anabasis.—ei: i.e. regi.<br />
4. adiuvantibus : with the help of. — aperuisset: cf. note on<br />
habuisset, 1. 2.<br />
X. 6. moliretur: generally speaking, the idea of continuance<br />
belongs to this tense in both the indie, and subj.
ALCIBIADES 177<br />
8. tyranni: the government of Athens was now in the hands of<br />
a board of oligarchs, known as the Thirty Tyrants. — certos:<br />
fidelis. It is properly a participle of cerno, which means sift,<br />
select.<br />
11, res gestas : work.<br />
12. persequeretur: direct, persequere. See note on facerent,<br />
p. 31,1. 5.<br />
13. acciiratius sibi agendum: that he must deal more vigorously.<br />
14. reniintiat: since tliis is followed by the subj. in implied<br />
indir. disc, we may suggest the fact by rendering it said that he<br />
would repudiate. This present of vivid narration ("historical<br />
present") is best translated by the past when it is closely connected,<br />
as here, with past tenses.—regi: dat. after convenissent. Trans.<br />
had been agreed upon by the king.<br />
15. convenissent, tradidisset: direct, convenerunt, trddideris.<br />
For the sequence after renuntiat, see note on creant, p. 20, 1. 20.<br />
16. Non tulit: could not withstand.<br />
18. ad interficiendum: qui (or ut) interficerent.<br />
20. missi: the messengers.<br />
24. diffidebant: non credebant.<br />
25. ei: A. 229; B. 188. 2. d) ; G. 345. R. i; H.427; M. 539.<br />
1. voluerat: not wished, but bee7i willing. — iubet: A. 331. a;<br />
B. 295. I. a; G. 423. N.6; H. 565. 3; M. 968.<br />
2. in praesentia: at hand.<br />
7. contectum : sc. eu77i. — mortuum : trans, so as to bring out<br />
the contrast with vivu77i.<br />
XI. 11. infamatum : though disparaged.<br />
17. qui quidem : i7t fact, these.<br />
18. nesciS quo : aliquB.<br />
23. amplius: in addition,—cum: although.<br />
26. studiis . . . inservisse : devoted hi77iself to their pursuits.<br />
27. labore: refers to athletic contests. Probably a translation<br />
of the Greek 6.ywv.<br />
3. moribus : see note on the same word, p. 16,1. 8. —patientia:<br />
endurance.<br />
10. reliquos : what noun is to be supplied ? See title, p. 15.<br />
II. ordiamur: A. 266; B. 274; G. 263. i ; H. 559. i; M. 713.<br />
N
178 NOTES<br />
THRASYBULUS<br />
B.C.<br />
411. Thrasybulus secures the return of Alcibiades.<br />
404. Reign of the Thirty Tyrants.<br />
403. The Thirty Tyrants driven out by Thrasybulus.<br />
I. 13. dubito an: I aTn inclined to think.<br />
14. ponam: indir. question, since dubito is almost equivalent to<br />
haud scio. — illud: sc. died.<br />
15. in: belongs with patria7n. Either patriae (obj. gen.) or<br />
ergd patriam would mean the same thing.<br />
16. quod: whereas. This makes a smooth translation, but<br />
probably the real meaning is a thing which (id quod, in apposition<br />
with ab . . . liberare), although it makes the sentence grammatically<br />
inconsistent.<br />
18. oppressam: sc. patriam suam. The Thirty Tyrants were<br />
a governing board appointed by Sparta after the subjection of<br />
Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War.<br />
19. nescio quo modo : so77iehow or other.<br />
20. nobilitate: celebrity.<br />
22. ille: the latter.<br />
23. flniversa: without exception. — natilrali . . . lucri: by a<br />
certain instinctive ability he turned to Ids advantage. A. 214. c;<br />
B. 198. 3; G. 366; H. 447; M. 556.<br />
24. communia . . . cum: sc. sunt; are shared by the generals<br />
-with.<br />
I. concursli : shock. — abit . . . pQgnantium : success depends<br />
not on strategy, but on chance and the valor of the combatants.<br />
2. iiire suo : with perfect justice.<br />
3. nonn-fiUa: contrasted with plur i7na, as 77illes Is with fortuna<br />
— ab imperatore : construe with vindicat.<br />
4. his : case explained by plus.<br />
5. illud: the folio-wing. — proprium Thrasybiili: to be credited<br />
entirely to Thrasybulus. A. 234. d; B. 204. 2; G. 359. R. I; H.<br />
435- 4-<br />
7. servitute oppressas: under the oppression of slavery.<br />
Where we should use an abstract noun, Latin constantly prefers<br />
the corresponding verb in an appropriate construction.
THRASYBULUS 179<br />
8. quibus . . . parserat: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H.<br />
426. 2 ; M. 531.<br />
9. expulissent: in translating, supply et and repeat cum whenever<br />
needed.<br />
10. publicata divisissent: render as though publicdvissent<br />
et dlvlsisse7it. —princeps : was the chief 77io-(jer in.<br />
11. solus . . . indixit: an exaggerated statement.<br />
II. 14. triginta: abl. — Atticorum: Atheniensium wovHd he<br />
more usual.<br />
15. robur: mainstay. — Neque. . . non: the emphatic double<br />
negative can sometimes be reproduced in English, but here it is best<br />
to render simply and yet.<br />
16. solitude: lack of followers.<br />
18. ad persequendum : i7i proceeding agai7ist hi77i.<br />
19. tempore dato : there is no one way of rendering the ablative<br />
absolute. Use any adverbial phrase or clause that will give the<br />
idea in good English ; thus one may render here by giving them<br />
ti7ne.<br />
20. Quo magis: and therefore all the more. — praeceptum<br />
Ulud : the familiar 7naxi7n. — omnium : limits animis.<br />
21. oportere : the subject is the whole clause 7iihil in bello conte7n7ii.<br />
22. timidi: a cautious ma7i.<br />
23. pro opiniSne : as one would expect.<br />
25. Hinc: see 1.12. — Piraeum, Munychiam : see plan, Athens<br />
and her Harbors, p. 30-<br />
I. Usus : displayed.<br />
3. violari: A. 331. a; B. 331. II; G. 423. N.6; H. 565.3;<br />
M. 968.<br />
5. iacentem : who had fallen. — veste : A. 243. a; B. 214. i. b) ;<br />
G. 390. 2 ; H. 462 ; M. 600, 601.<br />
6. quorum : A. 243. f; B. 212. i. a; G. 383. i. N. i ; H. 458. 2 ;<br />
M- 594-<br />
III. 10. -abc &%ieotb: after he had fallen. —i!^ttxc\aa\x-xx\\o\<br />
double dative. Do not join Atticis with venit as if the expression<br />
were ad Atticos.<br />
12. c^\x\: not lest any, hnt that none. The Latin follows this form<br />
of expression in order to preserve the ne of the negative clause
i8o NOTES<br />
of purpose. A. 105. d; B. 252. i; G. 107. I.R. ; H. 512. i;<br />
M. 1064.<br />
14. more erant usi: had followed the example.<br />
15. neve : see note on neque parcerent, p. 31, 1. 5.<br />
16. redderetur: same construction as adficerentur. For the<br />
asyndeton, see A. 346. c; B. 346. a) ; G. 473. R.; H. 657. 6; M.<br />
752, 753. — Praeclarum (est) hoc (factu77i) : sc. words in<br />
parentheses.<br />
17. pliirimum: see note on the same word, p. 44, 1. 22. Trans.<br />
was very powerful.<br />
18. tvXit: proposed. — ante: adv. with actdru77i.<br />
19. oblivionis : sc. Iege7n.<br />
20. ferendam: for the syntax, see note on tue7ida, p. 18,1. 28.—<br />
ut . . . effecit: caused it to be enforced.<br />
21. quidam ex iis : see note on ex ephorls, p. 42,1. 23.<br />
23. in . . . pQblice: there had been an official reconciliation<br />
IV. 26. Quam expresserat: had exacted this gift.<br />
I. habuit: it brought.<br />
2. magna fuit gloria : abl. of quality. — Pittacus: a statesman<br />
and military leader of MytUene in Lesbos, who lived about 600 B.C.<br />
3. ille: the well-kno-wn or faiyious. Notice that it follows its<br />
noun, and cf the note on praeceptum illud, p. 62, 1. 20. — septem<br />
sapientium: the famous " Seven Wise Men" of antiquity.<br />
5. Nolite . . . vos: donH, I beg of you.—invideant, concupiscant:<br />
subj. of characteristic.<br />
6. istis: what you offer.<br />
8. indicent: why subjunctive ?<br />
9. propria: perpetua.<br />
14. agerentur vigiliae : watch was kept. — barbaris : the inhabitants<br />
of Aspendus in Pamphylia, near the Cilician border. — ex<br />
. . . facta: render freely after barbaris, who had j/iade, etc.
CONON<br />
iSi<br />
CONON PAGE<br />
B.C. g^.<br />
405. Battle of Aegospotami.<br />
394. Sea-fight near Cnidus.<br />
393. The Long Walls of Athens restored.<br />
I. 16. Peloponnesio bello : A. 256 ; B. 230. 2 ; G. 393,394. R.;<br />
H.486; M. 630. — rem publicam :/«5&/z/«. In the free Athenian<br />
democracy, where every citizen could vote directly in the public<br />
assembly, statecraft was considered the natural occupation of a<br />
gentleman.<br />
17. magni: A. 252. a; B. 203.3; G. 380. I ; H. 448. i ; M. 576.<br />
18. praetor: as in the preceding Lives, it means general.<br />
19. praecipuus : paraphrase, he was held in especial honor.<br />
22. extremo: A. 193 ; B.241. i; G.291.R.2; H.497.4; M. 565.<br />
I. afuit: a historical error. ^^<br />
2. eo: abl. of cause. — rei militaris: A. 218. a; B. 204. i;<br />
G. 374; H. 450)451- i; M. 573.<br />
5. acceptiiros fuisse: A. 337. b. 2; B. 321. A. 2. a); G. 656;<br />
H. 647; M. 1039.<br />
II. 6. Rebus adflictis : in the ti7ne of distress. — obsideri:<br />
this siege ended in the fall of Athens, B.C. 404.<br />
9. eundem: and likewise.<br />
11. multum . . . valeret: had much influence, subj. of result.<br />
14. bellatum: see note on dellberdtu77i, p. 17, 1. 7.<br />
17. adversus : prep, with hunc.<br />
18. re vera: as a 7natter of fact.<br />
19. eiusque: keep the emphasis of its position, a7td it was by<br />
HIS orders that.<br />
21. neque . . . fuisset: and in fact it -was perfectly evident<br />
that had it not been for hi7n. Literally ?<br />
22. tenus : regularly follows its case. -— regi: see note on abse7itl,<br />
p. 57, L I. ^ . ,<br />
23. fuisse erepturum : see note on acceptiiros fuisse, 1. 5.<br />
III. I. Defecerat: observe the force of the tense. 66<br />
4. valebat: as on p. 65, 1. 11.—id: refers to the clause si. . .<br />
adducebatur.<br />
5. eius : trans, by the name of the person to whom it refers.
l82 NOTES<br />
lo. ostendit: dixit.<br />
11. Niilla mora est: there is nothing to hinder. — delibera:<br />
thi7ik it over.<br />
13. cbn^pectrxva.: presence.—venerari: salaam.<br />
17. habere : show. —vereor ne : we say I'm afraid that much<br />
oftener than I fear lest. Which is better here ?<br />
18. sit: A. 331. f; B. 296. 2 ; G. 550 ; H. 567. I; M. 897. —sim<br />
profectus: subj. with cum concessive.<br />
19. consuerit: subj. by attraction.<br />
21. scripta : z« writing.<br />
IV. 22. tantum: adeo.<br />
24. vellet: subj. quoting the words of the permission.<br />
I. negavit: not denied, but as usual, equivalent to dixit. . .<br />
non.—sui consili: for hi/ft to deterifiine. Lit. belonging to h<br />
judgment. A. 214. d; B. 198. 3; G. 366. R. i ; H. 447; M. 556.<br />
— ipsius, suos, deberet, se suadere, daret: any obscurity as<br />
to the meaning of these words will be removed by observing how they<br />
would stand in the direct discourse, tul, tuos, debes, ego suddeo, des.<br />
2. Pharnabazo: belongs with daret. — id negoti: this part.<br />
gen. is something like the English this piece of business.<br />
3. daret: subj. in subst. clause of purpose used without ut as obj.<br />
of suddere.<br />
4. Cypriis : A. 227. f; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. I ; M. 531.<br />
When i7nperd means de77iand, it takes an ace. of the dir. obj. in<br />
addition to the dat. of the person of whom something is demanded.<br />
5. qua . . . posset: rei. clause of purpose.<br />
7. adiutore : as his assistant,<br />
8. non . . . administrant: lay their plans with the utmost caution.<br />
Literally ?<br />
10. contenderent: had to contend. English often requires some<br />
such auxiliary, of which Latin feels no need. See note on Non<br />
tulit, p. 59, 1. 16.<br />
13. Hac mente : in this feeling.<br />
19. utrosque: defined by et Piraei et Athendru7/t.<br />
20. reficiendos cQrat: A. 294. d; B. 337. 7. b). 2); G. 430;<br />
H. 622 ; M. 994.<br />
V. 23. quod: as.<br />
25. ultum: irom ulciscor.
DION 183<br />
27. neque . . . non : a7td yet these were 7iothing if not. See PAGE<br />
note on the same words, p. 62, 1. 15. 67<br />
2. ilia: see note on ille, p. 64, 1. 3. —magnam auctoritatem 68<br />
sibi constituisset: had won for himself great prestige.<br />
5. dare operam ut; turn his attentioTt to.<br />
6. minus diligenter: with too little care.<br />
8. magna de re : on i77iporta7it business.<br />
9. parens : in obedience to.<br />
12. pliirimum credimus : have the 7nost confidence.<br />
14. sciente an imprudente : with or without the knowledge of.<br />
DION<br />
B.C.<br />
405-367. Reign of Dionyslus I.<br />
367. Dionyslus II sends Dion into exile.<br />
356. Dion obtains the throne of Syracuse.<br />
353. Assassination of Dion.<br />
I. 16. utraque . . . Dionysiorum: there were two tyrants of<br />
Syracuse named Dionyslus.<br />
21. nuptum: A. 302; B. 340. i. b; G. 435; H. 633. i; M.<br />
X005.<br />
22. generosam : see note on. generosus, p. 44,1. 8.<br />
I. artis optimas : highest pursuits. 69<br />
2. non . . . commendat: is no small recotnmendation. Pres. of<br />
a general truth.<br />
5. Dionysio : dat. with an adj. denoting nearness.<br />
7. salvum : sc. eu7n (i.e. Dionysiu7n) esse. — suorum : see p. 68,<br />
11. 16-21, for a statement of his relationship to Dionyslus.<br />
9. qua in re: in a case where.<br />
10. ipsius : his own.<br />
II. essent: subj. of characteristic. — per Dionem: describes<br />
Dion as the instrument of another's action; a Did7ie would mean<br />
that the action proceeded from Dion as its originator — the true<br />
idea of the abl. of agent. See note on per, p. 54,1. 18.<br />
12. quas . . . administrando : and it was, in fact, by his care z«<br />
undertaking these missions and his fidelity in carrying them out<br />
that he, etc.
184 NOTES<br />
PAGE II. 19. iini: cf. the use of Unus in unus omnium maxime flore-<br />
69 ret, p. 16, 1. 23.<br />
20. ac : than as. — qui . . . potuerit: for he could not deny<br />
the young t/iait's request that he should. A. 320. e; B. 283. 3. a)<br />
G. 633 ; H. 592 ; M. 839.<br />
22. arcesseret: A.332.g; B. 295. 3.a; G. 555. I ; H. 594. II,<br />
595. 2; M. 913.<br />
24. eum: notice that it is contrasted with huic, 1. 23, and refers<br />
to Plato. —adeo : foreshadows, as often, a clause of result.<br />
26. Dione: with Dion. A.254. b. l; B. 219. I ; G. 408 ; H.475;<br />
M. 612.<br />
27. quippe qui : inas7nuch as he.<br />
70 I. iussisset: see note on qui . . . potuerit, p. 69, 1. 20.<br />
5. quem . . . haberet: how he was.<br />
7. forte esset: happened to be. — maiore : serious.<br />
II. ex illo natos : whose father he was. The abl. 6f source with<br />
ndtus generally omits the preposition. Cf. nobili genere, p. 68,1. 15.<br />
16. ne . . . potestas: that Dion might have tio opportunity of<br />
talking with hiTn.<br />
- 17. aeger: the sick man.<br />
III. 23. Athenis: A. 258. a; B. 229. I. a); G. 391; H.462;<br />
M. 605.<br />
24. vellet: see note on qui . . .potuerit, p. 69, 1. 20. — morem<br />
ei gessit: see note on Gestus . . . 7nds, p. 31, 1. 21.<br />
27. libro : one of the lost subdivisions of Nepos' work De Viris<br />
Inlustribus.<br />
71 2. tantuva. ...-valviitqTxe: had so 7nuch influence by reason of<br />
prestige, a7id was so C07ivi7icing in his eloquence. Notice the chia<br />
arrangement (so called from the shape of the Greek letter x, " chi") :<br />
auctoritste potuit<br />
X<br />
valuit eloquentia<br />
3. facere : ut faceret would be the usual construction after persudserit.<br />
IV. 7. ingenio : abl. of specification.<br />
8. haberet: subj. in protasis of a future condition, viewed from<br />
the standpoint of past time.—sui opprimendi: A. 298; B. 339;<br />
G. 428; H. 626; M. 998.
DION 185<br />
9. qua . . . deveheretur: in which to sail to Corinth.<br />
II. inter se timerent: were afraid of each other.<br />
12. magnae esset invidiae: it was a source of great unpopularity;<br />
invidiae is dative.<br />
17. sibi: refers to the subject of azz(/rz/z^.<br />
21. sobrio: sc. «. The sense is quo sobrius esset.—iisque eo :<br />
like adeo, this foreshadows a clause of result.<br />
24. superiore parte aedium : housetop.<br />
25. Sed illuc reverter: but to resume. Literally ?<br />
V. 3. omni: e-oerypossible.<br />
4. multorum annorum: A. 215. b; B. 203. 2; G. 365. R.2;<br />
H. 440. 3; M. 558.<br />
5. magnarum opum putabatur: was thought to have great<br />
resources. For the syntax, see A. 215 ; B. 203. 5 ; G. 366; H. 447;<br />
M. 558.<br />
6. pauci: only a few. — ad . . . perducebantur: were induced<br />
to share.<br />
9. quinquaginta annorum: limits imperiu77i, which is the<br />
obj. oioppugndtum.<br />
10. decem: sc. milibus.<br />
12. perculit: sc. id, referring to imperiu7n. — post. . . quam:<br />
the third day after. See note on post . . . quartimi, p. 38,1. 6.<br />
19. partis : aiter potior the gen. is less common than the abl.<br />
21. insulam: the island of Ortygia, on which was the older part<br />
of the city of Syracuse and the citadel (arce77i).<br />
22. eo . . . perdiixit: brought things to such a pass.<br />
23. vellet: was willing.<br />
24. obtineret: subj. representing in quotation the original hortatory<br />
(jussive) subj. of the treaty. The form of the sentence can be<br />
reproduced very exactly — on the following ten7ts: Dion to have<br />
Sicily, Dionysius Italy, etc.<br />
25. cui: see note on fides haberetur, p. 31, 1. 20. — fini:<br />
strengthens the superlative, as in unus omniiwi mdxi77te, p. 16,1. 23.<br />
Trans, with 7ndxima7n, the very greatest.<br />
VI. 26. Has . . . commutatio: follow the Latin order — this<br />
state of things, so . . . and so . . was followed by. Observe that<br />
when an adjective modifier contains many words it follows its<br />
noun in English. Thus while we say a fainous 77ian, we should
i86 NOTES<br />
not say a famous-for-his-valor-to-all-ti/ne man, but a Tnan, famous,<br />
etc.<br />
1. sua : characteristic.<br />
2. quem : sc. eum as obj. of demergere.<br />
13. sententia: thought. The Greek (Iliad II. 204) is OWK d-ya^oi/<br />
TroXvKoipavir) • els Kotpavos tcrru) (lit. not good is the rule of 7nany;<br />
one ruler let there be).<br />
16. lenire obsequio, acerbitate opprimere: chiastic order.<br />
See note on tantum . . . valuitque, p. 71, 1. 2.<br />
18. interficiendum : see note on reficiendos curat, p. 67, 1. 19.<br />
VII. 22. adversus . . .- sensisse : had been unfrie7idly.<br />
24. quo: adv. Here it is equivalent to ulla res ad quam.—<br />
porrigeret: subj. in clause of characteristic.<br />
25. Id . . . erat: the effect of this p.roceeding was; lit. this -<br />
of such a fiature,<br />
27. Quarum rerum cura: afixiety on account of these things.—<br />
male audiendi: to hearing U7ic07npli77tentary speeches. For the<br />
syntax oi audiendi, see A. 2l8. a; B. 204. i; G. 374. N.4; H.<br />
451. l; M. 573.<br />
2. offensa . . . voluntate : tiow that the soldiers were embittered<br />
towards /«>«.<br />
VIII. 5. quem . . . sedaret: ho-w to quell.<br />
6. quorsum evaderent: what turn they -wouldfinally take.<br />
13. Quem idoneum : such a person, who-was suitable.<br />
14. cognitiirum, sublatiirum : sc. eu7n (Dionem).<br />
15. dissident!: a disaffected person.<br />
16. partis: rdle.<br />
18. conifiratione : a mutual oath.<br />
19. Res elata: the plot having leaked out. — consciis: see<br />
note on the same word, p. 19, 1. 19.<br />
22. cuius: sc. eum.<br />
23. sed . . . fieri: see note on negdvit . . . passurar7i,-p. 44,1. 1<br />
26. religione : sole/n7i obligation. The context limits this rather<br />
vague word to one meaning, it being here used to define the act of<br />
taking oath in the presence of a god from the point of view of its<br />
natural effect on conduct. This reliance upon the context is a<br />
regular thing in Latin, but in English, with its fuller vocabulary, we<br />
commonly can and must use the exact word or words which express
DION 187<br />
the idea, without trusting to the general drift of the sentence to make<br />
the particular meaning plain.<br />
28. perfecisset: his thought wasperfecero. A. 2,'2'j. a; B. 291. I;<br />
G.-576; M. 878.<br />
IX. 3. tradit: sc. Callicrates'.<br />
5. certos: sc. homines.<br />
7. vellet: direct, veils. A. 312; B. 307; G. 602; H. 584. 1.2;<br />
M. 944, 945.—cogitans ut habSret: purposing to have. This<br />
cannot mean thinking that he would have. Why ?<br />
8. obstitisset: subj. in implied quotation (informal indirect<br />
discourse). His thought was si fortiina obstiterit. — qua aufugeret:<br />
subj. of characteristic. Trans,, a way of escape. Literally?<br />
II. eant: see note on 77iittds face, p. 40, 1. 15.<br />
12. viderentur: direct, vided7ninl. The quotation follows the<br />
idea of saying in dat negotiu77i. For the sequence of eant and<br />
viderentur, see note on creant, p. 20, 1. 20.<br />
14. cubantem : sc. eu7/i.<br />
16. Hic : at this point.<br />
17. miseranda . . . qui: the ftiU expression would be qua7n<br />
miseranda sit vita edru7n qui.<br />
18. cuivis . . . fuit: a7iy 07ie 77iight have easily seen.—intellectu:<br />
A.303; B.340.2; G.436; H. 635. I ; M. 1007. — illiipsi<br />
custodes : not the guards mentioned above as having been set to<br />
watch the house, but Dion's body-guard. Though illl ipsi would<br />
seem to imply it, they are not mentioned before this by the author.<br />
20. quoad : the idea is that the assassins had entered unarmed,<br />
and were so long in getting a weapon from outside that Dion might<br />
have been saved.<br />
X. 25. pro noxiis: on the supposition that they were the<br />
assassins.<br />
3. Hiiius . . . ut: when the fact of his death.<br />
8. possent: impf. subj. in a condition contrary to fact. For the<br />
tense, see note on vellet, posset, p. 51, 1. 2.<br />
10. diem : sc. supre7num.
i88 NOTES<br />
PAGE IPHICRATES<br />
76 B-C.<br />
395-387. Corinthian war.<br />
390. Iphicrates destroys a Spartan 7nora.<br />
379-362. Theban struggle for supremacy.<br />
357-355. Social war.<br />
I. 15. disciplina militari: knowledge of military science.<br />
19. compararetur : not C07npared. Notice how the meaning of<br />
par appears in this word.<br />
21. culpa . . . gessit: made a culpable failure.<br />
22. consilio: strategy.<br />
23. multa . . . fecerit: the tran,slation runs more smoothly if we<br />
leave out the partim , . . partim; introduced 77iany novelties in t<br />
art of war, and improved existing methods.<br />
77 I. pedestria: another instance of the Latin fondness for the<br />
adjective where English uses of.<br />
2. ante ilium imperatorem : before he became general,<br />
4. peltastae, hoplitae : Greek terms, applied to light and heavy<br />
armed troops respectively. See illustrations, pp. 76, 77.<br />
10. quod . . . esset: a relative clause of purpose.<br />
78 II. I. Srdinatae consisterent: took their places in the ranks.<br />
4. quod : a deed which,<br />
8. quem praeficeret: that he 7/iight put hii/i in charge Is'bett<br />
than who7n he should, etc.<br />
9. milium : pred. gen. limiting 7iumerus.<br />
10. quem ad modum : just as.<br />
II. FabiSni: trans, by a gen., as also Iphicratenses in 1. 12.<br />
16. captam : trans, as though ea7>i cepissent et.<br />
III. 21. fide magna: u high sense of honor. — Quod: and this<br />
quality, referring to fide 7ndgnd.<br />
25. placatis . . . animis : enjoying the reneived good-will of hi<br />
fello-w-citizens. Perhaps the next sentence gives the reason why<br />
a reconciliation is referred to.<br />
26. Causam capitis dixit: was tried for his life.<br />
27. bello sociali: i.e. that which Athens waged with her allies<br />
(socil), 357-355 B-C-<br />
79 3. pliiris : gen. of indefinite value. 'V^'ith facio'it means lit. 7n<br />
of more account; hence, esteem 7Hore highly.
CHABRIAS 189<br />
CHABRIAS p^ej<br />
B.C. yg<br />
376. Battle of Naxos.<br />
357. Chabrias slain at Chios.<br />
I. 8. memoria: A. 245. a. i; B. 226.2; G.397.N.2; H.481;<br />
M. 654.<br />
2. •vlctbiia: join with fidente77t. See note on pecunia, p. 4g,\.<br />
3. eo . . . quod: in the following mafiner. Omit quod in translating.<br />
4. reliquam: distinguish carefully: —<br />
alius, another, other;<br />
alter, other of two, second;<br />
ceterus, the other, all other, the rest of;<br />
reliquus, re77iaining, the rest of.<br />
—vetuit cedere : see note on violdrl, p. 63, 1. 3.<br />
5. genu: dat. with obnlxo, which is in the abl. abs. with scuto.<br />
The soldier knelt on one knee, with shield grounded and braced<br />
against the other knee, and spear levelled.<br />
6. novum : new tactic.<br />
7. iam incurrentis : in the very act of charging.<br />
9. illo statu : the attitude just mentioned of the soldier preparing<br />
to resist a charge.<br />
II. artifices: almost like our use of/ro/i^jjzowa/f, covering those<br />
classes of men who make a business of competing for prizes. In<br />
Greece these might be musicians, poets, actors, athletes, and the like.<br />
II. 15. sua sponte : contrasted w'lih dux Athe7iiensium.<br />
16. adiiitum : snpme w'lih profectus.<br />
17. publice: officially.<br />
23. magnas praedas faciebat: got much gain.<br />
III. 3.- diem: generahy ierrimmewhen'itmeans, appointed day. 8<br />
4. quam : refers to die77i, and is governed by afite. A dissyllabic<br />
preposition sometimes, as here, follows its case, especially with a<br />
relative or demonstrative pronoun. The whole clause is in the<br />
indir. disc, after denUntiarunt. Trans, as though et denuntiarunt<br />
nisi ante earn-.<br />
5. Hoc niintio : abl. of cause.
190<br />
NOTES<br />
6. neque: but . . . not.<br />
7. necesse: absolutely necessary. Necesse denotes binding necessity<br />
; oportet and debeo express fitness and duty respectively;<br />
the passive peri]3hrastic tells what is or requires to be done.<br />
9. liberalius quam ut posset: too freely to be able. See note<br />
on possent, p. 41,1. 4.<br />
10. civitatibus : dat. with C077tmune.<br />
II. ut: if the fact alone had been in mind, a quod clause with<br />
the indicative could have been employed, but the use of a clause of<br />
result shows that the circumstance is conceived of as a consequence<br />
of the natural character of " great and free states." —- detrahant:<br />
sc. elves or ho77iines.<br />
14. Neque . . . ille : a7id ifideed he was not the only one who.<br />
16. tantum, quantum : as far as; accusatives of extent which<br />
have become adverbs.<br />
17. recesserint: a strict holding to the law of sequence would<br />
require the pluperfect. The change to the primary sequence gives<br />
greater vividness.<br />
19. dissimilis quidem Chares: though Chares, it is true, -was<br />
different,<br />
20. horum: A. 234. d. I ; B. 204. 3 ; G. 359. R. I ; H. 435. 4.<br />
Cf. " I shall not look upon his like again."<br />
IV. 24. privatus : without a C077imand, — auctoritate : not<br />
authority, because that would imply official superiority, which Chabrias<br />
did not now have, but influence,<br />
I. studet: A. 276. e ; B. 293. I; G. 570 ; H. 533. 4; M. 917.<br />
5. rostro : see illustrations, pp. 28, 82.<br />
6. suberat quae exciperet: stood by to rescue.
EPAMINONDAS 191<br />
EPAMINONDAS<br />
B.C.<br />
371. Battle of Leuctra.<br />
369. Messenia restored to liberty.<br />
362. Battle of Mantinea.<br />
I. 13. The language of this chapter should be compared with<br />
that of the Praefatio.<br />
14. scribimus: begin to write. A. 327. a; B. 291. i; G. 574,<br />
575; H. 605. I; M. 878.-—praecipienda: sc. esse.<br />
16. ipsis: in their own eyes.-—sunt: ind. of a statement regarded<br />
as a fact, and not part of the indirect discourse.<br />
2. abesse a persona : is inconsistent with the character.<br />
3. quae omnia : and yet all these things.<br />
5. exprimere imaginem: the expression literally means to<br />
press out or mould a likeness, as in clay. Portray would be nearer<br />
the English idiom.<br />
9. pertineat: subj. of characteristic.<br />
10. eam declarandam : making the portrait distinct.<br />
12. quibus, a quibus : notice the difference between the abl. ofmeans<br />
and that of agency.<br />
14. ingeni facultatibus : talents.<br />
15. si qua alia : whatever else.<br />
II. 18. patre: abl. of source.<br />
19. iam a: even fro7n the titne of. I.e. as all his ancestors had<br />
been before him. — eruditus . . . magis : the full expression would<br />
be sic autem est^erudltus ut 7iemo Thebdnus magis eruditus sit.<br />
26. adulescens : though hi77tself but a young 77ian.<br />
I. neque a se dimisit: and he did not give hi77i up.<br />
4. ad consuetudinem: what other construction might have<br />
been used here?<br />
8. athletarum: the course of training followed by professional<br />
athletes in ancient Greece was believed by many thoughtful men of<br />
the time to disqualify them for work requiring intelligent and<br />
thorough control of the body, as well as mere physical strength.<br />
10. exercebatur : se exercebat.<br />
II. ad . . . contendere: to the end that he 7night be able to<br />
grapple and conte7id standing. The emphasis is on stans, in
192 NOTES<br />
contrast to wrestling on the ground, which was also practised. —<br />
posset: A. 328; B. 293. III. 2; G. 572; H. 603. II. 2.<br />
III. 15. accesserant: were added.<br />
16. temporibus : opportunities. — fortis manu: see note on the<br />
same words, p. 38, 1. 15.<br />
18. idem: erat aute77i.<br />
I. commissa: things intrusted; hence, secrets.<br />
2. studiosus audiendi: an attentive listener.<br />
3. disci : impersonal, that one learned.<br />
5. disputaretur: a discussion was going on.<br />
9. Amic5rum: emphatic position, being the word of greatest<br />
interest in the sentence. — caruit: did without. — facultatibus :<br />
abl. of separation. Observe the balance of words: —<br />
se tuendo<br />
alios sublevandos.<br />
Latin is full of such contrasts. —fide : their confide7ice in him. Observe<br />
the alliteration with facultdtibus, and the chiasmus which<br />
brings the two words together.<br />
13. virgo . . . posset: see note on dotibus, p. 38,1. 5.<br />
15. pro facultatibus : i7i proportion to his means.<br />
17. ipsi: with their own hands.<br />
IV. 22. corrumpendum: see note on tuenda, p. 18,1. 28.<br />
27. Nihil: adverbial.<br />
I. pecunia: A. 243.6; B.218. 2; G.406; H.477. Ill; M. 646.<br />
4. orbis terrarum: the regular expression for the geographical<br />
world. Mundus means either the universe, or (in poetry) the world<br />
of mankind. Terra alone may denote the earth astronomically considered,<br />
land as distinguished from water, or a single country.<br />
5. Tu: bring out the emphasis, as for you. — incognitum:<br />
a 7nan who7n you did fiot kno%u. — tui: see note on horum, p. 81,<br />
1. 20.<br />
9. Hunc Diomedon: it is very common to have subject and<br />
object thus stand together in strong contrast.<br />
10. attulerat: what would the subj. have implied here ?<br />
II. Istud : what you ask.<br />
11. tibi: see note on absenti, p. 57, 1. i.<br />
13. dSiatum . . . noUiissem: did 7wt like to take whe/i it was<br />
offered.
EPAMINONDAS 193<br />
16. ut . . . escenderet effecit: got hi77i safely on board ship.<br />
18. supra: in the life of Chabrias. — Abstinentiae: do not<br />
trans, abstinence, but see what word best describes the quality of<br />
the act just mentioned. Cf. the same use, p. 38,1. I.<br />
19. Pliirima proferre : cite 77iore instafices.<br />
20. modus . . . est: like our expression one 77tust draw the line<br />
somewhere.<br />
21. volumine: ancient books were written upon a roll (w^^feOT^w)<br />
of papyrus or parchment. This was necessarily limited in size by<br />
considerations of convenience in handling; and as people had not<br />
the advantages of printers' type and thin paper, it will be seen<br />
that most modern books of one volume would have filled many<br />
volUt7iina before the days of printing.<br />
22. res : what kind of t/migs would biographers describe ? What,<br />
then, is the proper word by which to translate res here ?<br />
23. versuum : see note on versus, p. 39, 1. 5.<br />
V. 25. brevitate respondendi: repartee.<br />
27. indidem Thebis: likewise from Thebes; lit. from the sai/ie<br />
place, (na77iely) fro7n Thebes.<br />
2. ut . . . scilicet: that is, for a Theban. — genti: dat. after<br />
inest. The abl. with in would also be good Latin.<br />
3. virium : plus in the sing, is a substantive, and has the partitive<br />
genitive.—in . . . florere: was disti7iguishing hitnself as a warrior.<br />
14. ea: A. 249; B. 218. I; G. 407; H. 477. I; M. 646.<br />
24. Quod . . . putes : in thinki7ig.<br />
28. ego . . . liberavi: at the battle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, with<br />
which the ten years' supremacy of Thebes began.<br />
29. Lacedaemoniis fugatis : do not render the Lacedae77i07iians<br />
having bee7i put to flight.<br />
VI. 6. multa . . . esset: had cast ma7ty taunts at.<br />
7. hoc posuisset: had made this assertion.<br />
12. perorasset: what is the force of the per ?<br />
15. scelere admissS: a striking idiom. It represents a crime<br />
as something which the criminal lets in as it were, the prominent idea<br />
being the wrong done to his own moral nature.<br />
17. legati: in apposition with #z«.i-.<br />
19. frequentissimS : not frequent.<br />
VII. 3. res.. . deducta : 7natters were brought to such a pass.<br />
o
194<br />
NOTES<br />
4. omnes: in such a connection do we more often say all, or<br />
everybody f<br />
6. privatus numero militis : without a commission, and serving<br />
in the ranks.<br />
10. saepius: a 7iumber of times.-—Maxime . . . inliistre: an<br />
especially notable ifistance occurred.<br />
14. in . . . venissent: had fallen into disgrace.<br />
15. iis: see note on absenti, p. 57, 1. I.—locum: see note on<br />
the same word, p. 57, 1. 2.<br />
18, gessit: went on -with.<br />
21. si quis : -whoever.<br />
22. retinuisset, foret: subj. implying that the language of the<br />
law has been quoted (informal indirect discourse).<br />
23. latam: see note on tulit, p. 63, 1. 18.<br />
25. mensibus: abl. of degree of difference.<br />
VIII. 26. Postquam . . . est: after their returfi home.<br />
I. factum: sc. esse. The subject is the result clause ut oboediretit.<br />
4. quid diceret: any plea to make. The thought of the bystander<br />
would be non habet quid dlcat, indirect question. The direct<br />
form of this question would be quid dlcam ? For dicam, see A. 268;<br />
B. 277; G. 265; H. 559.4,; M. 723.<br />
5. venit, nihil: asyndeton. — crimini: in their indictment.<br />
See note on indicio, p. 49, 1. 2.<br />
7. quo minus . . . subiret: A. 319. c; B. 295. 3; G. 549;<br />
H. 568. 8; M. 909.<br />
10. ante se imperatorem : see note on p. 77, 1. 2.<br />
11. aspicere : jr/^c-compounds regularly imply voluntary action,<br />
look; while video, see, does not.<br />
12. proelio : the battle of Leuctra, already mentioned.<br />
14. perduxit: see note on res . . . deducta, p. 89, 1. 3. Notice<br />
the difference in the meaning of the compounded prepositions.<br />
16. Messene: Messenia had been for three hundred years subject<br />
to Sparta. Epaminondas restored its freedom, and built for its<br />
people a new city, Messene, whose citadel was the ancient stronghold<br />
Ithome.<br />
19. ferre suffragium: pass judgitient (lit. cast a vote). Of<br />
course unfavorable judgment is here meant.
EPAMINONDAS ^9S<br />
20. iiidicio capitis : trial for his life. PAGE<br />
IX. 21. extremo tempore: ffiif/flj^, i.e. at the end of his career. 90<br />
24. universi : to a man. — unum : sc. eum.<br />
I. repiignantis : their adversaries. 91<br />
7. exanimatus est: breathed his last.<br />
X. 8. in quo : in regard to this.<br />
10. male consulere: did not have due regard for. — eo:<br />
agrees with and is explained by the clause quod. . . relinqueret.—<br />
diceret: sc. Pelopidds.<br />
13. talem . . . natum : such a son.<br />
14. sis : subj. in a relative clause of cause.<br />
20. sit: A. 332. a. 2; B. 295. 6; G. 553. 4; H. 564. II. l;<br />
M. 782.<br />
21. Quo tempore : at the time when.<br />
22. exsules : Thebes fell into the hands of Sparta through the<br />
treachery of some of her own citizens. A number of the opposite party<br />
went into exile; but later, under the lead of Pelopidas. they returned,<br />
took possession of the city by a stratagem, drove out the Spartan<br />
garrison, and slew many of the Theban traitors.<br />
3. Cadmeam: the citadel of Thebes, so called after Cadmus, the 92<br />
city's m}rthical Phoenician founder. — pGguari coeptum est: the<br />
fighting began. The passive of coepi regularly accompanies passive<br />
infinitives. Do not translate impersonals as such, unless the English<br />
idiom is also impersonal, as in the expression "it is raining,"<br />
and the like.<br />
6. ibit infitias: the construction of this phrase is not settled. It<br />
means will deny. — ante natum : before the birth of. Literally ?<br />
10. pluris: of 77iore account. See note on the same word,<br />
P- 79J 1- 3-
EXERCISES IN WRITING LATIN<br />
Do not attempt these exercises until you have mastered the portion of<br />
text on which each is based. If you find difficulty in rendering a phrase,<br />
do not go to an English-Latin dictionary, but look again for the tJioughl in<br />
the Latin text. The secret of good translation is to find the idioms in one<br />
language which correspond to those in the other. That is to say, we do not<br />
always try to represent each individual word of the English by _ Latin<br />
word; but to learn what is the meaning of each phrase or group of words,<br />
and to express the same idea in idiomatic Latin.<br />
Words in brackets are not to be translated, and words connected by<br />
hyphens are to be rendered by a single Latin word. The Roman numerals<br />
refer to the chapters of the text on which the exercise is based.<br />
PRAEFATIO<br />
Many things which do not conform to our own customs<br />
are nevertheless {tameri) right. Not the same<br />
things are good and bad in-the-sight-of-all (dat.). A<br />
Roman thought [it] far from seemly [for] a man to<br />
dance or play the flute. A Greek was ashamed to take<br />
his wife out to a banquet. But with us these things are<br />
not accounted shameful. According to our customs it<br />
is unworthy of the character of a distinguished man to<br />
be proclaimed victor at Olympia; but we judge all men<br />
according to the standards of their own {suus) nations.<br />
MILTIADES<br />
I. It happens that Miltiades wishes to be sent with<br />
the colonists to the Chersonese. The Athenians send<br />
197
198 EXERCISES<br />
messengers to inquire whom they had best employ as<br />
leader, since a war must be waged with the Thracians.<br />
They are directed by Pythia to take Miltiades [as] their<br />
general. " If you do this," she says {inquit), " your<br />
undertaking will be prosperous."<br />
The Lemnians will voluntarily come under the sway<br />
of the Athenians when Miltiades can sail from Athens<br />
to Lemnos with the north wind.<br />
II. In the whole region of which he had taken<br />
possession there were settled those who had come with<br />
him from Athens, among whom he was [a man] of<br />
royal rank. He had obtained absolute power by the<br />
consent of all. When he had settled the Chersonese,<br />
he asked that Lemnos should be handed over to him<br />
according to agreement. When this had been done,<br />
and the rest of the islands had been brought back under<br />
the sway of the Athenians, he returned to the Chersonese.<br />
III. While I am absent {ft-tl.) I shall leave [as]<br />
guards of the bridge the rulers whom I have brought<br />
with me from Ionia and Aeolis. If I give to each of<br />
these one city to have in charge, no hope will be left<br />
them in case of my death {adl. ads.), because they will be<br />
punished by their own subjects. Therefore their power<br />
rests on my safety.<br />
IV. Darius is urged by his friends to prepare {subj.)<br />
a fleet. With an army of two hundred and ten thousand<br />
men {miles) he approaches Marathon, after the citizens of
MILTIADES 199<br />
Eretria have been carried off and sent {abl. abs.) into<br />
Asia. As quickly as possible the Athenians send a<br />
messenger to Sparta. If they take the field themselves<br />
at the very first opportunity, and do not {and not<br />
= neque) despair of the bravery of the citizens, the<br />
enemy will be more cautious and the citizens will take<br />
fresh courage.<br />
V. A thousand soldiers were sent by the Plataeans<br />
as aid {dat.) to the Athenians. Since all [of] these were<br />
on fire with eagerness to fight, their influence was more<br />
powerful than [that] of Miltiades' colleagues. When<br />
they joined battle, they were not hemmed in by the<br />
hosts of the enemy, whose cavalry was hindered by the<br />
trees; but they put the Persians to rout.<br />
VI. We can easily understand that the cheap honor<br />
which was awarded Miltiades, by whom the whole of<br />
Greece had been liberated, was nevertheless {tamen)<br />
more glorious than that of Demetrius Phalereus. For his<br />
{Hiiius enim) reward was granted by a nation corrupted<br />
by the bounty of the government, but such honors as<br />
[those] of Miltiades were uncommon, and not {neque)<br />
lavishly bestowed.<br />
VII. Ships are given by the Athenians to Miltiades,<br />
that he may bring the islands back to their allegiance.<br />
He is on the point of getting possession of Paros, when,<br />
by some chance, he sees the glare from a burning forest<br />
on the mainland. He concludes that it is a signal from<br />
the king, and returns to Athens. His fellow-citizens
200<br />
EXERCISES<br />
accuse him of treason, and he is fined fifty talents {abl^.<br />
Since he cannot pay this {which since he cannot pay), he<br />
dies in the common jail.<br />
VIII. The Athenians were afraid of Miltiades, who<br />
had had experience in tyranny in the Chersonese. He<br />
was a man of wonderful geniality and of great influence.<br />
Nevertheless, [it was] because {quod) he had been called<br />
a tyrant, although {cum) there were other reasons,<br />
[that] the charge concerning Paros was brought against<br />
him. The people had regard to his character, and pun<br />
ished him through fear of his desire for power.<br />
THEMISTOCLES<br />
I. We consider none greater than Themistocles, and<br />
[but] few his equals. By the utmost application he be<br />
came illustrious. His father did not look with favor upon<br />
him, because he lived too fast a life; and accordingly<br />
{itaque) he disinherited him. By this {which) misfortune<br />
he was not crushed, but hfted.<br />
II. The state was rendered fiercer when the people<br />
appointed Themistocles general. The Athenians were<br />
persuaded by him to wage war with {cum) the Cor-<br />
cyraeans. When these had been crushed, then the<br />
pirates are said to have been pursued. The Athe<br />
nians became skilled in war, and a source-of-safety to<br />
the whole [of] Greece. It was said that when Xerxes<br />
invaded Greece, he aimed especially at the Athe<br />
nians, on account of the battle of Marathon {adj.).
THEMISTOCLES 20I<br />
They were persuaded to defend themselves by wooden<br />
walls.<br />
III. They are sending picked [men], who are to<br />
hold {subj. of purpose) Thermopylae, and the fleet w:ill<br />
meet the king's naval forces at Artemisium. They will<br />
make for a narrow strait, so that the ships of the barbarians<br />
may not surround them. If they go away from<br />
here, they will station the fleet near Salamis in order to<br />
please Themistocles.<br />
IV. If we go off {fut.) to our homes, we can defend<br />
ourselves by [our] walls. But since {cum autem) all<br />
[of] us together are a match for the barbarians, let us<br />
remain. A faithful slave of Themistocles will be sent<br />
to the king, to tell him that he can quickly crush us all.<br />
He will suspect no deceit, and will be conquered by this<br />
stratagem.<br />
V. If the king had not failed in his undertaking, he<br />
would not have returned to Asia. He supposed that<br />
a plan was on foot to destroy the bridge which had<br />
been made over the Hellespont. And so he did not<br />
crush the enemy with the remnant of his forces, but<br />
submitted to Greece.<br />
VI. Let us establish Piraeus [as] a: harbor, and<br />
restore the walls of Athens. The Lacedaemonians<br />
say that no city outside of the Peloponnese ought to be<br />
surrounded with fortifications. For they wish the<br />
Athenians to be weaker than themselves. If their
202<br />
EXERCISES<br />
ambassadors forbid us to build walls, Themistocles<br />
will undertake an embassy at his own personal risk,<br />
that our city may be fortified.<br />
VII. Though the Lacedaemonians complain that<br />
Themistocles is dragging out the time as long as<br />
possible, the work is none the less going on. The<br />
chief authority is in the hands of the ephors. These<br />
send [as] ambassadors to Athens men who have held<br />
the highest offices. The Athenians have fenced in<br />
their gods with walls, the more easily to defend them<br />
from an enemy. This they have done in accordance<br />
with international law {abl.).<br />
VIII. His fellow-citizens banished him by ostracism.<br />
When he was living at Argos, he was accused by the<br />
Lacedaemonians, because, as they said {express by<br />
mood), he had made an alliance with the Persian<br />
king for the conquest of Greece. Both Athenians and<br />
Lacedaemonians demanded his extradition, but he embarked<br />
on a ship and sailed to Ephesus.<br />
IX. If Thucydides {case ?) is to be believed {gerundive),<br />
when Themistocles had come to Artaxerxes, he<br />
asked that he might have the king's friendship. He said<br />
that he had taken refuge with him because he was<br />
hunted out of Greece. After a year's time had passed,<br />
the king permitted Themistocles to come to him.<br />
X. Because the king admired Themistocles' high<br />
spirit, he wanted him to be on his side. When he
ARISTIDES 203<br />
{Qui cum) had become versed in the Persian language,<br />
he made the king many acceptable {many and acceptable)<br />
promises. It is said that he took poison intentionally,<br />
because he could not subdue Greece by war, and that<br />
he was buried first {primum) at Magnesia, then {deinde)<br />
in Attica.<br />
ARISTIDES<br />
I. When Aristides and Themistocles were rivals, the<br />
former {ille) was sentenced to ten years' exile. Since<br />
the mob could not be checked, he went away. A<br />
certain man was not pleased because he was called<br />
the Just. It is said that the eloquence of Themis<br />
tocles proved to be of more avail than the integrity<br />
of Aristides.<br />
II. After the barbarians had been routed at Plataea,<br />
Aristides made the Athenians leaders {brought it about<br />
that the Athenians were leaders) on the sea. On account<br />
of Pausanias' arrogance and Aristides' fairness, many<br />
states of Greece joined the Athenian alliance. If Aris<br />
tides had not been released from his punishment, this<br />
could not have happened.<br />
III. If 460 talents are gathered yearly into Delos,<br />
the common treasury, the enemy will be more easily<br />
driven off. Aristides will settle how much each state<br />
is to give. After a man of such integrity has died, his<br />
daughters are supported at the public expense, if he<br />
dies in reduced circumstances.
204<br />
EXERCISES<br />
PAUSANIAS<br />
I. The barbarians were destroyed at Plataea under<br />
the leadership of Pausanias. In this battle he defeated<br />
Mardonius, the king's son-in-law. The Lacedaemonians<br />
blamed him, because he dedicated a golden tripod to<br />
Apollo on account of his victory. They erased his in<br />
scription, because he was puffed up and had said that [it<br />
was] he [who] had destroyed the Persians.<br />
II. Pausanias enjoyed equal good fortune when he<br />
drove the forces of the barbarians out of Thrace. He<br />
sent the Persian nobles whom he had captured to the<br />
king, and said that he desired to form a marriage-alli<br />
ance with him. The king {Ille) promised to give {se<br />
with fut. inf.) him his daughter in marriage, a.s{id quod)<br />
he had requested, and said that he was greatly rejoiced<br />
at the safety of his relatives. Since Pausanias had now<br />
{iam) begun to aim at greater power, the Spartans<br />
called him home, and accused him on a capital charge,<br />
but only {tantum) sentenced him [to pay] a money-fine<br />
{abl>).<br />
III. Pausanias' plans were disclosed when he changed<br />
his national customs for kingly splendor {abl.). After-<br />
the Spartans found out that he was not giving audience<br />
to petitioners and was exercisiiig-his-power cruelly, they<br />
said that he must return {gerundive) home. The ephors<br />
cast him into the common gaol, as {id quod) is allowed<br />
them, but did not condemn him to death. Neverthe<br />
less they thought that he was going to stir up the
CIMON 205<br />
Helots, and so they waited until the actual facts shou<br />
come out.<br />
IV If the young man delivers the letter he must<br />
perish. And so he will hand it over to the ephors. But<br />
the Lacedaemonians display {express by dat.) so much<br />
deliberation that they will not be moved to use force<br />
before {priusquam) Pausanias reveals {fut. perf.) him<br />
self. They will order the witness to flee to the temple of<br />
Neptune, and seat-himself upon the altar. Certain of<br />
the ephors will go down into an underground place, from<br />
which they can hear what Pausanias and the Argihan<br />
say. Pausanias will beg the young man to help him.<br />
V. Do the ephors think it better that a trap should<br />
be laid for him .• If he should flee into the temple,<br />
would he be able to get out} No {Minime), for he will<br />
be shut in with stones, and when he is taken out {fut,)<br />
he will be half-dead. Thus must those perish who de<br />
file their glory by base deeds {factum). His body will<br />
be buried far from the spot where he dies {fttt. perf),<br />
but the Delphic oracle will command {praecipio) that he<br />
be disinterred.<br />
CIMON<br />
I. The beginning of Cimon's youth is said to have<br />
been hard; for he was cast into prison on account of<br />
a fine which his father could not pay. In order to pay<br />
this {rei}) money, he gave his own {suus) wife in mar<br />
riage to a certain rich Callias. Elpinice said that she
2o6<br />
EXERCISES<br />
would marry Callias, although he was not well-born,<br />
that Cimon might not die in prison.<br />
II. Because Cimon {Cimon because) was a man of<br />
the highest wisdom and eloquence, he had a power<br />
ful influence over the nation. The town [of] Am<br />
phipolis was founded by him. He is said to have<br />
conquered the Phoenicians at Mycale, and to have<br />
compelled the islands which had revolted to return to<br />
their allegiance. He decorated the citadel of Athens<br />
with the great booty which he had obtained [when]<br />
commander of the Athenians.<br />
III. Although Cimon fell into disfavor and was ban<br />
ished, the Athenians quickly repented of his exile, and<br />
recalled him. War was declared by the Spartans five<br />
years after he was condemned to banishment, but peace<br />
was restored between these two powerful states through<br />
the agency {opera) of Cimon. Not long after, this<br />
[man], who had been banished and recalled and was<br />
now general, died in Cyprus, where he was besieging<br />
the town of Citium.<br />
IV. He was long missed by the Athenians. So great<br />
was his generosity that no keepers were placed in his<br />
gardens, but all who wished could enjoy their fruits.<br />
Many were made rich by him, and many who had died<br />
in poverty {adj) were buried at his expense. He never<br />
put off a man {quisquam) who was in need of help, but<br />
gave at once money, or even {etiam) his own cloak.
LYSANDER 207<br />
LYSANDER<br />
I. Lysander's renown was due to good luck; for if<br />
the Athenians had been obedient to the command of their<br />
generals, they would not have been subdued by him.<br />
When he had cast out those who favored the Athenian<br />
side, he gave the supreme command to ten men in<br />
each state. All [of] these assured him by a pledge<br />
that they would be his creatures. This was done after<br />
the Athenians had surrendered themselves to him.<br />
II. He saw that Thasos was especially faithful to<br />
Athens. If he had not desired to corrupt this state,<br />
he would not have returned from Asia. He concealed<br />
his purpose in this matter, just as if he were not looking<br />
out for {impf. subj) his own interests.<br />
Ill; The decarchy which he has established has been<br />
broken up. The Lacedaemonians say that he will try<br />
to bribe the oracle of Delphi, and that if he cannot [do]<br />
this, he will make an attempt on [that] of Dodona. If<br />
he should try to corrupt the Africans, he would be<br />
greatly deceived by the priests of Jupiter. He does<br />
not doubt that he will be chosen leader. Of this {of<br />
which thing) a speech which we have found in his<br />
house is evidence {dat).<br />
IV. It has been reported to Lysander's fellow-citizens<br />
that he has done many cruel deeds in this war. Pharnabazus,<br />
whose influence in this matter is great, has
2o8 EXERCISES<br />
promised to bear testimony to the scrupulousness with<br />
which he has treated the allies. When Lysander himself<br />
reads {fut. perf) the book which he has given the<br />
ephors to examine, he will wish that he had not asked<br />
the satrap to write the government concerning him.<br />
ALCIBIADES<br />
I, II. All are agreed that in Alcibiades nature tried<br />
[to see] what she could accomplish. If he had not<br />
stood in the first rank of orators, and skilfully availed<br />
himself of his opportunities, we should not have said<br />
that he was so clever. But since the persuasiveness of<br />
his speech was so great that none could resist him, every<br />
one wondered that he was found [to be] so dissolute<br />
and self-indulgent.<br />
III. The Athenians are said to have declared war<br />
on the Syracusans by his advice. Because he had celebrated<br />
the mysteries at his own house, they supposed<br />
that it was he who threw down the statues-of-Hermes.<br />
Many were filled with terror lest this should pertain to<br />
a conspiracy. From this it happened that their fear<br />
was greater than their hope. If Alcibiades could be<br />
of great service to Athens, he could also work the state<br />
great harm. And so it seemed that he was about to<br />
destroy the people's liberty.<br />
IV. This is the charge on which {abl) he is accused.<br />
He asks his enemies not to wait for the time when<br />
he has gone away. They, however, realize that this
ALCIBIADES 209<br />
must be done. When he has been declared guilty {fit.<br />
perf), he will sail from Thurii to Elis, to avoid the impending<br />
storm. If he hears that his property has been<br />
confiscated, and that he has been cursed by the priests,<br />
he will wage war against his own [countrymen].<br />
Through his advice the Lacedaemonians will gain the<br />
upper hand in the war.<br />
V. Alcibiades cannot be kept ignorant that the<br />
Spartans hold aloof from him through their fear of<br />
his patriotism. Therefore, since he is a man of extraordinary<br />
shrewdness, he will take care not to be<br />
killed. It is said that he has become the fast friend<br />
of Tissaphemes. When he is taken back by the army<br />
of the Athenians, he will be restored [to his rights] by<br />
a decree of the people. He has decided to seek an<br />
opportunity of recovering the cities of Ionia, that he<br />
may return to Athens after having accomplished great<br />
deeds.<br />
VI. Alcibiades is persuading the people that their<br />
good fortune comes through his efforts. It will seem<br />
to them that they have lost the army in Sicily through<br />
their own fault. When they have given back his property<br />
and removed the curse, they will not remember<br />
that they adjudged him guilty of sacrilege. I am not<br />
so hard-hearted that I would neither weep over his<br />
misfortunes nor go down to the Piraeus to see him<br />
disembark.<br />
VII. Alcibiades' office was taken away from him,<br />
that his happiness might not be too long-lived. While<br />
p
2IO EXERCISES<br />
absent he heard that they had put another in his place<br />
since they had come to the conclusion that he had been<br />
bribed by the king. Every one said that he was acting<br />
with evil intent when he did not capture Cyme; for<br />
there was nothing which he was unable to do {indir.<br />
disc). From this it came about that he went to Thrace,<br />
and grew rich on the plunder of the barbarians.<br />
VIII. When Philocles stationed his fleet near Aegos<br />
potami, Lysander did not let slip such an opportunity of<br />
destroying the army. Although the Athenians had no<br />
money, they had their arms and ships; but since Lysan<br />
der had both money and men {miles), he wished to<br />
exhaust the Athenians by dragging out the war as long<br />
as possible. Philocles was unwilling to ask for peace,<br />
because he felt that if he should do so {plup. subj.), he<br />
would be of no account among the Athenians. If any<br />
piece of good fortune befell, he wished to have a share<br />
in it. Alcibiades warned the Athenians not to have<br />
their camp near the enemy.<br />
IX. It is said that after Alcibiades went into hiding<br />
in Thrace, all his thoughts were turned to the liberation<br />
of his country. He did not doubt that he would be<br />
able so to captivate the Persian king by his courteous<br />
manners that the king {ille) would help him to make<br />
war on the Spartans. When he had an opportunity<br />
of meeting the king, he revealed to him what Cyrus,<br />
the king's brother, was doing. For the latter {Hic<br />
enim) was preparing for war. And so he came into<br />
great favor, because he had served the king.
THRASYBULUS 211<br />
X. The tyrants ask the satrap to dehver up Alci<br />
biades. Pharnabazus is informed by them that if he<br />
does not kill {perf. subj.) him, the king's power will be<br />
damaged. Those who are sent to put him out of the<br />
way secretly rob him of his sword. As-he-passes {pres.<br />
part.) through the flames he is slain by weapons thrown<br />
from a distance.<br />
Alcibiades had been laboring that Lysander's work at<br />
Athens might not be permanent; but he was killed by<br />
barbarians, who did not dare attack him with the sword.<br />
XI. This man, [though] slandered by many, was<br />
spoken of with the highest praise by the historian<br />
Thucydides. He {Qui quidem) writes that after Alci<br />
biades [had been] expelled from Athens [and] had<br />
come to Thebes, no one was his match in strength of<br />
body. In patience and endurance, moreover {autem), he<br />
surpassed the Lacedaemonians, who devote themselves<br />
more to frugality than to magnificence. Among the<br />
Persians he was accounted first in those things which<br />
they especially admire; for {nam) they are both high<br />
livers and energetic hunters.<br />
THRASYBULUS<br />
I. No one is to be counted superior to Thrasybulus<br />
in honor and greatness of soul. By him his country<br />
was brought out of slavery into freedom, [a thing]<br />
which has happened to few {put the rei. clause in the<br />
first part of the sentence). When Athens was held in<br />
subjection by the Thirty Tyrants, war was declared
212<br />
EXERCISES<br />
against them by him alone; this glorious deed is entirely<br />
his {proprius). In the Peloponnesian war all his exploits<br />
{res gestae) were turned to account by Alcibiades.<br />
II. Not more than thirty of his friends fled with him<br />
to Phyle. Although the Tyrants despised him at first,<br />
he defeated them so that they fled disgracefully into the<br />
city. In their flight {pres. part.) no violence was done<br />
them, nor were the dead despoiled of their clothing. If<br />
the leader of the Tyrants had not despised the forces<br />
of Thrasybulus, he would not have fallen in battle.<br />
Thrasybulus {Ille autem) had been in need of arms and<br />
of the necessaries of life after he had fortified Munychla,<br />
and he thought it fair to lay-hands-on these.<br />
III. Peace was made by Pausanias, king of the Lace<br />
daemonians. Those who had practised cruelty suffered<br />
exile. By the Law of Forgetfulness, which Thrasybu<br />
lus proposed, no one was accused of those things which<br />
he had done before the peace, except those who had<br />
caused a massacre. Thrasybulus also promised that<br />
their property should not be confiscated {inf). When<br />
peace had been made, he performed what he had<br />
promised.<br />
IV. Let him be given a crown by the people. That<br />
which has been called out by love and not by force can<br />
cause {have) no envy. Therefore let no more than the<br />
two olive boughs be given in recognition of {pi'o) his<br />
services. Do not ask for that which many desire. If<br />
the people give you a hundred jugera, be content with
CONON 213<br />
that. The wise Pittacus did not desire more. Fairness<br />
of mind and good-will can be shown by very small<br />
presents.<br />
CONON<br />
I. No one doubts that Conon's aid was of great value<br />
to the Athenians in the Peloponnesian war. Pherae<br />
was taken by him when he was governor of the islands.<br />
[It was] because he was absent [that] Lysander defeated<br />
the Athenians at Aegospotami. If he had then<br />
{turn) been in charge of the fleet, they would not have<br />
suffered that disaster. He is said to have been skilful<br />
in the art of war, and to have done great deeds. It<br />
is also {quoque) said that matters were badly managed at<br />
the end of the war.<br />
II. When he had betaken himself to Pharnabazus in<br />
order to be a protection to his country, he managed to<br />
be {brought it to pass that he zvas) in command of the<br />
army which was sent against that satrap who had revolted<br />
from the king. He was able greatly to hinder the<br />
Spartans, with whom Tissaphemes had formed an alliance.<br />
He did this because he heard that his country's<br />
fortunes were shattered. It was evident that he could<br />
accomplish this only {tantum) through much foil and<br />
many perils.<br />
III. It is not surprising that Tissaphemes had influence<br />
with the king, for his services had been very great.<br />
But it was clear to the rest that he had revolted from<br />
the king. Conon wrote to the king that the man {is)<br />
was not faithful to his allegiance. Conon preferred to
2,14 EXERCISES<br />
carry on his intended negotiations through letters, be<br />
cause he was afraid that his own country would be<br />
scandalized if he should do reverence to the king after<br />
the manner of the Persians. And so the chiliarch com<br />
municated his {eitis) wishes to the king in writing.<br />
IV. Through Conon's influence the king is persuaded<br />
to wage war against the Spartans. Conon says that it<br />
is not within his prerogative to distribute the money.<br />
Let him demand ships-of-war from the Phoenicians, if<br />
he wishes to make ready a fleet. The Lacedaemonians<br />
thought that he would collect a fleet during the follow<br />
ing summer, and so they set out under the leadership<br />
of Pisander, who was both brave and prudent. But<br />
they were put to flight near Cnidus.<br />
V. If he had not been careless, he would not have<br />
striven after more than he could accompUsh. For he<br />
thought he could restore Ionia and Aeolia to his coun<br />
try. But he was summoned by the king, who cast him<br />
into prison. Some have left it on record that he was<br />
there some time. If Dinon is to be believed, he<br />
escaped. But at any rate he avenged his country's<br />
wrongs.<br />
DION<br />
I. The Carthaginians are said to have admired Dion<br />
greatly {magna opere), because of the faithfulness with<br />
which his embassies were conducted {because e^iibassies<br />
were faithfziUy conducted by him). He is also said to<br />
have been intimate with Dionysius the Elder {prioi)
DION 215<br />
on account of the many excellent qualities with which he<br />
was {had been) endowed by nature. The wealth which<br />
his father had left him was increased by the gifts of<br />
Dionysius, who honored his character, which was suited<br />
to the highest accomplishments. For he was both openminded<br />
and courteous.<br />
II. Because Dionysius loves him even as a son, he<br />
cannot refuse to send for Plato, with whom the youth is<br />
charmed. Yet the tyrant cruelly orders him to be sold.<br />
When Dionysius had fallen sick, he was given a sleeping-potion<br />
by his physicians, and through taking this<br />
{which having been taken) he met his end. Dion had<br />
asked the doctors how he was, for he wished to talk<br />
with him, that his sister's son might have part of the<br />
kingdom; and what he said {eius sermo) was reported to<br />
Dionysius' son by the doctors.<br />
III. Dionysius sent for Plato from Athens, in order<br />
to be in some respect like his father. But when he was<br />
about to .restore {fut. part.) liberty to the Syracusans,<br />
Philistus the historian discouraged him from his purpose.<br />
If he had followed Plato's advice, he would have<br />
made an end of the tyranny. This was one of the<br />
things {one thing) which increased the hostility of Dion<br />
and the tyrant, although at first Dionysius had regarded<br />
his wishes.<br />
IV. When Dion was given a trireme in which to sail<br />
to Corinth, many were angry at the tyrant's act. But<br />
Dionysius had been afraid that he might be crushed by
2l6<br />
EXERCISES<br />
the other {ille), and so he did this for his own safety.<br />
Dion had surpassed him in influence and in the people's<br />
love. After he had debauched Dion's son with feasting<br />
and wine, that no time might be left for [him to be]<br />
sober, the father returned and placed guards over him<br />
{dat) to reclaim him from his former manner-of-hfe.<br />
V. At Corinth, preparations for war were made by<br />
Dion and Heraclides, but they induced [only] a few to<br />
[take] a.share in {of) the danger. If they had not<br />
been [men] of the greatest courage, they never would<br />
have entered Syracuse. But Dion thought that a power<br />
which was not protected by good-will could be easily<br />
overthrown. And so the king's proud-spirit was crushed,<br />
when Dion had become master of the citadel of Syra<br />
cuse ; and he no longer {neque ille iam) trusted in his<br />
soldiers and warships, but was willing to make peace.<br />
VI. The death of a son is the severest wound which<br />
a parent can receive. By this sudden change in-his-<br />
estate {gen. plur. of res) fortune tried to exercise her<br />
power upon him, but he was not overwhelmed by<br />
her fickleness. Can a state be well conducted under the<br />
control of many.' It seemed to Homer that this could<br />
not be done {fio). When Dion quoted that line of<br />
Homer in which this idea is found, Heraclides, who was<br />
in command of the fleet, did not regard it with indifference.<br />
In order to check the unpopularity which followed<br />
this speech, Dion is said to have had him {ille)<br />
put to death.
DION 217<br />
VII. When his own money failed, he laid hands on<br />
the estates of his friends. But fear was inspired in the<br />
tyrant when his soldiers began-to-say {impf) that he<br />
ought not to be endured. He had lost [the good-will<br />
of] the nobility a little while before. If anyone {quis)<br />
was opposed to him, his property was confiscated. The<br />
people who had lauded him to the skies were now of a<br />
disposition unfriendly to him.<br />
VIII. Callicrates was a man not to be deterred {qui<br />
with impf. subj.) by any scruple. When he was laying<br />
plots against Dion, he swore that no harm should come<br />
to him at his hands. Dion said that Callicrates {ille)<br />
was pretending to be unfriendly to him by his own<br />
direction, and that in this way he would escape the displeasure<br />
of the people. But his wife and sister were<br />
afraid that he would be put to death, and did not know<br />
how he was to escape the hatred of the soldiers.<br />
IX. " I shall choose certain bold young men," said<br />
{inquit) Callicrates, "and give them charge to attack<br />
him as-he-lies {part) in bed. They will say that they<br />
have come to hold an interview with him, and when<br />
they are admitted {fut. perf), they will bind him and<br />
slay him {slay him bound) with a sword. If chance<br />
hinders my plans, I shall flee to a place-of-safety in the<br />
trireme. which my brother is rowing-about in the harbor<br />
as though to exercise the oarsmen."<br />
X. Report of the murder spread rapidly. Many<br />
innocent persons are said to have been cut down by
2l8<br />
EXERCISES<br />
those who were ignorant [as to] who the guilty men<br />
were. Public sentiment changes wonderfully; for he<br />
who in his life had been called a tyrant was now {nunc)<br />
styled the liberator of his country. But he could not be<br />
won back from the lower world by the compassion of<br />
those who were not pleased at his death.<br />
IPHICRATES<br />
I. The weapons of the Athenian infantry are said to<br />
have been changed by Iphicrates. His soldiers were<br />
light-armed, and from the shield which they used they<br />
were afterwards called peltasts. The length of the spear<br />
was doubled, and the soldiers were given hnen cuirasses.<br />
Nepos says that Iphicrates was ranked with the fore<br />
most men of his time, and that he in no instance made<br />
a culpable failure.<br />
II. A war was waged by Iphicrates to restore an<br />
ally of the Athenians to the throne. His troops were<br />
the most thoroughly disciplined of all in Greece. They<br />
were so obedient to their leader that he was able by<br />
their aid to destroy a Spartan mora. Iphicrates was<br />
asked for as leader in the war which was waged {infero)<br />
by Artaxerxes upon the king of Egypt, and he was put<br />
in command of twelve thousand men {miles).<br />
III. The son of Iphicrates used-to-say {impf) that<br />
he valued his mother more highly than [he did] his<br />
father. It is said that Iphicrates was once tried for<br />
his life, but was acquitted. His great fidelity was
CHABRIAS 219<br />
shown in his care for the children of Amyntas and<br />
Eurydice, the Macedonians. Theopompus has left it<br />
on record that he was a good citizen.<br />
CHABRIAS<br />
I. Many of the things which Chabrias did {gero) are<br />
worth remembering. If he had not come as aid to the<br />
Boeotians, they would all have been put to flight. But<br />
when Agesilaus had routed the mercenary troops,<br />
Chabrias, with the rest of the phalanx, received the<br />
enemy's charge with shield braced against the knee,<br />
and spear levelled. From this it came to pass that<br />
their {eorum) leader did not dare to advance.<br />
II. He is said to have acquired great renown from<br />
the wars which he waged in Egypt and Cyprus.<br />
When he heard that war had arisen between the<br />
Egyptians and Persians, he helped the Egyptians,<br />
although Artaxerxes, king of the Persians, had an alliance<br />
with the Athenians. He did this because he wasnot-willing<br />
{nolo) to yield-precedence to Agesilaus the<br />
Spartan, whom he knew {phip. of cognosco) to be in<br />
command of the Egyptian fleet.<br />
III. If the ambassadors had not complained, Chabrias<br />
would not have returned home. But he came back<br />
to Athens, that he might not be condemned to death.<br />
He said that he would not linger there long, lest he<br />
should not be able to escape the envy of the common<br />
people. It is said that in this thing he did the same
220<br />
EXERCISES<br />
2&{which) all the leading men of that state, who wished<br />
{void) to be as far from [the reach of] envy as they<br />
could {subj).<br />
IV. An honorable death is better than a disgrace<br />
ful life. Such {talis) was the death of Chabrias.<br />
When Chios was besieged by the Athenians, and his<br />
ship was entering the harbor, the pilots of the other<br />
ships did not follow him, and the enemy surrounded<br />
him. When his ship was rammed and began to sink,<br />
he did not escape by casting himself into the sea,<br />
because he preferred not to abandon his ship; and<br />
the enemy slew him with their weapons while he was<br />
fighting {pres, part,) hand-to-hand.<br />
EPAMINONDAS<br />
I. Do not think that everything which seems frivo<br />
lous in your eyes is regarded in like manner by the rest<br />
[of the world]. You know that Epaminondas did not<br />
consider dancing {infiti,) beneath his dignity, nor music<br />
[a thing] to be reckoned among offenses. Therefore, in<br />
portraying his likeness, you ought to omit nothing which<br />
makes it vivid. What was his family.? Who were his<br />
teachers.'' In what branches was he educated.? These<br />
are the things which you must tell {gertiftdive).<br />
II. If Epaminondas devotes himself to philosophy,<br />
he will surpass all his fellow-pupils. In wrestling it is<br />
said that he gives more attention to nimbleness than to<br />
great strength {greatness of stirngtJi), because he thinks
EPAMINONDAS 221<br />
that the latter pertains especially {maxime) to the training<br />
of boxers. Dionysius is teaching him to sing to the<br />
accompaniment of stringed instruments, so that no<br />
Theban will be better educated than-he. Since all these<br />
things are highly honorable in Greece, we must not<br />
despise them.<br />
III. When we hear that Epaminondas was skilled in<br />
warfare, a good listener, conscientiously keeping secrets,<br />
[and] wisely improving his opportunities, we think that<br />
we have learned many of his good [qualities] of soul.<br />
If he had not renounced the help of his friends in caring<br />
for himself, he would not have been able to use their<br />
confidence for helping others. When he was directing<br />
how much each one should give, one might have supposed<br />
that he possessed all things in common with them.<br />
IV. It is said that Diomedon tried to bribe him, and<br />
offered him an immense weight of gold in order to<br />
mould him to his purpose. But Epaminondas said<br />
that he was ready, without money, to do whatever {quicumque)<br />
was for the advantage of the Thebans, and that<br />
he would not accept the gold.<br />
If we were not including in this one volume the lives<br />
of many men, we should be able to give further instances<br />
of his integrity.<br />
V. It seemed to the Thebans that Epaminondas was<br />
most happy in repartee. When a certain eloquent rival<br />
urged them to choose peace rather than war, Epaminondas<br />
said that he was misleading his fellow-citizens.
222<br />
EXERCISES<br />
and that [it was] through war [that] peace was obtained;<br />
therefore, if the Thebans wished to enjoy the former<br />
{ille), they ought to practise themselves in the latter {hlc).<br />
To those who thought that he was aiming at Agamem<br />
non's military fame, he said that Agamemnon had taken<br />
a single city, but he {se autem) had liberated Greece.<br />
VI. The Athenian ambassador asserts that if you<br />
notice what kind of men each-of-the-two states produces,<br />
you will be able to pass judgment on the rest from<br />
these. I am surprised at his folly,, because {qui -with<br />
subj.) he has himself failed to notice that the Athenians<br />
welcomed those who were banished from their own<br />
country. I am able so to expose the tyranny of these<br />
Athenians that you will neither seek their friendship<br />
nor join their alliance.<br />
VII. Epaminondas thought it a shame not to endure<br />
the insults of his fellow-citizens. When, owing to an<br />
inexperienced leader's blundering, the army was sur<br />
rounded by the enemy in a narrow pass, and there<br />
began to be a demand for Epaminondas' careful-man<br />
agement to deliver the army from its state-of-siege, he<br />
led it home in safety.<br />
Once {quondam) he persuaded his colleagues not to<br />
obey a certain law which had been proposed with the<br />
object of preserving the commonwealth, because he saw<br />
that if they did {plup. subj) this, it would be turned to<br />
the ruin of the state.<br />
VIII. When they are arraigned on this charge, he<br />
allows his colleagues to lay all the blame on him. No
EPAMINONDAS 223<br />
one supposes that Epaminondas can free himself from<br />
danger. But he dares not only {non modo) to deny none<br />
of his opponents' charges, but even {sed etiam) to speak<br />
so that everybody begins to laugh. He says that he is<br />
going to be condemned to death because he has conquered<br />
the Spartans and liberated the whole of Greece.<br />
Even if {etiamsl) the judges are unwilling that he<br />
should go away, they do not dare to cast their votes<br />
against him.<br />
IX. If Epaminondas had not attacked the enemy at<br />
Mantinea too boldly, he would not have received a mortal<br />
wound. But when the Spartans recognized him,<br />
they made a united attack on him. After Epaminondas<br />
heard that the Spartans were conquered, he said that he<br />
had lived long enough. Then he pulled out the iron,<br />
that he might die.<br />
X. Pelopidas found fault with him because he had<br />
never married. But Epaminondas said that his stock<br />
could not die out, because the battle of Leuctra was his<br />
child.<br />
No one will deny that Epaminondas was unwilling to<br />
stain his hands in the blood of his own [people]. But<br />
he was willing to fight with the Lacedaemonians; and to<br />
stand in the first rank at the Cadmea. If he had not<br />
been at the head of the state, Thebes would always have<br />
been subject to a foreign power.<br />
If anyone should deny that Epaminondas was of more<br />
[account] than the state, do you not think that such a<br />
man could be justly {merito) blamed .•"
t. V AC, SHARP<br />
Seer, sharp.<br />
ficriter, sharply.<br />
acies, edge, line of battle.<br />
acutus, keen.<br />
acumen, keenness.<br />
ex-aou6, sharpen, excite.<br />
acerbus, harsh, grievous.<br />
acerbitas, harshness.<br />
OCulus, eye.<br />
2. V AG, DRIVE<br />
WORD-GROUPS<br />
per-ago, thrust through, finish.<br />
red-igo, drive back, reduce.<br />
sub-igo, drive up, subdue.<br />
trans-igo, drive through, finish.<br />
3. V AL, ALI, OTHER, STRANGE<br />
alius, another, other.<br />
aliter, otherwise.<br />
Q<br />
alienus, of another, strange.<br />
alieno, make another''s, estrange.<br />
ab-aUeno, estrange.<br />
alter, other of two.<br />
alteruter, one or the other.<br />
aliquis, some.<br />
aliquando, at some time.<br />
aliquantum, to some extejit.<br />
aliquot, some, several.<br />
4. V AIM, LOVE<br />
ago, lead, conduct, drive. amo, love.<br />
agito, set in violent motion. amator, lover.<br />
cogo (co--|-ago), drive together, amor, love,<br />
collect, compel.<br />
ad-amo, fall in love with, approve.<br />
cogito (co- -I- agito), consider amicus, friend, friendly.<br />
thoroughly.<br />
amicitia, friendship.<br />
c6gitati5, thinking.<br />
in-imicus, enemy, hostile.<br />
ex-c6gito, think out.<br />
ex-igo, drive out, finish.<br />
in-imicitia, enmity.<br />
ex-agito, rouse, persecute. 5. V AP, OP, LAY HOLD, HELP<br />
225<br />
aptus, fastened, suited, fit.<br />
ad-ipiscor (ad -)- apiscor, reach<br />
after), attain, get.<br />
coepi (co- -f apio, attach), begin<br />
(i.e. take hold of a work).<br />
ops (not found in nom. sing.),<br />
opes, aid, wealth, power.<br />
pi.
226<br />
6. "v/ AR, FIT, JOIN<br />
arma, equipment, -weapons.<br />
armo, equip, arm.<br />
armatus, armed man.<br />
in-ermis, unarmed.<br />
ars, practical skill.<br />
WORD-GROUPS<br />
opulentus, wealthy.<br />
ce&o, go (from), yield,<br />
in-ops, witliout resources. ac-cedo, go to, be added,<br />
in-opia, privation, poverty, lack, ar-cess5 (intensive form of ac-<br />
of-ficium (for opi-ficium), service, cedo), cause to come, send for,<br />
duty, allegiance.<br />
ante-cedo, go ahead of, surpass,<br />
of-ficTna (for opi-ficma), workshop. con-ced5, ^0 away, yield,<br />
c5pia (for co-opia), abundance. de-cedo, depart, die,<br />
opus, work, service, need. de-ceasus, departure, decease.<br />
opera, service, pains.<br />
dis-cedo, go apart,<br />
opinio, conjecture.<br />
in-oplnans, unsuspecting.<br />
re-cedo, dra-ai back.<br />
in-opmatus, unexpected, 9. V CAL, CLA, CALL<br />
classis, that which is summoned,<br />
army, fleet.<br />
classiarius, belonging to afieet.<br />
clarus, clear, notable.<br />
de-claro, disclose, make clear.<br />
prae-clarus, exceedingly famous<br />
artifex, (V FAC, make), master of con-cilium, assembly.<br />
an art.<br />
con-cilio, bring together, make<br />
in-ertia (in- -|- ars), unskilfulness. friendly, win over.<br />
re-con-cilio, re-unite, recover.<br />
7. V ARC, SHUT IN, KEEP OFF<br />
10. V CAP, TAKE, HOLD<br />
arx (for arcs), citadel.<br />
ex-erceo (ex -f arceo, confine),<br />
capio, take.<br />
drive out, practise, train.<br />
captTvus, prisoner.<br />
ex-ercitus, disciplined troops, army.<br />
capesso, undertake.<br />
ex-ercitati5, training, discipline.<br />
ac-cipio, receive, accept.<br />
ex-ercitatus, disciplined.<br />
ac-ceptus, welcome.<br />
de-cipio, catch, deceive.<br />
ex-cipio, take out, capture, welcome,<br />
8. \/ CAD, FALL<br />
in-cipio, take in hand, begin.<br />
caAo,fall.<br />
in-ceptum, undertaking, be«inning.<br />
caBus, fall, accident, catajnity. prae-cipio, take beforehand, admon<br />
ac-oido, befall, happen.<br />
ish.<br />
con-cido, fall together, be slain, prae-ceptor, go to instructor,<br />
ruin.<br />
prae-ceptum, direction, command.<br />
oc-casio, opportunity.<br />
prae-cipuus, taken before ot/iers, es<br />
xe-cl&o, fall back. \ pecial.
e-cipio, take back, recover,<br />
sus-cipio, undertake.<br />
dis-cepto, decide {i.e.choose between).<br />
parti-ceps (pars), taking part,<br />
sharer, accomplice.<br />
prin-ceps (primus), taking first<br />
place, leader, chieftain.<br />
prin-cipatus, leadership.<br />
caput, head.<br />
capitulatim, by heads, summarily.<br />
an-ceps (for ambi-ceps), t-woheaded,<br />
double, doubtful.<br />
prae-oipito (from prae-ceps, headforemost),<br />
throw headlong, hurl<br />
down.<br />
oc-Cup5, seize.<br />
re-cupero, recover.<br />
II. V CEL, CER, STRIKE, DRIVE<br />
celer, swift.<br />
celeritas, swiftness.<br />
per-cello, beat down, overthrow.<br />
pro-cul, remote,<br />
gladius (for c\a&va.% striker), sword,<br />
clava, club.<br />
curro, run.<br />
cursor, runner, courier.<br />
con-curro, run together, gather.<br />
con-cursus, gathering.<br />
ex-cursio, sallying forth, raid,<br />
oc-curro, run against, meet,<br />
WORD-GROUPS 227<br />
certamen, decisive contest,<br />
de-cerno, determine, decide, aecree.<br />
crimen, judgment, accusation.<br />
dis-crimen, deciding point, crisis.<br />
13. V COL, TILL<br />
COlo, cultivate, cherish.<br />
colonus, husbandman, colonist.<br />
colonia, colony,<br />
agri-cola, tiller of land, farmer,<br />
in-COlo, inhabit,<br />
in-cola, inhabitant,<br />
cultus, cultivation, refinement, style<br />
of dress.<br />
14. V DA, GIVE<br />
do, give.<br />
dos, dowry.<br />
d5num, gift.<br />
dono, give, present.<br />
de-do, give up, surrender.<br />
de-ditio, surrender.<br />
•pxb-&b, put forth, relate, betray (cf.<br />
English give away).<br />
pro-ditio, betrayal, treachery.<br />
red-do, give back, render.<br />
tra-do (trans), hand over, relate.<br />
sacer-dos, priest, priestess (one who<br />
offers sacrifice).<br />
15. V DA, PUT!<br />
ab-do, put away, remove.<br />
ad-do, put to, add.<br />
circum-do, put round, surround.<br />
12. V CER, CRE, PART<br />
con-do, put together, found.<br />
cerno, distinguish, perceive, cre-do (V CRAT, faith), put faith<br />
certus, determined, sure, trustworthy. in, believe, intrust.<br />
iThe Romans themselves sometimes I-do, j*«2^. The latter occurs only ii;.<br />
confused compounds of do, give, and | compounds.
228 WORD-GROUPS<br />
in-cre-dlbilis, incredible. divTno, foresee, prophesy.<br />
e-do, put forth, spread abroad, divTnatio, divination.<br />
e-ditus, elevated, lofty. deus, god.<br />
man-do (manus),^«/ in hand, cofn- dives, rich.<br />
mit, enjoin.<br />
dis, rich,<br />
man-datum, injunction.<br />
divitiae, riches,<br />
com-men-datio, committing, recommendation,<br />
excellence. dies, day, time,<br />
meri-dies (medius -I- dik^), midday,<br />
i6. V Die, DAC, SHOW, POINT south,<br />
dioo, say.<br />
dictum, word.<br />
dictator, dictator,<br />
dlctito, keep saying.<br />
con-dico, agree.<br />
con-dicio, terms.<br />
e-dictum, proclamation.<br />
in-dico, declare publicly, appoint,<br />
impose.<br />
in-dex, informer.<br />
in-dicium, information.<br />
in-dico, point out.<br />
inter-dico, forbid.<br />
iii-dico (V ix, bind), judge.<br />
iu-dex, juJge.<br />
iii-dicium, judgment.<br />
male-dicus, evil-speaking.<br />
prae-dioo, tell beforehand.<br />
prae-dico, assert.<br />
doceo, show, teach,<br />
docilis, teachable, docile,<br />
doctor, teacher,<br />
doctrlna, teaching, learning,<br />
17. V DIV, DI, SHINE<br />
divum, sky,<br />
divlnus, of a deity.<br />
ho-die (for hoc die), to-day,<br />
postridie (VPOS, behind), nextday,<br />
prT-die (V PRI, before), on the day<br />
before,<br />
bi-duum, two days' time,<br />
dill, alt day, long,<br />
diutinus, lasting.<br />
diiiturnus, of long duration.<br />
diuturnitas, length of time.<br />
inter-diii, by day.<br />
18. V DVA, DVI, APART, TWO<br />
duo, two,<br />
dubius, doubtful.<br />
dubium, doubt.<br />
dubito, waver, doubt, hesitate,<br />
ad-dubito, entertain a doubt, be uncertain,<br />
duplex (V •eix.c,fold), fwofold,<br />
bis (for dvis), twice.<br />
disco (for dicsco), learn.<br />
bi-, t-wice, double 1 inseparable pre-<br />
disciplina, instruction, training, dis-, apart J fixes.<br />
con-dlscipulus, fellow-pupil. bini, tioo at a time.<br />
j bellum (for duellum), -war (twosided<br />
contest).<br />
I bello, wage -uar.<br />
\ belhcosus, warlike.<br />
19- V DVC, LEAD<br />
I diico, lead.<br />
\ ductus, leading.
dux, leader.<br />
con-diico, draw together, hire.<br />
con-ducticius, hired, mercenary.<br />
de-diico, lead away.<br />
e-diico, lead out,<br />
e-duco, bring up, educate,<br />
in-diic6, lead in,<br />
ob-diico, draw before,<br />
pro-diic5, lead forth,<br />
re-diic5, lead back.<br />
sub-diico, take from- under, with<br />
draw.<br />
tra-diico (trans), lead across.<br />
20. V ElM, TAKE<br />
emo, buy.<br />
ad-imo, deprive.<br />
ex-imie, excellently, exceedingly.<br />
ex-emplum, specimen.<br />
praemium (for prae-emium), re<br />
ward.<br />
promptus (for pro-emptus), brought<br />
forth, at hand, ready.<br />
red-imo, buy back, rescue.<br />
siimo (for sub-imo), take, take up.<br />
sumptus, expense.<br />
c6n-siim5, use up.<br />
21. V ES, BE, LIVE<br />
sum (for esum), be, exist.<br />
ab-sum, be absent.<br />
ab-sens, absent.<br />
ab-sentia, absence.<br />
ad-sum, be at hand, help.<br />
de-sum, be away, be wanting.<br />
ob-sum, be against, injure.<br />
pos-sum (for potis sum), be able.<br />
pot-ens, powerful,<br />
im-pot-ens, powerless, feeble.<br />
pot-entia, power, opportunity.<br />
WORD-GROUPS 229<br />
prae-sum, be before, be set over,<br />
prae-sens, present,<br />
prae-sentia, presence,<br />
im-praesentiarum,j'ir the present,<br />
pro-sum, be useful, serve,<br />
sub-sum, be under, be,<br />
super-sum, be over, survive,<br />
22. V FA, SHINE, SHOW<br />
fama, report,<br />
ad-fabilis, that may be spoken to,<br />
affable,<br />
in-f amis, of ill repute.<br />
in-famia, ill report.<br />
In-famo, defame.<br />
ne-fas, contrary to divine law.<br />
prae-f ati5, foreword, preface.<br />
fanum, consecrated place, temple.<br />
pro-f anus, out of (before) the temple,<br />
profane, unholy.<br />
fateor, confess.<br />
con-fiteor, confess.<br />
in-fitias (ace), denial.<br />
in-fitior, deny.<br />
pro-fiteor, acknowledge.<br />
23. V FAC, MAKE<br />
facio, make, do.<br />
facilis, doable, easy.<br />
factio, making, party.<br />
faoultas, capability, means.<br />
facinus, deed, crime,<br />
ad-ficio, do to, affect.<br />
bene-ficium,/«TOr, kindness.<br />
con-ficio, accomplish, destroy.<br />
dif-ficilis (dis- -J- facilis), difiiculi.<br />
ef-ficio, work out, bring to pass.<br />
in-fectus, undone.
230<br />
duty.<br />
of-ficina (for opi-ficina), work<br />
shop.<br />
fero, bear, tell.<br />
ad-fero, bring to.<br />
ante-fero, bear in front, prefer.<br />
au-fero (ab), take away.<br />
con-fero, bring together.<br />
de-fero, bring away.<br />
WORD-GROUPS<br />
inter-ficio, put out of the way, fidelis, faithful<br />
kill<br />
fiducia, confidence.<br />
inter-fector, slayer, murderer. con-fido, trust.<br />
of-ficium (for opi-ficium), service. per-fidus, faithless.<br />
foedus, compact, treaty.<br />
foederatus, allied.<br />
pate-facio (\/ PAT, open), disclose. 26. V GEN, GNA, BEGET<br />
prae-ficio, place over.<br />
gens, race, clan.<br />
prae-fectus, commander, prefect.<br />
gener, son-in-law.<br />
pro-fecto, really, certainly.<br />
genus, birth, kind, stock.<br />
pro-ficiscor, put forth, set out.<br />
generosus, well-born, noble.<br />
aedi-fico (aedis), build.<br />
in-genium, that which is born in one,<br />
aedi-ficium, building.<br />
disposition, genius.<br />
sTgni-fico (signum), point out, sig<br />
pro-genies, offspring,<br />
nify, make signs.<br />
nascor (for gnascor), be born,<br />
24. V FER, BEAR<br />
natii (for gnatu), by birth.<br />
natio (for gnatiS), race, tribe.<br />
natura (for gnatura), nature.<br />
co-gnatio, blood-relationship.<br />
27. V GNA, GNO, KNOwi<br />
nosco, get knowledge of, learn.<br />
nobilis, well-kno-wn, famous, noble.<br />
ef-f ero, bring out.<br />
nobilitas, renown, nobility.<br />
in-fero, bring in.<br />
nobilitS, render fatuous.<br />
of-fero, brittg before, present, offer.<br />
nomen, name (that by which one is<br />
per-fero, bear through, endure to the<br />
known).<br />
end.<br />
nomino, name, call.<br />
prae-f ero, bear before, prefer.<br />
nominatim, by name, particularly.<br />
re-fero, bring back, relate, report,<br />
nolo, mark, designate.<br />
refer.<br />
notitia, celebrity.<br />
fors, chance.<br />
iiarro, make knotvn, relate.<br />
fortuitS, by chance, accidentally. a-gnosc6 (for ad-gnosco), recognize.<br />
f ortu na, fortune.<br />
c6-gnosc6, become acquainted -with,<br />
25. V FID, BIND, TRUST<br />
fido, trust.<br />
fides, faith, pledge.<br />
lear7i.<br />
co-gnomen, surname.<br />
i-gnosco (for in-gnosco), overlook,<br />
pardon.<br />
1 As in the preceding group, g is sometimes dropped before n.
eo, go.<br />
iter, going, journey.<br />
ad-eo, go to.<br />
a&.-itws,,.access.<br />
amb-itio (for ambi-itio), going about,<br />
canvassing, flattery.<br />
ante-eo, go before, surpass.<br />
circum-eo, surround.<br />
co-eo, come together, unite.<br />
com-es, companion.<br />
com-itium, place of assembly.<br />
ex-eo, go out.<br />
ex-itus, going out, outlet, death.<br />
in-eo, go into.<br />
in-itium, entrance, beginning.<br />
inter-eo, go among, be lost, die.<br />
inter-itus, death.<br />
WORD-GROUPS 2JI<br />
i-gnotus, unknown, unacquainted intro-eo, enter.<br />
with.<br />
intro-itus, entrance.<br />
T-gu6ro, not know.<br />
ob-eo, go against, meet.<br />
i-gnorantia, want of knoivledge. ob-itus, approach, death.<br />
per-eo, go through, pass a-way,<br />
28. V GRAD, WALK<br />
perish.<br />
prod-eo, go forward.<br />
gradus, step.<br />
praetor (for prae-itor), leader, prae<br />
ag-gredior, approach, attempt.<br />
tor.<br />
con-gredior, come together, join battle.<br />
red-eo, go back, return.<br />
e-gredior, go out.<br />
red-itus, return.<br />
pro-gredior, advance.<br />
sul3-eo, go under, come up, under<br />
pro-gressus, advance.<br />
go<br />
29. V HAB, HAVE<br />
habeo, have.<br />
sub-itus, sudden (springing up).<br />
trans-eo, go across.<br />
habito, have one's abode, dwell. 31. V lA, lAC, GO, SEND<br />
ad-Mbeo, hold toward, invite, use.<br />
de-beo (for &e-'blti\b), withhold, owe,<br />
ianua, door,<br />
iacio, throw.<br />
ought.<br />
ab-icio, throw away.<br />
de-bilito (for de-hibilito), disable.<br />
ad-icio, throw to, add.<br />
pro-hibeo, hold back, prevent.<br />
am-iculum (ambi- -)- iacio), mantle.<br />
30. V I, GO<br />
con-icio, throw together, hurl, conjecture.<br />
de-icio, throw down, destroy,<br />
dis-icio, scatter.<br />
e-icio, cast out.<br />
in-icio, throw into.<br />
ob-icio, throw against, oppose, up<br />
braid.<br />
tra-icio (trans), throw across.<br />
32. V IV, IVG, BIND, YOKE<br />
iiiro, bind oneself, swear.<br />
iiis, law, right.<br />
iUstus, just.<br />
i-fistitia, justice.<br />
iris iiirandum, oath.<br />
iii-dico (VDIC, show, point), judge.<br />
iii-dex, judge.
232<br />
gether.<br />
se-iungo, separate.<br />
iiinientum, beast of burden (yokeanimal).<br />
iuxta, near to.<br />
33. V LEG, GATHER<br />
\e%b, gather, read.<br />
con-lig5, collect.<br />
con-lega, associate, colleague.<br />
de-ligo, pick out, choose.<br />
de-lectus, picked, select.<br />
di-ligo, single out, prize, love.<br />
di-lectus, selection, levy.<br />
WORD-GROUPS<br />
iii-dicium, judgment.<br />
libido, pleasure, wantonness.<br />
con-iiiratio, swearing together, conIibidin5sus,<br />
watiton,<br />
spiracy.<br />
liber, free,<br />
in-iuste, unjustly.<br />
llberalis, like a freeman, generous,<br />
in-iiiria, wrong, injury.<br />
Kberalitas, generosity, nobility, kindness,<br />
iungo, join.<br />
liberator, deliverer.<br />
ad-iungo, join to, add.<br />
liberi, children (of free parents).<br />
con-iungo, unite.<br />
libero, set free.<br />
ciinctus (for con-iiinctus), all to libertas, liberty.<br />
35. V Lie, LIQV, LET, LEAVE<br />
licet, it is permitted.<br />
'\icent12., freedom from restraint.<br />
de-lictum, delinquency, fault.<br />
pol-liceor (pro -|- llceor, bid), hold<br />
forth, promise.<br />
re-linquo, leave behind.<br />
re-liquus, remaining, rest of.<br />
re-liquiae, remainder, remnant.<br />
36. ^ LVC, SHINE<br />
liix (for liics), light.<br />
di-ligens, attentive, careful, diligent.<br />
liicus, open -wood, grove.<br />
di-ligentia, care, faithfulness,<br />
liimen, light.<br />
intel-lego (for inter-lego, " read be-<br />
di-lucide, clearly.<br />
tiveen the lines "), perceive, under<br />
e-liiceo, shine otit.<br />
stand,<br />
lector, reader,<br />
in-lustris, brilliant, distitiguished.<br />
neg-lego (for nec-lego), disregard, 37. V IMA, MAD, MEASURE,<br />
neg-legenter, carelessly,<br />
MODERATE<br />
sacri-legus (sacer), temple-robbing,<br />
modus, measure, limit,<br />
sacrilegious,<br />
modo, only.<br />
sacri-legium, temple-robbing, sacri<br />
modestus, moderate, modest,<br />
lege,<br />
modestia, moderation, moaesiy,<br />
34. V LIB, LVB, DESIRE<br />
com-modum,<br />
tage,<br />
convenience, advan<br />
libet, it pleases,<br />
com-mode, with due vteasure, con<br />
libenter, willingly.<br />
veniently, skilfully.
im-moderatus, excessive,<br />
im-modestia, tack of restraint,<br />
38. V IWAC, JMAG, BIG<br />
maneo, remain.<br />
memini, remember.<br />
mens, mind.<br />
mentio, reminding, mention.<br />
mentior, invent, tie.<br />
Minerva (old form Menerva),<br />
Minerva, goddess of wisdom.<br />
e-miniscor, contrive.<br />
WORD-i JROUPS 233<br />
a-mitto, send a-way, lose.<br />
ad-mitto, let in, commit.<br />
com-mitto, send together, join, intrust.<br />
magnus, great.<br />
com-missum, something intrusted,<br />
magnitiido, greatness.<br />
secret.<br />
magnificus, great, splendid, magnifi<br />
di-mitt5, send away.<br />
cent.<br />
e-mitto, send forth.<br />
magnopere (for magno opere),<br />
im-mitto, send against.<br />
greatly.<br />
o-mitto (ob), omit, pass over.<br />
per-mitto, let pass, hand over, per<br />
magis, more.<br />
mit.<br />
magister, master.<br />
magistratus, magistracy, public of<br />
praeter-mitto, permit to go by,<br />
neglect.<br />
fice.<br />
re-mitto, send back, relax.<br />
maior, greater,<br />
maiestas, greatness, dignity.<br />
malo (for magis volo), wish rather, 41. V IMOV, iVIV, MOVE<br />
prefer.<br />
move5, move.<br />
maximus, greatest.<br />
mobilitas, mobility, inconstancy.<br />
molior (from moles, huge bulk), momentum (for movimentum),<br />
toil<br />
movement, weight, importance.<br />
39. V IWAN, IVTEN, MIND, STAY<br />
com-moveo, agitate.<br />
per-move5, thoroughly disturb.<br />
re-moveo, move back, move away.<br />
sub-move5, put out of the way, send<br />
away.<br />
miito, change.<br />
com-miito, alter wholly.<br />
com-miitatio, change.<br />
re-miniscor, call to mind, recollect. 42. V IVIV, SHUT, FASTEN<br />
moneo, warn, advise.<br />
mtlnio, fortify.<br />
monumentum, memorial.<br />
miinitio, fortifying, bulwark.<br />
ad-moneo, advise.<br />
munus, service, gift.<br />
moenia, defensive walls.<br />
40. V IMIT, SEND, THROW<br />
com-miinio, fortify on all sides.<br />
mitto, se7id.<br />
com-munis, united, common.<br />
missus (only in abl. sing.), sending, com-muriitas, community, fellow<br />
throwing.<br />
ship, courtesy.
234<br />
43. V NA, NAY, SWIM<br />
no, swim,fioat.<br />
nato, swim, fioat.<br />
navis, ship.<br />
navalis, naval.<br />
WORD-GROUPS<br />
nau-fragium (for navi-fragium), JA«^wreck.<br />
nauta (for navita), sailor.<br />
nauticus, nautical, naval.<br />
44. V NA, NO<br />
neve or neu (ne -|- -ve), and not,<br />
nor, neither.<br />
nihil, nothing.<br />
nihilum, nothing.<br />
nimis, beyond measure, too.<br />
nimius, too great.<br />
45. V NV, NOW<br />
num, no-w (only after etiam); also<br />
interrogative particle.<br />
nunc, now.<br />
niintius, news, messenger.<br />
nuntio, bring tidings.<br />
e-niintio, speak out, disclose.<br />
inter-nuntius, mediator.<br />
pro-niintio, proclaim.<br />
re-niintio, bring back word.<br />
novus, ne-w,<br />
46. V NEC, NOC, KILL, HUNT<br />
nooeo, do harm, hurt.<br />
noxius, hurtful.<br />
in-nocens, tiarmtess.<br />
in-noxius, tiarmtess.<br />
nox (for noes), night.<br />
noctu (old abl. of noctus = nox),<br />
by night.<br />
nocturnus, of ox by night, nocturnal.<br />
per-nicies, destruction.<br />
per-nici(3sus, destructive.<br />
-ne, interrogative particle, originally<br />
having a negative force. 47. V OL, OR, GROW, RISE<br />
ne, that not, lest.<br />
orior, rise.<br />
neque or nee (ne -|- -que), and not,<br />
ad-orior, attack.<br />
nor.<br />
co-orior, come forth, arise.<br />
nefas (V FA, show), contrary to<br />
ordior, begin.<br />
divine law.<br />
ex-ordior, begin.<br />
nemo (for ne-homo), no one.<br />
origS, beginning.<br />
ad-ulescens (onegrowing up), youth,<br />
ad-ulescentia, youth.<br />
ad-ulescentulus, very young man.<br />
48. V OS, MOUTH, FACE<br />
6s, mouth.<br />
osculor, kiss.<br />
oro, speak, pray.<br />
oraculum, divine announcement,<br />
oracle.<br />
oratio, speech.<br />
j per-6ro, speak from beginning to<br />
end, finish speaking.<br />
coram (co- -f- OB), in the presence of.<br />
49. V PA, FEED<br />
pater, father.<br />
paternus, of a father.<br />
re-novo, renew, \ patrius, paternal, ancestral.
pv,%ria, fight.<br />
pugna, battle.<br />
ie-yvL.^no, fight out.<br />
ex-pugno, take by storm.<br />
im-pQgno, assail.<br />
52. V PLEC, WEAVE, FOLD<br />
ap-plico,yi7m.<br />
ex-plico, unfold, explain.<br />
WORD-i GROUPS 235<br />
patria, fatherland.<br />
im-plico, infold, involve.<br />
patrocinium, protection, patronage. sup-plex, suppliant (bent under, i.e.<br />
patruus, paternal uncle.<br />
kneeling).<br />
panis, bread, loaf.<br />
sup-plicium, punishment (received<br />
Penates, household gods.<br />
on bent Isnees).<br />
com-plector, embrace.<br />
50. V PAC, PAG, PVG, FIX sim-plex (V SEM, together), simple,<br />
pax, compact, peace.<br />
single.<br />
pactio, agreement.<br />
du-plex, double.<br />
pactum, agreement.<br />
tri-plex, threefold, triple.<br />
decem-plex, tenfold, ten times.<br />
53. V PAV, LITTLE<br />
parvus (for pauras), small.<br />
parvulus, very small.<br />
o^-p^%nb, fight against, besiege. pauci, fe-w.<br />
op-piiguator, besieger..<br />
paXi.z\\SL.s, fewness, small number,<br />
pro-piignaculum, bulwark. paulo, by a little.<br />
pro-piignator, defender.<br />
paulum, a little, somewhat.<br />
pauper, poor.<br />
51. V PEL, PVL, DRIVE<br />
paupertas, po-oerty.<br />
pello, drive.<br />
54. V PED, TREAD<br />
ap-pell6, -ere (ad), drive to, bring<br />
to land.<br />
peB,foot.<br />
ap-pello, -are, address, call. pedes, foot-soldier.<br />
com-pello, -ere, drive together, force, pedester, on foot, on land.<br />
compel.<br />
ex-pedio, disentangle,<br />
com-pello, -are, address, summon, im-pedio, entangle, hamper.<br />
accuse.<br />
de-pello, drive away from. 55. V PLE, PLV, FILL<br />
ex-pell6, drive out, banish.<br />
com-pleo,7f// completely.<br />
im-pello, drive on, influence.<br />
o^-p\ao, fill up.<br />
im-pulsus, striking against, infiu-<br />
plenus, full.<br />
ence.<br />
plerusque, a very great part, most.<br />
re-pello, drive back, defeat. plebs or plebes, common people.<br />
re-pulsa, rejection, denial, locu-ples (\.oz\&), full of land, rich,<br />
locu-pleto, enrich.<br />
pliis, more.<br />
pliirimus, most.
236 WORD-GROUPS<br />
am-plus (for ambi-plus, full on both pridie (V Dl, shine), on the day<br />
sides), abundant, great. before,<br />
po-puius, people, nation. primus, first,<br />
piiblicus (for po-pulicus), of the princeps (V CAP, take), chief,<br />
state.<br />
principatus, leadership,<br />
piiblico, appropriate for the state's prior, former.<br />
use, confiscate,<br />
ptistmvis, former, early.<br />
pulvinus, .cushion (something stuffed<br />
full).<br />
prae, before,<br />
praeter, beyond, besides.<br />
56. V POS, BEHIND<br />
praeterea, besides.<br />
post, after.<br />
praetor (for prae-itor), leader.<br />
postea, after this, afterward.<br />
59. V REG, RIG, STRETCH, GUIDE<br />
posterus, folto-wing (nom. sing.<br />
masc. not used).<br />
rego, direct, rule.<br />
posterior, next in order, following.<br />
rectus, straight, upright.<br />
postremo, finally.<br />
regio, direction, region.<br />
postridie (V DI, shine), next day.<br />
regno, rule, reign.<br />
regnum, kingdom.<br />
57. V POT, MASTER<br />
rex (for regs), king.<br />
regius, of a king, royal.<br />
possum (for potis sum), be able.<br />
potens, powerful.<br />
im-potens, powerless, feeble.<br />
potentia, po-wer.<br />
potestas, power, opportunity.<br />
potior, become master of.<br />
potius, rather.<br />
de-rigo, direct.<br />
e-rigo, raise up.<br />
por-rigo (pro -|- rego), extend.<br />
60. V SEiM, SIM, TOGETHER, LIKE<br />
semel, once.<br />
potissimum, chiefiy, preferably. semper, always.<br />
similis, like.<br />
58. V PRO, PRI, PRAE, BEFORE similitudo, likeness.<br />
pro, before.<br />
simplex (V PLEC, weave), simple,<br />
procul (V CEL, drive), at a dis single.<br />
tance.<br />
simulo, pretend.<br />
prope, near,<br />
simulacrum, likeness.<br />
propius, nearer.<br />
simul, at the same time.<br />
propinquus, near, kindred, simultas, quarrel, contetitioti.<br />
proprius, own, peculiar.<br />
dis-similis, unlike.<br />
propter, near, on account of. dis-similitudo, unlikeness.<br />
protinus (tenus), right onward. singuli, one at a time.<br />
proximus, nearest, next. singularis, \ singular, extraordinary.
WORD-I GROUPS<br />
6l. V SAC, SAG, FASTEN con-sequor, follotv, attain, get.<br />
sacer, dedicated, sacred.<br />
con-sector, pursue, overtake.<br />
pedi-sequus (pes), footman,servant.<br />
sacerdos, priest.<br />
per-Beiiuor, follow through, pursue.<br />
sacellum, little sanctuary, chapel.<br />
Bocius, fellow, associate, ally,<br />
sacrarium, shrine.<br />
societas, fellowship, association, alli<br />
sacrilegus (V LEG, gather), that<br />
ance.<br />
robs a te?jiple, sacrilegious.<br />
sacrilegium, temple-robbing, sacrilege.<br />
64. V SED, SID, SIT<br />
sacrifice ( V FAC, make), offer sacri<br />
sedeo, sit.<br />
fice.<br />
sedo, bring to rest, calm.<br />
re-sacro, release from a curse.<br />
ad-siduus, attending, continual.<br />
sanctus, consecrated, sacred.<br />
con-sido, sit down, encamp.<br />
sanctitas, inviolability, integrity.<br />
dis-side5, sit apart, be at variance.<br />
saepe, often.<br />
in-sidiae, snare, ambush, plot.<br />
saepio, surround with a hedge,<br />
In-sidior, lie in wait for, plot<br />
guard.<br />
against.<br />
segnis, stow, inactive.<br />
ob-sideo, sit down against, beset, besiege.<br />
62. V SEC, SCI, SCID, SPLIT<br />
ob-sidio, blockade, siege.<br />
scio, know (distinguish). prae-sidium, defense, garrison.<br />
scienter, skilfully.<br />
pos-sessio, occupation, estate.<br />
con-scius, knowing with, privy to. pos-sessor, owner.<br />
in-Bciens, not knowing.<br />
in-soius, ignorant.<br />
pos-sido, occupy, seize.<br />
in-BCitia, ignorance.<br />
ne-scio, not know.<br />
65. V SER, STRING, BIND<br />
de-scisco, withdraw, revolt. sermo, connected speech, conversa<br />
re-scisco, learn, find out.<br />
tion.<br />
scitum, ordinance, resolution, servus, bondman, slave.<br />
re-scindo, cut off, break down, servulus, young slave,<br />
caedo (for scaedo), cut, kill, servio, serve,<br />
caedes, killing, massacre, servitus, slavery, servitude,<br />
in-cTdo, cut into,<br />
in-servio, be devoted to.<br />
con-Beio, join.<br />
63. V SEC, FOLiOW<br />
di-sertus (cf sermo), eloquent.<br />
sequor, follow,<br />
inter-sero, interpose, allege as<br />
secundus, following, second, favor pretext.<br />
able (as of a wind).<br />
prae-sertim, specially {in the front<br />
secus, otherwise.<br />
row).<br />
m
238 WORD-GROUPS<br />
66. V SPEC, SEE, SPY<br />
species, sight, appearance.<br />
specto, look at.<br />
spectaculum, show.<br />
speculator, lookout, scout, spy.<br />
in-BtXtutura, purpose, custom,<br />
re-stituo, set up again, restore,<br />
sub-stituo, put in place of,<br />
68. V TA, TEN, .STRETCH<br />
a-spicio (ad -|- speciS, took), look ai,<br />
tabernaculum, tent (something<br />
a-spectus, seeing, appearance,<br />
stretched),<br />
con-spicio, look at attentively,<br />
tends, stretch, direct,<br />
con-spectus, sight, view,<br />
teneo, hold,<br />
de-spicio, look down on, despise,<br />
tento (also written tempto), try,<br />
pr5-spici5, look forward, be on the<br />
attempt,<br />
watch.<br />
tenuis, drawn out, thin, trivial,<br />
re-spicio, look back, regard.<br />
tenus, to the end, as far as,<br />
su-spici5 (sub + specio), look up<br />
pro-tinus, straight on,<br />
at, respect, suspect.<br />
abs-tinentia, abstinence, integrity,<br />
su-spicio, distrust, suspicion.<br />
con-tineo, hold together, restrain,<br />
con-tinens, continuous, self-con<br />
67. V STA, STAND, SET<br />
trolled,<br />
sto, stand.<br />
con-tinentia, self-restraint,<br />
statim, at once (on t/ie spot). con-tentus, satisfied.<br />
status, station, attitude,<br />
ob-tineo, holdfast, occupy.<br />
statua, statue.<br />
re-tine5, tiold back, keep.<br />
statura, height, size.<br />
sus-tineo (sub), hold up, -with<br />
anti-sto (ante), stand before, be sustand.perior. at-tend5, direct toward.<br />
anti-stes, overseer, high priest. con-tendo, stretch, strive for, hasten,<br />
con-sto, agree, be certain.<br />
con-tentio, struggle,<br />
in-sto, be at hand.<br />
os-tend5 (ob), spread out before,<br />
ob-sto, stand against, resist.<br />
prae-sto, stand before, be eminent.<br />
show.<br />
prae-stans, excellent.<br />
super-stes, surviving.<br />
69. V TRAG, MOVE, DRAG<br />
de-sisto, leave off.<br />
traho, drag, dra-w.<br />
ex-sisto, stand forth, exist, con-traho, draw together, collect.<br />
ob-sisto, stand in the way, resist, de-traho, draw off, remove, detract.<br />
re-sisto, stand back, remain, resist, ex-trah5, "rf?-ai(; out.<br />
statuo, cause to stand, determine, re-traho, draw back, rescue.<br />
c6n-stitu6, set together, build, tracto, dra-w violently, handle, treat,<br />
de-stituo, set down, desert, tractus, dra-tuiiig, course,<br />
in-Btituo, put in place, establish. ob-trecto, detract from, decrv.
venio, come.<br />
ad-venio, arrive.<br />
ad-ventus, arrival.<br />
ad-vento, advance.<br />
WORD-( GROUPS 239<br />
ob-trectatio, belittling, disparage a-verto, turn from. .<br />
ment,<br />
ad-verto, turn toward.<br />
ob-trectator, detractor, traducer. ad-versarius, opponent.<br />
70. A/ VEH, MOVE, CARRY<br />
ad-versus, -i<br />
J V against.<br />
veho, bear, carry.<br />
vectigal, tax, revenue.<br />
vehiculum, carriage.<br />
ad-versum, J *<br />
anim-ad-verto (animus), turn the<br />
mind to, notice.<br />
con-verto, turn completely.<br />
velum, sail.<br />
dl-versus, turned different ways,<br />
in-veho, carry in ; in pass., attack. contrary.<br />
per-veho, bear through, carry. ex-ad-versum, over against.<br />
re-vertor, turn back, return.<br />
71. V VEN, GO<br />
riirsus (for re-vorsus), turned back,<br />
again.<br />
uni-versus (unus), all together,<br />
con-venio, come together, be fit,<br />
73.<br />
be<br />
V VID, SEE<br />
agreed upon.<br />
video, see,<br />
con-ventus, meeting.<br />
visus, sight,<br />
in-venio, come upon, find, discover. in-vidia, looking askance, envy,<br />
in-ventum, device.<br />
in-viBus, hated,<br />
per-venio, reach, attain. pro-video, foresee.<br />
priidens (for pro-videns), foresee<br />
72. V VERT, TURN<br />
ing, wise.<br />
verto, turn.<br />
priidentia (for pro-videntia), fore<br />
versus, turning, verse, line. sight, wisdom.<br />
verso, turn often; in pass., move im-priidens, unforeseeing, heedless.<br />
about, live.<br />
im-prudentia, %vant of foresight.
VOCABULARY<br />
A., the abbreviation for Aulus.<br />
a, ab, and abs, prep. w. abl. (a only<br />
before a consonant; abs only in<br />
abs te and absque, and compounds),<br />
_;^O?K, a-way from ; by;<br />
after.<br />
abalieno, -are, -avi, -atus [ab -|-<br />
alieno], alienate, render hostile.<br />
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ab -|-<br />
-do,/w;],^«/ a-way, remove, hide. accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessiirus<br />
abdiico, -dUcere, -diixi, -ductus [ad -f cedo], go to, come to, ap<br />
[ab-f duco], lead away, take from. proach; be added; agree with;<br />
abeo, -ire, -ii, -iturus [ab -f e5], attain to.<br />
go away, depart.<br />
acceptus,-a, -um [part, of accipio],<br />
abhorreo, -ere, -ui [ab -(- horreo, adj., welcome, agreeable.<br />
tremble'], shrink from, be opposed<br />
to, differ from.<br />
abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ab -f<br />
iacio], throw away, throzv out, cast -f capio], receive, accept; suffer;<br />
do-wn.<br />
hear, learn.<br />
abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ab accubo, -are [ad -|- cubo], recline.<br />
-f rapio, seize'], cariy away, seize.<br />
abrogo, -are, -avi, -atus [ab -|xogb],<br />
depose from ; take from.<br />
abscedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus<br />
[abs -(- cedo], withdraw, draw<br />
back.<br />
absens, -entis [pres. part, of absiim],<br />
adj., absent.<br />
absolve, -solvere, -solvi, -soliitus<br />
[ab -|- solvo], acquit, set free.<br />
R 24 I<br />
abstinentia, -ae [abstineo, hold<br />
back], f., self-restraint, honesty,<br />
integrity.<br />
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus [ab<br />
4- sum], be away, be absent; be<br />
distant, be far from; not belong<br />
to.<br />
ac, conj., see atque.<br />
Acarnanus, -a, -um, adj., Acarna-<br />
nian, of Acarnania, the westernmost<br />
division of Greece.<br />
accido, -cidere, -cidi [ad -f cado],<br />
befa.ll, happen.<br />
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad<br />
accumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubitus,<br />
lie do-wn.<br />
accurate [accuratus, part, of accuro,<br />
attend to], adv., carefully, exactly.<br />
accusator, -oris [acciiso], m., accuser.<br />
accuse, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -1causa],<br />
accuse, impeach, indict.<br />
acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp; energetic;<br />
-uiolent, hasty, fierce,
242 VOCABULARY<br />
acerbitas, -atis [acerbus], f., harshness.<br />
adfinis, -e [ad -f finis], adj., related<br />
by marriage,<br />
acerbus,-a,-um [acer], adj., bitter, adfinitas, -atis [adfinis], f., rela<br />
harsh, keenly felt,<br />
tionship by marriage, marriage-<br />
Acheriins, -untis ['Ax^pwp], m., the alliance,<br />
lower world, the dead.<br />
adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -f<br />
acies, -ei, f., line of battle, battle. firmo, make firm], aver, assert,<br />
acriter [acer], z,&v.,sharply, actively. declare,<br />
acta, -ae [d/cr^], f., the sea-shore. adflictus, -a, -um [part, of adfllgo,<br />
aciimen, -inis [acuo, sharpen], n., strike against], adj., shattered;<br />
keenness.<br />
ruined, unfortunate,<br />
acutus, -a, -um [part, of acuo, adfluentia, -ae [ad -|- Auo, fiow], {,,<br />
sJiarpen], keen, acute, intelligent, profusion,<br />
shre-wd.<br />
adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad -f<br />
ad, prep. w. acc.,^/ towards, in the di habeo], invite; employ, use, rerection<br />
of, up to ; for ; at, to the point sort to.<br />
of,near; until; according to; about. adhuc [ad -|- hiic], adv., hitherto,<br />
adamo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -f- up to this time, to this day.<br />
amo], fall in love with; admire adicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ad 4-<br />
exceedingly.<br />
iacio], throw to ; add to.<br />
addo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ad -|- Adimantus, -i, m., Adimantus, an<br />
-do, pull], add.<br />
Athenian general.<br />
addubito, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -f adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ad<br />
dubito], be in doubt about.<br />
-j- emo, take], take away.<br />
addiico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [ad adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus sum [ad<br />
-|- diico], bring to, bring up ; per -t- apiscor, reach after], obtain,<br />
suade, prevail upon.<br />
win.<br />
adeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [ad -|-eo], go aditus, -us [adeo, o-o to], xa,, access,<br />
to ; face, undergo.<br />
right of approach,<br />
adeo [ad -I- adv. eo], adv., to such a adiungo, -iungere, -iiinxi, -iunc-<br />
degree, so.<br />
tus [ad 4- iungo], join to, n'in<br />
adeptus, -a, -um, part, of adipiscor. over, add, form an alliance -with,<br />
adfabilis, -e [adfor, speak to], adj., adiiitor,-oris [adiuvo], m.,assistant,<br />
courteous, affable.<br />
lieutenant.<br />
adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatus adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iiitus [ad -(-<br />
[ad -f- fero], bring to, bring; bring iuvo], help, aid, assist.<br />
word or message, report; offer; Admetus, -i, m., Admetus, king of<br />
introduce, add; cause.<br />
the Molossians in Epirus.<br />
adficio, -flcere, -feci, -fectus [ad -f administro, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +<br />
facio], affect; visit with, inflict ministro, serve], manage, ad<br />
upon ; present.<br />
minister.
VOCABi<br />
admirabilis, -e [admiror], adj., admirable,<br />
astonishing.<br />
admirandus, -a, -um [ger. of ad<br />
miror], adj., wonderful, surprising,<br />
admirable.<br />
admiratio, -onis [admiror], f., admiration.<br />
admiror, -ari, -atus sum [ad -f<br />
miror], -wonder at, be surprised,<br />
admire.<br />
Ui.AKY 243<br />
advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus<br />
[ad -f- venio], arrive, come.<br />
advento, -are [freq. of advenio],<br />
approach rapidly, arrive.<br />
adventus, -iis [advenio], m., arrival.<br />
adversarius, -a, -um [adversus], adj.,<br />
opposing, enemy's, antagonistic.<br />
As subst., adversarius, -i, m., adversary,<br />
opponent.<br />
admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus adverser, -ari, -atus sum [ad<br />
[ad -f mitl5], admit, commit. versus], be opposed, be an enemy.<br />
admodum [ad -|- modus], adv., to adversum, -i [adversus],n., calamity.<br />
some or any extent; pretty, rather, adversus, -a, -um [adverts], adj., un<br />
vety,<br />
favorable, adverse, disastrous.<br />
admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad -)- adversus and adversum [adversus],<br />
moneo], warn, admonish.<br />
(l) 2.Ay., opposite io, against, totu-<br />
admonitus, only in abl. admonitii ard; (2) prep. w. ace, opposite to,<br />
[admoneo], m., advice, warn facing, against.<br />
ing.<br />
adverto, -vertere, -verti, -versus<br />
adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum [ad -|- [ad 4- verto], turn to. animum<br />
orior], assail, attempt, attack. adverto, see animadverto.<br />
adqiiiesco, -quiescere, -quievi [ad adveco, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -h<br />
-I- quiesco], rest, die.<br />
voco], summon.<br />
adripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ad aedes, -is, f., see aedis.<br />
-I- rapio, seize], catch up, seize, aedificator, -oris [aedificS], m.,<br />
snatch up, take up.<br />
builder.<br />
adsiduus, -a, -um [adsideo, sit by], aedificium, -i [aedificS], u., build<br />
adj., continual, incessant.<br />
ing.<br />
adsum, -esse, -fui [ad -f- sum], aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus [aedis -|-<br />
be present, assist.<br />
faciS], build.<br />
adulescens, -entis [adolesco, gro-w aedllis, -is [aedis], m., aedile,<br />
up], m. and i.,youth, young man Roman official who superintended<br />
or woman, from al^out the fifteenth buildings, public worlss, the police,<br />
year to the thirtieth, sometimes etc.<br />
Sven later.<br />
aedis or aedes, -is, f., temple (when a<br />
adulescentia, -ae [adulescens], f., single room) ; in pi. house, dwell<br />
youth, young manhood.<br />
ing (i.e. a. collection of rooms).<br />
adulescentulus, -i [adulescens], m., Aegates, -ium, f., the Aegates Isl<br />
very young man, tnere youth, ands, three islands west of Sicily.<br />
stripling.<br />
aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick.
244<br />
VOCABULARY<br />
Aegos flOmen {Alybs •n-oTa.fwt, "Goat<br />
Rivers"], u., Aegospotami, a<br />
town and river in the Thracian<br />
Chersonese.<br />
Aegyptius, -a, -um, adj., Egyptian,<br />
Aegyptus, -i, f., Egypt,<br />
Aemilius, -i, the name of a Roman<br />
gens. The following individuals<br />
are mentioned in this book: (l)<br />
L. Aemilius Paulus, consul B.C.<br />
216; and (2) another of the<br />
same name, consul B.C. 182.<br />
Agamemnon, -onis, m., Agamemnon,<br />
son of Atreus; king of Mycenae<br />
in Greece, and leader of the Greeks<br />
in the Trojan war.<br />
agellus, -i [ager], small estate.<br />
ager, agri, m., field, land, territory.<br />
Agesilaus, -i, m., Agesilaus, a king<br />
of Sparta.<br />
aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum<br />
[ad -h gradior,<br />
assail,<br />
step], attack,<br />
aemulor, -ari, -atus sum, strive to Agis, -idis, m., Agis, a king of<br />
equal, emulate, rival,<br />
Sparta.<br />
aeneiis, -a, -um [aes, bronze], adj., agito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of<br />
bronze,<br />
ago], set in violent motion; move<br />
Aeolla, -ae, f., Aeolia, and<br />
back and forth, exercise, disturb;<br />
Aeolis, -idis, f., Aeolis, names applied consider,<br />
to the collection of Greek cities Agn5n, -onis, m., Agnon, an Athe<br />
on the northern part of the westnian orator.<br />
ern coast of Asia Minor.<br />
agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus [ad<br />
aequalis, -e [aequus], adj., of the -t-(g)nosco], recognize; acknowl<br />
same age, contemporary,<br />
edge, own.<br />
aeque [aequus], adv., equally, just as, ago, agere, egi, actus, lead, drive;<br />
aequipero, -are, -avi, -atus [aequus conduct, do, carry out, negotiate,<br />
-{- paro], equal, come up to, act; confer, treat -with,<br />
aequitas,-atis \y.e(^us],i,,fairness, agrestis, -e [ager], adj., rustic, -wild,<br />
justice.<br />
agricola, -ae [ager -f colo], m.,<br />
aequus, -a, -um, adj., equal; even, farmer,<br />
fair, just; advantageous; undis Agrippa, -ae, m., M. Vipsanius<br />
turbed.<br />
Agrippa, a Roman general.<br />
aerarium, -i [aes, bronze], u., treas aio, say, affirm,<br />
ury.<br />
alacer, -cris, -ere, adj., quick, eager,<br />
aestas, -atis, f., summer.<br />
active,<br />
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atus, assess, Alcibiades, -is, m., Alcibiades, an<br />
estimate.<br />
Athenian.<br />
aetas, -atis, f., age, time of life, Alcmaeon, -onis, m., Alcmaeon, son<br />
time.<br />
of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. He<br />
Afar, Afra, Afrum, adj., African, killed his mother at his father's<br />
Africa, -ae, f., Africa.<br />
command, and was pursued by<br />
Africanus, -i, m., see Scipio. I the Furies in punishment.
Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander, a<br />
tyrant of Pherae in Thessaly.<br />
alias [alius], adv., at other times,<br />
alieno, -are, -avi, -atus [alienus],<br />
estrange.<br />
VOCAB ULARY 245<br />
alienus,-a,-um [alius], another's; altitiido, -inis [altus], f., height.<br />
foreign, out of place, disadvan altus, -a, -um [part, of alo], adj.,<br />
tageous.<br />
high, deep.<br />
alio [alius], adv., to another place, amator, -oris [ama], m., lover.<br />
in a different direction.<br />
ambitio, -onis [ambio, go round],<br />
aliquamdiii, adv., for some time. i.,flattery.<br />
aliquando, adv., at some time, at<br />
any time, ever.<br />
aliquanto [abl. of aliquantum], adv., amicitia,-ae \y.xm.cu%],i.,friendship,<br />
a little, somewhat.<br />
amiculum, -i [amicis, throw round],<br />
aliquantum, -i [aliquantus], n., a lit n., mantle, cloak,<br />
tle, some.<br />
aliquantum [ace. of aUquantum],<br />
adv., some-what, in some degree,<br />
considerably, not a little.<br />
aliquantus, -a, -um, adj., some,<br />
considerable, moderate.<br />
aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, indef. adj., Amphipolis, -is, f., Amphipolis, a<br />
some, any.<br />
city in Macedonia.<br />
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, indef. amphora, -ae \_aiut>opebs], f., am<br />
prou., some one, something, any phora, jar, made of earthenware<br />
one, anything.<br />
and having two handles.<br />
aliquot, indecl. adj., several, a amplius [n. ace. comp. of amplus],<br />
few.<br />
adv., more, in addition.<br />
aliquotiens, adv., at different times. amplus, -a, -um, s.ii).,great, splendid.<br />
aliter [alius], adv., otherwise, differAmyntas,<br />
-ae, m., Amyntas, a king<br />
ently.<br />
of Macedonia.<br />
alius, -a, -ud, adj., other, another. an, conj., or (in double questions);<br />
alius . . . alius, one . . . another; whether.<br />
alii . . . alii, some . . . others.<br />
alo, alere, alui, altus, nourish,<br />
support.<br />
Alpes, -ium, m. pi., the Alps.<br />
Alpicus, -a, -um, adj., of ox inhabiting<br />
the Alps, Alpine.<br />
alte [altus], adv., highly, loftily.<br />
alter, altera, alterum, adj., one or<br />
tlie other {of two), second, alter<br />
. . . alter, one . . . the other.<br />
alteruter, -utra, -utrum, adj., one<br />
or the other, one of the two.<br />
amice [amicus], adv., in a friendly<br />
manner, as a friend.<br />
amicus, -a, -um [amS], ai],, friendly.<br />
As subst., amicus, -i, m., friend.<br />
amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus<br />
[a -|- mitts], lose.<br />
amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love.<br />
amor, -oris [amo], m., love.<br />
anceps, -cipitis [ambi-, around +<br />
caput], double, on both sides ; doubt<br />
ful, dangerous.<br />
ancora, -ae \_S.'^Kvpd\, {., anchor.<br />
Andocides, -is or -i, m., Andocides,<br />
an Athenian orator.<br />
ango, -ere, dra-w close; distress.
246 VOCABULARY<br />
angustiae, -arum [angustus], f. pi., antiquitas, -atis [antiquus], f., age,<br />
strait, defile, narro-w pass. antiquity, ancient times.<br />
angustus, -a, -um [angS], adj., antiquus, -a, -um [ante], adj.,<br />
narro-w, cramped, confined. ancient, old.<br />
anima, -ae [animus], f., breath, life, antistes, -itis [antesto], m. and f.,<br />
animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -ver high priest.<br />
sus [animus -|- adverto], notice, aperio, -ire, -ui, -rtus, open; dis<br />
observe, perceive; punish,<br />
close, reveal, show.<br />
animatus, -a, -um [part, of animS, apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperio],<br />
breathe into], adj., disposed, i7i- adj., open, clear.<br />
clined,<br />
Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo, son of<br />
animus, -i, m., mind, spirit, courage,<br />
soul, animum adverto, see animadverto.<br />
annalis, -is [annus], m., generally<br />
in pi., chronicle, annals,<br />
annus, -i, m., year,<br />
annuus, -a, -um [annus], adj., of a<br />
year, a year's,<br />
ante, adv. and prep. w. ace, before.<br />
antea [ante], adv., before this,<br />
before.<br />
antecedo, -cedere, -cessi [ante -|-<br />
Zeus and Latona and twin brother<br />
of Artemis (Diana),god of prophecy,<br />
healing, and music.<br />
Apollocrates, -is, m., Apollocrates,<br />
son of Dionysius II of Syracuse.<br />
apparatus, -iis [apparS], m., equipment;<br />
magnificence, state.<br />
appareo, -parere, -parui, -paritflrus<br />
[ad 4- pareo], appear, be<br />
clear; attend, serve.<br />
apparo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad 4paro],<br />
make ready, prepare for.<br />
appello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [ad<br />
c.e(ib], have precedence of, surpass. 4- pells], drive towards, con<br />
anteeo, -ire, -ii [ante -\- eS], surduct.pass, excel, precede.<br />
appello, -are, -avi, -atus, call, re<br />
antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latns [ante quest.<br />
-|- ie.xb],place before, hold superior, Appenriinus, -i, m., the Apennines, a<br />
give the preference.<br />
range of mountains in Italy.<br />
antepono, -ponere, -posui, -positus appeto, -ere, -ivi, -itus [ad4-peto],<br />
[ante -|- pono], hold superior,pre strive after, try to get.<br />
fer.<br />
applico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus [ad<br />
antequam [ante -f quam], conj., -^ '^XQ.'b, fold], join io, -unite.<br />
before.<br />
appono, -ponere, -posui, -positus<br />
antesto, -stare, -steti [ante 4- sto], [ad + pSnS], appoint.<br />
stand before, be superior to. apporto, -are, -avi, -atus [ad 4-<br />
Antiochus, -i, m., Antiochus, a Icing porto], bring.<br />
of Syria.<br />
appropinquo,-are, -avi,-atus [ad 4-<br />
Antipater, -tri, m., Antipater, a propinquo, approach], draw near,<br />
general of Alexander the Great. approach.
aptus, -a, -um, adj., fit, adapted.<br />
apiid, prep. w. ace, with, among, at,<br />
near, before, in the presence of;<br />
often of an author, ?'», in the works<br />
or writings of.<br />
Apiilia, -ae, f., Apulia, a district in<br />
the southeastern part of Italy.<br />
aquilo, -onis, m., the north -wind.<br />
ara, -ae, f., altar.<br />
arbitrium, -i [arbiter, judge], n.,<br />
judgment; decision, will; authority<br />
; management.<br />
arbitror, -ari, -atus .sum [arbiter,<br />
judge], think, consider.<br />
arbor, -oris, f., tree.<br />
Arcadia, -ae, i., Arcadia, the central<br />
VOCABULARY 247<br />
arma, -orum, n. pi., -weapons, arms.<br />
armati, -orum [part, of armS], m.<br />
pi., armed men,<br />
armo, -are, -avi, -atus [arma], arm,<br />
equip with weapons.<br />
ars, artis, f., art, skill, occupation,<br />
study,<br />
Artabazus, -i, m., Artabazus, a<br />
satrap of Phrygia.<br />
Artaphemes, -is, m., Artaphernes,<br />
a Persian commander.<br />
Artaxerxes, -is, m., Artaxerxes, the<br />
name of two kings of Persia.<br />
Artemisium, -i, n., Artemisium,<br />
promontory at the northern end of<br />
the island of Euboea.<br />
artifex, -icis [ars 4- facio], m. and<br />
f., artificer, artist, expert.<br />
arx, arcis, f., citadel.<br />
region of southern Greece.<br />
Areas, -adis, m., an Arcadian.<br />
arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus [accedo],<br />
send for.<br />
ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scen-<br />
Archias, -ae, m., Archias, (i) a sus [ad -f scandS, climb], ascend,<br />
priest of the Eleusinian mysteries; embark; attain io.<br />
(2) a Theban official.<br />
Asia, -ae, f., Asia.<br />
Arete, -es, f.. Arete, daughter of aspectus, -Us [aspicio], m., sight,<br />
Dionysius I of Syracuse.<br />
appeat'ance, presence.<br />
argentum, -i, n., silver, money. aspergo, -spergere, -spersi, -sper-<br />
Argi, -orum, m., see Argos.<br />
sus [ad4-spargo, stre-w], sprinkle,<br />
Argilius, -a, -um, adj., of Argilus (a stain.<br />
city in Thrace), Argilian.<br />
aspemor, -ari, -atus sum [ab 4-<br />
Argivus, -a, -um, adj., of Argos, spernor, despise], disdain, re<br />
Argive.<br />
ject.<br />
Argos, nom. and ace. n., also Argi, aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus<br />
-orum, m. pi., Argos, city of [ad 4- specio, look], look at.<br />
Argolis in southern Greece. astu [(Scrru], 11. indecl., city.<br />
arguo, -ere, -ui, -iitus, assert, de at, conj., but, yet, moreover, now.<br />
clare.<br />
Athenae, -arum, f., Athens, the<br />
Aristides, -is, m., Aristides, ^ fa chief city of Attica, in central<br />
mous Athenian of the fifth cen Greece.<br />
tury B.C.<br />
Atheniensis, -is, adj., Athenian.<br />
Aristomache, -es, f., Aristomache, athleta, -ae [dSX-ijTiJs], m., athlete,<br />
sister of Dion.<br />
wrestler, prize-fighter.
248 VOCABULARY<br />
atque and ac (ac only before con aut, conj., or, aut . . . aut, eidier<br />
sonants ; atque may stand before . . . or.<br />
both vowels and consonants), autem, conj., but, moreover, however,<br />
conj., and, and also; after com furthermore, on the other hand.<br />
paratives, as, than.<br />
Automatia, -ae [ASTo^aria], f.,<br />
attends, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus Automatia, goddess of luck.<br />
[ad 4- tends], direct, apply, auxilium, -i [augeo], n., /lelp, aid,<br />
Attica, -ae, f., Attica, a division of assistance.<br />
central Greece.<br />
avare [avarus, greedy], adv., greed<br />
Atticus, -a, -um, adj., of Attica, ily, avariciously.<br />
Athenian, Attic,<br />
avaritia, -ae [avarus], f., greed,<br />
Atticus, -i, m,, T, Pomponius At avarice.<br />
ticus, a learned Roman, the friend averto, -vertere, -verti, -versus [a<br />
of Cicero and Nepos.<br />
4-verts], turn away.<br />
attingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus avoco, -are, -avi, -atus [a4-voco],<br />
[ad 4- tangS, touch], touch upon; call away, dissuade.<br />
attempt, touch, lay hands on, avus, -i, m., grandfather.<br />
auctor, -oris [augeo], m., authority,<br />
leader, originator,<br />
B<br />
auctoritas, -atis [auctor], f., influ Baebius, -i, m., the name of a Roman<br />
ence; counsel, advice ; authority. gens. Nepos mentions (i) Cn.<br />
audacter [audax], adv., boldly, dar Baebius Tamphilus, consul 182<br />
ingly.<br />
B.C.; and (2) M. Baebius Tam<br />
audax, -acis [audeo], adj., bold, darphilus, consul 181 B.C.<br />
ing, insolent,<br />
Bagaeus, -i, m., Bagaeus, a Persian.<br />
audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare, barbarus, -a, -um, adj., barbarian,<br />
venture.<br />
foreign (from the Greek stand<br />
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear, hear of, point) .<br />
listen, audiens dicto, obedient. Barca, -ae, m., Barca, surname of<br />
aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus Hamilcar.<br />
[ab-|-fero], take a-way, steal. beatus, -a, -um [part, of beS, bless],<br />
aufugio, -fugere, -fugi [ab4-fugiS], adj., prosperous, rich.<br />
flee away, escape.<br />
bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], adj.,<br />
augeo, augere, auxi, auctus, in luarlike.<br />
crease, strengthen, augment. bellicus, -a, -um [bellum], adj., of<br />
Aurelius, -i, m., C. Auretius Cotta, war, military,<br />
consul 200 B.C.<br />
bello, -are, -avi, -atus [bellum],<br />
aureus, -a, -um [aurum], adj., make -war,<br />
golden, of gold.<br />
bellum, -i, u., war,<br />
auris, -is, f., eerr,<br />
bene, comp. melius, sup. optime<br />
aurum, -i, n., gold, money.<br />
[bonus], adv., well.
VOCABI ULARY 249<br />
benevolentia, -ae [bene 4- vols], cado, cadere, cecidi, casQrus, fall,<br />
f., good will; mark of good will, be k'llled; befall, happen.<br />
kindness, favor.<br />
Caduceus, -i, m., herald's staff.<br />
bi-, inseparable prefix meaning twice, caedes, -is [caedo, cut], f., massacre,<br />
biduum, -i [bi- 4- dies], 11., two murder.<br />
days, space of i-wo days, caelum, -i, u., sky, heaven.<br />
bini, -ae, -a [bi-], num. adj., two at caerimonia, -ae, f., awe, veneration.<br />
a time, a pair of,<br />
calamitas, -atis, f., disaster, loss,<br />
bis [bi-], num. adv., twice,<br />
injury.<br />
Bithynia, -ae, f., Bithynia, a coun Calidus, -i, m., L. Julius Calidus, a<br />
try in northern Asia Minor.<br />
Roman poet.<br />
Bithynus, -a, -um, adj., of Bithynia, Callias, -ae, m., Callias, an Athenian.<br />
Bithynian.<br />
Callicrates, -is, m., Callicrates, an<br />
Bizanthe, -es, f., Bizanthe, a town Athenian.<br />
and stronghold in the Thracian callide [callidus], adv., cleverly,<br />
Chersonese.<br />
acutely.<br />
blandus, -a, -um, adj., persuasive, callidus, -a, -um [calleo, be -wise by<br />
winning.<br />
experience], adj., clever, skilful,<br />
Blitho, -onis, m., see Sulpicius. shrewd; crafty, calculating.<br />
Boeotus, -a, -um, adj., Boeotian, of Calliphron, -onis, m., Calliphron,<br />
Boeotia, division of central a dancing-master.<br />
Greece.<br />
Callistratus, -i, m., Callistratus, an<br />
bonitas, -atis [bonus], i., goodness. Athenian.<br />
bonum, -i [bonus], n., good thing, campus, -i, m., plain, open.<br />
advantage. In pi., property. canis, -is, m. and f, dog.<br />
bonus, -a, -um, adj., good. Cannensis, -e, adj., of Cannae, a<br />
boreas, -ae [^op^as], m., the north village of Apulia in southern<br />
wind.<br />
Italy.<br />
brevi (abl. of brevis), adv., in a canto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of cano,<br />
short time.<br />
sing], sing, sound, play.<br />
brevis, -e, adj., short.<br />
capesso, -ere, -ivi, -iturus [capiS],<br />
brevitas, -atis [brevis], f., brevity, undertake, enter upon.<br />
terseness.<br />
capio, capere, cepi, captus, take,<br />
Byzantium, -i, n., Byzantium, mod catch, capture ; captivate ; receive.<br />
ern Constantinople.<br />
capitulatim [caput], adv., by heads,<br />
summarily.<br />
C<br />
captivus, -a, -um [capiS], adj.,<br />
captive. As subst., captivus, -1,<br />
C, the abbre-viation for Gdius. m., prisoner.<br />
Cadmea, -ae, f., the Cadmea, the captus, -i [part, of capio], m.,<br />
citadel of Thebes.<br />
prisoner, captive.
250<br />
VOCABULARY<br />
Capua, -ae, f., Capua, a city of Campania<br />
in Italy.<br />
celebritas, -atis [celeber, frequented],<br />
{,, concourse; society,<br />
caput, -itis, n., head, life, capital celebro, -are, -avi, -atus [celeber,<br />
charge.<br />
frequented], frequent, come in<br />
Car, Carls, m., a Carian, inhabitant large numbers, throng; celebrate.<br />
of Caria in Asia Minor.<br />
celer, -eris, -ere, adj., quick, swift.<br />
careo, -ere, -ui, -itiirus, lack, be celeritas, -atis [celer], f., swiftness,<br />
free from, do without.<br />
celeriter [celer], adv., quickly,<br />
Caria, -ae, f., Caria, a country in the celo, -are, -avi, -atus, conceal, keep<br />
southwestern part of Asia Minor. secret, hide from,<br />
caritas, -atis [carus], f., love, affeccena,<br />
-ae, f., dinner, banquet,<br />
tion, regard,<br />
ceno, -are, -avi, -atus [cena], dine,<br />
carus, -a, -um, adj., dear.<br />
censeo, censere, censui, census,<br />
casa, -ae, f., hut, cabin.<br />
estimate ; think, hold,<br />
Cassandrus, -i, m., Cassander, a censor, -oris [censeS], m., censor, a<br />
general of Alexander the Great. Roman magistrate in charge of<br />
castellum, -i [castrum], n., fort, public morals and the census of<br />
stronghold.<br />
citizens for purposes of assess<br />
castrum, -i, u., fort, fortified place. ment.<br />
In pi., castra, -orum, camp, mili censorius, -a, -um [censor], adj., of<br />
tary service, castra movere, break a censor. As subst., censorius, -i,<br />
or strike camp, castra ponere, m., ex-censor.<br />
pitch u camp, encamp.<br />
censHra, -ae [censor], f., censorship.<br />
casus, -iis [cado], m., fall; chance, Centenius, -i, C, Centenius, praetor<br />
accident, calamity ; fate, lot. 216 B.C.<br />
caterva, -ae, f., cro-wd, troop. centum, num. adj., indecl., a hun<br />
Cato, -onis, m., family name of the dred.<br />
gens Porcia, Nepos mentions cera, -ae, f., wax.<br />
(i) M, Porcius Cato Censorius, cerno, cemere, crevi, cretus, dis<br />
censor 184 B.C.; and (2) M, Portinguish, perceive.<br />
cius Cato Uticensis, who committed certamen, -inis [cerno], n., decisive<br />
suicide at Utica in Africa 46 B.C. contest, struggle.<br />
Catulus, -i, see Lutatius.<br />
certus, -a, -um [cernS], adj., sure,<br />
causa, -ae, f., cause ; reason, excuse ; certain, trustworthy. certiorem<br />
case (in court). Abl. causa, follow facere, inform.<br />
ing .- gen., on account of, for the ceterus, -a, -um, adj., die other, all<br />
sake of,<br />
other,tile remaining, the rest (of).<br />
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, beware ; CethegUS, -i, m., P. Cornelius Ce-<br />
be un o-)ie's guard, take heed. t/iegus, consul 181 B.C.<br />
cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus, g-o away; Chabrias, -ae, m., Chabrias, an<br />
yield, submit; result, turn out. \ Athenian commander.
VOCABI ULARY 251<br />
Chalcioicos, -i [XaXxioiKos], f., prop circumvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus<br />
erly of the bronze house, applied to [circum 4- venio], surround,<br />
Athena (Minerva); but in Pau citerior, -ius, adj., nearer, on this<br />
sanias V it apparently is name side,<br />
of the temple itself, meaning House citharizo, -are [KiSapffw], play on<br />
of Bronze,<br />
the cithara or lyre,<br />
Chares, -etis, m., Chares, an Citium, -i, n., Citium, a town of<br />
Athenian general.<br />
Cyprus.<br />
Charon, -onis, m., Charon, a Theban cito, -are, -avi, -atus, rouse, excite;<br />
patriot.<br />
announce, proclaim,<br />
Chersonesus, -i, f., the (Thracian) civilis, -e [cTvis], adj., citizen's, civil,<br />
Chersonese, The name may prop civic.<br />
erly be applied to any peninsula, civis, -is, m. and f., citizen ; with a<br />
but when unmodified is to be un possessive {suits, etc.), fellowderstood<br />
as above.<br />
citizen,<br />
chiliarchus, -i [xiXfapx
252<br />
claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus,<br />
close ; hem in, shut in,<br />
claudus, -a, -um, adj., lame<br />
clava, -ae, f., club, staff.<br />
Clemens, -entis, adj., kind, gentle.<br />
dementia, -ae [clemens], f., kindness,<br />
gentleness.<br />
Cleon, -onis, m., Cleon, an orator<br />
who lived at Halicarnassus.<br />
Clinias, -ae, m., Clinias, father of<br />
Alcibiades.<br />
VOCAB ULARY<br />
clipeus, -i, m., shield, round and<br />
made of bronze, or of hide or<br />
wicker covered with plates of<br />
metal.<br />
Cn., the abbreviation for Gnaeus.<br />
Cnidus, -i, f., Cnidus, a city of Caria<br />
in Asia Minor.<br />
CO-, see com-.<br />
coarguo, -arguere, -argui [co- 4arguo],<br />
convict, expose.<br />
coeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [co- 4-eS], come<br />
together, join ; form (by joining).<br />
(coepio, coepere), coepi, coeptus<br />
(rare, except in the perf. tenses),<br />
begin.<br />
coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus<br />
[co- -f arceS, confine], compel.<br />
nize ; read; investigate, try (a<br />
case). In perf. tenses, know.<br />
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus [co-<br />
4- ago], compel, force.<br />
cohortatio, -onis [cohortor, encour<br />
age], f., exhortation, harangue,<br />
colo, colere, colui, cultus, cultivate,<br />
till; reverence, care for, cherish,<br />
regard,<br />
Colonae, -arum, f., Colonae, a town<br />
in the Troad.<br />
colonia, -ae [colSnus], f., colony,<br />
colonus, -i [cols], m., husbandman,<br />
colonist,<br />
com- or CO-, inseparable prefix, a<br />
form of cum, meaning together,<br />
-with ; or simply as an intensive, altogether,<br />
completely, very, up, etc.<br />
comes, -itis [com- 4- eo], m. and f.,<br />
companion.<br />
comis, -e, adj., courteous, obliging.<br />
comitium, -i [com-4-eS], n., assem<br />
bly, place of assembly, comitium.<br />
commeatus, -iis [conimeS, pass to<br />
and fro], going to and fi'o ; provisions,<br />
commemoro, -are, -avi, -atus [com-<br />
4-memorS, mention], call to mind;<br />
cogitatio, -onis [cogitS], f., medita relate, mention, tell,<br />
tion.<br />
commendatio, -onis [commends],<br />
cogitatum, -i [cogitS], u., thought, f., recommendation, persuasive<br />
idea, purpose.<br />
ness, excellence,<br />
cogito, -are, -avi, -atus [co- 4- commends, -are, -avi, -atus [comagito],<br />
think, ponder, have in 4-mando, intrust], intrust, rec<br />
mind, pla.n.<br />
ommend,<br />
cognatio, -onis [cSgnatus, related], comminiscor, -minisci, -mentus<br />
[,, blood-relationship, kinship, sum, devise, invent, contrive.<br />
cognomen, -inis [cSgnoscS], n., comminus [com- -f- manus], adv.,<br />
name, surname.<br />
hand to hand, at close quarters,<br />
cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gnitus commiseror, -ari, -atus sum [com-<br />
[co- 4-(g)nSsco], learn of; recog 4- miseror, lament], bejoail.
5ULARY 253<br />
commissura, -i [committo], u., compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus<br />
secret,<br />
\coxa- + -'^^b,fiU],flllup,maIieup.<br />
committo, -mittere, -misi, -missus complexus, -a, -um, part, of com<br />
[com-4- mitto], join; . intrust, plector.<br />
commit; commit an offense, do complures, -a or -ia, gen. com-<br />
-wrong.<br />
plurium [com- 4- pliis], adj.,<br />
commode [commodus, in due meas several, very many.<br />
ure], adv., well, skilfully, compSno, -pSnere, -posui, -positus<br />
commodum, -i [commodus, in due [com- 4- ponS], bring together;<br />
measure], n., advantage, interest, bring to an end,<br />
commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motus comprehends, -prehendere, -pre-<br />
[com- 4- moveo], agitate, disturb, hendi, -prehensus [com- 4- pre<br />
se commovere, make a move. bends, grasp], seize, arrest.<br />
commSnio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [com- 4- comprobS, -are, -avi, -atus [commimio],<br />
fortify.<br />
-f-probS], approve, ratify.<br />
commiinis, -e, adj., common, uni cSnatus, -iis [cSnor], m., attempt.<br />
ted.<br />
concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus<br />
commiinitas, -atis [commiinis], f., [com- 4- cedS], withdraw ; yield,<br />
affability, courtesy.<br />
grant, allow.<br />
communiter [communis], adv., in concido, -cidere, -cidi, [com- 4-<br />
common.<br />
cado],/«//, be slain.<br />
commiitatio, -onis [commCto], f., concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [comchange.<br />
4- caedS, cut], cut down, slay, cut<br />
commute, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4- to pieces,<br />
muto], change.<br />
conciliS, -are, -avi, -atus [con<br />
compares, -parere, -parui [com--Jcilium], unite, make friendly,<br />
pareS], appear.<br />
bring about, procure, win, gain,<br />
comparS, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4- concilium, -i, u., meeting,<br />
parS], make ready, prepare for, concinnus, -a, -um, adj., neat, aft,<br />
prepare.<br />
elegant,<br />
comparS, -are, -avi, -atus [compar, concito, -are, -avi, -atus [com- -}-<br />
like], compare, count equal. cits], excite, rouse, incite; drive at<br />
compello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus full speed, spur on,<br />
[com- 4- pells], drive, force. conclave, -is [com- 4- clavis, key],<br />
compello, -are, -avi, -atus [com- n., room, chamber,<br />
pello above], accost; arraign, concludS, -clridere, -clusi, -clusus,<br />
chide.<br />
[com- 4- Clauds], include,<br />
comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertus, concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi, -cu-<br />
find out, ascertain, learn. pitus [com- 4- inceptive form of<br />
complector, -plecti, -plexus sum, cupiS], desire, be eager for, aspire<br />
embrace, grip, tackle.<br />
to, strive after.
254 VOCABULARY<br />
concurro, -currere, -cucurri or -cur- cSnfiteor, -flteri, -fessus sum [comri,<br />
-cursus [com- 4- curro], run 4- fateor], acknowledge, admit,<br />
together, gather, combine; rush to conflicts, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of<br />
gether, attack,<br />
confligS], strike violently; torment,<br />
concursus, -us [concurro], m., on afflict,<br />
slaught, attack, charge, shock; cSnflictor, -ari, -atus sum [freq.<br />
gathering, cro-wd, host,<br />
of conffigo], struggle, contend.<br />
concutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus confligS, -fligere, -flixi, -flictus<br />
[com- 4- quatiS, shake], shake, im [com- -f ffigo, strike], fight, join<br />
pair,<br />
battle.<br />
conflo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- + flo,<br />
blow], stir up.<br />
cSnfluS, -fluere, -fluxi [com- 4- fluo,<br />
fio7d], stream together, press together.<br />
condicio, -onis [condico], f., terms,<br />
condition,<br />
condico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus<br />
[com- 4- dico], agree upon, arrange,<br />
condiscipulus, -i [com- 4- discipulus,<br />
pupil], m., fellow-pupil,<br />
conditor, -oris [condS], xa,, founder.<br />
condo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [com- 4-<br />
-dS, put], found, establish,<br />
conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus<br />
[com- 4- diicS], hire,<br />
conducticius, -a, -um [conduco],<br />
adj., hired, mercenary,<br />
confers, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [com-<br />
4-fero], gather; bestow, contribute;<br />
cSnfodiS, -fodere, -fSdi, -fossus<br />
[com- 4- fodiS, dig], dig up ; stab,<br />
transfix.<br />
confugiS, -fugere, -fiigi [com- 4fugio],<br />
fiee.<br />
congero, -gerere, -gessi, -gestus<br />
[com- 4- gerS], bring togetlier,<br />
gather.<br />
congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum<br />
[com- -f gradior, step], meet, join<br />
battle, attack.<br />
turn to, concentrate ; carry; com congnio, -gruere, -grui, agree with,<br />
pare, se conferre, betake oneself, correspond with.<br />
go, arma wai^xrt, fight, engage. coniciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [comconfestim<br />
[com- and the same root 4- iaciS], throw, cast, hurl; guess,<br />
as in festino, hasten], adv., im conjecture.<br />
mediately, without delay.<br />
coniectus, -iis [conicio], m., thro-w-<br />
cSniiciS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [com- ing, hurling.<br />
4-facio], accomplish, do; compose; coniugium, -i [coniungo], u., mar<br />
complete, fin ish ; destroy.<br />
riage,<br />
cSnfido, -fidere, -fisus sum [com- coniunctiS, -Snis [coniungS], f, al<br />
-f fids], trust, be confident. liance.<br />
cSnfirmo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- coniungo, -iungere, -iiinxi, -iflnctus<br />
4- firmo, make firm], esta-btish, [com- 4- iuxigb], join, connect.<br />
strengthen; assure, confirm, cor COniiiratiS, -onis [coniurS, conspire],<br />
roborate.<br />
f., s'wearing together, conspiracy.
conlabefio, -fieri, -factus sum [com-<br />
4- pass, of labefacio, shake], be<br />
ruined or overthro-wn,<br />
conlaudS, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4laudo],<br />
highly commend, praise.<br />
conlega, -ae [com- 4- legS], m.,<br />
associate, colleague.<br />
conligS,- -ligere, -legi, -Iectus [com-<br />
VOCABI ULARY 255<br />
cSnsensus, -iis [cSnsentiS], m., consent,<br />
agreement.<br />
consentiS, -sentire, -sensi, -sensus<br />
[com- 4- sentiS], agree, unite.<br />
consequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum<br />
[com-4-sequor], follow; arrive;<br />
reach, catch up with, attain, obtain,<br />
gain, get, a-ccomplisli.<br />
+ l^g°]) 'collect, gatlier. consero, -serere, -semi, -sertus<br />
conligo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- -f [com- 4- serS], intertwine, join.<br />
ligo, tie], bind together.<br />
manum cSnserere, come to close<br />
conloco, -are, -avi, -atus [com- -f quarters, join battle.<br />
loco, place], place, settle, station; cSnservo, -are, -avi, -atus [comgive<br />
in marriage.<br />
4- servS], preserve, save, keep,<br />
conloquium, -i [conloquor], n., con cherish.<br />
ference, parley, conversation. considers, -are, -avi, -atus, reflect,<br />
conloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum consider.<br />
[com- 4- loquor], speak with, con cSnsidS, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus<br />
verse ^ confer, treat.<br />
[com—h sidS], sit do-wn, take a<br />
Conon, -Snis, m., Conon, an Athenian seat.<br />
admiral.<br />
cSnsilium, -i, n., advice, counsel;<br />
cSnor, -ari, -atus sum, try, at plan, purpose; -wisdom, sense,<br />
tempt,<br />
judgment; council, hSc (or eS)<br />
conquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qni- cSnsiliS ut, with the intention of,<br />
situs [com- 4- quaero], seek for the purpose of,<br />
out,<br />
cSnspectus, -iis [cSnspiciS], m.,<br />
cSnscius, -a, -um [com- -f scio], sight, presence,<br />
adj., knowing -with; pri-jy to, -wit cSnspiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus<br />
ness to. As subst., conscius, -i, [com- 4- specio, look], see, be<br />
m., accessory, witness, accomplice, hold.<br />
cSnscribS, -scribere, -scrips!, scrip- constans, -antis [part, of constS],<br />
tus [com- 4- scribS], write, com adj., unvarying, steadfast.<br />
pose; enroll, patres conscripti cSnstantia, -ae [constans], f., stead<br />
(for patres et conscripti, referring fastness, firmness, steadiness.<br />
to the two classes of senators), a cSnstituS, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitus<br />
name applied to the Roman %tn- [com- 4- statuo], set up ; establish,<br />
ate., fathers (and) elect.<br />
plant, draw up, station; settle,<br />
consector, -ari, -atus sum [freq. of decide ; create,<br />
cSnsequor], /«rj««.<br />
cSnstS, -stare, -stiti, -staturus<br />
consensiS, -onis [consentio], f., [com- 4- stS], consist, Impers.,<br />
agreement, conspiracy.<br />
constat, it is agreed.
256 VOCAB<br />
consuescS, -suescere, -suevi, -suetus continentia, -ae [contineo], f., self-<br />
[com- 4- suesco, become used], berestraint,come accustomed. In perf. tenses, contineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus<br />
as pres., be accustomed, be used, [com- 4- teneo], hold together,<br />
consuetudS, -inis [consuescS], f., hold, bind; contain,<br />
custom, habit; character.<br />
contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus<br />
cSnsul, -ulis, m., consul, the title of [com- 4- tango, touch], happen<br />
the two chief magistrates in repub to, befall,<br />
lican Rome.<br />
contio, -Snis [for conventiS, from<br />
considaris, -e [cSnsul], adj., of a convenio], f., assembly.<br />
consul. As subst., cSnsularis, -is, contra, (i) adv., opposite, on the con<br />
m., one of consular rank, extrary; (2) prep. w. ace, opposite<br />
consul,<br />
to, contrary to, against.<br />
consulatus, -iis [cSnsul], m., con contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus<br />
sulship.<br />
[com- 4- traho], collect, bring to<br />
consuls, -ere, -ui, -tus, consult, ask gether.<br />
the advice of; take care for, have contrarius, -a, -um [contra], adj.,<br />
regard J'or,<br />
opposite, contrary.<br />
cSnsidtum, -i [part, of cSnsulo], u., contrarium, -i [contrarius], n., the<br />
decree,<br />
contrary.<br />
cSnsiimS, -sumere, -siimpsi, -sump contrSversia, -ae [contro = contra<br />
tus [com-4-siin'i5], consume, use; 4- verts], f., quarrel, bickering,<br />
destroy, spend,<br />
contueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum [comcontego,<br />
-tegere, -texi, -tectus 4- tueor], look on, observe,<br />
[com- 4- tegS], cover ; conceal, contumaciter [contumax, insolent],<br />
contemns, -temnere, -tempsi, adv., obstinately, stubbornly,<br />
-temptus [com- 4- temnS, scorn], contumelia, -ae, f, affront, insult.<br />
despise, look do-wn upon,<br />
conveniS, -venire, -veni, -ventus<br />
contends, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus [com- 4- veniS], come together,<br />
[com- 4- tends], strive, contend; meet with, go to; agree with, be<br />
be bound, hasten ; maintain, assert, agreed upon, centre upon'; befit.<br />
plead,<br />
conventus, -us [conveniS], m., meet<br />
COntentiS, -Snis [contends], f., coning, assembly.<br />
tention, strife, struggle, converts, -vertere, -verti, -versus<br />
contentus, -a, -um [part, of con- [com-4-vert6],/'?/r« round; direct.<br />
tineS], adj., satisfied, content, convivium, -i [com- 4- vivo], enter<br />
continens, -entis [part, of contineS], tainment, banquet,<br />
adj., moderate, self-restrained; con convoco, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4tinuous,<br />
continens terra, mainvoco], call together,<br />
land. As subst., continens, -entis, coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum [co- 4-<br />
f., mainland.<br />
orior], arise, come forth.
cSpia, -ae [co- -h ops], f., abundance.<br />
In T^\., forces, army.<br />
coquS, coquere, coxl, coctus, cook.<br />
coram [co- -f os], adv. and prep. w.<br />
abl., in the presence of.<br />
Corcyra, -ae, f., Corcyra, an island<br />
to the west of Greece.<br />
VOCABULARY 257<br />
Creta, -ae, f., Crete, an island south<br />
Corcyraeus, -a, -um, adj., of Corcyra, of Greece.<br />
Corcyraean,<br />
Cretensis, -e, adj., Cretan, of Crete.<br />
Corinthius, -a, -um, adj., of Corinth, crimen, -inis [for cemimen, from<br />
Corinthian,<br />
cernS], n., charge, accusation;<br />
Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth, a city on crime,<br />
the isthmus of Corinth, between Crimisus, -i, m., the Crimisus, a<br />
central Greece and the Pelopon river of Sicily.<br />
nese.<br />
Critias, -ae, m., Critias, one of the<br />
Cornelius, -i, m., the name of a fa " Thirty Tyrants " who adminismous<br />
Roman gens. For individuals, tered the government of Athens<br />
see under CethegUS and ScipiS. during the Spartan supremacy.<br />
cornii, -us, n., horn, -wing of an criidelis, -e, adj., cruel.<br />
army.<br />
crudelitas, -atis [crudelis], f.,<br />
corona, -ae, f., crown, ivreath, cruelty,<br />
Coronea, -ae, f., Coronea, a town in criideliter [crudelis], adv., cruelly,<br />
Boeotia.<br />
cruentS, -are, -avi, -atus [cruentus,<br />
corpus, -oris, n., body, appearance, bloody], stain{with blood), imbrue.<br />
presence,<br />
cubS, -are, -ui, -itus, lie, recline.<br />
corrumpS, -rumpere, -riipi, -ruptus culpa, -ae, i., fault, blame.<br />
[com- -f rumpS, break], destroy; cultus, -us [cols], m., manner of<br />
corrupt, bribe.<br />
life ; style of dress, clothing.<br />
cottidianus, -a, -um [cottidie], adj., cum, prep. w. abl., with, together<br />
daily.<br />
with, in company -with; at the<br />
cottidie [quot, as many as 4- dies], same time with,<br />
adv., daily.<br />
cum, conj., when, while, whenever;<br />
Cotus, -i, m., Cotus, a king of the since; although, cum turn,<br />
Thracians.<br />
as -well as, both . . and; not<br />
crastinus, -a, -um [eras, to-morrow], only but also.<br />
adj., ofto-morro-w. in crastinum, cunctusj -a, -um [for coniijnctus,<br />
until to-morroiv.<br />
from coniungS], all together, the<br />
creber, -bra, -brum, aA],, frequent, -whole of, all,<br />
credS, -dere, -didi, -ditus, intrust; CHpide [cupidus], adv., eagerly,<br />
trust, have confidence in ; believe cupiditas, ; -atis [cupidus], f., eager-<br />
think, suppose,<br />
ness,desire,passion; avarice,greed.<br />
S<br />
cremS, -are, -avi, -atus, bum, cremate,<br />
creS, -are, -avi, -atus, create, make ;<br />
appoint, elect,<br />
crescS, crescere, crevi, cretus, increase,<br />
grow,
258 VOCABULARY<br />
cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], adj., desirous,<br />
covetous, fond of,<br />
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus, desire,<br />
wish, be anxious to,<br />
ciir, adv., (l) interr., why, wherefore;<br />
(2) rei., on account of which,<br />
custodiS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [custSs],<br />
guard.<br />
Custos,- -odis, m., guard, keeper,<br />
Cyclades, -um [Ku/cXdSes from<br />
Greeks, which forms tlie subject<br />
of Xenophon's Anabasis.<br />
Cyzicenus, -a -um, adj., of Cyzicus,<br />
ci city on the south shore of the<br />
Propontus.<br />
cura, -ae, f., care, anxiety, carefulness;<br />
administration, '<br />
D<br />
curS, -are, -avi, -atus [cura], care D., the abbreviation for Decimus,<br />
for, be anxious for ; provide, carry damnatiS, -onis [damns], f., con<br />
out. With ace and gerundive, demnation.<br />
cause something to be done, have damns, -are, -avi, -atus [damnum,<br />
done, etc.<br />
penalty], condemn.<br />
currS, currere, cucurri, cursus, run. DamSn, -Snis, m., Damon, an<br />
cursor, -oris [curro], m., runner, Athenian poet and musician.<br />
courier.<br />
Dareus, -i, m., Darius I and //,<br />
cursus, -lis [currS], m., course, -way, kings of the Persians.<br />
journey.<br />
Datis, -idis, m., Datis, Persian<br />
CUstSdia, -ae [custSs], f., guard; commander.<br />
confinement, prison ; charge, de, prep. w. abl., do-wn front, from ;<br />
-ward.<br />
concerning, about, of,<br />
debeS, -ere, -ui, -itus [de 4- habeo],<br />
owe, ought,<br />
debilito, -are, -avi, -atus [debilis,<br />
-weak], weaken, unnei've,<br />
KIJKXOS, circle], f. pL, die Cyclades, decedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [de<br />
a group of islands in the Aegaean 4- cedS], depart; die,<br />
sea, lying in a ring about Delos. Decelea, -ae, f., Decelea, a town in<br />
Cyme, -es, f.. Cyme, a city of Aeolia the north of Attica.<br />
in Asia Minor.<br />
decern, indecl. num. adj., ten,<br />
Cyprius, -a, -um, adj., of Cyprus, decomplex, -icis [decem 4- pHco,<br />
Cyprian,<br />
fold], adj., tenfold, ten times,<br />
Cyprus, -i, f., Cyprus, an island off decemviralis, -e [decem4-vir], adj.,<br />
the coast of Syria.<br />
of ten men, decemviral,<br />
Cyrenae, -arum, f., Cyrene, a city of decerns, -cemere, -crevi, -cretus [de<br />
northern Africa.<br />
4-
26o VOCABULARY<br />
demolior, -iri, -itus sum [de +<br />
molior], tear down, destroy,<br />
Demosthenes, -is, m., Demosthenes,<br />
a great Athenian orator.<br />
desertus, -a, -um [part, of desero],<br />
adj., desert, wild, uninhabited,<br />
desiderium,-i[desiderS],n.,&;/^«>i!f,<br />
desire,<br />
demum [de], adv., at last, at length, desiderS, -are, -avi, -atus, miss, feel<br />
not till then.<br />
the want of; require,<br />
denique, adv., and then ; finally, at desino, -sinere, -sii, -situs [de -|-<br />
list, in short,<br />
sinS, let], cease, leave off,<br />
denuntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4- desists, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus [de<br />
niintiS], proclaim.<br />
4- sisto, set], cease,<br />
depellS, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [de desperatis, -Snis [despero], f.,<br />
4-pello], drive away, dislodge; desperation, despair.<br />
avert, foil.<br />
desperatus, -a, -um [part, of de-<br />
depingo, -pingere, -pinxi, -pictus sperS], adj., desperate.<br />
[de 4- ^m^,paint],paint, repre desperS, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4sent.spero],<br />
lose hope, despair, despair<br />
depSno, -pSnere, -posui, -positus of<br />
[de -f- pSnS], lay down, deposit. despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus<br />
depopulor, -ari, -atus sum [de 4- [de4-speciS, look], look down on;<br />
populor, lay waste], ravage,<br />
despise, disregard.<br />
deports, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4- destituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitus<br />
portS], carry away, bring off, [de 4- statuo], desert, leave in die<br />
deprimS, -primere, -pressi, -pressus lurch.<br />
[de-fpremo], press down ; sink; desum, -esse, -fui [de 4- sum], be<br />
suppress, silence,<br />
wanting, fail, give out,<br />
depiignS, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4- detego, -tegere, -texi, -tectus [de 4piignS],<br />
fight out, fight to the tegS], uncover, dismantle, unroof,<br />
end,<br />
deterreo, -terrere, -tenrui, -territus<br />
Dercylus, -i, m., Dercylus, an [de 4- terreS, frighten], frighten<br />
Athenian general.<br />
off, deter, prevent,<br />
derigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [de 4- detestor, -ari, -atus sum [de 4regS],<br />
direct, steer, aim,,<br />
testor], curse, execrate,<br />
descends, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus<br />
sus [de 4- scando, climb], de [de 4-trahS], take off, remove;<br />
scend,<br />
detract, be to one's disadvantage;<br />
descisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus disparage.<br />
[de 4- scisco, assent], withdraw, detrimentum, -i [deterS, rub off],<br />
desert,<br />
n., loss, damage.<br />
deserS, -serere, -semi, -sertus [de deus, -i, m., god, divinity.<br />
4- sero], abandon, desert, leave deveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [de<br />
in the lurch.<br />
-f veho], carry away, convey.
devertS, -vertere, -verti [de 4verto],<br />
turn aside to, turn in at.<br />
devincio, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinctus<br />
[de4-vincio, bind], bind fast, put<br />
under obligation.<br />
devincS, -vincere, -vici, -victus [de<br />
4- vinco], vanquish, conquer (utterly)<br />
.<br />
devStio, -onis [devoveS], f., a curse.<br />
devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -vStus [de<br />
-t-voveS, devote], curse.<br />
dexter, -tera (-tra), -teram (-trum),<br />
adj., right. As subst., dextra, -ae,<br />
f. (sc. manus), the right hand.<br />
Diana, -ae, f., Diana, the goddess<br />
of the moon, identified by the<br />
Romans with the Greek Artemis.<br />
VOCABULARY 261<br />
dilabor, -labi, -lapsus sum [di- 4labor,<br />
glide], fall awa.y, desert;<br />
disperse.<br />
dnSctus, -iis [diligS], m., levy.<br />
diligens, -entis [part, of dlligo],<br />
adj., careful, watchful, regardful,<br />
diligenter [diligens], adv., carefully,<br />
assiduously, diligently.<br />
diligentia, -ae [diligens], f., carefulness,<br />
dUigo, -ligere, -lexi, -Iectus [di- -f<br />
lego], choose, love,esteem, be fond of,<br />
dilucide [dilCcidus, clear], adv.,<br />
clearly, transparently,<br />
dimicS, -are, -avi, -atus, figkt,<br />
struggle, contend,<br />
dimidius, -a, -um [di- 4- medius,<br />
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, say, speak, middle], adj., half,<br />
tell.<br />
dimittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus<br />
dictator, -oris [diets, dictate], m., [di--h mitts], dismiss; let go, re<br />
dictator.<br />
linquish ; lose,<br />
dictitS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of Dinon, -onis, m., Dinon, a Greek<br />
diets, dictate], maintain, declare. historian.<br />
dictum, -i [part, of dico], n., %aord, DiomedSn, -ontis, m., Diomedon, a<br />
promise; command,<br />
man of Cyzicus.<br />
dies, -ei, m. and f., day ; time,period. DiSn, -Snis, m., Dion, tyrant of<br />
in iies, from day to day.<br />
Syracuse, died B.C. 353.<br />
differs, -ferre, distuli, dilatus [dis- Dionysius, -i, m., Dionysius, the<br />
-\- ie.xb], put off; spread abroad; name of two tyrants of Syracuse;<br />
differ.<br />
and of a Theban who taught<br />
difficilis, -e [dis- 4- facilis], adj., Epaminondas music.<br />
hard, difficult; captious. diripiS, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [didiffidS,<br />
-fidere, -fisus sum [dis- 4- 4- rapiS, seize], plunder,<br />
fidS], distrust, not believe. dirao, -mere, -rui, -rutus [di- 4-<br />
dignitas, -atis [dignus], f., worth, ruo, rush down], demolish.<br />
dignity, greatness, importance, dis, ditis, adj., rich.<br />
rank.<br />
dis- or di-, inseparable prefix mean<br />
dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, deserving apart, in different directions.<br />
ing, befitting.<br />
discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [disdigredior,<br />
-gredi, -gressus sum 4- z^Ab], go away, depart, become<br />
[di- 4- gradior, step], go away. separated.
26a VOCABULARY<br />
discepto, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- 4- dissocio, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- -fcapto,<br />
lay Jiold of], decide, dispute. socio, unite], disunite, estrange.<br />
discerns, -cemere, -crevi, -cretus dissoliitus, -a, -um [part, of dis<br />
[dis- 4- cernS], distinguish.<br />
solve], adj., dissolute, loose.<br />
disciplina, -ae [disco], f., training, dissolvS, -solvere, -solvi, -soliitus<br />
discipline, study.<br />
[dis- -t- solvS], dissol-oe, destroy,<br />
discs, discere, didici, learn.<br />
break up.<br />
discrimen, -inis [discerns], n., distringo, -stringere, -strinxi,<br />
crisis, danger.<br />
-strictus [di- 4- strings, drauo<br />
diserte [disertus], adv., eloquently. tight], occupy, engage.<br />
disertus, -a, -um [disserS, discuss], diu, comp. diutius, sup. difltissime,<br />
adj., eloquent.<br />
adv., long, for a long time,<br />
disiciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [dis- 4- diiitinus, -a, -um [diu], adj., lastiaciS],<br />
scatter; break down, shatter. ing,<br />
dispalatus, -a, -um [part, of dis- diuturnitas, -atis [diiiturnus], f.,<br />
palor, wa-nder], adj., straggling, length,<br />
dispersed,<br />
diutumus, -a, -um [diii], adj., long,<br />
dispensS, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- 4- prolonged,<br />
pensS, weigh], pay out, distribute, diversus, -a, -um [part, of diverts,<br />
dispergo, -spergere, -spersi, -sper- turn a-way], adj., contrary, con-<br />
SUS [dl- 4- spargS, scatter], scatter, fiicting, in different directions,<br />
dispertiS, -pertire, -pertivi, -per- dives, -itis, adj., rich,<br />
titus [dis- 4- partis, cf. partior], dividS, -videre, -visi, -visus, divide,<br />
distribute.<br />
distribute,<br />
displiceS, -plicere, -plicui, -plicitus divinatiS, -onis [divinS], f., fore<br />
[dis- 4- places], displease.<br />
sight, divination, miraculous<br />
dispSnS, -ponere, -posui, -positus kno-wledge,<br />
[dis- 4- ponS], arrange, array. divinS, -are, -avi, -atus [divinus],<br />
disputS, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- 4- foresee, divine,<br />
puto], discuss, dispute.<br />
divinus, -a, -um [divus, divine],<br />
dissensiS, -Snis [dissentiS], f., dis adj., godlike, divine,<br />
agreement.<br />
divitiae, -arum [dives], f. pi.,<br />
dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sensus riches, wealth,<br />
[dis- 4- sentiS], differ, disagree. divum, -i [dIvus, divine], n,, open<br />
dissideS, -sidere, -sedi [dis- 4- sky,<br />
s&diQb], differ, disagree, be at varidS,<br />
dare, dedi, datus, give, appoint,<br />
ance.<br />
doceS, docere, docui, doctus, teach,<br />
dissimilis, -e [dis- 4- similis], adj., show, tell,<br />
unlike.<br />
docilis, -e [doceS], adj., teachahh,<br />
dissimilitiidS, -inis [dissimilis], f., docile.<br />
unlikeness, iufonsistenty. doctor, -Sris [doceo], m., teacher.
doctrina, -ae [doceo], f, learning,<br />
study, branch of learning.<br />
DSdSnaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dodona,<br />
the seat of an oracle of Zeus in<br />
Epirus.<br />
VOCABI ULARY 263<br />
Dolopes, -um, m. pi., the Dolopes, a duplies, -are, -avi, -atus [duplex],<br />
people of Epirus.<br />
double.<br />
dolor, -Sris \&o\e.b, suffer],xa.,,pain, duritia, -ae [cKrus], f., hardiness.<br />
grief, chagrin.<br />
dums, -a, -um, adj., hard, stern,<br />
dolus, -i, m., craft, deceit, treachery. severe.<br />
domesticus, -a, -um [domus], adj., dux, duels [ducS], m., leader,<br />
of the house; of or in one's own general,<br />
country ; private ; domestic. dynastes, -ae \fivv&,(!Ti]i], m., ruler,<br />
domieilium, -i [domus], n., d-well- prince,<br />
ing, abode.<br />
dominatiS, -onis [dominor, rule],<br />
E<br />
{., rule, dominion, absolute power.<br />
dominus, -i, m., master, lord.<br />
domus, -us, f., house, home.<br />
donee [shortened from donicum],<br />
conj., until.<br />
donicum, see donee, of which it is<br />
an older form.<br />
donS, -are, -avi, -atus [dSnum],<br />
present, give.<br />
dSnum, -i [do], n., gift.<br />
dSs, dStis [dS], f., marriage portion,<br />
dowry.<br />
dubito, -are, -avi, -atus [dubius],<br />
doubt, hesitate.<br />
dubium, -i [dubius], n., doubt,<br />
dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful,<br />
ducenti, -ae, -a [duo 4- centum],<br />
num. adj., tivo hundred,<br />
diicS, diieere, diixi, ductus, lead,<br />
take, conduct;prolong; consider;<br />
influence; marry (for ducere in<br />
matrimSnium).<br />
ductus, -us [ducS], m., leadership,<br />
dum, conj., while, as long as ; until;<br />
provided that, if only.<br />
duo, duae, duo, num. adj., trwo.<br />
duodecim [duo 4- decem], indecl.<br />
num. adj., twelve.<br />
duplex, -icis [duo 4- plicS, fold],<br />
adj., double.<br />
e, prep. w. abl., see ex.<br />
ea [is], adv., by that -way, there,<br />
eadem [idem], adv., by the same<br />
way.<br />
edictum [edico, publish], n., ordinance.<br />
editus, -a, -um [part, of edo], adj.,<br />
elevated.<br />
edo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [e 4- -dS,<br />
put], give out, issue, publish;<br />
raise; cause.<br />
edSeo, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus [e4diicS],<br />
lead out, disembark.<br />
educS, -are, -avi, -atus [ediicS],<br />
bring up, rear, educate,<br />
efferS, efferre, extuli, elatus [ex 4ferS],<br />
carry outox away;publish;<br />
bury; extol, raise up. With se or<br />
in pass., be puffed up, be haughty,<br />
efacio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [ex -^<br />
{acib], carry out, do, bring to pass,<br />
accomplish, cause, make,<br />
efflS, -flare, -flavi, -flatus [ex 4- flS,<br />
blow], breathe out.
264 VOCABULARY<br />
effringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractus emittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus [e<br />
[ex-|-frango], break do-wn, shatter. 4- mitts], let out.<br />
effugio, -fugere, -fugi, [ex-ffugiS], enarrS, -are, -avi, -atus [e4-narro],<br />
escape,<br />
tell, narrate.<br />
effiisus, -a, -um [part, of eflundS, enim, conj. postpositive, y»;-.<br />
pour out], adj., lavish.<br />
Ennius, -i, m., Q. Ennius, a Roman<br />
ego, mei, pers. pron., /.<br />
poet, died 169 B.C.<br />
egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [e-l- enumerS, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4gradior,<br />
step], come out, go forth; numerS], recount, enumerate.<br />
disembark, land.<br />
enSntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [e +<br />
egregius, -a, -um [e 4- grex, herd], nunWb], publish abroad, disclose.<br />
adj., extraordinary, eminent. eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, go.<br />
eieio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [e 4- eo [is], adv., thither, to that place;<br />
iaciS], cast out, exile.<br />
on this account, for this reason,<br />
eius modi [gen. of is modus], of that therefore.<br />
kind, of such a kind, such. eodem [idem], adv., to the same<br />
elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum [e 4-labor, place.<br />
glide], escape.<br />
EpaminSndas, -ae, m., Epaminon<br />
elate [elatus], adv., arrogantly. das, a famous Theban patriot and<br />
elatus, -a, -um [part, of efferS], commander.<br />
a^]., puffed up, arrogant,<br />
ephebus, -i [c^ij^os], m., youth, in<br />
elephantus, -i, m., elephant,<br />
Greece, from sixteen to twenty<br />
eligS, -ligere, -legi, -Iectus [e 4- years of age.<br />
legS], choose, select,<br />
Ephesus, -i, f., Ephesus, a Greek<br />
Elis, -idis, f., Elis, a district and city of Ionia in Asia Minor.<br />
city of the Peloponnese.<br />
ephoms, -i \i^opo^ from ec^opdu],<br />
eloquentia, -ae [e 4- loquor], f., m., ephor (that is, overseer), one<br />
eloquence, oratory.<br />
of a board of five magistrates who<br />
Elpinice, -es, f., Elpinice, wife of supervised the Spartan govern<br />
Cimon.<br />
ment.<br />
eliiceS, -liieere, -liixi' [e 4- luceo, epigramma, -atis \iTxlypa.iiixa], n.,<br />
shine], shine out, be eminent. inscription, legend.<br />
emends, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4- epistula-ae [fTricrroXij], f., letter.<br />
mendum, fault], correct, com epulae, -arum, f. pi., feast, banpensate.quet.<br />
emineS, -ere, -ui, stand out, be epulor, -ari, -atus sum [epulae],<br />
prominent.<br />
feast.<br />
eminiscor, -minisci, -mentus sum, eques, -itis [equus], m., horseman,<br />
de-oise, contrive.<br />
knight; in jjl., ca-Mlry,<br />
eminus [e -f- manus], adv., from a equitatus, -iis [equito, ride], m.,<br />
distance.<br />
cavalry.
equus, -i, m., horse.<br />
Eretria, -ae, f., Eretria, a city of<br />
Euboea.<br />
Eretriensis, -e, adj., of Eretria,<br />
Eretrian.<br />
erga, prep. w. ace, toward.<br />
ergS, (i) abl. following gen., on ac<br />
ULARY 265<br />
island on the eastern coast of<br />
Greece.<br />
Eumenes, -is, m., Eumenes, a king<br />
of Pergamum.<br />
Eumolpidae, -arum, m., the Eumolpidae,<br />
hereditary priests of the<br />
Eleusinian mysteries at Athens.<br />
count of. (2) adv., therefore, ac Euphiletus, -i, m., Euphiletus, an<br />
cordingly, and so.<br />
Athenian.<br />
erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [e 4- Europa, -ae, f., Europe.<br />
regS], set up, arouse.<br />
Eurybiades, -is, m., Eurybiades, a<br />
eripiS, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [e 4- Spartan king.<br />
rapiS], seize from, rend from, take Eurydice, -es, f., Eurydice, mother<br />
by force.<br />
of Philip II of Macedon.<br />
error, -oris [errS, wander], xa., mis Eurysthenes, -is, m., Eurysthenes,<br />
take, blundering, error.<br />
son of Aristodemus, king of Sparta.<br />
emdiS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [e 4- rudis], evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasus [e 4-<br />
instruct, educate, train.<br />
vad5, ^0], escape.<br />
eruS, -mere, -mi, -retus [e 4- ru5, evenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus [e -f-<br />
throw], disinter, exhume.<br />
venio], turn out, befall.<br />
emptio, -Snis \y.xuxa-po, break forth], evito, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4- vits,<br />
f., sally, sortie.<br />
shuri], shun, avoid, escape.<br />
Eryx, Erycis, m., Eryx, a mountain evoco, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4- vocS],<br />
of Sicily.<br />
call away, summon.<br />
escendS, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- ex and e (before a vowel or h the<br />
sus [e 4- scandS, climb], embark. form ex is always used), prep. w.<br />
et, conj., and, also, et. . . et, both abl., out of, from, of; in accord<br />
. . . and.<br />
ance with ; after.<br />
etenim [et 4- enim], conj., and {tkiif, exacuS, -acuere, -acui, -aciitus [ex<br />
is so, etc.) for; generally best -f- acuS, sharpen], sharpen ; in-<br />
translated simply yi;?-.<br />
fiame, incite.<br />
etiam, conj., and also, also, even. exadversum [ex 4- adversum], adv.<br />
etiamnum [etiam 4- num, now], and prep. w. ace, opposite, over<br />
adv., even yet, even at this time. against.<br />
Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, division exagitS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4-<br />
of ancient Italy, west of the agitS], drive out,<br />
Tiber.<br />
exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4-<br />
etsi [et 4- si], even if, although. anima], deprive of life, kill. In<br />
Euagoras, -ae, m., Euagoras, king pass., die,<br />
of Salamis in Cyprus.<br />
exardesco, -ardeseere, -arsi, -arsus<br />
Euboea, -ae, f., Euboea, a large [ex 4- ardesco, take fire], blaze up.
266 VOCABULARY<br />
exaudiS, -audire, -audivi, -auditus<br />
[ex 4- audiS], overhear.<br />
excedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [ex<br />
-t- cedo], withdraw.<br />
excellens, -entis [part, of excellS],<br />
distinguished, excellent.<br />
excellS, -cellere, -celsus, surpass,<br />
excel.<br />
excio, -eire, -civi, -citus or -citus<br />
[ex 4- cieo, move], rouse, excite.<br />
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex<br />
exheredS, -are, -avi, -atus [exheres,<br />
disinherited ], disinherit,<br />
exiguus, -a, -um [exigS, -weigh out],<br />
adj., small, slender, slight.<br />
eximie [eximius, extraordinary],<br />
adv., exceedingly, uncommonly,<br />
existimatiS, -Snis [existimo], f,<br />
estimation, reputation.<br />
existimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex<br />
4- aestimS], think, suppose, estimate.<br />
4- capiS], take out, except; under exitus, -iis [exeS], m., end, exit.<br />
take ; receive, take in, -welcome, exordior, -Srdiri, -orsus sum [ex 4-<br />
excitS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of exordior], begin.<br />
cio], rouse,<br />
expediS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [ex 4-<br />
exclude, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus p^s], extricate, gel a-way ; be prof<br />
[ex -f elands], shut out, cut off, itable.<br />
excSgitS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4- expeditus, -a, -um [part, of expecdgitS],<br />
think out, devise, invent, diS], adj., unencumbered, free.<br />
excursiS, -onis [excurrS, run out], expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [ex<br />
{,, raid, sortie,<br />
4- pells], drive out, exile.<br />
excUsS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4- experior," -perire, -pertus sum, try,<br />
causa], excuse, plead in excuse, prove, measure strength -with, con<br />
exemplum, -i [eximS, take out], n., tend -with.<br />
sample, instance, copy, example, expers, -tis [ex 4- pars], adj., -with<br />
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [ex 4- eS], go out share in, devoid of, -without,<br />
out, leave, depart, escape,<br />
ignorant of.<br />
exerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus [ex explicS, -plicare, -plicavi or -plicui,<br />
4- arceo, confine], exercise, -plieatus or -plicitus [ex 4- pUco,<br />
exereitatio, -Snis [exercitS, exercise fold], unfold, disentangle; set<br />
diligently], f., exercise, training, forth, explain, describe.<br />
discipline,<br />
exploro, -are, -avi, -atus, search out,<br />
exercitatus, -a, -um [part, of exer investigate.<br />
citS, exercise diligently], adj., -well- expono, -ponere, -posui, -positus<br />
trained or disciplined, practised. [ex 4- ponS], set forth, set do-wn,<br />
exercitus, -iis [exerceo], m., army exposes, -poseere, -popSsci, [ex<br />
(considered as disciplined -|- pSscS], demand, ask to have<br />
force).<br />
given up,<br />
exhaurio, haurire, -hausi, -haustus exprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres<br />
[ex 4- haurio, dra-w], exhaust, sus [ex 4- premS], press out: for, i/i,<br />
wear out, 1 portray; elicit.
exprobrS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex<br />
4- probrum, base act], find fault<br />
-with, reproach,<br />
expugno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4piignS],<br />
take by storm, capture,<br />
subdue, reduce,<br />
expulsor, -Sris [expellS], m., expelter,<br />
exsculpo, -sculpere.-sculpsi, -sculptus<br />
[ex 4- sculpo, carve], cut out,<br />
erase,<br />
exsilium, -i [exsul], n., exile, banishment,<br />
exsistS, -sistere, -stiti, [ex 4- sists,<br />
set], appear, exist, be.<br />
exspectatiS, -onis [exspecto], f.,<br />
eagerness, anticipation.<br />
exspectS, -are, avi, -atus [ex 4specto,<br />
gaze at], wait for, wait.<br />
VOCABULARY 267<br />
P<br />
extremo [extremus], aA\',, finally, at<br />
the last,<br />
extremus, -a -um [sup. of exterus],<br />
adj., outermost, fai-thest, end of.<br />
Fabianus, -a, -um, adj., of Fabius.<br />
Fabius, -i, m., the name of a famous<br />
Roman gens, Nepos mentions<br />
(i) Q, Fabius Maximus, dictator<br />
217 B.C. ; and (2) Q, Fabius<br />
Labeo, consul 183 B.C.<br />
facies, ace -em, abl. -e, nom. and<br />
ace plur. -es, f., appearance, countenance,<br />
face,<br />
facile [facilis], adv., easily,<br />
facilis, -e [facio], adj., easy,<br />
facinus,-oris [facis], n., deed; violent<br />
deed, crime,<br />
exstinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi,<br />
-stinetus [ex 4- stinguo, extin facis, facere, feci, factus, make, do,<br />
guish], put out, annihilate, -wipe act: cause; train. In pass., fiS,<br />
out.<br />
fieri, factus sum, be made or done,<br />
exstS, -stare [ex 4- stS], stand out; become ; happen, come to pass,<br />
exist, abide.<br />
factis, -Snis [faciS], f., party, fac<br />
exstmo, -struere, -striixi, -striictus tion.<br />
[ex-f- struS] ,place together,build up. factiosus, -a, -um [factis], adj.,<br />
exsul, -ulis, m., exile, refugee, partisan, re-oolutionary, seditious.<br />
exter, see exterus.<br />
factum, -i [part, of facis], u., deed.<br />
exteraus, -a, -um [exter], adj., outer, facultas, -atis [facilis], f., po-wer,<br />
foreign.<br />
opportunity. In pi., riches, means,<br />
exterus or exter, -a, -um, adj., outer, resources,<br />
foreign.<br />
Falernus, -a, -um, adj., Falernian,<br />
extimesco, -timescere, -timui [ex applied to a district of Campania<br />
4- inceptive form of timeS], be in Italy.<br />
very much afraid of.<br />
falls, fallere, fefelli, falsus, de<br />
extra, adv. and prep. w. ace, outceive, disappoint,<br />
side, outside of.<br />
falsS [falsus], adv., falsely, errone<br />
extrahS, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus ously,<br />
[ex 4- trahS], draw out, lead out, falsus, -a, -um [part, of falls], adj.,<br />
bring out.<br />
false, lying.
268 VOCABULARY<br />
fama, -ae [for, speak], f., rumor, re fictilis, -e [fingS], adj., earthen,<br />
port; notoriety, reputation, fame, fidelis, -e [fides], adj., faithful,<br />
fames, -is, f., hunger.<br />
trustworthy,<br />
familia, -ae [famulus, servant], [., fideliter [fidelis], aAsi,, faithfully,<br />
household ; family. With pater, fidens, -entis [part, of fids], adj.,<br />
mater, filius, anifilia, the archaic confident,<br />
gen. smg. familias is usual. fides, fidei, f., faith, faithfulness,<br />
familiaris, -e [familia], adj., of a sense of honor; confidence, trust,<br />
family or household. As subst., belief, credit; pledge,protection,<br />
familiaris, -is, m., intimate fids, fidere, fisus sum, trust, confide,<br />
friend, res familiaris, see res. fidiieia, -ae [fidus, faithful], I,,<br />
familiaritas, -atis [familiaris], f., trust, confidence, assurance,<br />
intimacy, intercourse.<br />
filia, -ae [filius], f., daughter,<br />
familiariter [familiaris], adv., fa filius, -i, m., son,<br />
miliarly, intimately.<br />
fingo, fingere, finxi, fictus, touch;<br />
fanum, -i [for, speak], u., consecrated mould, form, shape; devise, in-jent,<br />
place, temple.<br />
finis, -is, m., end, limit, border,<br />
fateor, fateri, fassus sum [for, fio, fieri, factus sum, see faciS.<br />
speak], acknowledge, confess, firmitas, -atis [firmus], f., strength,<br />
fautor, -Sris [faveS], m., favorer, firmness,<br />
patron, -friend, partisan, firmus, -a, -um, adj., steadfast,<br />
fautrix, -icis [fem. form of fautor], powerful,<br />
patroness, protectress,<br />
Flaeeus, -i, m., L, 'Falerius Ftaccus,<br />
faveS, favere, favi, fautiirus, favor, consul 199 B.C.,and censor 184 B.C.<br />
side with, sympathize with, flagitium, -i, u., disgrace, shameful<br />
felicitas, -atis \i%\m, favo7-able], {., deed,<br />
good fortune, good luck.<br />
flagito, -are, -avi, -atus, demand,<br />
fenestra, -ae, f., -windo-w.<br />
ask for eagerly,<br />
fere, adv., nearly, almost, for the flagro, -are, -avi, -atiirus, burn,<br />
most part, about, principally. blaze, be infiamed,<br />
ferS, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry; Flamininus, -i, m., see Quinctius.<br />
suffer; mo-ue,propose{a\ayi)', rush, Flaminius, -i, m., C. Flaminius,<br />
hasten; say, report; bring to pass. consul 217 B.C.<br />
ferScia, -ae [ferSx], i., fierceness. flamma, -ae [flagrS], f., blaze, fiame.<br />
ferSx, -ocis, adj., bold, fierce, savage. fleS, -ere, -evi, -etus, -weep, shed<br />
fermm, -i, n., iron; iron point ox tears, lament.<br />
head (of a spear); sword, -weapon. flSreS, -ere, -ui \&bs, fiower], flour<br />
ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, sa-oage. ish, be eminent or prosperous.<br />
festinatiS, -Snis [festlnS, hasten], fliimen, -inis [fluS, flow], n., river.<br />
{., haste.<br />
foederatus, -a, -um [foedus], adj.,<br />
festus, -a, -um, adj., solemn, festal. joined ly treaty, allied.
foedus, -eris, u., treaty, league.<br />
fore, forem, alternative forms of<br />
fut. inf. and impf. subj. of sum.<br />
VOCAB ULARY 269<br />
forensis, -a [forum], adj., of the fuga, -ae, i., flight<br />
forum, forensic, legal.<br />
fugio, fugere, fiigi, fugitiirus, flee,<br />
foris, -is, f., door.<br />
escape.<br />
foris [foris], adv., out of doors, without,<br />
from without, outside.<br />
fSrma, -ae, f., form, appearance,<br />
figure; beauty.<br />
formosus, -a, -um [fSrma], beautiful,<br />
handsome.<br />
fors, fortis, f., chance, accident.<br />
forte [abl. of fors], adv., by chance.<br />
fortis, -e, adj., brave, bold.<br />
frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose,<br />
friistror, -ari, -atus sum [frustra],<br />
frustrate.<br />
fugo, -are, -avi, -atus \iuga],putto<br />
flight, defeat, rout.<br />
fui, perf. of sum.<br />
fundamentum, -i [funds, found],<br />
n., foundation.<br />
funds, fundere, fiidi, fusus, pour,<br />
scatter, rout.<br />
funestus, -a, -um [ftinus, funeral],<br />
adj., calamitous, disastrous.<br />
fortiter [fortis], a&v., bravely, boldly. fungor, fungi, fSnctus sum, per<br />
fortitudS, -inis [fortis], f., bravery, form, administer.<br />
boldness.<br />
Furius, -i, m., L, Furius, consul<br />
fortuitS [fortuitus, accidental], adv., 196 B.C.<br />
by accident.<br />
futiirus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum.<br />
fortuna, -ae [fors], f., luck, fate, fortune<br />
; good or bad luck ; possessions.<br />
6<br />
forum, -i, n., market-place, public<br />
square, forum.<br />
Galba, -ae, m., see Sulpicius.<br />
frangS, frangere, fregi, fractus, galea, -ae, f., helmet (of leather).<br />
break, crush.<br />
gaudeS, gaudere, gavisus sum,<br />
frater, -tris, m., brother.<br />
rejoice,<br />
frateraus, -a, -um [frater], adj., Geminus, -i, m., see ServHius.<br />
brother's, fraternal,<br />
gener, -eri, m., son-in-law,<br />
fratricida, -ae [frater 4- caedo, cut], generS, -are, -avi, -atus [genus], be<br />
m , fratricide,<br />
get, produce,<br />
fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, trickery, generosus, -a, -um [genus], adj., of<br />
Fregellae, -amm, f. pi., Fregellae, a noble birth, noble, high-born,<br />
city of Latium in Italy.<br />
gens, gentis, f., gens, race, clan,<br />
frequens, -entis, ai],, frequent, nu tribe ; na ion, people,<br />
merous,<br />
genii, -us, a,, knee,<br />
fretiis, -a, -um, adj., depending on, genus, -eris, n., race, family; sort,<br />
relying on,<br />
kind, class, description,<br />
friictus, -iis \ixuox],xa,,fruit,prod germanus, -a, -um, adj., full, own<br />
uce ; enjoyment, reward.<br />
(of brothers and sisters).<br />
fruor, frei, fruetus sum, enjoy. gerS, gerere, gessi, gestus, bear.
270<br />
VOCABULARY<br />
carry ; carry on, conduct, manage,<br />
wage; wear, se gerere, act,<br />
behave.<br />
gesta, -orum [part, of gerS], u. pi.,<br />
deeds, achie-oeme-nls,<br />
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus, be<br />
get, produce, cause,<br />
gladius, -i, m., sword,<br />
glSria, -ae, I,, fame, renown,<br />
glSriSsus, -a -um [gloria], adj.,/«
ULARY 27I<br />
Helvius, -i, m., C, Helvius, Cato's Hispania, -ae, f., Spain.<br />
colleague in the aedileship. Hister, -tri, m., Hister, a name ap<br />
hemerodromus, -i [Gk. iiiiepodpbiMs, plied to the lower course of the<br />
(all) day-runner], m., courier, Danube.<br />
Heraclides, -is, m., Heraclides, a historia, -ae [io-Topk], f., history.<br />
Syracusan.<br />
historicus,-! [historia], m.,/«'rfo?-Mra.<br />
Hercules, -is, xa,,Hercules, a mythical hodie [hSc die], adv., to-day.<br />
hero, and the god of physical force. Homerus, -i, m., Homer.<br />
hereditas, -atis [heres], f., inheri homS, -inis, m. and f., man, human<br />
tance, legacy.<br />
being.<br />
heredium, -i [heres], n., hereditary honestas,-atis [honestus], i.,honor,<br />
estate.<br />
repute, respectability.<br />
heres, -edis, m., heir.<br />
honestus, -a, -um [honos], adj.,<br />
Hermes, -ae, m., image of Hermes, honorable, noble,<br />
a square pillar surmounted by the honSratus, -a, -um [part, of honSro,<br />
head of the god.<br />
honor], adj., honored.<br />
Hestiaeus, -i, m., Histiaeus, tyrant honos or honor, -Sris, m., tion or,_<br />
of Miletus.<br />
distinction.<br />
hibemacula, -Srum [hibernus, of hoplltes, -ae [6XX/T»JS], m., hoplite,<br />
-winter], u. pi., -winter, quarters. heavy-armed soldier,<br />
hic, haec, hSc, dem. pron. and adj., hortatus, -us [hortor], m., exhorta<br />
this, this one ; the latter ; he, she, it. tion, advice,<br />
hic [hic, pron.], adv.. Here.<br />
hortor, -ari, -atus sum, urge, en<br />
Hicetas, -ae, m., Hicetas, tyrant of courage,<br />
Leontini in Sicily.<br />
hortus, -i, xa.,garden,<br />
hiemo, -are, -avi, -atiirus [hiems, hospes, -itis [hostis], m., stranger;<br />
winter], spend the winter, winter. host, guest, friend,<br />
hilaritas, -atis [hilaris, cheerful], {., hospitium, -i [hospes], n., bond of<br />
merriment.<br />
hospitality, friendship,<br />
HilStae, -arum [EiXurai], m.. He hostia, -ae, f., sacrifice, victim,<br />
lots, the slave class among the hostis, -is, m., usually in pi., enemy<br />
Spartans.<br />
(public).<br />
hinc [liic], adv., hence, from this hSc [bic], aA\,, hither, to this place ;<br />
place.<br />
upon this,<br />
Hipparinus, -i, m., Hipparinus, humanitas, -atis [hiimanus], f.,<br />
(i) father of Dion; (2) son of humanity; refinement, culture,<br />
Diohysius I, tyrant of Syracuse. agreeable manners,<br />
HippS, -onis, m.. Hippo, a. town of humanus, -a, -um [homo], adj.,<br />
northern Africa.<br />
human.<br />
Hipponicus, -i, m., Hipponicus, humilis, -a [humus, ground], adj.,<br />
father-in-law of Alcibiades.<br />
low, small; humble, mean, base.
272 VOCAI<br />
I<br />
iaceS, -era, -ui, tie, lie dead, have<br />
fallen.<br />
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, throw,<br />
cast.<br />
iam, adv., now, already ; even,<br />
ianua, -aa, f., door,<br />
ibi [is], adv., there, in that place,<br />
ibidem [ibi 4- dem. suffix -dem], in<br />
the same place,<br />
idem, eadam, idem [is 4- dem. suffix<br />
-dem], dem. pron. and adj., the<br />
immerens, -entis [in- 4- part, of<br />
mereo], adj., undeserving, innocent.<br />
imminaS, -minera, threaten, impend,<br />
immittS, -mittara, -misi, -missus<br />
in 4- mitts], send against, let<br />
loose,<br />
immoderatas, -a, -um [in- +<br />
moderatus, within bounds], unrestrained,<br />
unbridled,<br />
immodestia, -ae [in- 4- modestia],<br />
f., lack of restraint, lack of discipline.<br />
same; often to be rendered he, immolo, -are, -avi, -atus [in -f<br />
she, etc., also,<br />
mola, sacred meal], offer, sacrifice.<br />
ideS [id eo, this for this purpose], immortalis, -e [in- 4- mortalis],<br />
adv., therefore, on that or this everlasting, immortal.<br />
account,<br />
imparatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of<br />
idoneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable. parS], adj., unprepared.<br />
igitur, conj., therefore, accordingly, impedimantum, -i [impediS], n.,<br />
ignis, -is, xxx,,fire,<br />
hindrance; in pi., ba^age.<br />
ignSrantia, -ae [ignoro], f., igno impadio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [in- 4rance,pes],<br />
entangle, hinder.<br />
ignSrS, -are, -avi, -atus [ignarus, impellB, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus<br />
ignorant], not know, be un [in 4- '^€Ab],drive, urge,persuade,<br />
acquainted with.<br />
infiuence.<br />
ignSscS, -gnoscere, -gnSvi, -gnStus impendeo, -pendere [in 4- pendeS,<br />
[in- 4- (g)n6scS], overlook,pardon. hang], hang over, threaten, im<br />
ignotus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of pend.<br />
(g)n5scS], adj., unkno-wn, un impensa, -ae [part, of impends,<br />
familiar; unacquainted xuith, expend], f., expense.<br />
ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron. and imperator, -Sris [impero], m., com<br />
adj., that; he, she, it; the former; mander, general.<br />
the well knozun, the famous, the imperatorius, -a, -um [imperator],<br />
great,<br />
adj., commanding, stately.<br />
ills [ille], adv., to that place, thither, imperite [imperltus], adv., un<br />
illuc [ille], adv., to that place, wisely.<br />
thither,<br />
imperitus, -a, -um [in- -f peritus],<br />
imagS, -inis, f., likeness, portrait, adj., unskilled.<br />
imbuS, -are, -ui, -iitus, fill, imbue. imperium, -i [imperS], command,<br />
imitor, -ari, -atus s\aa.,copy, imitate. power, authority.
impero, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4parS],<br />
command, order; govern;<br />
demand.<br />
impetrS, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4patrS,<br />
bring to pass], obtain, ac<br />
complish.<br />
impetus, -iis [in 4- pets], m.,<br />
attack.<br />
ULARY 273<br />
incendium, -i [incendo], n., burning,<br />
fire,<br />
incendS, -candere, -candi, -census,<br />
set on fire; infiame, rouse, incense,<br />
incaptum, -i [part, of incipiS], u.,<br />
beginning, undertaking, attempt.<br />
incidS, -cidere, -cidi [in 4- cadS],<br />
impius, -a, -um [in- 4- plus], adj., fall into, happen.<br />
wicked, accursed.<br />
incidS, -cidare, -cidi, -cisus [in 4-<br />
implies, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus or caedo, cut], cut in, engrave.<br />
-itus [in -(- '^Xicb, fold], entangle, incipiS, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [in -f<br />
involve, disable.<br />
capio], take in hand, begin.<br />
impSnS, -ponere, -posui, -positus inclino, -ara, -avi, -atus, repulse,<br />
[in -}- ^bnb], place in, load upon ; drive back.<br />
put in charge, put over ; put upon, incSgnitus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of<br />
deceive, impose.<br />
cSgnSscS], adj., unknown, not<br />
impotens, -entis [in- 4- potens], understood,<br />
adj., feeble.<br />
incola, -aa [incolS], m., inhabit<br />
impraesentiarum [for in praesentia ant,<br />
rerum], ai^.,for the present. incolS, -colore, -colui [in 4- cols],<br />
impriidens, -entis [in- 4- priidens], inhabit,<br />
adj., unj'oreseeing, unknowing, off incolumis, -e, adj., safe, unhurt,<br />
one's guard.<br />
incSnsideratus, -a, -um [in- -\-<br />
impriidenter [impriidens],adv., M«consideratus, circumspect], adj.,<br />
wisely.<br />
thoughtless, heedless.<br />
imprudantia, -aa [impriidens], f., incredibilis, -e [in-4-credibilis, cred<br />
imprudence.<br />
ible], adj., incredible, astonish<br />
impSgnS, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4- ing.<br />
Tfu^ab], fight against, attack. incurro, -currere, -eurri or cucurri,<br />
impulsus, -us [impeUS], m., insti -eursiims [in 4- curro], rush at,<br />
gation.<br />
charge.<br />
impune [imprinis, unpunished],a&v., inde, adv., thence, from that place ;<br />
without punishment, safely, thereafter, afier that.<br />
in, prep., (i) w. ace, into, on, to, index, -icis, m., informer.<br />
at, against, towards ; for, (2) w. indicium, -i [index], n., sign, proof,<br />
abl., in, among, -within, on; dur evidence.<br />
ing, at,<br />
indicS, -ara, -avi, -atus [index],<br />
in-, inseparable prefix meaning show, reveal, betray.<br />
not,<br />
indico, -dicera, -dixi, -dictus [in 4-<br />
inanis, -e, adj., empty,<br />
T<br />
dicS], declare against.
274 VOCAB<br />
indidem [inde 4- dem. suffix -dem], infodio, -fodera, -fSdi, -fossus [in<br />
adv., frotn the same place, also 4- fodiS, dig], bury.<br />
from.<br />
ingenium, -i [in4-gignS], nature,<br />
indigeS, -ere, -ui [in 4- egeS, lack], disposition; natural ability, tal<br />
be in need of.<br />
ents, genius.<br />
indignor, -ari, -atus sum [in- 4- dig- ingratiis [in-4-gratia], adv., against<br />
nor, deem -wordiy], be indignant one's will.<br />
at.<br />
ingratus, -a, -um [in- 4- gratus],<br />
indignus, -a, -um [in- 4- dignus], adj., thankless, ungrateful, witliout<br />
adj.; unworthy, undeserved.<br />
gratitude.<br />
indiicS, -diieera, -duxi, -ductus [in inieio, -icara, -ieci, -iectus [in 4-<br />
4- diicS], lead into, bring in, iniaciS], thro-w upon; strike into,<br />
troduce; infiuence, induce. cause in.<br />
indulges, indulgere, 'xsAniA, yield, inimicitia, -ae [inimicus], f., hos<br />
concede ; give rein, favor, indulge. tility, enmity.<br />
industria, -ae, f., diligence, industry. inimicus, -a, -um [in- 4- amicus],<br />
indutiae, -arum, f. pi., armistice. adj., hostile. As subst., inimicus,<br />
inaS, -ire, -ii, -itus [in+eS], enter, -i, m., enemy (personal).<br />
begin, come into.<br />
initium, -i [ineS], u., beginning.<br />
inermis, -e [in- 4- arma], adj., un- iniSria, -ae [in- 4- iiis], f., -wrong,<br />
armed.<br />
injury.<br />
infamia, -ae [infamis], f., dishonor, iniiiste [iniiistiis, unjust], adv., un<br />
disgrace, ill repute.<br />
justly,<br />
infamis, -e [in-4-fama], adj., of ill inlacrimS, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4-<br />
repute, disreputable.<br />
lacrimo], weep at ox over.<br />
infamS, -ara, -avi, -atus [infamis], inludS, -liidare, -lusi, -lusus [in 4<br />
defame.<br />
liido, play], make sport of, de<br />
infectus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of ceive.<br />
facis], adj., undone, unaccom inliistris, -e [in 4- KstrS, illumiplished.nate],<br />
adj., distinguished, famous,<br />
infero, -farre, -tuli, -latus [in -{• important, note-worthy.<br />
ferS], carry to; bring upon or inlustrS, -are, -avi, -atus [inliistris],<br />
against, make against; advance. •make famous.<br />
infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile. innocens, -entis [in- 4- part, of<br />
infirmus, -a, -um [in- 4- firmus], noceS], adj., innocent,<br />
adj., -weak, helpless.<br />
innocentia, -ae [innocens], f., in<br />
infitiaa, -amm [in- 4- fateor], f. tegrity, "jirtue, uprightness,<br />
pi., denial; only in ace, infitias innoxius, -a, -um [in- 4- noxius],<br />
ire, deny.<br />
harmless, innocent,<br />
infitior, -ari, -atus sum [infitiae], inopia, -ae [inops], insufficiency,<br />
deny.<br />
lack, -want, poverty, need.
inopinatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part.<br />
of opinor, suppose], adj., unexpected,<br />
inops, -opis [in-4-ops], adj., needy,<br />
indigent.<br />
inquam, inquis, inquit, say, used<br />
parenthetically with the exact<br />
words of the quotation instead of<br />
the indirect discourse.<br />
inrideo, -ridera, -risi, -risus [in 4-<br />
rideS, laugh], laugh at, make sport<br />
of, ridicule.<br />
VOCABI ULARY 275<br />
[in 4-statuo], decide, determine;<br />
establish, adopt; begin.<br />
institutum, -i [instituS], n., purpose;<br />
custom, habit; ordinance,<br />
law.<br />
insto, -stare, -stiti, -stitams [in 4stS],<br />
be at hand, press upon,<br />
instruo, -struera, -struxi, -structus<br />
[in-|-struS], arrange, draw up,<br />
insuetus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of<br />
suesco, become used], adj., unaccustomed,<br />
insciens, -entis [in- 4- sciens], adj., insula, -aa, f., island,<br />
unknowing, una-ware.<br />
insum, -esse,fui [in 4- sum], be in.<br />
inscitia, -ae [inscitus, ignorant], f.. integritas, -atis [integer, un<br />
Ignorance.<br />
touched], f., uprightness, probity,<br />
inscius, -a, -um [in- 4- sciS], adj., intellegS, -legara, -lexi, -Iectus<br />
not kno-wing, ignorant.<br />
[inter-f lego], understand, know,<br />
inscribS, -scribere, -scrips!, -serip- intemperans, -antis [in- 4- tempetus<br />
[in 4- scribS], write on, inxaas>,self-restrained],aA],, without<br />
scribe.<br />
self-restraint; immoderate, given<br />
inserviS, -servire, -servitus [in 4- to excess,<br />
serviS], give attention to, devote intemperantia, -aa [intemperans],<br />
oneself to.<br />
f., lack of self-restraint, arrogance,<br />
insidiae, -aram [insideS], f. pi., am inter [in], prep. w. ace, between;<br />
bush, snare, plot.<br />
among, in the midst of,<br />
insidior, -ari, -atus sum [insidiae], intercedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus<br />
lie in ambush, watch for, plot [inter 4- cedS], come between, in<br />
against.<br />
terfere ; occur.<br />
insido, -sidare, -sedi, -sassus [in interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus<br />
4- sedeo], occupy.<br />
[inter 4- Siob], forbid.<br />
insigniter [insignis, notable], adv., interdiu [inter 4- dies], adv., by<br />
notably, remarkably.<br />
day.<br />
insolens, -antis [in- -\- part, of interdum [inter 4- dum], adv., some<br />
soleo], adj., arrogant, insolent. times, no-w and then.<br />
insolentia, -ae [insolens], f., arro interea [inter], adv., meanwhile, in<br />
gance.<br />
the meantime.<br />
instans, -antis [part, of Tnsto], adj., intareS, -ira, -ii, -itiirus [inter 4-<br />
at hand, present, impending, eS], go among; perish, be wasted.<br />
threatening.<br />
interfeetor, -Sris [interficiS], m.,<br />
instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitus slayer, assassin.
276 VOCABULARY<br />
interficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus<br />
[inter4-facis], kill, put to death.<br />
interim [inter], adv., meanwhile, in<br />
the meantime.<br />
interims, -imere, -ami, -emptus [inter<br />
4- emS, take], destroy, murder.<br />
interior, -ius [comp. from inter],<br />
adj., inner.<br />
intaritus, -Ss [intereS], m., ruin,<br />
destruction, death.<br />
internuntius, -i [inter 4- nuntius],<br />
m., messen.ger, go-bet-ween.<br />
interpSno, -pSnere, -posui, -positus<br />
[inter4- •pbnb],interpose; put<br />
for-ward, allege; interpolate, say<br />
in parenthesis, se interpSnere,<br />
interfere,<br />
interpreter, -ari, -atus sum [inter-<br />
intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum [in 4tueor],<br />
look at, regard, consider,<br />
inutilis, -a [in- -f- iitilis], adj., disadvantageous,<br />
invadS, -vadera, -vasi, -vasus [in4ya&b,go],<br />
enter, invade, attack,<br />
invehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [in-fvehS],<br />
carry in, bring to. Pass.,<br />
inveigh against,<br />
invaniS, -venire, -veni, -vantus [in<br />
4- veniS], come upon, find, discover,<br />
invantum, -i [part, of inveniS], u.,<br />
invention, device,<br />
invetaratus, -a, -um [part, of invetero,<br />
give age to], adj., long-<br />
invietus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of<br />
pres, explainer], explain, expound, vinco], adj., unconquered,<br />
interrogS, -are, -avi, -atus [inter 4- invidaS, -videre, -vidi, -visus [in4rogo],<br />
ask, question,<br />
videS], look askance at, envy,<br />
interserS, -serere [inter 4- sero], invidia, -ae [invidus, envious], f.,<br />
interpose; allege,<br />
envy, jealousy, ill--will; disfavor,<br />
intersum, -assa, -fui, -futiims [in unpopularity,<br />
ter 4- sum], be between, be at, be inviolatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of<br />
present, take part in; differ, be viols], adj., unhurt, inviolate,<br />
a difference between.<br />
invisus, -a, -um [part, of invideS],<br />
intastinus, -a, -um [intus, within], adj., hated.<br />
adj., internal, intestine, civil, invitus, -a, -um, adj., un-willing,<br />
intimus, -a, -um [sup. from inter], against the will.<br />
adj., inmost, most intimate. invocatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of<br />
intra [inter], adv., on the inside, vocS], adj., unbidden, unin<br />
within,<br />
vited.<br />
intrS, -are, -avi, -atus [inter], enter, iocose [iocSsus, humorous], adv.,<br />
introeS. -ire, -ii [intro, to the in jestingly.<br />
side 4- eS], enter into,<br />
iocus, -i, at., jest,<br />
introitus, -iis [introeo], m., en ISnes, -um, m. pi., inhabitants of<br />
trance,<br />
Ionia, lonians.<br />
intromitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus Ionia, -ae, f., Ionia, the central<br />
[intrS, to the inside 4- mittS], ad part of the western coast of Asia<br />
mit -within, let in.<br />
Minor, occupied by Greek cities.
VOCABULARY 277<br />
iphicratensis, -a, adj., of Iphi iudice, -are, -avi, -atus [iudex],<br />
crates,<br />
judge, pass judgment; think, con<br />
Iphicrates, -is, m., Iphicrates, an sider, come to the conclusion, sup<br />
Athenian commander.<br />
pose,<br />
ipsa, ipsa, ipsum, intensive and iugerum, -i, gen. pi. iugerum, u.,<br />
distinctive pron., self; livmself juger, acre (more exactly, 28,000<br />
herself, itself; often to be ren sq.ft., about two-thirds of an acre).<br />
dered by own, just, mere, pre iumentum, -i [iungS], u., draught<br />
cisely, very, etc.<br />
animal, beast of burden; horse.<br />
ira, -ae, f., anger,<br />
iungo, iungare, iiinxi, iunetus,<br />
iraseor, irasci, iratus sum [ira], join, unite.<br />
be angry.<br />
luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, king<br />
iratus, -a, -um [part, of iraseor], of the gods.<br />
adj., angry.<br />
iurS, -are, -avi, -atus [iiis], s-wear.<br />
is, aa, id, dem. pron. and adj., that, iiiris cSnsultus, -i [gen. of ius 4-<br />
this, the ; he, she, it; such.<br />
part. of consuls], m., tazvyer.<br />
Ismenias, -ae, m., Ismenias, a ius, iiiris, n., right, la-w, iSre, justly,<br />
Theban ambassador.<br />
ius iurandum, iuris iurandi [iiis<br />
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that 4- gerundive of iiirS], n., oath,<br />
(of yours), that -which you ask, iiissum, -i [part, of iubeo], n.,<br />
say, etc.; that, in contempt, or of order, direction, command,<br />
an opponent.<br />
(iussus), only found in abl. sing.<br />
ita, adv., so, thus, in this manner, in iiissii [iubeS], m., command,<br />
such a way; very (in expressions order.<br />
like non ita multS post, res nSn iustitia, -aa [iiistus], justice, fair<br />
ita magnae, etc.<br />
ness.<br />
Italia, -ae, f., Italy.<br />
iiistus, -a, -um [ius], adj., just, up<br />
italieus, -a, -um, adj., of Italy, right.<br />
Italian.<br />
iuvencus, -i [iuvenis, youiig], xa,,<br />
itaque [ita 4- que], conj., and so, (young) bullock,<br />
therefore, accordingly.<br />
iuvB, iuvare, iuvi, iiitus, help,<br />
item, adv., in like manner, likewise. aid,<br />
iter, itineris [eo], u., journey, iiixta, adv. and prep. w. ace, near,<br />
march; route.<br />
near by,<br />
iteram, adv., again, a second time.<br />
iubeo, inhere, iussi, iussus, bid,<br />
K<br />
command, order.<br />
Karthaginiensis, -e, adj., of Car<br />
iudax, -icis [itis 4- dic5], m., judge, thage, Carthaginian,<br />
juror.<br />
Karthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a city<br />
iiidicium, -i [iiidex], n., judgment, on the northern coast of Africa,<br />
trial, sentence.<br />
Rome's greatest rival.
278 VOCABULARY<br />
L., the abbreviation for Lucius,<br />
LabeS, -onis, m., see Fabius.<br />
laudatiS, -Snis [lauds], f., prune,<br />
commendation,<br />
laudo, -are, -avi, -atus [laus],<br />
praise, commend,<br />
labor, -Sris, m., labor, effort, difficulty, laureus, -a, -um [laurus, laurel-tree],<br />
toil,<br />
adj., of laurel, laurel,<br />
laboriSsus, -a, -um [labor], adj., laus, -dis, f., praise, merit,<br />
laborious; toilsome, industrious, laute [lautus, neat], adv., elegantly,<br />
labors, -are, -avi, -atus [labor], sumptuously,<br />
work, labor, take pains,<br />
laxo, -are, -avi, -atus [laxus, loose],<br />
Laeedaamon, -onis, f., Lacedaemon undo.<br />
or Sparta, the chief city of La- lactiea, -ae [Iectus], f., litter.<br />
conia in southern Greece.<br />
lector, -Sris [lego], m., reader.<br />
Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, adj.. Spar Iectus, -i, m., couch, bed.<br />
tan, Lacedaemonian,<br />
legatiS, -onis [legatus], f., embassy.<br />
laeesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, provoke, legatus, -i [lego, depute], xa., am<br />
harass, injure.<br />
bassador, lieutenant,<br />
LacS, -Snis, m., Laconian, Lacedae legitimus, -a, -um [lex], a6],,lawfid.<br />
monian, Spartan.<br />
laerimS, -ara, -avi, -atus [lacrima, legs, lagare, legi, Iectus, choose,<br />
tear], shed tears, weep.<br />
pick, select; read,<br />
laedo, laedere, laasi, laesus, injure, Lemnius, -a, -um, adj., of Lemnos,<br />
violate.<br />
Lemnian.<br />
laatitia, -ae \\.a&tus, joyful], i., joy, Lemnos, -i, f., Lemnos, an island in<br />
rejoicing.<br />
the Aegaean Sea.<br />
Lamachus, -i, m., Lamachus, a leniS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [lenis, soft],<br />
general of the Athenians in the soften, calm, mitigate,<br />
expedition against Syracuse. LeSnidas, -ae, m., Leonidas, the<br />
Lamprus, -i, m., Lamprus, an Spartan king who fell at Ther<br />
Athenian musician.<br />
mopylae.<br />
Lampsacus, -i, f., Lampsacus, a city LeStyehides, -ae, m., Leotychides, a<br />
of Asia Minor.<br />
Spartan prince.<br />
Laphystius, -i, m., Laphystius, a Lesbos, -i, f., Lesbos, an island in<br />
Syracusan.<br />
the Aegaean Sea, near the coast of<br />
lapideus, -a, -um [lapis], adj., stone. Asia Minor.<br />
lapis, -idis, m., stone, milestone. Leuctra, -Smm, n. pi., Leuctra, a<br />
largitio, -onis [largior, give bounti town of Boeotia in central Greece.<br />
fully], f., dole, bountiful giving, Lauetrieus, -a, -um, adj., of Leuctra,<br />
money grant, largess, bribery. levis, -e, adj., light, trivial, frivolous,<br />
lataS, -ere, -ui, lie hidden, be con leve, -are, -avi, -atus [levis], lighten,<br />
cealed.<br />
relieve.
VOCABI<br />
ULARY 279<br />
lex, legis, f., law. In pi., some liman, -inis, n., threshold, doortimes<br />
terms, conditions,<br />
way,<br />
libanter \X\h^xxs, glad], a&v., gladly, lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language,<br />
with pleasure, willingly,<br />
linteus, -a, -um, {finxasx, fiax], adj.,<br />
libar, -era, -erum, adj., free, un linen,<br />
restrained, liberi, -Smm, m. pi., lis, litis, f., quarrel, lawsuit; dam<br />
children.<br />
ages, fine,<br />
liber, -bri, m., book.<br />
littera,-ae, i,,letter(oit'at alphabet);<br />
libaralis, -a [liber], adj., liberal, in pi., literature, letter (epistle).<br />
noble.<br />
Iitus, -oris, n., shore, beach,<br />
libaralitas, -atis [llberalis], i.,liberlocuples,<br />
-etis [locus 4- plenus],<br />
ality, generosity.<br />
adj., rich,<br />
llberaliter [llberalis], adv., freely. locupletS, -are, -avi, -atus [locu<br />
liberator, -oris [libero], m., liberaples], enrich,<br />
tor.<br />
locus, -i, xa., place; position, station,<br />
libere [fiber], adv., freely, with point; opportunity, Nom. and<br />
out reserve; licentiously.<br />
ace. ij. pi., loca, connected places,<br />
liberi, -Srum, m. pi., see liber.<br />
region, while loci, m., means<br />
liberS,-are,-avi, -atus {fA^a], free, separate places.<br />
set free, liberate.<br />
longe, [longus], adv., far, widely.<br />
libertas, -atis [liber], f., freedom, longinquus, -a, -um [longus], adj.,<br />
liberty.<br />
long.<br />
libet, -era, libuit or libitum est, it longus, -a, -um, adj., long.<br />
is pleasing, it pleases.<br />
Longus, -i, m., 7'i. Sempronius<br />
libidinSsus, -a, -um, [libido, pleas Longus, consul 218 B.C.<br />
ure], adj., sensual, licentious, loquor, loqui, locutus sum, speak,<br />
wanton.<br />
talk.<br />
licenter [licens, free], adv., freely, ISrica, -aa [ISrum, strap], f,, cuirass<br />
without restraint,<br />
(of leather), corselet.<br />
licentia, -aa \\vx^as,free], f., license, Liicanus, -a, -um, adj., Lucanian,<br />
wantonness, presumption,<br />
of Lucania, a district in southern<br />
licet, licera, licuit or licitum est, Italy.<br />
it is permitted or allowed; often lucrum, -i, n., gain, ad-oantage,<br />
best translated by the English luetor, -ari, -atus sum, -wrestle,<br />
personal may,<br />
lucus, -i [luceo, shine], m., ope}^<br />
lignaus, -a, -um, [lignum], adj., wood; grove, sacred grove,<br />
zvooden,<br />
lumen, -inis \\uofxs,shine],n,, light,<br />
lignum, -i, n., wood, firewood. LUsitanus, -a, -um, adj., Lusitan-<br />
Ligus, -uris, m., a Ligurian, inhabian, of Lusitania (Portugal).<br />
itant of Liguria, on the northwest Lutatius, -i, m., C, Lutatius Catu<br />
coast of Italy.<br />
lus, consul 242 B.C.
2 8o VOCAE<br />
luxuria, -ae [luxus, excess], [., riot magnS opera or magnopere [abl.<br />
ous living, excess, luxury, extrav of magnum opus], adv., greatly,<br />
agance,<br />
very much,<br />
liixuriSse [liixuriosus], adv., luxuri magnus, -a, -um, adj., large, great,<br />
ously, voluptuously, extravagantly, Comp. maior, greater, maior<br />
liixuriSsus, -a, -um [Kixuria], adj., (natu), older. As subst., maiSres,<br />
self-indulgent, given to pleasure, -um, m. pi., ancestors, forefatliers.<br />
LyeS, -Snis, m., Lyco, a Syracusan. Sup. maximus, greatest; eldest<br />
Lycus, -i, m., Lycus, father of (with or without natii).<br />
Thrasybulus.<br />
MagS, -onis, m., Mago, brother of<br />
Lydia, -aa, f., Lydia, a country of Hannibal.<br />
Asia Minor.<br />
maiestas, -atis [maior], f., great<br />
Lysander, -dri, m., Lysander, a ness,<br />
Spartan general.<br />
maior, -ius, comp. of magnus.<br />
Lysimachus, -i, m., Lysimachus, the mala [mains], adv., badly, ill, -wick<br />
father of Aristides.<br />
edly; unsuccessfully,<br />
Lysis, -is, m.. Lysis, a Tarentiue maledicus, -a, -um, comp. maledi-<br />
philosopher.<br />
cantior, sup. maladicentissimus<br />
[maledicS, abuse], adj., abusive,<br />
M<br />
slanderous.<br />
maleficus, -a, -um [male 4- faciS],<br />
M., the abbreviation for Marcus. adj., evil-doing, inimical,<br />
W, the abbreviation for Mdnius. malitiSse [malitiSsus, malicious],<br />
Macedo, -onis, m., a Macedonian. maliciously, with evil intent,<br />
maculS, -are, -avi, -atus [macula, malo, malle, malui [magis 4- vols],<br />
spot], spot, stain.<br />
would rather, prefer,<br />
magis [magnus], adv. in comp., no malum, -i, [mains], n., misfortune.<br />
pos., more, rather.<br />
mains, -a, -um, adj., bad, wicked,<br />
magister, -tri [magis], m., master. Mamercus, -i, m., Mamercus, tyrant<br />
magistratus, -Us [magister], m., ma of Catana in Sicily.<br />
gistrate, public official; civil office, mandatum, -i [part, of mando,<br />
office; body of magistrates, govern commit], a,, commission, order,<br />
ment.<br />
maneo, manere, mansi, mansus,<br />
Magnesia, -ae, f, Magnesia, a Greek stay, remain, abide,<br />
city of Asia Minor.<br />
Manlius, -i, m., Cn. Manlius Volso,<br />
magnificus, -a, -um, comp. magni- consul 189 B.C.<br />
fieentior, sup. magnificentissi- Mantinea, -ae, f., Mantinea, a town<br />
mus [magnus 4- facio], adj., noble, of Arcadia in southern Greece.<br />
eminent; splendid, magnificent. manubiaa, -arum [manus], f. pi.,<br />
magnitude, -inis [magnus], f., size, money received for booty,<br />
greatness.<br />
manus, -us, f., hand; bravery.
fighting; band, company, manSs<br />
dare, surrender,<br />
MarathSn, -onis, ace Marathona,<br />
f., Marathon, a town and plain on<br />
the northeast coast of Attica.<br />
MarathSnius -a, -um, adj., of Mara<br />
ULARY 281<br />
memer, -oris, adj., mindful, remembering,<br />
memoria, -aa [memor], f., memory,<br />
recollection ; narration, tradition,<br />
memoriae prodere, hand down to<br />
posterity, record,<br />
thon.<br />
Meneclides, -is, m., Meneclides, a<br />
Marcellus, -i, m., see Claudius. Theban politician.<br />
Mardonius, -i, m., Mardonius, » Menelaus, -i, m., Menelaus, king of<br />
Persian general.<br />
Sparta, brother of Agamemnon,<br />
mare, -is, u., sea.<br />
and husband of Helen of Troy.<br />
maritimus, -a, -um [mare], of the Menelai Portus, the name of a<br />
sea, sea-, naval, marine, seaside, port of northern Africa.<br />
mater, -tris, f., mother, mater Manastheus, -i, ace Menesthea,<br />
familias (see familia), f., mistress m., Menestheus, son of Iphicrates.<br />
of 3 household, married woman, mens, mentis, f., mind, feeling,<br />
matricida, -ae [mater-l-caedS, cut], mensa, -ae, f., table, secunda<br />
xa,, matricide,<br />
mensa, dessert.<br />
matrimSnium, -i [mater], n., mar mensis, -is, m., month.<br />
riage, in matrimSnium dUcere, mensQra, -ae [metior, measure],<br />
marry (said of the man). {,, measure,<br />
matSrS, -are, -avi, -atus [matiirus, mentis, -Snis, f., mention.<br />
ripe], make ripe; hasten, hurry, mantior, -iri, -itus sum, lie.<br />
maxime [maximus], adv., sup. of marcannarius, -a, -um [merces],<br />
magis, very greatly, especially, adj., hired, mercenary. As subst.,<br />
exceedingly, very, most of all, marcannarius, in<br />
-i, m., hireling,<br />
the highest degree,<br />
merces, -edis [merx, wares], pay,<br />
maximus, -a, -um, sup. of magnus. hire, fee, reward; subscription.<br />
Maximus, -i, m., see Fabius. Mercurius, -i, m.. Mercury, son of<br />
medeor, -eri, remedy, provide against, Jupiter and Maia, herald of the<br />
medicus, -i [medeor], m., physician. gods, and god of streets, traffic,<br />
Medicus, -a, -um, adj., of the Medes and thieves.<br />
or of Media, Median, Persian. mereS, -ere, ui, -itus and meraor,<br />
meditor, -ari, -atus sum, think, pur -eri, -itus sum, deserve, earn.<br />
pose, intend.<br />
maridies, ace -em, abl. -a [medius<br />
Medus, -i, m., inhabitant of Media, 4- dies], m., noon, south.<br />
Mede, Sometimes loosely applied merits [meritum], adv., justly, as<br />
to the Persians.<br />
the case deserves, deservedly.<br />
mel, mollis, n., honey.<br />
meritum, -i [part, of mereS], n.,<br />
malier,-ius [comp. of bonus], adj., desert, merit, service, favor.<br />
better.<br />
Messena, -aa, or Messene, -es, f.,
2 82 VOCABULARY<br />
Messene, the principal city of<br />
Messenia in southern Greece.<br />
-met, an emphatic suffix attached to<br />
pers. pronouns.<br />
metallum, -i, n., mine.<br />
matuo, matuera, metui [metus,<br />
fear], fear, dread, be afraid of.<br />
mens, -a, -um [me], poss. adj., of<br />
me, my, mine, my own.<br />
Micythus, -i, m., Micythus, a Theban<br />
youth.<br />
mihi, dat. of ego.<br />
miles, -itis, m., soldier.<br />
Milesius, -a, -um, adj., Milesian,<br />
Taixabi\is,-e[xn\xox],ad].,-wonderful<br />
mirabiliter [mirabilis], adv., wonderfully.<br />
miror, -ari,-atus sum \xxAxus], wonder<br />
at, be surprised.<br />
mirus, -a, -um, adj., -wonderful.<br />
misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus,<br />
mix, thro-tu into confusion.<br />
miserandus, -a, -um [ger. of<br />
misexox,pity], ad]., pitiable.<br />
misereor, -eri, miseritus sum<br />
[miser], pity.<br />
misericordia, -ae [misericors, piti<br />
of Miletus, a city of Ionia.<br />
ful], f., pity, compassion.<br />
(missus), only in abl. sing., missu<br />
militaris, -a [miles], adj., pertain [mitts], m., a sending, despatching<br />
to a soldier, military, of war. ing.<br />
res militaris, art of war,<br />
mitto, mittara, misi, missus, send,<br />
mille, in sing, indecl. adj., thousand; despatch, dismiss.<br />
in pi. subst., milia, milium, mili mSbUitas, -atis [mobilis, easily<br />
bus, thousands,<br />
moved], f., changeableness, fickle<br />
Miltiades, -is, m., Miltiades, disness.tinguished Athenian commander. moderate [moderatus, moderate],<br />
Minerva, -aa, f., Minerva, goddess adv., moderately, calmly, with res<br />
of war and practical wisdom. ignation.<br />
minime [minimus], adv., sup. of modestia, -ae \xaoA^stus],i.,moder-<br />
minus, least, not at all,<br />
ation, unassuming conduct, mod<br />
minimus, -a, -um, sup. of parvus. esty.<br />
minor, -us, comp. of parvus. modestus, -a, -um [modus], adj.,<br />
Minucius, -i, m., the name of a moderate, unassuming.<br />
Roman gens, Nepos mentions mode [abl. of modus], adv., only.<br />
(i) 31, Minucius Rufus, Fabius' modo . . . modo, no-w . . . now.<br />
master of the horse ; and (2) Q. medus, -i, m., measure, limit, extent;<br />
Minucius Thermus, consul 193 manner, kind.<br />
B.C.<br />
moenia, -ium, n. pi., defensive -walls,<br />
minuo, minuera, minui, minutus ramparts, city -walls.<br />
[minor], lessen, diminish, mSlior, -iri, -itus sum [mSles,<br />
minus [minor], adv., less, too little, heavy -weight], labor at, attempt.<br />
not very,<br />
Molossi, -Srum or iim, m. pi., Molos<br />
minutus, -a, -um [part, of minus], sians, a people of Epirus, north of<br />
adj., small.<br />
Greece.
VOCABULARY 283<br />
mSmentum, -i [for movimentum, multo, -are, -avi, -atus {xaxAta,fine],<br />
from moves], n., weight, impor fine, sentence.<br />
tance.<br />
multo [abl. of multum], adv., much,<br />
monao, -ere, -ui, -itus, ad-uise, warn, by far, far.<br />
mens, mentis, m., mountain, multum [ace of multus], adv.,<br />
monumantum, -i [moneS], n., me niucJi.<br />
morial, monument, tomb, sepul miiltus, -a, -um, adj., much, many.<br />
chre,<br />
miinicipium, -i [municeps, burgher],<br />
mora, -aa, f, delay, hindrance, IX,, free to-wn,<br />
mora, -aa [/aipo], i,,-mora, regiment, munis, -ire, -ivi, -itus [moenia],<br />
a division of the Spartan army fortify, defend (with wall);<br />
consisting of from four to nine build up,<br />
hundred men.<br />
munitiS, -Snis [muniS], f., fortify<br />
morbus, -i, m., disease, sickness, ing, work of building -walls, forti<br />
morior, mori, mortuus sum, fut. part. fications.<br />
meriturus [mors], die,<br />
munus, -eris, n., reward, favor,<br />
merer, -ari, -atus sum [mora], gift; service, duty.<br />
delay, linger,<br />
Munychia, -aa, f., Munychia, a<br />
mors, mortis, f., death.<br />
harbor and peninsula near<br />
mortalis, -is [mors], adj., mortal. Athens.<br />
As subst., mortalis, -is, m. and f., miirus, -i, m., wall, city wall, gen<br />
man, human being,<br />
erally in pi.<br />
mortifer, -fera, -famm [mors 4- musica, -aa, and miisice, -es<br />
fero], adj., mortal, deadly,<br />
\jwv
284 VOCABULARY<br />
N<br />
adv., not, ne quidem, not<br />
nam, coxi].,for,<br />
even,<br />
namque [nam -f que], conj., and -ne, enclitic particle affixed to the<br />
(this is so, etc.), for; best ren first or principal word of a quesdered<br />
simply y»r.<br />
tion, to serve as an interrogation<br />
naneiscor, naneisci, nactus or nanc- mark, and not translatable; also in<br />
tus sum, get, obtain, find.<br />
alternative questions, whether; or.<br />
narrS, -are, -avi, -atus, *//, relate, nee, see neque.<br />
narrate,<br />
necessariS [abl. of necessarius],<br />
nascor, nasci, natus sum, be born, adv., of necessity, -necessarily.<br />
natalis, -e [nascor], adj., of one's necessarius, -a, -um [necesse], adj.,<br />
birth, natal,<br />
necessary ; closely connected, near.<br />
natiS, -Snis [nascor], f., birth; race, necesse, indecl. adj., necessary.<br />
nation,<br />
necessitas, -atis [necesse], f., ne<br />
natS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of nS], cessity.<br />
swim, float,<br />
neeessitiidS, -inis [necesse], f.,<br />
natUra, -ae [nascor], f., nature, close connection, relationstiip.<br />
character,<br />
neene [nee 4- -ne], or not.<br />
naturalis, -e [natiira],adj., natural, Nectanabis, -idis, m., A^ectenebis, an<br />
native, inborn,<br />
Egyptian prince.<br />
natus, -a, -um [part, of nascor], adj., nefas [ne 4- fas], n., indecl., some<br />
in expre.5sions of age, so many thing contrary to divine law, sin.,<br />
years old.<br />
crime.<br />
(natus), only in abl. sing, natu neglagenter [neglegens, careless],<br />
[nascor], m., birth, age. maior adv., carelessly.<br />
natii, minor natii, etc., see mag neglegS, -legara, -lexi, -Iectus [nee<br />
nus and parvus.<br />
4- legs], neglect, take no care of,<br />
naufragium, -i [navis 4- frangS], n., overlook.<br />
shipwreck, disaster, destruction. negS, -are, -avi, -atus, deny, refuse .-<br />
nauta, -ae [for navita, from navis], say that. . . not (regularly used<br />
xa., sailor.<br />
instead of dicS . . . non).<br />
nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], adj., negStium, -i [nee 4- otium], n., oc<br />
of sailors, -naval.<br />
cupation, business affair; task,<br />
navalis, -a [navis], adj., na-oal. charge; trouble, pains, difficulty.<br />
navis, -is, f., ship, navis longa, nemS, -inis [ne -f homS], m. and f.,<br />
warship, navis onararia, trans nobody, no one.<br />
port.<br />
Neocles, -is or -i, m., Neocles, father<br />
Naxos, -i, f., Naxos, an island in the of Themistocles.<br />
Aegaean Sea.<br />
Neontichos, n., Neontichos, one of<br />
ne, (l) conj., lest, that, , . not, not to the strongholds of Alcibiades in<br />
(in neg. clauses of purpose). (2) the Thracian Chersonese.
VOCABULARY 285<br />
Neptiinus, -i, m., Neptune, god of nocturnus,-a, -um [nox], aS].,ofthe<br />
the sea.<br />
niglit, night,<br />
neque and nac, conj., and not, also nSlo, nSUa, nSlui [ne 4- vols], not<br />
not. nequa (nac) naque wish, be unwilling,<br />
(nee), neither . . . nor. nSman, -inis [nSsco], n., name,<br />
Nero, -onis, m., see Claudius. nSminatim [nSminS], aAv,,by name,<br />
nescio, -ire, -ivi [ne 4- sciS], not definitely,<br />
kno-w. nescio quis = aliquis, nSminS, -are, -avi, -atus [nSmen],<br />
some one, some.<br />
name, call, mention by name.<br />
neve or neu [ne 4- -ve], adv., intro non, adv., not.<br />
ducing a second (negative) clause nSndum [nSn 4- dum], adv., not yet.<br />
of purpose, command, or prohibi nSn nemo, some, some one.<br />
tion after ut, ne, etc., and not, nSnnihil [non 4-nihil], n., indecl.,<br />
nor, and that not, and lest, something, not a little.<br />
NieanSr, -oris, m., Nicanor, an offi nSnnSllus, -a, -um [nSn 4- niillus],<br />
cer under Cassander.<br />
adj., some, quite a number.<br />
Nicias, -ae, m., Nicias, an Athenian nSnus, -a, -um, num. adj., ninth.<br />
general.<br />
nSs, pi. of ago, we.<br />
nihil or nil, n., indecl., nothing. nSscS, nSseera, novi, notus, find<br />
nihilS [abl. of nihilum, nothing], adv., out, ascertain. In perfect tenses,<br />
none the ... , not at all, no. know.<br />
nimis, adv., too.<br />
nosmat, see nSs and -met.<br />
nimius, -a, -um [nimis], adj., too nestar, -tra, -trum [nSs], poss.<br />
much, too great, too high. pron., our, our own, ours; often<br />
NIsaeus, -i, m., Nisaeus, son of Dio equivalent to my, mine.<br />
nysius I of Syracuse.<br />
notitia, -aa [noscS], f., a being<br />
nisi [ne 4- si], conj., if not, unless, known ; knowledge,<br />
except.<br />
nets, -aje, -avi, -atus [nota, mark],<br />
niter, niti, nixus or nisus sum, mark, record,<br />
strive, contend; be supported notus, by, -a, -um [part, of nSscS], adj..<br />
depend on.<br />
well-known,<br />
nS, nara, navi, swim, float. novem, indecl. num. adj., nine.<br />
nobilis, -e [nSscS], adj., noteworthy, novus, -a, -um, adj., new, recent.<br />
famous; noble, high-born. In sup., often last, latest.<br />
nSbilitas, -atis [nSbiUs], f., fame, nox, noetis, f., night,<br />
celebrity,<br />
noxius, -a, -um [noxa, hurt], adj.,<br />
nSbilito, -are, -avi, -atus [nSbilis], hurtful, guilty,<br />
make famous,<br />
nubilis, -e [nubS], adj., marriage<br />
noceS, -era, -ui, harm, injure, able,<br />
noctii [nox], adv., by night, at nubS, niibera, nupsi, niiptus, marry<br />
night.<br />
(said of the woman).
286 VOCAI<br />
nullus, -a, -um [ne 4-Cllus], adj.,<br />
no, none,<br />
num, interr. adv., (i) introducing a<br />
direct question, so framed as apparently<br />
to expect negative<br />
answer, or expressing indignation;<br />
(2) introducing an indirect ques<br />
obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ob +<br />
iacio], throw before; throw out<br />
against, taunt, se obieara, meet,<br />
attack; present oneself, appear,<br />
obitus, -us [obeo], m., death,<br />
Oblivio, -Snis [obli-viscor], {,, forgetfulness.tion,<br />
-wliether, if, in which case obliviscor, it oblivisci, oblitus sum,<br />
loses its peculiar force.<br />
forget, be forgetful,<br />
numen, -inis [-nuS, nod], n., divine obnitor, -niti, -nixus sum [ob 4-<br />
will, divine po-wer,<br />
xixtox],press against, brace against.<br />
numerS, -are, -avi, -atus [numerus], oboadiS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [ob 4-<br />
number, count out,<br />
audio], give ear to, obey,<br />
numerus, -i, m., number; rank, posi obruo, -mere, -mi, -rutus [ob 4tion,ruo,<br />
thrmd], over-whelm, bring to<br />
Numida, -ae, m., a Numidian, destruction, ruin; cover, bury,<br />
Numidia was a region lying south obsecro, -are, -avi, -atus [ob4-sacro,<br />
west of Carthage.<br />
render sacred], beseech, entreat,<br />
nummus, -i, xa,, piece of money, coin, obsequium, -i [obsequor, yield], n.,<br />
money,<br />
compliance, indulgence,<br />
numquam [ne 4- umquam], adv., obserS, -are, -avi, -atus [ob 4- sera,<br />
never,<br />
bolt], fasten, bar,<br />
nunc, adv., now, as it is,<br />
obses, -idis [ob 4- sedeS], m. and<br />
nuntiS, -ara, -avi, -atus [niintius], f, hostage, pledge, surety,<br />
announce, tell,<br />
obsideS, -sidera, -sedi, -sessus [ob<br />
nuntius, -i, m., messenger ; message, 4- sedeS], besiege, beset,<br />
ne-ws, report,<br />
obsidiS, -Snis [obsideo], f., siege,<br />
nusquam [ne 4- iisquam], .adv., no- state of siege,<br />
-where,<br />
obsistS, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus [ob<br />
nutus, abl. -ii [-nuS, nod], xa,, nod, -H sists, set], oppose, witlistand,<br />
beck, will,<br />
resist.<br />
0<br />
obsoletus, -a, -um [part, of obsolesco,<br />
wear out], adj., worn out,<br />
old; witliout value.<br />
0, interjection, oh 1 O !<br />
obsSnium, -i {6-^iivLov], u., that<br />
ob, prej^. w. ace, on account of; which is eaten with bread, relish<br />
to-wards, in the way of,<br />
(especially fish); meat, food,<br />
obdiico, -ducere, -diixi, -ductus [ob obstS, -stare, -stiti [ob -f sto], re<br />
4- diicS], dra-w over, overcast. sist, oppose,<br />
obeS, -ire, -ii, -itus [ob 4- eS],_fo to obstruS, -stmere, -struxi, -structus<br />
meet, meet; attend to.<br />
[ob 4- struo], block up.
obsum, -esse, -fui [ob 4- sum], be<br />
against; harm, injure,<br />
pbterS, -terere, -trivi, -tritus [ob4terS,<br />
rub], disparage.<br />
VOCABULARY 287<br />
odiSsus, -a,-um [odium], adj.,/^a^ifful,<br />
abominable,<br />
odium, -i [odi, hate], a., hatred,<br />
Oadipus, -i, m., Oedipus, son of<br />
ObtestatiS, -onis [obtestor, beseech], Laius and Jo casta, king and queen<br />
I., entreaty, adjuration.<br />
of Thebes.<br />
obtineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tantus offends, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus,<br />
[ob 4- teneS], hold, possess, occupy; strike against, come upon ; offend,<br />
obtain.<br />
render hostile.<br />
obtingS, -tingere, -tigi [ob 4- tango, OffensiS, -Snis [offends], f., dis<br />
touch], fall to the tot of,<br />
pleasure, offense,<br />
obtrectatiS, -Snis [obtrecto], f., offensus, -a, -um [part, of offends],<br />
envious detraction, disparagement, adj., offensive, odious ; hostile,<br />
obtrectator, -oris [obtrectS], m., offers, efferre, obtuli, oblatus [ob<br />
rival, hostile critic,<br />
-f fero], offer, expose.<br />
ObtrectS, -are, -avi, -atus [ob -f- offlcina, -ae [opus 4- facio], f.,<br />
tractS], disparage, be opposed to, be -workshop, manufactory.<br />
a rival,<br />
ofdeium, -i [opus 4- facio], n., ser<br />
Obviam [ob -f via], adv., in the way vice, kindness, favor; duty, alle<br />
of. obviam ire, w. dat., go to giance, loyalty.<br />
meet.<br />
oleaginus, -a, -um [olea, olive], adj.,<br />
obvius, -a, -um [obviam], adj., in of the olive tree, olive.<br />
the way, to ?neet.<br />
olim, adv., at some time, once, for<br />
occasiS, -onis [occido, fall], f., merly.<br />
favorable moment, opportunity, Olympia, -ae, f., Olympia, place<br />
occidS, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [ob 4- in Elis in southern Greece, where<br />
caedo, cut], cut do-wn, kill. games in honor of Zeus were held<br />
occulo, -cidere, -cului, -cultus, cover, every four years. The period be<br />
conceal.<br />
tween the celebrations was called<br />
occults, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of an Olympiad.<br />
occulS], keep concealed,<br />
OlympiodSrus, -i, m., Olympiodorus,<br />
occupo, -ara, -avi, -atus [ob 4- a Greek musician.<br />
capiS], seize, occupy, take possesOlynthus,<br />
-i, f., Olynthus, town<br />
sion of,<br />
of Chalcidice.<br />
oecurrS, -currere, -curri, -cursus [ob omitto, -mittara, -misi, -missus<br />
4 currS], run against, attempt, [ob 4- mitto], leave out, not men<br />
OctSgesimus, -a, -um [octSginta], tion; give up.<br />
num. adj., eightieth,<br />
omninS [omnis], adv., altogether, in<br />
octSginta [octS], num. adj., indecl., all, at all.<br />
eighty,<br />
omnis, -a, adj., all, every, every one,<br />
OCUlus, -i, m., eye.<br />
everything.
288 VOCABULARY<br />
onerarius, -a, -um [onus, burden],<br />
adj., of burden, transport.<br />
onustus, -a, -um [onus, burden],<br />
adj., laden,<br />
opera, -ae [opus], f., work, service,<br />
aid; care, pains; means, agency,<br />
operam dare, take care or pains,<br />
give attention, exert oneself.<br />
operiS, operire, oparui, opertus,<br />
cover.<br />
opes, see ops.<br />
opinio, -onis [opinor, suppose], f.,<br />
opinion, belief, expectation,<br />
oportet, -era, -nit, it behooves, it is<br />
necessary ox fitting.<br />
opperior, epperiri, oppertus sum,<br />
wait, wait for.<br />
oppidanus, -a, -um [oppidum], adj.,<br />
of a town. As subst., oppidanus,<br />
-i, m., townsman, citizen.<br />
oppidum, -i, n., toiun, seldom applied<br />
to Rome, which was commonly<br />
called urbs.<br />
opplaS, -plera, -plevi, -pletus [ob<br />
4- -pleS, fill], fill up, fill.<br />
oppSnS, -ponere, -posui, -positus<br />
[ob -f- ponS], oppose.<br />
opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fa-oor-<br />
able.<br />
epprimo, -primera, -prassi, -pressus<br />
In pi., -wealth, means, resources;<br />
forces; power, greatness.<br />
optimas, -atis [optimus], m., noble,<br />
aristocrat.<br />
optime [optimus], adv., sup. of<br />
bene, very -well, excellently.<br />
optimus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of bonus.<br />
opulentia, -ae [opulentus], f., wealth,<br />
riches.<br />
opulentus, -a, -um [ops], adj.,<br />
wealthy, rich; splendid.<br />
opus, -eris, n., -work, service. In pi.,<br />
military works, lines of siege. In<br />
nom. and ace sing, with the verb<br />
sum, need. magnS opere, tantS<br />
opere, see under their initial letters.<br />
Sra, -ae, f., coast,<br />
oraculum, -i [orS], u., divine response,<br />
oracle.<br />
SratiS, -Snis [SrS], f., speaking,<br />
speech, eloquence,<br />
orbis, -is, m., circle, orbis terrarmn,<br />
the whole world,<br />
Orchomanius, -a, -um, adj., of Orchomenus,<br />
a city iri Boeotia.<br />
ordinS, -are, -avi, -atus [SrdS], draw<br />
up (in order of battle) ; narrate,<br />
Srdior, Srdiri, Srsus sum, begin,<br />
ordo, -inis, m., order, position,<br />
Orestes, -is, m., Orestes, son of<br />
[ob 4 premS], over-whelm, over Agamemnon. He avenged his<br />
throw, subdue ; kill, destroy; op father's murder by slaying his<br />
press.<br />
mother, and for this sin he was<br />
opprobrium, -i [ob 4- probrum, pursued by the Furies.<br />
stiame], ii., reproacji,<br />
origS, -inis [orior], f., origin, source,<br />
oppugnator, -oris [oppiignS], m., Origines, pi., the title of a work<br />
besieger.<br />
by Cato the Censor.<br />
oppiigno, -are, -avi, -atus [ob 4- orior, oriri, ortus sum, rise, spring,<br />
pugnS], besiege.<br />
be born,<br />
(ops), opis (nom. sing, not found; omamentum, -i [Srno], n., /lonor,<br />
dat. sing, rare), f., aid, assistance. distinction.
ornatus, -a, -um [part, of ornS],<br />
adj., equipped; embellished, elaborate,<br />
ornate.<br />
ornatus, -us [SrnS], m., splendid<br />
attire, apparel.<br />
Omi, -Smm, m. pi., Orni, one of the<br />
strongholds of Alcibiades in the<br />
Thracian Chersonese.<br />
Srno, -are, -avi, -atus, provide with,<br />
equip, adorn, honor,<br />
orS, -are, -avi, -atus [Ss], beg, be<br />
VOCABULARY 289<br />
phytian, applied to the eastern<br />
part of the Mediterranean Sea,<br />
near Pamphylia in southwestern<br />
Asia Minor.<br />
panis, -is, m., bread,<br />
par, paris, adj., equal, a match for;<br />
duplicate ; indecisive ; fair.<br />
paratus, -a, -um [part, of parS], adj.,<br />
prepared, ready.<br />
pares, pareera, peparci and parsi,<br />
seech, entreat,<br />
parsus, spare.<br />
parens, -entis [paris], m. and f.,<br />
Ss, Sris, n., mouth, countenance, parent, father or mother.<br />
OS, ossis, n., bone,<br />
pareo, -ere, -ui, obey, have regard<br />
Ssculor, -ari, -atus sum [Ssculum, to.<br />
dim. of Ss, mouth], kiss,<br />
pario, parere, peperi, partus, bring<br />
ostendS, -tendara, -tandi, -tantus forth; crea-te, produce, cause;<br />
[ob -{- tends], show, declare, tell, gain, win.<br />
otium, -i, n., leisure, quiet, peace, Parius, -a, -um, adj., Parian, concerning<br />
Paros,<br />
P<br />
parma, -ae, f., small circular shield,<br />
P., the abbreviation for Publius, about three feet in diameter.<br />
pactio, -onis [paciscor, agree], f., pars, -are, -avi, -atus, prepare for,<br />
agreement, terms,<br />
m.ake ready ; acquire.<br />
pactum, -i [paciscSr, agree], n., Pares, -i, f., Paros, an island in the<br />
agreement,<br />
Aegaean Sea.<br />
Pactye, -es, f., Pactye, town in pars, partis, I,, part, share, portion ;<br />
Thrace.<br />
party. In pi., part, character,<br />
Padus, -i, m., the Po, a river of Cis office ; faction, side,<br />
alpine Gaul.<br />
parsi, see pareo.<br />
paene, adv., almost, nearly, parsimSnia, -ae [pareo], f., fru<br />
paanitaS, -ere, -ui, make sorry, cause gality,<br />
to repent; generally used imper particeps, -cipis [pars 4- capiS],<br />
sonally w. ace. of the person and adj., sharing in, privy to,<br />
gen. of that which he repents of partim [pars], adv,, partly,<br />
or is sorry for.<br />
partior, -iri, -itus sum [pars],<br />
palaestra, -ae [TraXaio-rpa], f., divide, share,<br />
-wrestling-school, wrestling, parum, adv., and indecl. subst., u.,<br />
palam, adv., openly, palam facara, too little, not enoug/i.<br />
to make known,<br />
parvulus, -a, -um [parvus], adj.,<br />
Pamphylius, -a, -um, adj., Pamu<br />
very small, infant.
290 VOCABULARY<br />
parvus, -a, -um, adj., small, Comp.<br />
minor, smaller, minor (natu),<br />
younger. Sup. minimus, smallest,<br />
minimus {n3.txi), youngest.<br />
passus, -us, m., pace (five Roman<br />
feet), mille passuum, mile (4854<br />
English feet).<br />
patefaciS, -facere, -feci, -factus<br />
[pateS 4- facio], lay open, expose, peeSnia, -aa [peciTi, cattle], f.,<br />
disclose, display,<br />
wealth, money,<br />
pateS, -ere, -ui, be or lie open, paciiniosus, -a, -um [peciinia], adj.,<br />
pater, -tris, xa,, father,<br />
rich,<br />
paternus, -a, -um [pater], adj., of a pedes, -itis [pes], m., foot-soldier.<br />
father, father's,<br />
In pi., infantry,<br />
patiens, -entis [part, of patior], adj.,<br />
patient,<br />
Spartan general, victor at Plataea;<br />
(2) a king of Sparta.<br />
pax, pacis, f., peace,<br />
peccans, -antis [part, of pecco],<br />
adj., sinful. As subst., peccans,<br />
-antis, m. and f., offender,<br />
paces, -are, -avi, -atus, sin, transgress,<br />
offend,<br />
pedester, -tris, -tre [pedes], adj.,<br />
of a foot-soldier, infantry; on land,<br />
patientia, -aa \j>atKe.as],{,,patience, land.<br />
endurance.<br />
pedisequus, -i [pes 4- sequor], m.,<br />
patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, footman, attendant,<br />
allow.<br />
peius, adv., comp. of male, worse,<br />
patria, -ae [for patria terra, from pelliciS, -licere, -lexi, -Iectus, in<br />
patrius], f., native land, country. veigle, -win over,<br />
patrius, -a, -um [pater], adj., of pellis, -is, f., skin,<br />
one's father or forefathers, ancespello,<br />
pellere, pepuli, pulsus, drive<br />
tral, native.<br />
out, exile, put to fiight.<br />
patrocinium, -i [patrocinor, be a Pelopidas, -ae, m., Pelopidas, a<br />
patron], n., patronage, protection. Theban patriot.<br />
patruus, -i [pater], m., father's Paloponnasius, -a, -um, adj., of the<br />
brother, uncle.<br />
Peloponnese, Peloponnesian,<br />
paucitas, -atis [paucus], i., fewness; Peloponnesus, -i [IleXoiriccijiros,<br />
small number, handful.<br />
Island of Pelops], {., the Pelopon<br />
paucus, -a, -um, adj., fe-w, but fe-w. nese, the modern Morea, that part<br />
paulo [abl. of paulum], adv., by a of Greece south of the Isthmus of<br />
little ; a little, a little while, Corinth.<br />
paulum [ace n. of paulus, little], palta, -ae [XATT;], f., light shield,<br />
adv., a little, somewhat,<br />
target, made of wood or wicker-<br />
Paulus, see Aemilius.<br />
work covered with leather.<br />
pauper, -eris, adj., poor. As subst., peltasta, -ae [TreXracrTTis], m., pel<br />
pauper, -eris, m,, a poor man, tast, light-armed soldier,<br />
paupertas, -atis [pauper], i.,poverty. penates, -ium, m. pi., penates, house<br />
Pausanias,-ae, m.,/'rt«w«»w, (i) a hold gods.
VOCABULARY 291<br />
pendS, pendere, pepandi, pensus, Pergamenus, -a, -um, adj., of Perga<br />
hang; weigh, pay.<br />
mum, a city of Mysia in Asia Minor.<br />
penes, prep. w. ace, in the power of. Pericles, -is or -i, m., Pericles,<br />
penetro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter. famous Athenian statesman of the<br />
penitus, adv., deeply, far within. fifth century B.C.<br />
per, prep. w. ace, through, across; by periculum, -i, n., danger, peril<br />
means of, through the agency of. peritus, -a, -um, adj., skiUed, expe<br />
per se, of or by himself, 'itself, etc. rienced.<br />
In compounds often merely em pariiirium, -i [periurus, perjured],<br />
phatic.<br />
a., perjury, false oath.<br />
peragS, -agere, -egi, actus [per 4- permittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus<br />
agS], cairy out, complete,<br />
[per4-mitts], intrust; allow,per<br />
percellS, -cellere, -euli, -culsus, mit.<br />
strike, overthrow ; dishearten, parmoveS, -movere, -mSvi, -mStus<br />
percutiS, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus [per 4- moves], disquiet, disturb,<br />
[per 4- quatiS, shake], strike, alarm.<br />
Perdiecas, -ae, m., Perdiccas, a pemicies, -ei [pernecS, kill out<br />
brother of Philip II of Macedon. right], f., destruction, ruin,<br />
perditus, -a, -um [part, of perdS], parniciSsus, -a, -um [pernicies],<br />
adj., lost, desperate, profligate, adj., destructive, ruinous,<br />
vicious,<br />
perSrS, -are, -avi, -atus [per 4-<br />
perdS, -dere, -didi, -ditus [per 4--do, Sro], speak to the end, finish one's<br />
put], lose, ruin,<br />
remarks,<br />
perdiicS, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus Perpenna, -ae, m., M. Perpenna,<br />
[per 4- diico], lead through ; bring, censor B.C. 86.<br />
bring over, win over, induce, perpatior, -peti, -pessus sum [per<br />
pereo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus [per 4- eo], 4- patior], go through with, en<br />
go through; perish,<br />
dure, suffer.<br />
perferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per 4- perpetuo [perpetuus], adv., confero],<br />
bring over, carry to one's stantly, uninterruptedly, always,<br />
destination, deliver, bring; suffer perpetuus, -a, -um, continuous, per<br />
to the end, endure; report,<br />
manent; entire, unlimited,<br />
perficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [per Persae, -arum, m. pi., see Perses.<br />
4- facis], accomplish, bring about, perscribS, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip-<br />
perfidia, -ae \_-^
292 VOCAI BULARY<br />
persevere, -are, -avi, -atus [persepetulans,<br />
-antis, adj., impudent.<br />
verus, very strict], persist, perse phalanx, -angis \jp6,\a-i'^, f., men<br />
vere.<br />
in order of battle, phalanx.<br />
Persicus, -a, -um, adj., Persian. Phalereus, -i, adj., of Phalerum,<br />
Persis, -idis, f., Persia (properly referring to the Athenian Deme<br />
only o, province of the Persian trius of Phalerum (see Deme<br />
empire, but often used loosely of trius).<br />
the whole).<br />
Phalericus, -a, -um, adj., of Pha<br />
persSna, -aa, f., mask; character, lerum, Phaleric, Phalerian, refer<br />
personage.<br />
ring to one of the harbors of<br />
persuades, -suadere, -suasi, -suasus Athens.<br />
[per 4- suadeS], persuade, con Pharnabazus, -i, m., Pharnabazus,<br />
vince.<br />
satrap of northwestern Asia Minor.<br />
perterreS, -tarrera, -territus [per Pherae, -arum, f. pi., Pherae, the<br />
4- terreo], frighten thoroughly, name of two Greek towns, one in<br />
alarm, terrify.<br />
Thessaly and the other in Mes<br />
pertimesco, -timescere, -timui [per senia.<br />
4- freq. of timeo], be frightened, Pheraeus, -a, -um, adj., of Pherae.<br />
be veiy much afraid.<br />
Phidippus, -i, m., Phidippus, an<br />
partinacia,-ae [pertinax, stubborn], Athenian courier.<br />
f., stubbornness, obstinacy. Philippus, -i, m., Philip, (1)<br />
pertineS, -tinere, -tinui [per -^ Philip II of Macedon, father of<br />
teneo], extend; pertain, have refer Alexander the Great; (2) Philip<br />
ence to, belong to.<br />
III, called Arrhidaeus, son of<br />
perturbs, -are, -avi, -atus [per 4- Philip II; (3) Philip V, an enemy<br />
turbS, disturb], confuse; disturb, of the Romans.<br />
disquiet, make anxious; vex. Philistus, -i, m., Philistus, his<br />
pervehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus torian of Syracuse.<br />
[per 4- vehS], convey, bring. Philocles, -is, m., Philocles, an Athe<br />
perveniS, -venire, -veni, -ventus nian general.<br />
[per 4- veniS], come to, arrive at, philosophia, -ae [0iXoo-o0ia], f.,<br />
reach.<br />
philosophy, learning.<br />
perverts, -vertere, -varti, -versus philosophus, -i [0iX6
VOCABULARY 293<br />
Phoenices, -um, m. pi., Phoenicians, plenus, -a, -um [-pleo, fill], adj.,<br />
inJiabitants of PJioenicia, a strip of full,<br />
coast-country south of Asia Minor. plerumque [ace. n. of plerusque],<br />
Phrygia, -ae, f., Phrygia, a country adv., for the most part,<br />
of Asia Minor.<br />
plerusque, -aqua, -umque [-pleS,<br />
Phyle, -es, f., Phyle, fortress in fill], adj., very many,<br />
Attica.<br />
plumbum, -i, n., lead,<br />
pietas, -atis [pins], f., piety, dutipliirimum<br />
[pliirimus], adv., sup. of<br />
fulness, affection; patriotism. multum, most, very much, espe<br />
pila, -aa, f., pillai-.<br />
cially,<br />
Piraeus, -i, m., Piraeus, the princi plurimus, -a, -um [plus], adj., sup.<br />
pal harbor used by Athens; also of multus, most, very -many,<br />
the name of the town close to the pliis, pliiris, comp. of multus, in<br />
harbor.<br />
sing. n. subst., in pi. adj., more,<br />
Pisander, -dri, m., Pisander, (i) an plus [ace ii. of plus], adv., comp. of<br />
Athenian general; (2) a Spartan multum, more,<br />
general.<br />
Poecile, -as \iroiKl\i]], {,, the Painted<br />
Pisistratus, -i, m., Pisistratus, ty Portico, a building in Athens.<br />
rant of Athens 560-527 B.C. poena, -ae, f., punishment, poenam<br />
Pittacus, -i, m., Pittacus, of Myti dare, pay the penalty, suffer punlene,<br />
one of the Seven Wise Men ishment.<br />
of Greece.<br />
Poenus, -i, m., Carthaginians.<br />
plus, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, good; poeta, -ae \Txoa]r-qi], xa., poet.<br />
patriotic,<br />
polliceor, poUieeri, pollicitus sum<br />
placed, placere, plaeui, placitus, [por (= prS) 4- liceor, offer],<br />
please; often used impersonally in promise.<br />
the sense seem best.<br />
Polybius, -i, m., Polybius, a Greek<br />
placS, -are, -avi, -atus, appease, rec historian.<br />
oncile,<br />
Polymnis, -idis, m., Polymnis, father<br />
Plataeae, -arum, f. pi., Plataea, a of Epaminondas.<br />
town of Boeotia near the Athenian PolyperehSn, -ontis, m., Polyper-<br />
border.<br />
chon, a general of Alexander the<br />
Plataeenses, -ium, m. pi., inhabit Great.<br />
ants of Plataea, Plataeans, PompSnius, -i, m., see Atticus.<br />
Plats, -Snis, m., Plato, a famous ponders, -are, -avi, -atus [pondus],<br />
Athenian philosopher.<br />
weigh, consider.<br />
plebs, -is, and<br />
pondus, -aris [pendo], n., weight.<br />
plebes, -ei, f., common people, com pSnS, pSnere, posuj, positus,//««/<br />
mons, plebeians,<br />
set up, make a votive offering of;<br />
plecto,. -ere (only in pass.), beat; lay down ; esteem, consider; state.<br />
punish.<br />
castra ponere, pitch a camp.
294 VOCABULARY<br />
pSns, pontis, m., bridge.<br />
postridie [posterus -t- dies], adv., on<br />
Pontus, -i, m., Ponius, \ country of the folto-wing day.<br />
Asia Minor on the south shore of postulatum, -i [part, of postulS], n.,<br />
the Euxine Sea.<br />
request,<br />
popularis, -a [populus], adj., of tJie postulS, -ara, -avi, -atus, ask, de<br />
people, democratic.<br />
mand., request,<br />
populus, -i, XXI,, people, nation, potens, -entis [pres. part, of possum],<br />
Porcius, -i, m., the name of a Roman a&],, powerful,<br />
gens; see CatS.<br />
potentia, -aa [possum], f., power,<br />
porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [por might, political influence,<br />
.(= prS) 4- xtgb], put forth, potestas, -atis [potis, able], power,<br />
portions, -iis [porta, gate], i., col dominion, rule; office, command;<br />
onnade, porch, portico,<br />
opportunity, cliance.<br />
ports, -are, -avi, -atus, carry, potior, -ius [comp. of potis, able],<br />
portus, -iis, m., harbor, port.<br />
adj., better, preferable,<br />
posco, poscare, poposci, ask, de potior, -iri, -itus sum [potis, able],<br />
mand.<br />
gain possession of, become master of,<br />
possessiS, -Snis [possidS], f., estate, potissimum [sup. of potis, able],<br />
property, possession.<br />
adv., chiefly ; preferably, in prefer<br />
possessor, -Sris [possidS], m., posence to all others,<br />
sessor.<br />
potius [comp. of potis, aile], adv.,<br />
pessidS, -sidare, -sedi, -sessus [por rather,<br />
(=pr5) 4-sidS], take possession prae, adv. and prep. w. abl., before,<br />
of, occupy, seize.<br />
in comparison with,<br />
possum, posse, potui [potis, able -f praebeS, -era, -ui, -itus [prae 4-<br />
sum], be able, can.<br />
habeS], afford, furnish, give;<br />
post, (l) adv., behind; after, after show; produce,<br />
wards. (2) prep. w. ace, after, praaceptor, -Sris [praecipio], m.,<br />
since, beneath.<br />
instructor, teacher.<br />
postea [post], adv., after this, after praeceptum, -i [praecipiS], n., direcwards,<br />
postea quam, after. tion, command, precept, ma.xim,<br />
posterius [posterus], adv., comp. of praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus<br />
post, later,<br />
[prae 4- capio], take beforehand;<br />
(posterus),-a,-um [post], ad],, fol inform, enjoin, direct, instruct,<br />
lowing, next, later.<br />
command.<br />
postquam [post 4- quam], conj., after. praeeipito, -are, -avi, -atus [prae-<br />
Often separated, pest . . . quam. ceps, headlong], cast, hurl, throw,<br />
postremS [postremus], adv., sup. of praecipue [praecipuus], adv., es<br />
pest, last of all, finally.<br />
pecially.<br />
postremus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of praecipuuf!, -a, -um [praecipio],<br />
posterus, last; worst, lowest. adj., especial, particular.
praaclams, -a, -um [prae 4- clarus],<br />
adj., very noteworthy, remarkable,<br />
noble, splendid, glorious.<br />
praecurrS, -currere, -cucurri [prae<br />
4- currS], excel, surpass, outstrip.<br />
praeda, -aa, f., booty.<br />
praedico, -are, -avi, -atus [prae 4dicS,<br />
proclaim], proclaim, say,<br />
assert.<br />
praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus<br />
[prae 4- dicS], tell beforehand;<br />
command.<br />
praedium, -i, a., farm, estate.<br />
praedS, -Snis [praeda], m., robber.<br />
praedS ra.3.ritira\x&, f-'irate.<br />
praeder, -ari, -atus sum [praeda],<br />
plunder, forage.<br />
praafatiS, -Snis [praefor, say beforehand],<br />
f., foreword, preface.<br />
praefectus, -i [praeficio], m., over<br />
VOCABULARY 295<br />
seer, superintendent; commander, praeterea [praeter], adv., besides, in<br />
governor, prefect, officer.<br />
addition,<br />
praeferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [prae praetereS, -ire, -ii, -itus [praeter<br />
4- fero], put before, prefer.<br />
4- eo], pass over, pass by.<br />
praeficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [prae<br />
4- iaab], place in command of.<br />
praafiniS, -finira, -finivi, -finitus<br />
praesertim [prae 4- sero], adv., especially.<br />
praesidium, -i [praeses, guard], n.,<br />
guard, protection; forces, garrison,<br />
camp, post.<br />
praestans, -antis [part, of praestS],<br />
adj., surpassing, excellent, extraordinary,<br />
eminent.<br />
praestituS, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus<br />
[prae 4- statuo], appoint beforehand,<br />
praestS, -stare, -stiti, -stitus [prae<br />
-}- stS], surpass, be superior to,<br />
perform, fulfil,<br />
praesum, -assa, -fui [prae 4- sum],<br />
be in command of, command; discharge,<br />
administer.<br />
praatar [prae], (i) adv., besides,<br />
further, (2) prep. w. ace, beyond,<br />
contrary to, besides, except,<br />
praatermittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus<br />
[praeter 4- mittS], pass over,<br />
omit.<br />
[prae 4- finiS, limit], fix before praetarquam [praeter4-quam], adv.,<br />
hand, prescribe.<br />
except that, besides.<br />
praemium, -i [prae 4- emS, gain], praetor, -Sris [for prae-itor, from<br />
n., re-ward.<br />
praeeS,^o before],xa., commander,<br />
praeoccupo, -are, -avi, -atus [prae 4- general; praetor.<br />
occupS], seize beforehand, take unpraetura,<br />
-ae [praetor], f., praetorawares<br />
; supplant.<br />
ship.<br />
praepSnS, -pSnare, -posui, -positus pracor, -ari, -atus sum [pxeK],pray,<br />
[prae 4- -^bno], place in command of. beg.<br />
praesens, -entis [pres. part, of premS, premere, pressi, pressus,<br />
praesum], adj., present.<br />
press, drive, pursue ; affiict.<br />
praesentia, -ae [praesens], f., pres (prex, -cis), i., prayer, entreaty.<br />
ence, in praesentia, at die time, primS [abl. of primum], adv., at<br />
at hand.<br />
first.
296 VOCAB lULARY<br />
primum [ace of primus], adv.,first. procul, adv., far, at a distance.<br />
primus, -a, -um [sup. of prior], prociiratiS, -Snis [prSciirS], f.,<br />
a&],,first, chief,<br />
management, administration.<br />
princeps, -cipis [primus 4- capio], prScurS, -are, -avi, -atiis [pro 4-<br />
adj., first. As subst., princeps, cQrS], take care of, manage.<br />
-cipis, m., great man, leading prodeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [prS 4- eS],<br />
man, chief,<br />
go forth; go on, appear.<br />
principatus, -us [princeps], m., proditiS, -Snis [prSdS], f., treachery,<br />
sovereignty, leadership.<br />
betrayal.<br />
prior, prius, adj. in comp. (no pos.),<br />
former, first (of two).<br />
pristinus, -a, -um [prius], adj.,<br />
former, olden, old-time.<br />
prius [prior], adv., before.<br />
priusquam [prius4-quam], conj., be<br />
fore. Often separated, prius . . .<br />
quam.<br />
privatus, -a, -um [part, of privS],<br />
adj., without office, without a commission<br />
or command, private. As<br />
prSdS, -dare, -didi, -ditus [prS 4dS],<br />
gi-oe up, betray; put forth,<br />
relate, memoriae prSdara, leave<br />
on record.<br />
producS, -ducare, -duxi, -ductus<br />
[prS 4- diicS], lead forth, entice<br />
out; prolong,<br />
proelium, -i, n., battle, conflict,<br />
prof anus, -a, -um [pro-f fanum],<br />
out of the temple ; not sacred, profane,<br />
unholy,<br />
subst., privatus, -i, m., private prof actio, -Snis [proficiscor], f.,<br />
citizen, mere citizen.<br />
setting out, departure.<br />
privignus, -i, m., step-son,<br />
prefects [ = prS facts], adv.,actually,<br />
privo, -are, -avi,-atus, deprive, cutoff, indeed, really, truly, assuredly,<br />
pro, prep. w. abl., before, in front of; prSferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [prS 4-<br />
for, in beJialf of; in accordance fero], bring forward; bring up,<br />
with, as, in proportion to; instead mention.<br />
of, in place of,<br />
prSficio, -ficere, -feci, -factus [pro<br />
probabilis, -a [probS], adj., admira 4- facis], make progress, gain adble,<br />
pleasing,<br />
vantage,<br />
probS, -are, -avi, -atus [probus, proficiscor, -ficisci, -factus sum<br />
good], approve,<br />
[inceptive form of prSficiS], make<br />
precacitas, -atis [procax, bold], {,, off, set out, go, depart, proceed,<br />
impudence,<br />
profitior, -fiteri, -fessus sum [prS 4-<br />
prScedS, -cedere, -eassi [prS 4- fateor], declare, acknototedge,<br />
Q.i.Ab],go before, advance; pass, profligS, -ara, -avi, -atus [pro 4-<br />
Procles, -is or -i, m., Procles, twin fligS, strike], rout, defeat,<br />
brother of Eurysthenes, and with profugiS, -fugere, -fiigi [pro -\-<br />
him joint king of Sparta.<br />
fugiS], /?
VOCABULARY 297<br />
prSgenitor, -Sris [progigno, beget], prSpositum, -i [part, of prSponS],<br />
xa,, ancestor, progenitor, n., task, plan, purpose.<br />
prSgredior, -gredi, -gressus sum proprius, -a, -um, adj., own,peculiar<br />
[prS 4- gradior, step], ad-uance, to, belonging to; permanent.<br />
prSgressus, -iis [prSgredior], m., propter [prope], prep. w. ace, near;<br />
progress, advancement,<br />
on account of, for the sake of,<br />
prohibeS, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitus through.<br />
[prS 4- habeS], hold back, pre propugnaculum, -i [propiigno, fight<br />
vent,<br />
before], a., outwork, defense, bul<br />
prSiciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [prS 4wark.iaciS], throw for-ward, level prSpugnator, (a<br />
-Sris [prSpugnS, fight<br />
spear).<br />
before], xa., champion.<br />
proinde [pro 4- inde], just, even, prSrampS, -rumpere, -riipi, -ruptus<br />
ae or atque after this word is ren [prS 4- rumpS, brealz], break forth.<br />
dered as,<br />
prSscribS, -scribere, -seripsi, -scrip-<br />
prSmptus, -a, -um [part, of prSmS, tus [prS 4- scx^b], proscribe, out<br />
bring out], adj., ready, prepared, law.<br />
pronuntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [prS prSscriptiS, -Snis [proscribS], f.,<br />
4- ntintiS], announce, recite. proscription, outlawry.<br />
propago, -are, -avi, -atus, set for-prSscriptus,<br />
-i [part, of prSscribS],<br />
-ward, extend; beget.<br />
m., outla-w.<br />
propago (of persons, propagS), prosequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum<br />
-inis [prSpagS, above], f., descend [prS 4- sequor], follo-w, escort;<br />
ants, posterity.<br />
pursue.<br />
prSpatulum, -i, [propatulus, open in Proserpina, -ae, f., Proserpine,<br />
fi'ont], n., open court.<br />
daughter of Ceres (Demeter) and<br />
propa, (i) adv., nearly. (2) prep. wife of Pluto.<br />
w. ace, near.<br />
prSspere [prosperus], adv., success<br />
propere [properus, quick], adv., fully.<br />
quickly, in haste, speedily. prSspems, -a, -um [prS 4- spes],<br />
propinquitas, -atis [propinquus], adj., agreeable to one's -wishes;<br />
f., nearness, near relationship. prosperous, lucky, fortunate.<br />
propinquus, -a, -um [prope], adj., prSspiciS, -spicera, -spexi, -spectus<br />
near. As subst., propinquus, -i, [prS 4- specio, look], look out,<br />
m., kinsman, relative.<br />
provide for.<br />
propius, comp. of prope.<br />
prSstarnS, -sternere, -stravi, -stra<br />
propSnS, -pSnara, -posui, -positus tus [prS 4- sternS, strew], lay tow,<br />
[pro 4- pSnS], set before; offer, utterly vanquish.<br />
propose, prescribe,<br />
prosum, prSdasse, profui [prS 4-<br />
Propontis, -idis,.f., the Propontis, sum], be for ; help, be of service,<br />
now called the Sea of Marmora. do good.
298 VOCABULARY<br />
prStinus [pro4-tenus], aAv.,straight puUulS, -are, -avi, -atus [puUulus,<br />
on.<br />
sprout], sprout; spread.<br />
prSvehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus pulvinus, -i, m., cushion.<br />
[pro 4- vehS], carry forward, ad Piinicus, -a, -um, ad]., Punic ; of ox<br />
vance.<br />
with Cartilage.<br />
prSvideS, -videra, -vidi, -visus [prS puppis, -is, f., stern ; helm.<br />
4- v\A?^b], foresee ; make provision, puts, -are, -avi, -atus, reckon,<br />
take -measures,<br />
think, suppose, believe.<br />
provincia, -aa, f., pro-uince, charge, Pydna, -ae, f., Pydna, a, coast-town<br />
office,<br />
of Macedonia.<br />
proximus, -a, -um [sup. of prope], Pyrenaaus, -a, -um, adj., of the Pyr<br />
adj., nearest, next, neighboidng; enees, a range of mountains be<br />
last (preceding).<br />
tween Gaul and Spain.<br />
prudens, -entis [for prS-ridens, from Pythagoreus, -a, -um, adj., Pythago<br />
provides], adj., sagacious, wise, rean. As subst., Pythagoreus, -i,<br />
prudent,<br />
m., follower of Pythagoras, a Gre ek<br />
priidentia, -aa [prudens], f., sagac philosopher.<br />
ity, good sense, shre-wdness. Pythia, -ae, f., Pythia, the name<br />
PrSsias, -ae, m., Prusias, king of applied to the priestess of Apollo<br />
Bithynia in Asia Minor.<br />
at Delphi.<br />
pubes, -eris, adj., adult, full-gro-wn.<br />
pSbliee [piiblicus], adv., publicly;<br />
officially, in the name of the state Q ;<br />
at the public expense.<br />
Q., the abbreviation for QuTnctus.<br />
piiblico, -are, -avi, -atus [piiblicus], qua [qui], rei. adv., by -which way,<br />
confiscate.<br />
over or along which, where.<br />
piiblieum, -i [publicus], u.., public quacumque [quicumque], adv., by<br />
place; public treasury.<br />
-whateve-r way, wtierever.<br />
piiblicus,-a, -um [populus], adj., of quadraginta [quattuor], num. adj.,<br />
the state,public, res pUblica, see res. indecl., forty.<br />
pudeS, -ere, pudui or puditum est, quadringeni, -ae, -a [quadringenti],<br />
make or be ashamed. Usually im distrib. num. adj., four hundred<br />
personal, with ace of person and each.<br />
gen. of thing, it makes ashamed, quadringenti, -ae, -a [quattuor 4-<br />
puer, pueri, m., boy, slave. In pi., centum], num. adj., four hun<br />
children,<br />
dred.<br />
puerulus, -i [puer], m., small boy, quaerS, quaerere, quaesivi, quaasi-<br />
little child,<br />
tus, seek, ask, inquire,<br />
piigna, -aa, f., battle, fight, quaestiS, -onis [quaero], f., inquiry,<br />
piignS, -are, -avi, -atus [ptigna], in-oesligation; trial, court; ijues-<br />
fight.<br />
tion, problem.
VOCABULARY 299<br />
quaestor, -Sris [quaerS], m., quaes qui [old abl. of qui and quis], adv.,<br />
tor, one of a class of Roman mag liow, where^vit/i.<br />
istrates who had charge of public quia, conj., because.<br />
finances.<br />
quicumque, quaacumque, quod-<br />
qualis, -e, rei. and interr. adj., what cumque, indef. rtl. pron., -whoever,<br />
sort of. After talis, translated wiiatever, whosoever,<br />
as; or with talis understood, such quid [ace. n. of quis], interr. adv.,<br />
as.<br />
how? why? what?<br />
quam, rei. and interr. adv., hoiv ; as. quidam, quaedam, quiddam and<br />
With superlatives, as possible. Af (adj.) quoddam [qui 4-dem. suffix<br />
ter comparatives, tlian. quam diii, -dam], indef. pron., certain, a cer<br />
as long as.<br />
tain, some.<br />
quamquam,«onj., and yet, albeit, al quidem, adv., indeed, yet, often<br />
though.<br />
merely a means of emphasis, ne<br />
quants [abl. of quantum], adv., by . . . quidem, see ne.<br />
how much, how much, how far. quiescS, quiescere, quievi, quietus<br />
quantum [ace. u. of quantus], adv., [quies, rest], keep quiet, take no<br />
to what extent, how far, how action ; rest, sleep,<br />
much.<br />
quietus, -a, -um [part, of quiesco],<br />
quantus, -a, -um, rei. and interr. adj., peaceful, taking no part in<br />
adj., ho-w great, how much. After war.<br />
tantus, translated as; or with tan quilibet, quaelibat, quidlibet and<br />
tus understood, as great as, as (adj.) quodlibet [qui 4- libet],<br />
mucli as.<br />
indef. pron., any one you please,<br />
qua re, see res.<br />
any whatsoever, any at all.<br />
quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], num. quin [qui 4- ne], (i) adv., how not,<br />
adj., fourth.<br />
why not. quin etiam, nay even.<br />
quaterni, -ae,.-a [quattuor], distrib. (2) conj., but that, but -what, that<br />
num. adj., four at a time.<br />
. . . not; often rendered from,<br />
quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four. quingenti, -ae, -a [quinque 4- cen<br />
-que, enclitic conj., and.<br />
tum], num. adj., five hundred,<br />
quem ad modum, in what manner, quinquageni,-ae,-a [quinquaginta],<br />
how; as.<br />
distrib. num. adj., fifty each,<br />
querer, queri, quastus sum, com quinquaginta [quinc[ue], indecl.<br />
plain.<br />
num. adj., fifty,<br />
qui, quae, quod, rei. pron., who, quinque, indecl. num. aA],,five,<br />
which, what, tliat.<br />
quinquiens [quinque], num. adv.,<br />
qui, quae, quod, interr. adj., which ? five times,<br />
what ?<br />
Quinctius, -i, m., the name of<br />
qui, quae, quod, indef. adj., used Romanes«j. Individuals are (i) C<br />
after si, nisi, ne, num, any. Quinctius Flamininus, consul 192
300 VOCABULARY<br />
B.C.; and (2) T, Quinctius Flami all the time that, as long as, while;<br />
ninus, who conquered Philip V of until.<br />
Macedon, and was one of the em quod [ace n. of qui], conj., in that,<br />
bassy sent to procure the extradi that, as to the fact dial; inasmuch as,<br />
tion of Hannibal from the kingdom because, quod si, but if, and so if,<br />
of Prusias.<br />
quS minus, see quS.<br />
quintus, -a, -um [quinque], num. quS mods, i.bl. of qui medus, in<br />
adj., fifth,<br />
what manner, hoiv,<br />
quippe, (I) adv., surely, of course, quondam [quom (= cum) -t- dem.<br />
certainly, to be sure, by all means; suffix -dam], once, formerly,<br />
as you see, indeed, in fact, (2) quoniam [quom (= cum) 4-iam],<br />
conj., for, inasmuch as, since,<br />
quis, (Juid, interr. jjron., wlio?<br />
whicli ? iv/iai ?<br />
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used<br />
after si, nisi, ne, num, any, any<br />
one, anything,<br />
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, interr.<br />
pron., who? which? what?<br />
who pray ? who in the world ?<br />
quisquam, quicquam [quis 4-<br />
quam], indef. pron,, any one, any radix, -icis, f., root; foot (of<br />
thing,<br />
mountain).<br />
quisque, quaaqua, quidque and rams, -a, -um, adj., scattered, infre<br />
(adj.) quodque, indef. pron., each, quent, here and there,<br />
each one, every. With adj. in sup.<br />
sing., all the,<br />
quisquis, quiequid (quidquid), indef<br />
pron., whoever, whatever.<br />
quivis, quaevis, quidvis and (adj.)<br />
quedvis [qui 4- 2 sing. pres. ind.<br />
of vols], indef. pron., any one you<br />
please, any whatever, any.<br />
quS [qui], (i) rei. and interr. adv.,<br />
since, seeing that, inasmuch as,<br />
quoque, conj., also, as well,<br />
quSrsum and quSrsus [quo 4- part.<br />
of verts], interr. adv., whither, to<br />
what place or in what direction,<br />
quotannis [quot, as many as -f annus]<br />
, adv., yearly, every year,<br />
quotienscumque, adv., as often as,<br />
R<br />
ratiS, -Snis [reor], f., idea ; reason,<br />
judgment, consideration; plan,<br />
method, scheme, way, course,<br />
ratus, -a, -um [part, of reor], adj.,<br />
fixed, sure, permanent,<br />
re- or red-, inseparable prefix meaning<br />
again, back,<br />
racedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cassus [re-<br />
4- cedS], depart from, desist,<br />
io what place, whither; on which racidS, recidera, reccidi or recidi,<br />
account, wherefore. With com recasiirus [re- + cado], fall back,<br />
paratives, the. quo minus, by how fall again,<br />
much the less, that not; often renrecipiS,<br />
-cipare, -cepi, -ceptus [redered<br />
_^ro;«. (2) conj., that there 4- capio], take back, get back, reby,<br />
that, in order that.<br />
cover; recei-c-e, admit, se recipere,<br />
quoad [quo 4- »d], adv., as far as. retreat, -return.
VOCABI<br />
ULARY 301<br />
racencilio, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- regis,-Snis [regS], f, tract,territory,<br />
conciliS], win over again, recover, region, portion of country, locality,<br />
re'establish,<br />
district,<br />
recreo, -are, -avi, -atus [re- -f creS], regius, -a, -um [rex], adj., of the king<br />
revive, resuscitate, restore, or kings, kingly, royal. As subst.,<br />
rectus, -a, -um [part, of rego], adj., regii, -Srum, m. pi., royal troops ;<br />
straight; right, correct, proper; satraps of the king, nobles of the<br />
upright.<br />
court.<br />
racumbS, -cumbara, -cubui [re- 4- regnS, -are, -avi, -atus<br />
cumbS, lie], lie back, lie down, re reign.<br />
[regnum],<br />
cline.<br />
regnum, -i [rex], n., kingly govern<br />
reeupero, -are, -avi, -atus, rement, rule, kingdom,<br />
cover.<br />
regS, ragere, rexi, rectus, direct,<br />
racusS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- + guide; rule, govern,<br />
causa], object, refuse.<br />
religlS, -Snis, f., obligation ; consci<br />
raddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [red- 4entiousness, piety, scrupulousness;<br />
dS], give back, return, repay ; de veneration ; religious ceremony,<br />
liver, render.<br />
relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictus<br />
redeS, -ira, -ii, -itus [red- 4- eo], re [re- -f linquS, leave], leave behind,<br />
turn, go back ; accrue.<br />
leave, abandon,<br />
radigS, -igare, -egi, -actus [red- 4- raliquiaa, -arum [reliquus], f. pi.,<br />
agS], bring back, bring; reduce. remnant, remainder, rest,<br />
radimS, -imere, -ami, -emptus [red- reliquus, -a, -um [rehnquS], adj.,<br />
-\- emo, buy], buy back, redeem, remaining, rest of.<br />
ransom,<br />
remaneo, -manere, -mansi [re- 4-<br />
reditus, -Ss [redeo], m., return, maneo], remain,<br />
retreat; revenue, income,<br />
remex, -igis [remus, oar 4- ago],<br />
rediicS, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus [re- m., rower,<br />
4- duco], lead or bring back, take raminiscor, -i, remember, call to<br />
again,<br />
mind, recollect,<br />
refers, -ferre, rettuli, ralatus [re- remissus, -a, -um [part, of remittS],<br />
4- ferS], bringback, return, render; adj., lax, careless,<br />
relate, report, refer, recite, tell, remittS, say; -mittere, -misi, -missus<br />
compare,<br />
[re- 4- mitts], send back; let go,<br />
reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [re- 4- relax,<br />
faciS], repair, rebuild; recruit, remStus,-a,-um [part, of removes],<br />
refresh, restore,<br />
adj., distant, far from,<br />
refringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractus removes, -movere, -movi, -mStus<br />
[re- 4- frangS], break up, crush, re- 4- moves], remove, take away;<br />
refugio, -fugere, -fugi [re-4-fugio], put out of the -way, kill; drive<br />
flee back, retreat, escape.<br />
back.
302 VOCABULARY<br />
renovS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- res, rei, f., thing, matter, affair, fact;<br />
novS, make neiv], renew,<br />
undertaking; condition; power;<br />
renuntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- success; fortunes, possessions; cause,<br />
niintiS], send or bring back -word, means, res ta,rriili3.ris, property.<br />
report; disclaim, renounce, re res gestae, deeds, exploits, res<br />
pudiate,<br />
piiblica, commonwealth, state, pub-<br />
reor, reri, ratus sum, reckon, think, tic interests or welfare, political<br />
suppose, imagine.<br />
life, re vera, in reality, as an<br />
repellS, repellere, reppuli, repulsus actual fact,<br />
[re—hpells], drive back, repel, de resacro, -are [re- 4- sacrS, render<br />
feat.<br />
sacred], release from a curse,<br />
rapante [repens, sudden], adv., sud rescinds, -era, -scidi, -scissus [redenly,<br />
unexpectedly.<br />
4- scindS, cleave], cut down,<br />
repentinus, -a, -um [repens, sud rescisco, -sciscere, -scivi or -scii,<br />
den], adj., sudden, unexpected, -scitus [re- 4- sciscS, learn], find<br />
unsuspected.<br />
out, learn,<br />
reperiS, -ire, repperi, repertus [re- resists, -sistere, -stiti [re- 4- sistS,<br />
4-paris], find again; find, dis set], resist, oppose,<br />
cover.<br />
respiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus<br />
repS, repara, repsi, reptus, creep. [re- 4- specio, look], regard, look<br />
repono, -pSnere, -posui, -positus at, observe,<br />
[re--t-pSnS], put back; lay up, raspondeo, -spondera, -spondi,<br />
deposit.<br />
-sponsus [re-i-spondeo], answer,<br />
reprehends, -prehendere, -prahandi, respond, reply, retort, meet a charge,<br />
-prehensus [re- -f prebends, respSnsum, -i [part, of respondeS],<br />
grasp], blame, censure,<br />
n., ans-wer reply, response (of an<br />
reprimS, -primere, -pressi, -pres oracle).<br />
sus [re- 4- premS], check, suppress,<br />
stop, curb,<br />
repudiS, -are, -avi, -atus, reject,<br />
spurn,<br />
repugns, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4pugnS],<br />
resist, oppose,<br />
repulsa, -ae [repellS], I,, rejection, rete, -is, u., iwi,<br />
denial, refusal,<br />
retineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tantus [rereputS,<br />
-are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- 4- teneS], tiold, keep, retain,<br />
puto], think over, ponder, medi retrahS, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus<br />
tate,<br />
[re- 4- trahS], draw back; rescue,<br />
require, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisi- reus, -a, -um [res], adj., accused;<br />
tus [re- -1- quaero], ask, request,<br />
inquire.<br />
res publica, see res.<br />
rastituS, -stituara, -stitui, -stitiitus<br />
[re- 4- status], restore, reinstate,<br />
retards, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4tardS,<br />
make slo-w], hinder, impede,<br />
keep back,<br />
bound, responsible. As subst.,<br />
reus, -i, in., prisoner.
VOCABULARY 303<br />
re vera, see res.<br />
sacellum, -i [sacrum, sacred place],<br />
reverts, -ere, -ti, and<br />
li., shrine.<br />
reverter, -i, -versus sum [re- 4- sacer, -era, -crum, adj., sacred, convextb],<br />
return. The active form is secrated, Jioly.<br />
rare except in the perfect tenses. sacerdSs, -etis [sacer 4- do], m. and<br />
revocS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- vo- f., priest, priestess,<br />
co], recall,<br />
sacrarium, -i [sacer], u., shrine,<br />
rex, regis [regS], m., king,<br />
chapel (" locus in quS sacra repS-<br />
rhapsSdia, -ae [pai/'ifiSia], f., rhapnuntur").sody ; book (of the lUad).<br />
sacrificS, -are, -avi, -atus [sacer<br />
rhetor, -oris [/5-^TWfi], m., orator, -\- facis], sacrifice.<br />
speechifier,<br />
sacrilegium, -i [sacrilegus], u., sac<br />
Rhedanus, -i, m., the Rhone.<br />
rilege.<br />
Rhodius, -a, -um, adj., Rhodian, of sacrilegus, -a, -um [sacer 4- legs],<br />
Rhodes, an island on the southwest adj., sacrilegious, impious,profane.<br />
coast of Asia Minor.<br />
saepe, adv., often, frequently, Comp.<br />
risus, -iis [rideS, laugK], m.,laughter. saepius, very often, again and<br />
robur, -oris, n., oak ; strength, po-wer. again,<br />
rSbustus, -a, -um [rSbur], adj., vigorous,<br />
strong, hardy.<br />
(rogatus), only in abl. sing, rogatil<br />
[rogS], m., request.<br />
rogS, -ara, -avi, -atus, inquire, ask; shrewdness,<br />
request.<br />
Saguntum, -i, n., Saguntum, a town<br />
RSma, -aa, f., Rome.<br />
in Spain.<br />
RSmanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman, Salaminius, -a, -um, adj., of Sala<br />
rostrum, -i [rSdo, gnaw], n., beak, mis,<br />
ram, prow.<br />
Salamis, -inis, ace Salamina, f.,<br />
ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red.<br />
Salamis, an island in the Saronic<br />
rudis, -e, adj., rough; uneducated, Gulf, near Athens.<br />
ignorant.<br />
salts, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of<br />
Riifus, -i, m., see Minucius.<br />
saliS, leap], dance,<br />
riimor, -Sris, m., report, rumor, ne-ws, saltus, -iis, m., pass, ravine.<br />
rursus or rUrsum [for reversus, salum, -i, n., open sea,<br />
part, of reverts], adv., back, again. salus, -litis, f., safety, means of<br />
S<br />
S., the abbreviation for Sextus.<br />
Sabinus, -a, -um, adj., Sabine, of<br />
the Sabines, a people of central<br />
Italy.<br />
saepiS, saepire, saepsi, saeptus<br />
[saepes, hedge], enclose, fence in,<br />
surround,<br />
sagacitas, -atis [sagax, shrewd], f.,<br />
safety ; health,<br />
salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe,<br />
Samos, -i, f., Samos, a large island<br />
off the coast of Asia Minor, at one<br />
time an Athenian naval headquar<br />
ters.
304 VOCABULARY<br />
sancte [sanctus], adv., sacredly, -with scapha, -ae {aK.6.4n]], f., boat, skiff,<br />
veneration,<br />
scalaratus, -a, -um [part, of scelerS,<br />
sanctitas, -atis [sanctus], f., sanc pollute], adj., criminal,<br />
tity; honor, scrupulousness. scelus, -eris, n., crime, wickedness.<br />
sanctus, -a, -um [part, of sanciS, sceptrum, -i [aK^irrpoi'], •..,<br />
make sacred], adj., sacred.<br />
sceptre.<br />
sanguis, -inis, m., blood.<br />
sciens, -antis [part', of sciS], adj.,<br />
sano, -ara, -avi, -atus [sanus], kno-wing; skilled, expert,<br />
make sound, restore to health. scienter [sciens], adv., skilfully,<br />
sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound; discreet, cleverly, expertly,<br />
sane.<br />
scilicet [for scire licet], adv., at<br />
sapiens, -entis [part, of sapio, have least, that is to say, no doubt, of<br />
sense], adj., wise, discreet, judi course,<br />
cious,<br />
sciS, -ire, -ivi, -itus, kno-w.<br />
sapienter [sapiens], adv., wisely, Scipio, -Snis, m., family name in<br />
prudently.<br />
the gens Cornelia. In this book<br />
Sardis or Sardes, -ium, f. pi., Sar are mentioned (l) P. Cornelius<br />
dis, a city of Lydia in Asia Scipio, consul 218 B.C., and father of<br />
Minor.<br />
(2) P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus<br />
Sardinia, -aa, f., Sardinia, a large Maior, victor over Hannibal at<br />
island west of Italy.<br />
Zama, 202 B.C.; (3) L. Cornelius<br />
Sardiniensis, -e, adj., of or in Sar Scipio Asiaticus, consul 190 B.a<br />
dinia, Sardinian.<br />
scitum, -i [part, of scisco, ratify],<br />
sarmentum, -i [sarpo, prune], n., n., decree.<br />
twigs, brush-wood.<br />
scribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptus,<br />
satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant, write.<br />
body-guard; in pi., often retinue. scriptor, -oris [scrlbS], m., writer,<br />
satietas, -atis [satis], f., satiety, author.<br />
satis, (i) indecl. adj., enough, suffi scriptiira, -ae [scribo], f., -writing,<br />
cient. (2) 11. subst., enough, a composition.<br />
sufficiency. (3) adv., enough, suffi sciitum, -i, n., shield (large, oblong,<br />
ciently, somewhat.<br />
made of boards covered with skins<br />
satius [comp. of satis], adj., better, and coarse cloth).<br />
preferable,<br />
Seyms, -i, f., Scyros, an island of<br />
satrapes,-is, or satrapa, -ae [o-ar/xi- the Aegaean Sea.<br />
TTT/s], m., satrap, governor of one Scythes, -ae, adj., Scyttiian. of<br />
of the provinces of the Persian Scytliia, a tract of country in the<br />
empire.<br />
north of Europe and Asia, beyond<br />
saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded, the Euxine (Black Sea), partly<br />
scaana, -ae \_
VOCABULARY 305<br />
se- or sed-, inseparable prefix de senatus, -Ss [senex], m., senate.<br />
noting separation.<br />
senactus, -utis [senex], f., old<br />
secundus, -a, -um [sequor], follow age.<br />
ing, second ; favorable,prosperous, senesco, senescere, senui [incept.<br />
lucky.<br />
form of seneS, be old], grow feeble,<br />
secums, -a, -um [se- 4- cura], adj., wane.<br />
free from anxiety, untroubled. senex, senis, adj., old. As subst.,<br />
secus, n., indecl., sex, generally in senex, -is, m., old man.<br />
the ace. of specilicalion with senior, -Sris [comp. of senex],<br />
virile or muliebre.<br />
adj., elderly, advanced in years.<br />
secus, adv., comp. setius, other sensus, -us [sentiS], m., feeling,<br />
wise. nihilS setius, none the less. opinion, sentiment.<br />
sed, conj., but,yet, albeit, nevertheless. sententia, -ae [sentiS], f., opinion,<br />
sedeS, sedera, sedi, sessus, sit, judgment, idea; oracle; sentence,<br />
remain.<br />
vote; liking.<br />
sedS, -are, -avi, -atus [sedeo], re sentiS, santire, sensi, sensus, perpress,<br />
end, allay.<br />
ceive, realize, kno-w; feel, be minded,<br />
segnis, -a, adj., slo-w, sluggish. sympathize.<br />
segniter [segnis], adv., slo-wly. separatim [separatus, separate],<br />
nihilS segnius, with the same adv., separately, apart.<br />
activity.<br />
sepalio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultus,<br />
segregS, -are, -avi, -atus [se- 4- bury, inter.<br />
grex, herd], exclude.<br />
septem, indecl. num. adj., seven,<br />
seiiinctus, -a, -um [part, of seiungS], saptemtriSnes, -um, m. pi., the seven<br />
adj., apart, remote.<br />
plough-oxen, referring to the stars<br />
seiungS, -iungere, -iiinxi, -iiinctus in the constellation of Ursa Major,<br />
[se- 4- iungS], separate.<br />
commonly called "The Dipper" ;<br />
semel, adv., once.<br />
hence, the north,<br />
semi-, inseparable prefix meaning septingenti, -ae, -a [septem 4- cen<br />
half<br />
tum], num. adj., seven hundred.<br />
semianimis, -e [semi- 4- anima], septuagesimus, -a, -um [septua<br />
adj., half-dead.<br />
ginta], num. adj., seventieth,<br />
semper, adv., always.<br />
septuaginta [septem], indecl. num.<br />
SemprSnius, -i, m., the name of a adj., seventy,<br />
Roman gens. Nepos mentions sepulcrum, -i [sepelio], n., tomb,<br />
(i) Ti. Sempronius Longus, con- sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow,<br />
SU12I8B.C.; and (2) Ti. Sempro seek; agree with,<br />
nius Gracchus, consul 215 and Sar., the abbreviation for Servius,<br />
213 B.C.<br />
serins, -a, -um, adj., serious.<br />
Sena, -ae, f., Sena, a town of Umbria, sermS, -onis [sero], m., speech, con<br />
in the northeastern part of Italy.<br />
X<br />
versation; language, diction.
3o6 VOCABULARY<br />
sero, comp. serins [serus,/«^c],adv,, sicut [sic 4- ut], adv., just as, J'or<br />
tate, too late.<br />
instance.<br />
serS, serere, sertus, interweave, sidS, -ere, settle, sink.<br />
link,<br />
Sigeum, -i, u., Sigeum, town and<br />
serpens, -entis [part, of serpS, promontory in northwestern Asia<br />
creep], {,, snake,<br />
Minor, near the site of Troy.<br />
sertus, -a, -um, part, of sero. signifies, -are, -avi, -atus [signum<br />
Servnius, -i. m., Cn, ServHius Ge 4- facis], point out; mean, sigminus,<br />
consul 217 B.C.<br />
nify.<br />
servis, -ire, -ivi, -itus [servus], signs, -are, -avi, -atus [signum],<br />
serve ; have regard to,pay attention seal.<br />
to ; aim at,<br />
signum, -i, n., sign, signal; seal;<br />
servitus, -litis [servus], f., slavery, standard.<br />
bondage,<br />
Silenus, -i, m., Silenus, a Greek<br />
servS, -are, -avi, -atus, save, pre historian.<br />
serve, keep,<br />
similis, -a, adj., like, resembling,<br />
servulus, -i \y,txv\is],xD.,, young slave, similar.<br />
servant-lad,<br />
similitudo, -inis [similis], f., like<br />
servus, -i, xa., slave,<br />
ness, resemblance.<br />
sese, see sui.<br />
simplex, -icis, adj., simple, un<br />
setius, comp. of secus.<br />
mixed.<br />
seu, see sive.<br />
simul, adv., at the same time, to<br />
Seuthes, -is, m., Seuthes, a Thracian getlier. simul atque or ac, -when<br />
king.<br />
once, just as soon as.<br />
severe [severus], adv., severely, simulacrum, -i [simulo], 11., image,<br />
strictly,<br />
simulS, -are, -avi, -atus [similis],<br />
severus, -a, -um, adj., stern, severe. feign, pretend.<br />
sex, indecl. num. adj., six.<br />
simultas,-atis [similis], i., quarrel.<br />
sexageni,-aa, -a [sexaginta], distrib. sin [si 4- ne], conj., but if, if on<br />
num. adi-, sixty each.<br />
the contrary.<br />
sexaginta [sex], indecl. num. adj., sine, prep. w. abl., -without.<br />
sixty.<br />
singularis, -e [singuli], adj., sole,<br />
sextus, -a, -um [sex], num. adj., despotic; unusual, singular, emi<br />
sixth.<br />
nent.<br />
si, conj., if. quod si, see quod. singuli, -aa, -a, adj., one at a time ;<br />
sibi, dat. of sui.<br />
individual, separate.<br />
sic, adv., so, thus, in this way or situs, -a, -um [part, of sinS,/»/],<br />
manner.<br />
situated.<br />
Sicilia, -ae, f, Sicily.<br />
sive or seu [si -f -ve], conj., or if,<br />
Siculus, -a, -um., adj., of Sicily, whether, or. sive (seu) . . . siva<br />
Sicilian.<br />
(seu), -wliether . . . or.
sSbrius, -a, -um [se- 4- ebrius,<br />
drunk], adj., sober.<br />
socer, -ari, m., father-in-law.<br />
secialis, -a [socius], adj., with or of<br />
allies, social.<br />
seciatas, -atis [socius], f., share,<br />
part; association, alliance.<br />
socius, -i, m., ally,<br />
Socrates, -is, m., Socrates, a famous<br />
VOCABULARY 307<br />
Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta, also called<br />
Lacedaemon, the chief city of Laconia<br />
in the Peloponnese.<br />
Spartanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sparta,<br />
Spartan,<br />
sparus, -i, m., hunting-spear,<br />
species, ace. -em, abl. -e [speciS,<br />
took], f., appearance;<br />
ideal<br />
kind, sort;<br />
Athenian philosopher, died 399 B.C. spectaculum, -i [spectS], n., sight,<br />
SScraticus, -a, -um, adj., of Socrates. spectacle, show,<br />
As subst., SScraticus, -i, m., dis spactS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of<br />
ciple or follower of Socrates. speciS, took], took, see; face,<br />
soleo, solere, solitus sum, be accus point,<br />
tomed, be wont, be used.<br />
speculator, -oris [speculor, took at],<br />
sSlitudo, -inis [solus], f., loneliness. xa,, scout,<br />
sellers, -ertis, adj., skilful, expert. spero, -are, -avi, -atus [spes], hope,<br />
sellicitS, -are, -avi, -atus [soUici- expect,<br />
tus, agitated], stir, rouse, rouse to spes, spei, f., hope, expectation,<br />
revolt, tempt.<br />
spiritus, -us [spTro, breathe], m.,<br />
sSlum [ace. n. of sSlus], adv., only. breath; spirit, pride, arrogance,<br />
sSlUS, -a, -um, adj., alone, solitary, splendidus, -a, -um [splendeS,<br />
deserted.<br />
shine], adj., brilliant, magnificent,<br />
solvS, -era, solvi, solutus [se- -1- splendor, -Sris [splendeS, shine],<br />
luS, loose], loose, unseal,open; pay. xa,, magnificence,<br />
navam solvere, weigh anchor. spolio, -are, -avi, -atus [spolium,<br />
sonitus, -lis [sonS, make a sound], plunder], rob, despoil,<br />
xa., sound, noise.<br />
spondaS, spendere, spependi, spSnsonus,<br />
-i, m., sound.<br />
SUS, promise, undertake,<br />
SSphrosyne, -as, f., Sophrosyne, (spons), spontis, f., free will, ac<br />
daughter of Dionjsius I of Syracord; regularly in abl. sponte<br />
cuse, and wife of Dionysius II. (joined with mea, tua, sua, etc.),<br />
sSpio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [sopor], put to of one's own accord, voluntarily,<br />
steep.<br />
statim [stS], adv., at once, immedi<br />
sopor, -Sris, m., sleep; sleepingately,draught. statua, -ae [status, set], \., statue.<br />
soror, -Sris, f, sister.<br />
status, -ere, -ui, -iitus [status, set],<br />
sors, sertis, f., lot, duty assigned by set up ; come to the conclusion, de<br />
lot,<br />
cide,<br />
SSsilus, -i. 111., Sosilus, a Greek his statura, -ae [status, set], f., height,<br />
torian, I stature.
3o8 VOCABULARY<br />
status, -us [stS], m., position, pose, suadeS, suadere, suasi, suasus,<br />
condition,<br />
urge, persuade.<br />
Stesagoras, -aa, m., Stesagoras, sub, prep. w. ace and abl., under, at<br />
brother of Miltiades.<br />
the foot of, beneath.<br />
stipendium, -i [stips, contribution subalaris, -a [sub 4- ala, armpit],<br />
4- pendS], n., tax; salary; mili adj., carried under the arm.<br />
tary service, stipendium mereri, subdiieS, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus<br />
perform military service (lit., earn [sub 4- diicS], take from under,<br />
pay).<br />
take away by stealth.<br />
stirps, -is, f., stock, offspring, family, subeS, -ire, -ii, -itus [sub 4- eS],<br />
origin,<br />
undergo, suffer.<br />
stS, stare, stati, status, stand. subiciS, -icare, -ieci, -iectus [sub 4-<br />
With ab, be on the side of, mihi iaciS], thrust under, substitute.<br />
stat, / am determined,<br />
subigS, -igere, -egi, -actus [sub 4-<br />
stolidus, -a, -um, adj., stupid,<br />
ago], subdue.<br />
stramentum, -i [sterno, strew], n., subitS [abl. of subitus], adv., sud<br />
straw,<br />
denly.<br />
stratum, -i [part, of sternS, strew], subitus, -a, -um [part, of subeS],<br />
n., covering; couch.<br />
adj., sudden.<br />
strenuus, -a, -um, adj., active, vig sublatus, -a, -um, part, of telle.<br />
orous, earnest.<br />
sublevS, -are, -avi, -atus [sub 4-<br />
strepitus, -us [strepS, make a noise], levS], support, assist.<br />
xa., din, noise, uproar.<br />
submoveo, -movere, -mSvi, -mStus<br />
struo, struere, struxi, structus, [sub 4- moveo], remove, send<br />
build, construct.<br />
a-way.<br />
Strymon, -onis, ace Strymona, m, subSrnS, -are, -avi, -atus [sub 4-<br />
the Strymon, a river of Thrace. Srno], support secretly.<br />
studeo, -era, -ui, desire ; be eager or subsidium, -i [sub 4- sedeo], rein<br />
anxious, strive; favor.<br />
forcement, aid.<br />
studiSse [studiSsus], adv., zeal substituB, -stituara, -stitui, -stituously.tus<br />
[sub4-status], substitute.<br />
studiosus, -a, -um [studium], adj., subsum, -esse [sub 4- sum], be<br />
zealous, eager, assiduous ; fond of, underneath, be at hand.<br />
interested in.<br />
succedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus<br />
studium, -i [studeS], n., zeal, en [sub 4- xx.^], follo-w, succeed, take<br />
thusiasm, eagerness, interest; pur the place of.<br />
suit, occupation, study.<br />
succendS, -candere, -cendi, -census,<br />
stulte [stultus, foolish], adv., fool set on fire (from beneath).<br />
ishly.<br />
succumbs, -cumbere, -cubui [sub<br />
stultitia, -ae [stultus, foolish], {., 4- -cumbS, lie], yield, succumb,<br />
folly.<br />
give up.
VOCABULARY 309<br />
succurro, -currere, -curri, -cursus superior, -ius [comp. of superus],<br />
[sub 4- curro], come to the rescue adj., upper, former; superior, vic<br />
or assistance of, help.<br />
torious.<br />
sufdciS, -ficere, -feci, -factus [sub supers, -are, -avi, -atus [superus],<br />
4- facis], put or appoint in place go over, sail past; overcome, sur<br />
of<br />
pass.<br />
suffragium, -i [sufiragor], n., ballot, superstes, -itis [super 4- st5], adj.,<br />
vote, decision.<br />
surviving.<br />
suffragor, -ari, -atus sum, vote for,<br />
recommend.<br />
sui (gen.), dat. sibi, ace. and abl.<br />
se or sese, reflex, pron., himself<br />
herself, itself, themselves, etc.<br />
supersum, -esse, -fui [super 4sum],<br />
be over, remain, survive.<br />
superus,-a, -um [super], adj., above,<br />
upper. As subst., superi, -Srum,<br />
m. pi., the gods (above).<br />
Often to be rendered by a pers. suppeditS, -are, -avi, -'a.tus, furnish,<br />
pron,, he she, it, they.<br />
supply.<br />
Sulpicius, -i, m., the name of a Ro suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitus<br />
man gens. In this book are men [sub 4- pets], be at hand, be<br />
tioned (i) P. Sulpicius Galba, present, be available.<br />
consul 200 B.C.; (2) Sulpicius supplex, -icis [sub 4- plicS, fold],<br />
Blitho, a Roman historian; (3) adj., kneeling. As subst., sup<br />
Ser. Sulpicius Galba, praetor plex, -icis, m., suppliant, suppli<br />
151 B.C.<br />
cant.<br />
sum, esse, fui, futiirus, be, exist; supplicium, -i [supplex], u.,punish<br />
stay, live.<br />
ment, death-penalty.<br />
summa, -ae [summus], f., top, main supra [superus], (i) adv., above, in<br />
point; sum, amount, whole; chief addition. (2) prep. w. ace, above,<br />
part, chief command.<br />
beyond.<br />
summus, -a, -um [sup. of superus], supremus, -a, -um [sup. of superus],<br />
adj., highest,greatest, utmost; great, aS].,final, last.<br />
distinguished.<br />
surgS, surgere, surrexi, surrectus<br />
sums, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus [sub 4- rego], rise, get up.<br />
[sub 4- emS, take], take, get, choose. Susamithres, -is, m., Susaniithres,<br />
sSmptus, -us [sOmo], m., expense, a Persian.<br />
outlay.<br />
suscipio, -cipera, -cepi, -ceptus [sub<br />
super, (l) adv., over, besides, left. 4-capiS], undertake, conceive; in<br />
(2) prep. w. ace, over, upon. (3) cur.<br />
prep. w. abl., concerning.<br />
suspicio, -spicara, -spexi, -spectus<br />
superbe [superbus, haughty], adv., [sub 4- speciS, look], look up at,<br />
haughtily.<br />
respect, esteem.<br />
suparbia, -ae [superbus, haughty], suspicio, -Snis [suspicio], f, sus<br />
f., pride.<br />
picion.
310 VOCABULARY<br />
suspicor,-ari,-atus sum [suspicio], tanto opera, see opus.<br />
suspect.<br />
tantum [ace n. of tantus], adv., so<br />
sustineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tantus mucJi, to such an extent; only so<br />
[sub 4- teneS], withstand,<br />
much, only, tantum mode, only<br />
sustuli, perf of tolls.<br />
and no m.ore, only.<br />
suus, -a, -um, poss. adj., his, her, tantus, -a, -um, adj., so much, so<br />
hers, its, their, theirs ; his own, etc. great, *such,<br />
Syracusae, -arum, f. pi., Syracuse, a tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, in<br />
Greek city on the east coast of active,<br />
Sicily.<br />
Tarentinus, -a, -um, adj., of Taren<br />
Syraciisanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sytum, Tarentiue,<br />
racuse, Syracusan.<br />
Tarentum, -i, n., Tarentum, a city<br />
Syria, -ae, f., Syria, a country of of Magna Graecia, in southern<br />
Asia on the east coast of the Italy.<br />
Mediterranean Sea.<br />
Taurus, -i, m., the Taurus Moun<br />
T<br />
tains, a range in southeastern Asia<br />
Minor.<br />
T., the abbreviation for Titus. tectum, -i [tego], n., covering, roof.<br />
tabellarius, -i [tabella, -writing-tabtegS,<br />
tegere, texi, tectus, co-oer, prolet],<br />
xa., letter-carrier, messenger. tect, clothe.<br />
tabernaculum, -i [taberna, hut], a., telum, -i, n., missile, weapon.<br />
tent.<br />
temerarius, -a, -um [temere, rashly],<br />
taceS, -ere, -ui, -itus, be silent, keep adj., rasti, audacious.<br />
quiet about.<br />
tempastas,-atis [tempus], i.,time;<br />
Tachus, -i, m., Tachos, a king of weather, storm, tempest.<br />
Egypt.<br />
templum, -i, ^., temple.<br />
Taenarum, -i, n., Taenarum, a city tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, try, make<br />
and promontory in the southern trial of, attempt.<br />
part of Laconia.<br />
tempus, -eris, n., time ; occasion, op<br />
taenia, -ae {jaivla.], f., fillet. portunity; crisis.<br />
talentum, -i \ri.\avTov], n., talent, tends, tendere, tetendi, tentus<br />
a sum equal to about J1200.<br />
[teneS], stretch, aim; be bound.<br />
talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind, teneS, -ere, -ui, hold, occupy; blow<br />
tam, adv., so, as much,<br />
(of the direction of a wind).<br />
tamen, adv., however, nevertheless, tenuis, -e, adj., thin, slight, small.<br />
yet,<br />
tenus, prep. w. abl., as far as, up to,<br />
Tamphilus, -i, m., see Baebius. Terentius,-i,ni., C. Terentius Tar-<br />
tamquam [tam 4- quam], adv., just ro, consul B.C. 216.<br />
as, as if,<br />
tarra, -ae, f., land, country,<br />
tanto [abl. of tantus], adv., by so terrestris, -e [terra], adj., land, on<br />
much, so much, so.<br />
land.
VOCABULARY 311<br />
terror,-oris [texxeb],xa,, fear,dread, Thassalia, -ae, f., Thessaly, a dis<br />
terror.<br />
trict of northern Greece.<br />
tartiS [abl. of tertius], adv., a third Thracia, -aa, f., Thrace,<br />
time,<br />
Thraessa, -ae, f., Thracian wo<br />
tertius, -a, -um [tres], num. adj., man.<br />
third,<br />
Thrax, Thracis, m., a Thracian.<br />
testa, -ae, f., tile, potsherd, used Thrasybiilus, in<br />
-i, m., Thrasybulus,<br />
voting.<br />
an Athenian general.<br />
testatus, -a, -um [part, of tester], Thucydides, -is, m., Thucydides,<br />
adj., manifest.<br />
Greek historian.<br />
testimSnium, -i [testis], u., evi Thurii, -Srum, m. pi., Thurii, a town<br />
dence, proof.<br />
in southern Italy.<br />
testis, -is, m., witness.<br />
Ti., the abbreviation for Tiberius,<br />
tastor, -ari, -atus sum [testis], Tiberis, -is, m., tlie Tiber, a river of<br />
call as a witness; invoke; de Italy.<br />
clare.<br />
tibia, -ae, f., sJiin-bone; fiute,<br />
tastudS, -inis [testa], f., tortoise, pipe,<br />
military shed, either of wood or Timaeus, -i, m., Timaeus, Greek<br />
made by the soldiers lapping their historian.<br />
shields above their heads.<br />
times, -ere, -ui, fear, be afraid,<br />
testula, -ae [testa], f., potsherd; dread,<br />
voting-tablet.<br />
timidus, -a, -um [timeS], adj., timid,<br />
Thasius, -a, -um, adj., of Thasos. cowardly,<br />
Thasos, -i, f., Thasos, an island in TimoleSn, -ontis, m., Timoleon,<br />
the Aegaean Sea, near the coast of Corinthian general.<br />
Thrace.<br />
Timoleonteus, -a, -um, adj., of<br />
thaatrum, -i [diarpov], n., theatre. Timoleon, Timoleon's,<br />
Thebaa, -arum, f. pi., Thebes, the Timophanes -is, m., Timophanes,<br />
principal city of Boeotia.<br />
brother of Timoleon.<br />
Thebanus, -a, -um, adj., of Thebes, timor, -Sris [timeo], xa,,fear, dread,<br />
Theban.<br />
anxiety,<br />
Themistocles, -is or -i, Themistocles, Timotheus, -i, m., Timotheus, an<br />
a famous Athenian.<br />
Athenian general.<br />
Theopompus, -i, m., Theopompus, a Tiribazus, -i, m., Tiribazus, „ Per<br />
Greek historian.<br />
sian satrap.<br />
Theramenes, -is, m., Theramenes, Tissaphemes, -is, m., Tissaphemes,<br />
an Athenian general.<br />
satrap of Lydia and Caria in Asia<br />
Thermopylae, -amm {Qippja-rliKai, Minor.<br />
"Hot Gates"], f. pi., Thermopylae, Tithraustes, -is, m., Tithraustes,<br />
narrow pass on the coast of a Persian general, who succeeded<br />
Thessaly.<br />
Tissaphemes in his satrapy.
312 VOCABULARY<br />
tolls, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, raise ; tres, tria, num. adj., three,<br />
remove, take away ; put out of die tribiinus, -i [tribus, tribe], xa,, trib<br />
way, kill.<br />
une,<br />
tot, indecl. adj., so many.<br />
tribuS, -ara, -ui, -utus [tribus, tribe],<br />
totidam [tot], indecl. adj., just as allot, contribute, besto-w ; attribute.<br />
many,<br />
triannium, -i [tres 4- annus], u.,<br />
tStus, -a, -um, adj., the wliole, all, period of three years.<br />
tracts, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of triginta [tres], indecl. num. adj.,<br />
trahS], treat,<br />
thirty,<br />
tractus, -us [traho], m., course, trimestris, -a [tres -f mensis], adj.,<br />
region, tra.ct,<br />
of three months,<br />
trade, -dere, -didi, -ditus [trans 4- triplex, -icis [tres 4- plicS, fold],<br />
dS], give over, hand over, sur adj., threefold, triple,<br />
render ; ha.nd down, teach, tripus, -odis \Tplirovf], xa,, tripod,<br />
traducS, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus triremis, -a [tres 4- remus, oar],<br />
[trans 4- diico], lead across or over, adj., with three banks of oars. As<br />
trahS, trahere, traxi, tractus, draw, subst., triremis, -is, f., trireme, a<br />
traiciS, -icara, -ieci, -iectus [trans ship propelled by three banks of<br />
-f iaciS], throw across, bring over, oars.<br />
transfer.<br />
tristis, -a, adj., gloomy, sad.<br />
transeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [trans 4- eo], triumphus, -i, m., triumph.<br />
go ox pass over, cross.<br />
TrSas, -adis, adj., Trojan. As<br />
transfers, -farra, -tuli, -latus [trans subst., TrSas, -adis, f., tlie Troad,<br />
-f ferS], take over, hand over, that part of Asia Minor in the<br />
transfer.<br />
neighborhood of Troy.<br />
transfugio, -fugere, -fugi [trans 4- Troazen, -enis, ace. Troezena, f.,<br />
fugiS], fiee, desert.<br />
Troezen, a city of Argolis in<br />
transigS, -igera, -egi, -actus [trans Greece, across the Saronic Gulf<br />
4- agS], transfix ; complete, spend, from Athens.<br />
pass.<br />
tropaeum, -i [Tp67ra(op], n., trophy;<br />
transitus, -us [transeS], m., cross victory,<br />
ing.<br />
tii, tui, pers. pron., thou, you.<br />
transports, -are, -avi, -atus [trans tuba, -ae, f., trumpet.<br />
4- ports], take over.<br />
tuaor, tueri, tutus (rarely tuitus)<br />
Trasumenus, -i, m., Trasumenus, a sum, took at, oversee ; defend, pro<br />
lake in Etruria.<br />
tect, guard, care for.<br />
Trebia, -ae, m., the Trebia, a tribu tum, adv., then, tliereupon, at that<br />
tary of the river Po in Cisalpine time, cum . . . tum, see cum.<br />
Gaul.<br />
tumultus, -us [tumeS, swell], ni.,<br />
tracenti, -ae, -a [tres 4- centum], uprising; disturbance, impending<br />
num. adj., three Iiundred,<br />
danger, civil war.
VOCABULARY 3^3<br />
turbidus, -a, -um [turba, turmoil], universus, -a, -um [unus -|- verto],<br />
adj., will, disordered,<br />
adj., the whole of, as a whole,<br />
turpis, -a, adj., foul, base, disgrace without exception.<br />
ful<br />
unus, -a, -um, num. adj., one; alone,<br />
turpiter [turpis], adv., disgrace single, only.<br />
fully,<br />
urbanus, -a, -um [urbs], adj., of, in,<br />
turpitudS, -inis [turpis], f., dis or belonging to a or the city.<br />
grace.<br />
urbs, urbis, f., city.<br />
Tusculum, -i, n., Tusculum, a town usquam, adv., anywhere.<br />
of Latium in central Italy. usque, adv., up to, all the way.<br />
tuts [abl. of tiitus], adv., safely, in usura, -ae [ator], f., use; interest,<br />
safety.<br />
usury.<br />
tutum, -i [tatus], II., safety. Ssus, -Ss [ator], m., use, experi<br />
tatus, -a, -um [part, of tueor], adj., ence.<br />
safe.<br />
ut or uti, (i) adv., as. (2) conj.,<br />
tuus, -a, -um [tii], poss. adj., thy, when; that, in order that, so that.<br />
your (of one person).<br />
uter, utra, utmm, interr. and rei.<br />
tyrannis, -idis [Tvpanvh], {., tyr pron., -which of the two, which.<br />
anny.<br />
uterque, ntraqua, utrumque [uter],<br />
tyrannus, -i [Tii/savyos], m., tyrant, pron., each (of two), both.<br />
unconstitutional or despotic ruler. Utica, -ae, f., Utica, a<br />
northern Africa.<br />
city of<br />
U<br />
Stilis, -a [utor], adj., useful, advan<br />
ubi, adv. and conj., -where, when. tageous, profitable.<br />
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, avenge, Stilitas, -atis [utilis], f., usefulness,<br />
punish.<br />
advantage.<br />
uUus, -a, -um [anus], adj., any. utinam [ut 4- nam], adv., O that,<br />
ultus, -a, -um, part, of ulciscor. would that, L luish that.<br />
umquam, adv., ever.<br />
utique [ut], adv., at least.<br />
iina [iinus], adv., together, at the uter, Sti, Ssus sum, use, employ;<br />
same time, in the same place. co-nform to; enjoy, experience;<br />
undo, adv., whence, from -which. have intercourse with, live with.<br />
Undacimviri, -oram [lindecim, ele-oen utpote [ut4-pote, able], adv., name<br />
4- vir], m. pi., the Eleven, who ly, as being.<br />
had charge of prisons, police, and utrobique [uter 4- ubique, every<br />
punishment at Athens.<br />
where], adv., on both sides, in<br />
undique [unde], adv., from or on either respect.<br />
alt sides, from every direction or utmm [ace n. of uter], interr.<br />
source.<br />
adv., used in double questions,<br />
unguantum, -i [unguo, smear], n., whether ?<br />
ointment, perfume.<br />
uxor, -Sris, f., wife.
314 VOCABULARY<br />
V<br />
vanenum, -i, u., poison,<br />
veneror, -ari, -atus sum, reverence,<br />
vacuefaciS, -facara, -feci, -factus worship,<br />
[vacuus, empty 4- faciS], make venia, -ae, I,, favor, indulgence,<br />
empty.<br />
vaniS, venire, veni, ventus, come,<br />
vadimSnium, -i [vas, bail], n., bail, venor, -ari, -atus sum, hunt.<br />
security, recognizance,<br />
ventus, -i, m., -wind.<br />
valens, -entis [part, of valeS], adj., venumdS, -dare, -dedi, -datus<br />
strong, powerful, influential, [venum, sale 4- do], sell.<br />
valeS, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be strong; Venusia, -ae, f., Venusia, a town in<br />
have weight or influence; prevail, southern Italy.<br />
be effectual.<br />
varbum, -i, n., word, saying, verba<br />
Valerius, -i, m., see Flaccus.<br />
dare, deceive, trick.<br />
valetSdo, -inis [valeS], f., health, vera [verus], adv., truly.<br />
state of health (good or bad); illvereor,<br />
vereri, varitus sum, fear.<br />
health, infirmity.<br />
vergS, vargere, incline.<br />
vallum, -i [vallus, stake], a., ram Veritas, -atis [verus], f., truth.<br />
part, palisaded wall.<br />
vero [abk of verum], adv., in ti-uth,<br />
valvae, -arum, f. pi., (double) doors. truly; while, yet, but, however,<br />
varius, -a, -um, adj., various, fickle, no-w.<br />
inconsistent.<br />
versS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of<br />
VarrS, -Snis, m., see Terentius. verts], turn often or -oiolently.<br />
vas, vasis, a,, vessel, jar.<br />
In pass., move, live, dwell, be,, be<br />
-ve, enclitic conj., or.<br />
situated; engage in, have experi<br />
vectigal, -alls [veho], n., tax, ence, act.<br />
revenue,<br />
versus, -Ss [verts], m., line (of<br />
vahiculum, -i [vehS], u., carriage, writing), verse.<br />
vehS, vehere, vexi, vectus, carry; verts, vertere, verti, versus, turn,<br />
in passive, often sail, drive, etc. re-oolve.<br />
vel [vols], (i) conj,, or. vel . . . varum [ace. n. of verus], conj., but.<br />
vel, either . . . or, (2) adv., the varus,-a, -um, adj., true.<br />
very (with SUJD.).<br />
vesparasco, -are [vesper, evening],<br />
velScitas, -atis [velSx, stvift], {„ grow towards evening.<br />
swiftness, nimbleness, agility, vaster, -tra, -trum [vSs], poss. pron.,<br />
velum, -i, u., sail,<br />
your, yours, your own (of more<br />
velut or veluti [vel 4- ut], adv., just than one person).<br />
as if,<br />
vestigium, -i [vestigo, trace out],<br />
venaticus, -a, -um [venor], adj., u., trace, track.<br />
hunting,<br />
vestimentum, -i [vestis], u., clothing.<br />
venenatus,-a,-um [part. ofvenenS, vestiS, -ira, -ivi, -itus [vestis], clodte.<br />
poison], ad],, poisofious.<br />
vestis, -is, f., clothes.
vastitus, -us [vestio], m., clothing,<br />
attire,<br />
vats, -are, -ui, -iXns, forbid,<br />
Vettones, -um, m. pi., the Vettones,<br />
a people of Spain.<br />
vetus, -aris, adj., old, ancient,<br />
vetustus, -a, -um [vetus], adj.,<br />
ancient,<br />
vexS, -ara, -avi, -atus [freq. of<br />
vehS], molest, harass, distress.<br />
vicesimus, -a, -um [viginti], num.<br />
adj., twentieth,<br />
vicinitas, -atis [vicinus, neighbor<br />
ing], f., neighborhood,<br />
(vicis), -is, f., change, vicissitude.<br />
victor, -Sris [-vinco], m., victor,<br />
winner, conqueror. Often used as<br />
adj., victorious,<br />
victSria, -ae [victor], f., victory.<br />
victus, -Ss [vivo], m., food; manner<br />
of life, style of living, life.<br />
victus, -a, -um, part, of vincS.<br />
videS, videra, vidi, visus, see. In<br />
pass., often seem, seem best,<br />
think.<br />
vidua, -ae [viduus, bereft], I., -widow;<br />
unmarried woman.<br />
vigeS, -ere, -ui, thrive, fiourish.<br />
vigilantia, -aa [-vigilans, watchful],<br />
{., watchfulness, vigilance.<br />
VOCABULARY 3i5<br />
vigilia, -aa [vigil, awake], f., %iiatch, vita, -ae [vivo], f., life, conduct of<br />
guard.<br />
life.<br />
viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty. vitium, -i, n., fault, vice.<br />
vilis, -a, adj., cheap, worthless. vits, -are, -avi, -atus, avoid.<br />
vinco, vincara, vici, victus, conquer, vitulinus, -a, -um [vitulus, calf],<br />
overcome.<br />
adj., of a calf. As subst., vitulina,<br />
vinculum or vinclum, -i [vinciS, -ae, f., veal.<br />
bind], n., bonds, chain, fastening.<br />
In pi., prison,<br />
vindico, -are, -avi, -atus [vindex,<br />
defender], claim, place in free<br />
condition, in libertatem vindicare,<br />
liberate.<br />
vinea, -ae [vlnurn], f., military shed<br />
(built like an arbor, for sheltering<br />
an attacking party).<br />
vinolentus, -a, -um [vinum], adj.,<br />
full of -wine, flushed with wine,<br />
vinum, -i, n., wine,<br />
viplentus, -a, -um [vis], adj., violent,<br />
impetuous,<br />
viols, -are, -avi, -atus, violate,<br />
profane, desecrate, do violence to,<br />
wrong,<br />
vir, viri, m., man, hero,<br />
virgS, -inis, f., maiden, girl,<br />
virgula, -ae [virga, bough], {,, twig.<br />
virHis, -a [vir], adj., male.<br />
viritim [vir], adv., man by man.<br />
virtSs, -utis [vir], f., manliness;<br />
valor, courage ; worth, virtue. In<br />
pi., points of excellence.<br />
vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, other singular<br />
cases rare, f., force, violence;<br />
attack, onset. PI., vires, -ium,<br />
strength, powers.<br />
viso, visere, visi, visus [freq. of<br />
video], look at attentively, survey;<br />
go to see, visit.<br />
visus,-Ss [videS],m., sight, apparition.<br />
vivS, vivere, vixi, victus, live, be<br />
alive or living.<br />
vivus, -a, -um [vivo], adj., alive,<br />
living.
316 VOCAB SULARY<br />
vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with vulgus, -i, n., crowd, common people;<br />
difficulty.<br />
rank-and-file, common soldiery.<br />
vocitS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of vulnerS, -are, -avi, -atus [vulnus],<br />
vocS], call.<br />
wound.<br />
vocS, -are, -avi, -atus [vSx], call, vulnus, -eris, n., wound.<br />
summon, invite.<br />
vultus, -us, m., expression, face,<br />
volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish, countenance.<br />
desire.<br />
VolsS, -Snis, m., see Manlius. X<br />
voluman, -inis [volvo, roll], roll, Xenophon, -ontis, m., Xenophon,<br />
book, volume.<br />
an Athenian historian and general.<br />
voluntas, -atis [vols], i.,-will,wish, Xerxes, -is, m., Xerxes, king of<br />
desire; good -will; attitude, feel Persia from B.C. 485 to 465.<br />
ing, purpose.<br />
vSs, pk of tu.<br />
Z<br />
vStum, -i [voveS, vow], n., vow, Zaeynthius, -a, -um, adj., Zacyn-<br />
prayer. vSti damnari, be liable thian, of Zacynthos, an island off<br />
for one's vo-w, attain one's wish, the west coast of Greece.<br />
VUlgS [abl. of vulgus], adv., com Zama, -ae, f., Zama, a town of<br />
monly, publicly, everywhere. Numidia in Africa.
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