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MACMILLAN'S LATIN SERIES
EDITED BY
JOHN COPELAND KIRTLAND, JR.
Professor of Latin in The Phillips Exeter Academy

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0 2U 10 00 SO 100 120 140
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Jlacmillan's ILatiit Series
CORNELIUS NEPOS
TWENTY LIVES
EDITED BY
JOHN EDMUND BARSS
LATIN MASTER IN THE HOTCHKISS SCHOOL
Neto gorft
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
1900
All rights reserved

'i4'^'"
COPYRIGHT, 1900,
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Gift oi
^.K»rsbaU3lHott.
Classical,
J. S. Cushing SL CO. — Berwick i Smith
Norwood Mass. D.S.A.

Efl Jig jFati)cr

PREFACE
CAESAR and Nepos will probably continue to be the
mainstay of the second year in Latin. To provide a
good working edition of the latter author is the aim of
this book. Twelve Lives constitute a fair equivalent
for the third and fourth books of Caesar's GaHic War.
The first twelve Lives with the Praefatio and the Life
of Epaminondas have been edited with full commentary.
To these are added seven Lives, edited with footnotes
for sight-reading. As the vocabulary covers the whole
text, these last may also be used for prepared work or
rapid reading.
The commentary on the two divisions of the text,
while identical in aim, — the development of power to
read Latin and to render it into good English, — differs
in method. The fuller notes contain references to the
standard grammars. These have been employed wherever
the principle involved seemed to deserve thorough
treatment, but care has been taken not to make them
so numerous as to defeat their end. Many points of
grammar are directly and briefly expounded in the notes
themselves. The best methods of attacking Latin sentences
are explained, and the student is encouraged to
use good English by frequent warnings against the
perils of the novice, and by the translation of phrases
and idioms which experience has shown to be in especial
danger of barbarous rendering. The significance of
vii

Vlll
PREFACE
the Latin word-order is constantly pointed out. Antiquarian
and philological comment has been reduced to
the lowest terms. The necessary historical setting to
the Lives is given in the Introduction, which contains
also a short life of Nepos and a list of English books
for collateral reading.
The footnotes to the last seven Lives have been
pruned of everything superfluous. Latin synonyms,
the translation of uncommon words and short phrases,
and such brief explanations as are absolutely necessary
constitute the body of these notes.
The exercises for translation into Latin have been
based on those Lives which have full commentary.
They are particularly designed to encourage idiomatic
rendering of the Latin text.
Lewis' Elementary Latin Dictionary has been the
guide in the marking of long vowels and the treatment
of assimilation. The spelling adopted as most convenient
and uniform prints the accusative plural in -is in
the case of words whose genitive plural ends in -iitm.
The text is that of Fleckeisen's recension of Halm.
The editor begs to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr.
Edward G. Coy, Headmaster of The Hotchkiss School,
and Professors J. W. White and J. H. Wright of Harvard
University, who have lent valuable illustrative
material. Dr. G. W. Botsford of Harvard University
has kindly lent from his History of Greece the views
of the Plain of Mantinea and of the Citadel of Corinth.
Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. have also been so good
as to allow reproduction of the Harbors of Carthage
and the bust of Scipio contained in How and Leigh's
History of Rome. In the proof-reading, the editor has

PREFACE IX
benefited by the aid of his colleagues, Mr. James D.
Meeker and Mr. George W. Creelman, and of Dr. John
D. Wolcott. Besides the thanks which it is his privilege
to express to these gentlemen, it is a pleasure here
to acknowledge his indebtedness to the general editor
of this series, Professor John C. Kirtland, Jr., whose
careful scrutiny of every detail of the work has greatly
contributed to its consistency and accuracy.
LAKEVILLE, CONNECTICUT,
March 13, 1900.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION PAGE
TEXT
I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF NEPOS . . . . I
BOOKS FOR PARALLEL READING . . . 2
II. HISTORY OF GREECE 3
III. HISTORY OF ROME . . . . . .12
PRAEFATIO 15
MILTIADES 16
THEMISTOCLES 25
ARISTIDES 36
PAUSANIAS 38
ClMON 44
LYSANDER 47
ALCIBIADES 50
THRASYBULUS 61
CONON 64
DION 68
IPHICRATES . . 76
CHABRIAS 79
EPAMINONDAS 82
SIGHT-READING
PELOPIDAS 93
AGESILAUS . . . . . . . . . 98
PHOCION 108
TIMOLEON Ill
xi

XII CONTENTS
PAGE
HAMILCAR . . . . . . . . 117
HANNIBAL 120
CATO 134
NOTES 137
EXERCISES IN WRITING LATIN . . . .197
WORD-GROUPS 225
VOCABULARY 241

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
MAP OF GREECE WITH THE ISLANDS AND COASTS OF THE
AEGAEAN SEA Frontispiece
PAGE
HEAD OF MARS 15
MILTIADES 17
SCYTHIAN 19
MAP OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE . . . . Facing 20
GRAVE-MOUND AT MARATHON . . . . . .21
MILTIADES AT MARATHON 22
THEMISTOCLES 25
MERCHANT SHIP 26
TOMB OF LEONIDAS AT SPARTA 27
PROW OF GREEK WAR-VESSEL 28
ATHENS AND HER HATIBORS 30
ATHENS 35
ATHENIAN COIN 38
HEAD OF PERSIAN SATRAP 38
REMAINS OF TRIPOD DEDICATED BY PAUSANIAS . . . 39
PERSIAN 41
TRIPOD DEDICATED BY PAUSANIAS (RE.STORED) . . . 42
ALCIBIADES 5°
SOCRATES 5'
PERICLES 5'
HERMES 52
ATHLETE RECEIVING TAENIAE 55
THUCYDIDES 60
xiii

xiv MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
PLATO 70
PELTAST 76
HOPLITE 77
GREEK SWORDS 79
SEA-FIGHT 82
BOY SINGING TO TIBIAE ACCOMPANIMENT . . . . 83
IN A GREEK GYMNASIUM 84
CITHARA-PLAYER 87
A BOEOTIAN WARRIOR 91
PLAIN OF MANTINEA 92
CONVIVIUM 96
CORINTH . -113
MAP OF ITALY Facing 117
HARBORS OF CARTHAGE 121
SCIPIO AFRICANUS 126

CORNELIUS NEPOS

INTRODUCTION
I. LIFE AND WRITINGS OF NEPOS
CORNELIUS NEPOS was born about the year lOO B.C.,
probably at Ticinum in Cisalpine Gaul. As his death
did not occur until the beginning of the last quarter of
the century, he Hved in stirring times; yet he took no
part in politics. In his life of Atticus he attempts to
excuse his friend for holding aloof from public affairs,
and perhaps he may be considered to apologize for
himself at the same time. At all events, he was more
of a student than a man of action, and attempted, as
Catullus says in dedicating his poems to Nepos,
omne aevum tribtis explicare chartis,
doctis, luppiter, et laboriosis.
The learning which Catullus here admires is not that
of a modern scientific 'historian. Nepos was often uncritical
in the use of his sources ; a fault which resulted
in inaccuracies of statement and some disappointing
omissions. The biographies, however, have decided
human interest, and their author shows a sympathy
with foreign ideas unusual in a Roman. His fondness
for the study of Greek, besides broadening his mind,
may have been a bond in the friendship existing
between him and the learned Atticus. The orator
B I

1 INTRODUCTION
Cicero was also a friend of Atticus, and in turn became
the friend of Nepos.
Besides the history of the world referred to in the
passage from Catullus quoted above, Nepos wrote many
other works, all of which are lost, except a portion of
the De Viris Inlustribus. Of the sixteen or more books
into which this work was divided, we have only one, De
Excellentibus Ducibus Exterarum Gcritium, from which
nearly all the selections in this volume are taken, and
part of another, De Historicis Latinis, embracing the lives
of Cato the Censor and of Titus Pomponius Atticus.
The purpose of the Lives is clear. In a day when
Roman statecraft; was characterized rather by personal
ambition than by patriotism, Nepos felt it wise to re­
mind the men of his time of the lessons of history. This
may, perhaps, explain the form in which he cast his
work. He has made these brief biographies character
sketches, not complete records. The style of Nepos has
certain peculiarities which prevent his being classed
among the writers of the purest prose. These will
receive attention in the notes when of sufficient impor­
tance to demand comment.
BOOKS FOR PARALLEL READING
HISTORY OF GREECE. Botsford, Oman, Abbott, Grote, Cuitius,
Holm.
HISTORY OF ROME. Allen, Myers, How and Leigh, Shuckburgh,
Mommsen.
" STORY OF THE NATIONS." Greece, Rome, Persia, Carthage, Sicily.
"EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY." Cox: The Greeks and the Pej-sians,
and The Athenian Empire. Sankey: The Spartan and
Theban Supremacies. Smith : Rome and Carthage.

HISTORY OF GREECE 3
BIOGRAPHY. Plutarch's Lives (Stewart and Long's translation).
Abbott: Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens. Cox : Lives
of Greek Statesmen. Dodge : Hannibal.
MISCELLANEOUS. Rawlinson : The Five Great Monarchies of the
Ancient World (Persia). Creasy : Decisive Battles of the World
(Marathon). Grant: Greece in the Age of Pericles. Jowett:
Translation of Thucydides. Rawlinson : Translation of Herodotus.
Mahaffy: Greek Life and Thought, and Social Life in
Greece. Becker: Charicles. Guei-ber : Story of Greece.
DRAMATIC, ^schylus : Persians (translated by E. H. Plumptre).
Addison : Cato. Nichol: Hannibal.
II. HISTORY OF GREECE
The Character of Greek History. — The history of
Greece is the story, not of one state, but of many. In
that rough land steep mountains kept the inhabitants
apart; cities, even small cities, were independent, often
hostile; and while the Greeks felt their kinship and
esteemed themselves far above the outside world of
"barbarians," jealousy prevented them from ever permanently
uniting their forces or becoming a worldpower.
There were, nevertheless, three city-states
which in turn won supremacy in the Greek world.
These were Athens, Sparta, and Thebes.
The Rise, Supremacy, and Fall of Athens. — At the
beginning of the fifth century B.C. Greece was menaced
by the power of Persia. The coast of Asia Minor
was fringed with cities of the Greeks, which were subject
to the Persian rule. In the year 499 B.C. the
cities of Ionia, the central part of this region, revolted ;
and the insurgents burned Sa'rdis, the capital of the

4
INTRODUCTION
great Persian province of Lydia. In this undertaking
the Asiatic Greeks received aid and sympathy from
Athens. When Darius, the Persian king, heard what
had happened, he prepared for vengeance. Within six
years his generals recaptured the cities of Asia, but the
king wished to chastise the insolent Athenians as well.
A great army and fleet set out on this mission; but in its
passage through Thrace the army met such resistance
from the fierce tribes of that region that it was forced
to return, while the fleet was shattered by a storm. Two
years later, however, Greece was attacked by
490 B.C. -' • ' 3
an army of more than 100,000 men and a fleet
of six hundred ships. These forces first captured Eretria
in the island of Euboea, and then made ready to cross
to the mainland and march on Athens.
Athens was now the freest state .in Greece. After
a long experience of aristocratic government, followed
by fifty years of absolute monarchy, or " tyranny," the
Athenians had rebelled, rid themselves of their tyrants,
and established a pure democracy. Now their mettle
was to be tried by the attack of a despotic power
from without. Nine thousand brave Athenians and a
thousand Plataeans marched to Marathon, a plain on
the northeast coast of Attica. There they met ten
times their number of Persians; but the well-trained
Miltiades. Greeks, led by Miltiades, charged and drove the bar­
barians in confusion to their ships. The defenders returned
at once to Athens; and when the Persian fleet
reached the harbor, hoping to take the city by sur­
prise, the victors of Marathon stood once more arrayed

HISTORY OF GREECE 5
against them. The Persians did not even land, but
prudently sailed off to Asia.
After ten years the Persians came again. They were
now led by Xerxes, for Darius had died in the
. . . . 480 B.C.
midst of his preparations, leaving the legacy
of revenge to his son. But the Athenians had been active
in the meantime. Marathon had taught them something
of their powers, and by the advice of the statesman Themistocles.
Themistocles, they had fortified the new harbor of
Piraeus, constructed walls five miles long, connecting
town and port, and built a fleet of two hundred triremes,
to which they were adding twenty ships a year.
The land force of Xerxes reached Thessaly in the
spring. The infantry alone is said to have numbered
1,700,000 men. The first strong stand of the Greeks
was made at Thermopylae, a narrow pass guarding
the entrance into Central Greece. Here the Spartan
king Leonidas, with a handful of men, withstood the
swarming Persians for two days. On the third day he
was attacked in the rear, a treacherous Greek having
showed the Persians a secret path over the mountains.
Leonidas sent most of his allies away when he saw that
defeat was certain; but he and three hundred Spartans
and seven hundred Thespians, stood their ground and
fought until the last man was cut down. In the two
days' fight previous to this, 20,000 barbarians had
fallen.
At Athens men were of two minds as to the best way
to meet the Persian host. A few shut themselves up
in the Acropohs, but before many days that stronghold

6 INTRODUCTION
was taken, and its defenders put to the sword. Most,
however, followed the advice of Themistocles, and left
the city, sending their families and possessions to the
islands of Aegina and Salamis, and to the city of
Troezen in Argolis. Athens must now be saved by her
fleet, or not at all.
At the northern end of Euboea is a promontory called
Artemisium, near which the fleets had been engaged
during the fighting at Thermopylae. Several favorable
encounters, together with storms which shattered many
Persian ships, had given the Greeks some prospect of
success; but at the news of Thermopylae they lost
heart, and retreating down the coast assembled in the
bay of Salamis, near Athens, to await the onset of the
Persians. Here, when the Greeks were wavering and
half ready to retreat, Themistocles precipitated the
battle by sending word to the barbarians that the Greeks
were about to withdraw; and the vast fleet of the Per­
sians, crowded and entangled in the narrow waters of
the bay, was routed by the skilful tactics of the small
Greek navy. Xerxes went back to Persia, but left a
force in Thessaly, under his general, Mardonius.
Next year Mardojiius moved southward, and the
Athenians again abandoned their city. This time, how­
ever, the issue was decided on land. Hard
479 B.C.
by Plataea, a little town of Boeotia near the
Athenian border, the united army of Greece, 110,000
Pausanias. men, led by the Spartan Pausanias, met a force which
outnumbered them three to one. The battle was marked
by blundering and obstinacy on the part of the different

HISTORY OF GREECE 7
sections of the Greek army; but in spite of all, their
better fighting qualities won the day. Mardonius was
slain, and the remnant of the Persian army returned to
Asia. On the same day the Greeks gained a great naval
victory off Mt. Mycale, a promontory near Miletus, in
Asia Minor This was the end of the Persian invasion.
Themistocles had had a political rival, Aristides, Aristides.
called the Just, who had been banished, or "ostracized "
by the state because the opposition of these two men
was obstructing public business. He was recalled, how­
ever, before the ten years of his exile had expired; and
when a few years later many of the Greek
-' ^ 477 B.C.
states formed a league for defense against the
Persians, and for the liberation of the Asiatic Greeks
who were still subject to Persia, he was appointed
assessor of the tribute which each city paid into the
common war-fund. Pausanias, the victor of Plataea Pausanius.
and admiral of the fleet in the previous year, had
had his head turned by his successes, and became so
unbearably arrogant that he lost the opportunity of
leadership which naturally belonged to him as a
Spartan. This event marks a distinct advance in the
importance of Athens.
The new League was named the Confederacy of
Delos, because the island of Delos was its treasury
and the place where the deputies of the states met,
under the presidency of Athens, to transact the business
of the League. Ships, money, and men were now at the
League's disposal; and Cimon, the Athenian admiral, Cimon.
won for the League many victories over the Persian

8 INTRODUCTION
power in Thrace and Asia Minor. Cimon's greatest
glory was the battle of the Eurymedon, which
practically ended Persian control of Greek
territory in Asia.
During these years of conquest the Athenians be­
came more and more powerful in the Delian League.
They removed the treasury to their own city, and gradu­
ally gained such predominance that the presidency of
Athens became equivalent to empire, and the Athenians
did not hesitate to beautify and strengthen their own
city at the expense of the common fund. Under the
brilliant leadership of Pericles Athens had reached a
preeminence, political, literary, and artistic, unexampled
in the history of Greece. She was now a great naval
power, and already Sparta and her allies were turning
jealous eyes upon their rival. Trouble was also brew­
ing within the limits of the League, for revolt broke
out here and there among the islands. Greek love of
independence felt outraged that a single state should
exercise such wide and autocratic power. At first
Athens was generally able to suppress these risings;
but the desire to be free from her dominion became
more and more widespread, and was eagerly fostered
by the watchful Spartans.
Finally the gathering war-cloud burst. After various
bickerings, Athens and SjDarta became involved in that
431-404 struggle for supremacy known as the Pelopon-
^^- nesian war. Piece by piece the possessions
of Athens were wrested from her, until in 404 B.C.
Lysander. the Spartan Lysander received the surrender of the

HISTORY OF GREECE 9
city itself, one year after a victory over her general,
Conon, at Aegospotami. He then set about reorgan- couon.
izing the Athenian empire under a Spartan system of
government.
The history of this period is closely connected with
the career of the brilliant and profligate Alcibiades, Alcibiades.
who was one of the leaders of the ill-fated Sicilian
expedition. The story of his impeachment, flight, res­
toration to popular favor, and death in a second period
of exile is told by Nepos.
Four years before the end of the Peloponnesian Dion.
war Dion was born at Syracuse in Sicily.
^ , / 400 B.C.
His life is interesting as an example of the
tyranny, a form of government which prevailed at one
time or another in nearly all Greek states. " Tyranny "
to a Greek did not necessarily mean oppression; the
tyrant was one who ruled with absolute power contrary
to the constitution of the state. Thus the absolute
monarchs of Persia were not tyrants, because in that
country despotism was the accepted form of govern­
ment. In many states the succession of constitutional
changes was as follows : first, a patriarchal monarchy,
the king governing with the aid of a council of nobles;
then an aristocracy, or "oligarchy," when the nobles
had suppressed the king and governed in their own in­
terest ; next a tyrant, often appearing as the champion
of the oppressed and suffering commons; and lastly,
when the tyrant or his sons forgot whence they de­
rived their power, and became tyrannical in the modern
sense, a revolution ending in democracy. Athens in the

lO
INTRODUCTION
fifth century B.C. was an example of such a democracy,
Sparta of the oligarchy, while Homer gives us a pic­
ture of the patriarchal monarchy of prehistoric times.
At Syracuse tyranny became so intolerable after the
Timoleon. death of Dion that the people summoned Timoleon
from Corinth to restore good government. By a vigorous
attack he routed the tyrant and restored
^*° ' the old constitution of Syracuse; then, with
singular self-abnegation, laid down the power and ended
his days as a private citizen.
The Supremacy of Sparta. — The Spartan supremacy,
dating from the fall of Athens, lasted over thirty years.
These were not years of quiet. Spartan mercenary
troops took part in a revolt against Arta-
xerxes, king of Persia, who, in his resentment,
began to meddle in Gree_k politics. He began with an
attempt to discipline the Greek cities in Asia, which had
become partly free under the rule of the satrap who led
the revolt, — Cyrus, brother to the king. The Spartan
Agesilaus. monarch Agesilaus came to the rescue, and almost
succeeded in liberating Asia Minor from Persian op­
pression; but Persian bribes induced Thebes, Argos,
Conon. and Corinth to attack Sparta, while the Athenian Conon
with a fleet of Phoenician and Greek vessels recovered
the islands of the Aegaean and many cities of the
Asiatic coast for Athens; an exploit which ended the
naval supremacy of Sparta. A steady reaction
against her power had now begun. In 393
B.C. Conon rebuilt the long walls of Athens. Three

HISTORY OF GREECE 11
years later the light-armed troops of Iphicrates, called Iphicrates.
peltasts, destroyed a whole regiment of Spartans, an
event without parallel in the annals of Greek warfare.
Thebes, the chief associate of Athens in the anti-Spartan
enterprise, was for a time forced to appear as an ally
of Sparta; for a Spartan force had taken possession of
the town when a religious festival, occurring at a time
of political disturbance, had left the citadel unguarded.
Three years after this treacherous act, Pelopidas, a brave Pelopidas.
Theban who had fled with three hundred other patriots
when Thebes was lost, returned and by a bold stroke
recaptured the town. Next year Agesilaus tried to
repair this disaster, but was met with such determina­
tion by an Athenian force under Chabrias, that he did Chabrias.
not even attempt a battle. A great naval victory was
also won by Chabrias in 376 B.C. Athens now became
anxious for peace, fearing the,growing power of Thebes
and the other Boeotian cities.
The Supremacy of Thebes. — Thebes was unwilling to
make peace. She had entered on a series of successes
which culminated when the Theban general
371 B.C.
Epaminondas shattered the Spartan power in
the battle of Leuctra, and raised Thebes to a position of
supremacy in Greece. Ten years was the limit of her
greatness. Then Epaminondas fell, slain before Manti- ^^^°^'
nea while fighting against a force of Peloponnesians and
Athenians; and the Thebans, though successful, assented
to a peace. A year later Agesilaus died; Pelopidas had
perished soon after Leuctra; and presently the thoughts

11
INTRODUCTION
of the Greeks were turned away from themselves, to the
power rising in the north—Macedon, destined to subdue
and consolidate the petty states of Greece, and lead their
united forces to larger conquests than they had ever
known. This union was not accomphshed without
opposition. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, was
strenuous in his efforts to save Grecian independence;
but even at enlightened Athens men were bhnd to the
coming danger, and there was a strong party friendly
Phocion. to Philip, and having Phocion for its leader. Such lack
of foresight, together with the old Greek incapacity for
union, made conquest possible, if not easy, for the crafty
and persistent Philip. Welded together at length by his
force and diplomacy, they became in the hands of his son,
the great Alexander, an instrument of conquest, by whose
aid he created an empire of the world.
III. HISTORY OF ROME
The part of Roman history which is marked by the
names of Hamilcar, Hannibal, and Cato, is the period
of the Punic wars. To comprehend this great struggle
one must know something of the history of Rome's
antagonist, the city of Carthage in Africa.
On a. strip of coast north of Palestine and west of the
Lebanon range, dwelt the Phoenicians, a race closely
akin to the Canaanites who opposed the invasion of the
Hebrews under Joshua. Dwelling in a narrow land,
they turned to the sea for support, and became the
greatest navigators and traders of antiquity. Their

HISTORY OF ROME
ships sailed westward over the Mediterranean, even to
the shores of Britain, carrying the manufactures of the
east and exchanging them for the raw materials which
other countries produced. Everywhere they established
trading posts, many of which grew into cities. The
greatest and most prosperous of these was Carthage,
on the north African coast.
About a hundred miles northeast of Carthage lay the
rich island of Sicily. In time there sprung up in its
western half a number of Carthaginian colonies. The
eastern end was settled by Greeks, with whom the
Carthaginians long and strenuously contended for the
ownership of the island. Finally the Romans were
drawn into the struggle as allies of the Greeks. After
years of hard fighting, during which the Car- 264-241
thaginian general, Hamilcar, at one time ^•'^•
seemed likely to achieve complete success over the Hamilcar.
Roman arms, the Carthaginians were driven from the
island.
Twenty-three years later the Carthaginians renewed
the conflict. At their head was Hannibal, son of Hamil- Hannibal.
car, bound by an oath to undying enmity
. . . 11 218 B.C.
toward the Romans, But though he invaded
Italy and with consummate generalship worsted the
Romans in battle after battle, he could not break the
Roman power, and finally suffered, such reverses that
he had to acknowledge his campaign a failure. In
20s B.C. the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio
"carried the war into Africa.' Carthage had no out­
posts of resistance equal to the fortified ItaUan towns,
13

14
INTRODUCTION
and within four years was obliged to make terms of
peace.
Half a century later, when Carthage began to show
Cato. signs of recovery, Cato the Censor is represented as
closing every speech he made in the Roman senate with
the words "Delenda est Carthago.'' A city which had
been subdued in a war of commercial rivalry was too
dangerous an enemy to be allowed to regain any advan­
tage which might give her the power of threatening
Roman commerce or dominion again. Roman selfish­
ness soon found a pretext for attack in the technical
violation of a treaty on the part of the Carthaginians.
Under false pretenses the Romans obtained as host­
ages three hundred noble Carthaginians, then issued
the mandate that Carthage must be destroyed. Her
149-146 brave inhabitants withstood a siege of four
^•^- years; then their city was taken by storm and
razed to the ground, and its territory became a Roman
province.

CORNELI NEPOTIS
LIBER DE EXCELLENTIBUS DUCIBUS
EXTERARUM GENTIUM
PRAEFATIO
How one should regard the customs of foreign nations.
Non dubito fore plerosque,
Attice, qui hoc genus
scrlpturae leve et non satis
dlgnum summorum virorum
pers5nis ifldicent, cum rela- S
tum legent quis musicam
docuerit Epaminondam, aut
in eius virtutibus commemorarl
saltasse eum commode
scienterque tibils lo
cantasse. Sed hi erunt
fere qui expertes litterarum
Graecarum nihil rectum
nisi quod ipsorum moribus
HEAD OF MARS
conveniat putabunt. Ii si 15
didicerint non eadem omnibus
esse honesta atque turpia, sed omnia maiorum
institiitis iUdicarl, non admlrabuntur nos in Graiorum
15

i6 CORNELIUS NEPOS
virtutibus exponendls m5res eorum secutos. Nulla
Lacedaemoni vidua tarn est nobihs quae non ad cenam
eat mercede condictam. Magnis in laudibus tota fere
fuit Graecia victorem Olympiae citari, in scaenam vero
S prodire ac populo esse spectaculo nemini in isdem
gentibus fuit turpitudini. Quae omnia apud nos par-
tim infamia, partim humilia atque ab honestate remota
ponuntur. Contra ea pleraque nostrls moribus sunt
decora quae apud illos turpia putantur. Quem enim
10 Romanorum pudet uxorem ducere in convivium ? Aut
cOius non mater familias primum locum tenet aedium
atque in celebritate versatur ? Quod multo fit aliter
in Graecia. Nam neque in convivium adhibetur nisi
propinqu5rum, neque sedet nisi in interiore parte
15 aedium, quae gynaeconitis appellatur, quo nemo acce-
dit nisi propinqua cognatione coniunctus. Sed hic
pliira persequi cum magnitiido voluminis prohibet, tum
festlnatio ut ea explicem quae exorsus sum. Qua re
ad propositum veniemus, et in hoc exponemus libro de
20 vita excellentium imperatorum.
MILTIADES
On his way to plant a colony in the Chersonese, Miltiades calls
at Lemnos.
I. Miltiades, Clmonis filius, Atheniensis, cum et
antiquitate generis et gloria maiorum et sua modestia
unus omnium maxime floreret eaque esset aetate ut
non iam solum de eo bene sperare, sed etiam confidere

MILTIADES 17
cives possent sul talem eum futurum qualem cogni-
tum iudicarunt, accidit ut Athenienses Chersonesum
colonos vellent mittere. Cuius gene­
ris cum magnus numerus esset et
multi eius demigrationis peterent
societatem, ex ils delect! Delphos
deliberatum missi sunt quo potis-
simum duce Oterentur. Namque
tum Thraces eas regiones tene-
bant, cum quibus armis erat dimi-
candum. His consulentibus nomi-
natim Pythia praecepit ut Miltiadem
imperatorem sibi sumerent; id si
fecissent, incepta prospera fufiira.
MILTIADES
Hoc oraculi response Miltiades cum 15
delecta manu classe Chersonesum profectus, cum acces-
sisset Lemnum et incolas' eius insulae sub potestatem
redigere vellet Atheniensium, idque ut Lemnii sua
sponte facerent postulasset, illi inridentes responderunt
tum id se facturos cum ille domo navibus profectus 20
vento aquilone venisset Lemnum. Hlc enim ventus
ab septemtrionibus oriens adversum tenet Athenis pro-
ficiscentibus. Miltiades morandl tempus non habens
cursum derexit quo tendebat, pervenitque Chersonesum.
Miltiades returns to Lemnos, and brings it under Athenian rule.
II. Ibi brevI tempore barbarorum copils disiectis tota 25
regione quam petierat potltus, loca castellis idonea
communiit, multitudinera quam secum duxerat in agris
conlocavit crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. Neque

i8 CORNELIUS NEPOS
minus in ea re prudentia quam felicitate adiGtus est.
Nam cum virtiite miUtum devicisset hostium exercitiis,
summa aequitate res constituit atque ipse ibidem manere
decrevit. Erat enim inter eos dignitate regia, quam-
5 quam carebat nomine, neque id magis imperio quam
iustitia consecutus. Neque eo setius Atheniensibus, a
quibus erat profectus, officia praestabat. Quibus rebus
flebat ut non minus eorum voluntate perpetuum im-
perium obtineret qui miserant quam illorum cum quibus
lo erat profectus. Chersoneso tali modo constituta Lemnum
revertitur et ex pacto postulat ut sibi urbem tradant (ill!
enim dixerant, cum vento borea dom5 profectus eo per-
venisset, sese dediturSs) ; se enim domum Chersonesi
habere. Cares, qui tum Lemnum incolebant, etsi praeter
15 opinionem res ceciderat, tamen non dicto sed secunda
fortiina adversariorum capti resistere ausi n5n sunt, atque
ex insula demigrarunt. Pari felicitate ceteras insulas,
quae Cyclades nSminantur, sub Atheniensium redegit
potestatem.
Miltiades cannot persuade the Greek tyrants to abandon Darius.
20 III. Isdem temporibus Persarum rex Dareus ex Asia
in Europam exercitu traiecto Scythis bellum inferre
decrevit. Pontem fecit in Histro fliimine, qua c5pias
traduceret. Eius pontis, dum ipse abesset, custodes
rellquit principes qu5s secum ex Ionia et Aeolide duxe-
25 rat, quibus singularum urbium perpetua dederat imperia.
Sic enim facillime putavit se Graeca Hngua loquentis
qui Asiam incolerent sub sua retenturum potestate, si
amicis suis oppida tuenda tradidisset, quibus se oppresso

MILTIADES 19
nulla spes salutis relinqueretur. In hoc fuit tum numero
Miltiades. Hlc, cum crebri adferrent nuntii male rem
gerere Dareum premique a Scythis, hortatus est pontis
custodes ne a fortuna datam occasionem liberandae
Graeciae diraitterent. Nam si cum iis copils quas secum 5
transportarat interisset Dareus, non solum Europam fore
tutam, sed etiam eos qui Asiam incolerent Graeci genere
liberos a Persarum futuros dominatione et periculo. Id
facile eflfici posse ; ponte enim rescisso regem vel hostium
SCYTHIAN
ferr5 vel inopia paucTs diebus interiturum. Ad hoc 10
•consiliuni cum plerique accederent, Hestiaeus Milesius
ne res conficeretur obstitit, dicens non idem ipsis qui
summas imperi tenerent expedire et multitudini, quod
Darei regno ipsorum niteretur dominatio ; quo exstincto
ips5s potestate expulsos civibus suis poenas daturos. 15
Itaque adeo se abhorrere a ceterorum consilio ut nihil
putet ipsis utilius quam confirmari regnum Persarum.
Huius cum sententiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades
non dubitans tam multis consciis ad regis auris c5nsilia
sua perventura, Chersonesum rellquit ac rursus Athenas 20

20 CORNELIUS NEPOS
demigravit. Cuius ratio etsi n5n valuit, tamen magno
opere est laudanda, cum amicior omnium libertati quam
suae fuerit dominationi.
Darius invades Greece. Miltiades counsels an immediate attack on
the Persians.
IV. Dareus autem cum ex Europa in Asiam redisset,
S hortantibus amicis ut Graeciam redigeret in suam pote­
statem, classem quingentarum navium comparavit eique
Datim praefecit et Artaphernem iisque ducenta peditum,
decem equitum milia dedit, causam interserens se hostem
esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio lones Sardis
10 expugnassent suaque praesidia interfecissent. Illi prae-
fecti regii classe ad Euboeam appulsa celeriter Eretriam
ceperunt, omnlsque eius gentis civis abreptos in Asiam
ad regem miserunt. Inde ad Atticam accesserunt ac
suas copias in campum Marathona deduxerunt. Is abest
IS ab oppido circiter milia passuum decem. Hoc tumultu
Athenienses tam propinquo tamque magno permoti
auxilium nusquam nisi a Lacedaemoniis petiverunt;
Phidippumque, cursorem eius generis qui hemerodromoe
vocantur, Lacedaemonem miserunt, ut nuntiaret quam
20 celerrimo opus esse auxilio. DomI autem creant decem
praetSres qui exercitui praeessent, in iis Miltiadem.
Inter quos magna fuit contentio, utrum moenibus se
defenderent an obviam irent hostibus acieque decerne-
rent. Unus Miltiades maxime nitebatur ut primo qu5que
25 tempore castra fierent; id si factum esset, et civibus
animum accessijrum, cum viderent de eorum virtute non
desperari, et hostis eadem re fore tardiores, si animad-
verterent auderl adversus se tam exiguis copils dimicari.

MILTIADES 21
The Greek army marches to Marathon, offers battle to the Persians,
and drives them to their ships.
V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus auxilio
fuit praeter Plataeensis. Ea mille misit miUtum. Itaque
horum adventii decem milia armatorum completa sunt.
GRAVE-MOUND AT MARATHON
quae manus mirabil! flagrabat piignand! cupiditate. Quo
.factum est ut plus quam conlegae Miltiades valeret. s
Eius ergo auctoritate impuls! Athenienses copias ex urbe
eduxerunt locoque idoneo castra fecerunt. Dein postero
die sub mentis radicibus acie regione Instructa non apertissima
(namque arbores multis locis erant rarae) proelium
commiserunt hoc consilio, ut et montium altitiidine lo
tegerentur et arborum tractQ equitatus hostium impedlretur,
ne multitudine clauderentur. Datis etsi non
aequum locum videbat suis, tamen fretus numero copiarum
suarum confllgere cupiebat, eoque magis quod
priusquam Lacedaemoni! subsidio venirent, dimicare 15
Qtile arbitrabatur. Itaque in aciem peditum centum,
equitum decem milia produxit proeliumque commisit.
In quo tanto plus virtute valuerunt Athenienses ut

22 CORNELIUS NEPOS
decemplicem numerum hostium profligarint adeoque eos
perterruerunt ut Persae non castra, sed navis petierint.
Qua pugna nihil adhiic exstitit nobilius ; nulla enim
umquam tam exigua manus tantas opes prostravit.
How the Athenians rewarded Miltiades.
5 VI. Cuius victoriae non alienum videtur quale prae-
mium Miltiadi sit tributum docere, quo facilius intelleg!
MILTIADES AT MARATHON
(Part of Robert's restoration of the painting in tlie Stoa Poecile.)
possit eandem omnium civitatum esse naturam. Ut
enim populi Roman! honores quondam fuerunt rari et

MILTIADES 23
tenues ob eamque causam gloriosi, nunc autem effus!
atque obsoleti, sic ohm apud Atheniensis fuisse reperi-
mus. Namque huic Miltiadi, qui Athenas totamque
Graeciam llberarat, tahs honos tributus est, in porticu
quae Poecile vocatur cum pugna depingeretur Mara-
thonia, ut in decem praetorum numerS prima eius imago
poneretur isque hortaretur milites proeliumque com-
mitteret. Idem ille populus postea quam mains im-
perium est nactus et largitione magistratuum corruptus
est, trecentas statuas Demetrio Phalere5 decrevit.
Miltiades attacks Pares; but falling to take It, is accused of treason,
fined, and thrown Into prison, where he dies.
VII. Post hoc proelium classem septuaginta navium
Athenienses eldem Miltiadi dederunt, ut Insulas quae
barbaros adiuverant hello persequeretur. Qu5 in im­
pend plerasque ad officium redire coegit, nonniallas- vi
expugnavit. Ex his Parum insulam opibus elatam cum
oratione reconciliare non posset, copias e navibus eduxit,
urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatu prlvavit, dein
vineis ac testudinibus constitQtis propius miiros accessit.
Cum iam in eo esset ut oppidS potiretur, procul in con­
tinent! lucus qui ex insula conspiciebatur nescio quo
casu nocturno tempore incensus est. Cuius flamma ut
ab oppidanis et oppOgnatoribus est visa, utrisque venit
in opinionem signum a classiariis regiis datum. Qu5
factum est ut et Pari! a deditione deterrerentur et
Miltiades timens ne classis regia adventaret, incensis
operibus quae statuerat, cum totidem navibus atque erat
profectus Athenas magna cum offensione civium suorum

24 CORNELIUS NEPOS
rediret. Accusatus ergo est proditionis, quod cum
Parum expugnare posset, a rege corruptus infectis rebus
discessisset. Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus quae in
oppflgnand5 oppido acceperat. Itaque cum ipse pro
S se dicere non posset, verba fecit frater eius Stesagoras.
Causa cognita capitis absolutus pecunia multatus est,
eaque lis quinquaginta talentis aestimata est, quantus in
classem sumptus factus erat. Hanc peciiniam quod
solvere in praesentia non poterat, in vincla publica con-
lo iectus est ibique diem obiif supremum.
A second reason for the condemnation of Miltiades.
VIII. Hie etsi crimine Pario est accusatus, tamen
alia causa fuit damnationis. Namque Athenienses
propter Pisistrat! tyrannidem, quae panels annis ante
fuerat, nimiam civium suorum potentiam extimescebant.
15 Miltiades multum in imperils magistratibusque versatus
non videbatur posse esse privatus, praesertim cum con-
suetudine ad imperi cupiditatem trahi videretur. Nam
in Chersoneso omnis illos quos habitarat annos per-
petuam obtinuerat dominationem tyrannusque fuerat
20 appellatus, sed iustus. Non erat enim vi cSnseciitus,
sed suorum voluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate
retinebat. Omnes autem et dicuntur et habentur
tyranni qui potestate sunt perpetua in ea civitate quae
libertate iisa est. Sed in Miltiade erat cum summa
25 humanitas tum mira communitas, ut nemo tam humilis
esset cui non ad eum aditus pateret; magna auctoritas
apud omnis civitates, nobile nomen, laus re! militaris
maxima. Haec populus respiciens maluit ilium in-
noxiura plecti quam se diutius esse in timore.

THEMISTOCLES 25
THEMISTOCLES
Themistocles, disinherited by his father, gives himself to politics with
such success that he soon becomes famous.
I. Themistocles, Neocl! filius,
Atheniensis. Huius vitia ineuntis
adulescentiae magnis sunt emendata
virtutibus, ade5 ut anteferatur huic
nemo, pane! pares putentur. Sed
ab initio est ordiendus. Pater eius
Neocles generosus fuit. Is ux5rem
Acarnanam civem duxit, ex qua na-
THEMISTOCLES . , T^i • ^. 1- r^ -
tus est Themistocles. Qui cum
minus esset probatus parentibus, quod et llberius vivebat
et rem familiarem neglegebat, a patre exheredatus est.
Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam cum
iudicasset sine summa industria non posse eam ex-
stingui, totum se dedidit re! publicae, diligentius amicis
famaeque serviens. Multum in iudiciis privatis versa-
batur, saepe in cSntionem populi prodlbat; niilla res
maior sine eo gerebatur; celeriter quae opus erant
reperiebat, facile eadem oratione explicabat. Neque
minus in rebus gerendis promptus quam excogitandis
erat, quod et de Instantibus, ut ait ThQcydides, verissime
iudicabat et de futuris calhdissime cdniciebat. Quo
factum est ut brev! tempore inlustraretur.
Xerxes invades Greece. Themistocles persuades the Athenians to
abandon the city.
II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendae re! publicae
bello CorcyraeS, ad quod gerendum praetor a populo

26 CORNELIUS NEPOS
factus non solum praesenti bello, sed etiam rehquS tem­
pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam cum pecilnia
publica quae ex metaUls redibat largitione magistra­
tuum quotannis interlret, ille persuasit populo ut ea
5 pecQnia classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua
celeriter effecta primum
Corcyraeos fregit, deinde
maritimos praedones con-
sectando mare tutum
10 reddidit. In quo cum
divitiis ornavit, tum etiam
perltissimos bell! navalis
fecit Atheniensis. Id
quantae salut! fuerit uni-
_ . 11,- MERCHANT SHIP
15 versae Graeciae, bello
cognitum est Persico. Nam cum Xerxes et marl et
terra bellum universae Inferret Europae, cum tantis
copils eam invasit quantas neque ante nee postea
habuit quisquam. HQius enim classis mille et ducenta-
20 rum navium longarum fuit, quam duo milia oneraria-
rum sequebantur ; terrestres autem exercitus septingenta
peditum, equitum quadringenta milia fuerunt. Cuius
de advents cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata et
maxime Athenienses peti dicerentur propter piignam
25 Marathoniam, miserunt Delphos consultum quidnam
facerent de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit
ut moenibus ligneis se munirent. Id responsum quo
valeret cum intellegeret nemo, Themistocles persuasit
c5nsilium esse ApoUinis ut in navIs se suaque confer-
30 rent; eum enim a deo significar! raurum ligneum. Tali

THEMISTOCLES 27
consilio probato addunt ad superiores totidem navis
triremis, suaque omnia quae moveri poterant partim
Salamlna, partim Troezena deportant; arcem sacerdoti-
bus pauclsque maioribus natu ad sacra procuranda tradunt,
reliquum oppidum relinquunt.
The Persians destroy the defenders of Thermopylae. The Greek fleet
retreats to Salamis.
III. Huius consilium plerisque civitatibus displicebat
et in terra dimicar! magis placebat. Itaque miss! sunt
delect! cum Leonida, Lacedaemoniorum rege, qui Ther-
TOMB OF LEONIDAS AT SPARTA
mopylas occuparent longiusque barbaros progred! non
paterentur. Ii vim hostium non sustinuerunt eoque loco 10
omnes interierunt. At classis communis Graeciae tre-
centarum navium, in qua ducentae erant Atheniensium,
primum apud Artemisium inter Euboeam continen-

28 CORNELIUS NEPOS
temque terram cum classiariis regiis conflixit. Angustias
enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine circumire-
tur. Hinc etsi pari proelio discesserant, tamen eodem
loco non sunt ausi manere, quod erat periculum ne si
pars navium adversariorum Euboeam superasset, an-
cipit! premerentur periculo. Quo factum est ut ab
Artemlsio discederent et exadversum Athenas apud
Salamlna classem suam constituerent.
Xerxes destroys Athens. Themistocles, by a stratagem, hastens the
attack of the barbarians, who are defeated.
IV. At Xerxes Thermopylls expiignatis protinus
10 accessit astu idque nullis defendentibus, interfectis
sacerdStibus quos in
arce invenerat, incendio
delevit. Cuius flamma
perterrit! classiari! cum
15 manere non auderent et
plQrim! hortarentur ut
domos suas discederent
moenibusque se defende­
rent, Themistocles Onus
PROW OF GREEK WAR-VESSEL
20 restitit et universos paris esse posse aiebat, disperses
testabatur perituros, idque EurybiadI, reg! Lacedaemo­
niorum, qui tum summae imperi praeerat, fore adfirma-
bat. Quem cum minus quam vellet moveret, noctu de
servis suis quem habuit fidelissimum ad regem misit, ut
25 e! nuntiaret suis verbis adversarios eius in fuga esse;
qui s! discessissent, maiore cum labore et longinquiore
tempore bellum confecturum, cum singulos consectari

THEMISTOCLES 29
cogeretur; quos si statim aggrederetur, brevi universos
oppressQrum. Hoc eo valebat, ut ingratiis ad depugnandum
omnes cogerentur. Hac re audita barbarus,
nihil doll subesse credens, postridie alienissimo sibi
loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus adeo angusto mar! s
conflixit ut eius multitudo navium explicar! non potuerit.
Victus ergo est magis etiam consilio Themistoch quam
armis Graeciae.
Themistocles sends word to the king that his retreat Is in danger
of being cut off.
V. Hie ets! male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat
reliquias copiarum ut etiam tum iis opprimere posset lo
hostis. Iterum ab eodem gradii depulsus est. Nam
Themistocles, verens ne bellare perseveraret, certiorem
eum fecit id agl, ut pons quem ille in Hellesponto fecerat
dissolveretur ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur, idque
el persuasit. Itaque qua sex, mensibus iter fecerat, 15
eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam reversus est, seque
a Themistocle non superatum sed conservatum iudicavit.
Sic unlus viri prudentia Graecia llberata est
Europaeque succubuit Asia. Haec altera victoria quae
cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaeo. Nam pari 20
modo apud Salamlna parvo numero navium maxima
post hominum memoriam classis est devlcta.
The Spartans objecting to the fortification of Athens, Themistocles
goes as ambassador to Sparta.
VI. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit neque minor
in pace. Cum enim Phalerico portu neque magno neque
bono Athenienses uterentur, hQius consilio triplex Piraei 25

3° CORNELIUS NEPOS
portus constitutus est iisque moenibus circumdatus ut
ipsam urbem dignitate aequiperaret, utilitate superaret.
Idem muros Atheniensium restituit praecipuo su5 peri­
culo. Namque Lacedaemoni! causam idoneam nacti
5 propter barbarorum excursiones qua negarent oportere
extra Peloponnesum ullam urbem muros habere, ne
essent loca munita quae hostes possiderent, Atheniensis
aedificantis prohibere sunt conati. Hoc longe alio spec-
tabat atque videri volebant. Athenienses enim duabus
lo victoriis, Marathonia et Salamlnia, tantam gloriam apud
omnis gentis erant consecOtI ut intellegerent Lacedae­
moni! de principatu sibi cum iis certamen fore. Qua re
eos quam infirmissimos esse volebant. Postquam autem
audierunt murSs strui, legates Athenas miserunt qui id
IS fieri vetarent. His praesentibus desierunt ac se de ea

THEMISTOCLES 31
re legatSs ad eos missuros dixerunt. Hanc legationem
suscepit Themistocles et s5lus prim5 profectus est.
Reliqui legati ut tum exirent cum satis alt! tuendo miirl
exstructi viderentur, praecepit; interim omnes, servl
atque liberi, opus facerent neque uUi loco parcerent, S
sive sacer slve privatus esset sive publicus, et undique
quod idoneum ad miiniendum putarent congererent.
Quo factum est ut Atheniensium, muri ex sacehls sepul-
crisque constarent.
Themistocles keeps the Spartans in ignorance until the walls are fit
for defense.
VII. Themistocles autem ut Lacedaemonem venit, 10
adire ad magistratus noluit, et dedit operam ut quam
longissime tempus duceret, causam interponens se con-
legas exspectare. Cum Lacedaemonii quererentur opus
nihilo minus fieri eumque in ea re c5narl fallere, interim
reliqui legati sunt consecuti. A quibus cum audisset 15
non multum superesse munitionis, ad ephorSs Lacedae­
moniorum accessit, penes qu5s summum erat imperium,
atque apud eos contendit falsa iis esse delata; qua re
aequum esse illos viros bonos nobilisque mittere quibus
fides haberetur, qui rem explorarent; interea se obsidem 20
retinerent. Gestus est e! mos, tresque legati funct!
summis honoribus Athenas miss! sunt. Cum his conlegas
suos Themistocles iussit proficlsc! iisque praedixit ut ne
prius Lacedaemoniorum legates dimitterent quam ipse
esset remissus. Hos postquam Athenas pervenisse ratus 25
est, ad magistratus senatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit
et apud eos liberrime professus est: Atheniensis suo

32 CORNELIUS NEPOS
consilio, quod commQnl iure gentium facere possent,
deos pflblicos suosque patrios ac penatis, quo facilius ab
hoste possent defendere, murls saepsisse neque in eo
quod inQtile esset Graeciae fecisse. Nam illprum urbem
5 ut propugnaculum oppositum esse barbaris, apud quam
iam bis copias regias fecisse naufragium. Lacedae-
monios autem male et iniuste facere, qui id potius intue-
rentur quod ips5rum dominationi quam quod iiniversae
Graeciae iitile esset. Qua re, si suos legates recipere
10 vellent quos Athenas miserant, se remitterent, cum
aliter illos numquam in patriam essent recepturl.
Themistocles is banished from Athens. In his absence he is accused
of treason.
VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam.
Namque ob eundem timSrem quo damnatus erat Mil­
tiades, testularum suffragils e civitate eiectus Argos
'S habitatum concessit. Hlc cum propter multas virtiites
magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii legates
Athenas miserunt qui eum absentem accusarent, quod
societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam opprimendam
fecisset. Hoc crimine absens damnatus est. Id ut
2o audivit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, Corey-
ram demigravit. Ibi cum eius principes insulae animad-
vertisset timere ne propter se bellum iis Lacedaemonii
et Athenienses indicerent, ad Admetum, Molossum
regem, cum quo el hospitium non erat, confugit. Hue
25 cum venisset et in praesentia rex abesset, qu5 maiore
religione se receptum tueretur, filium eius parvulum
adripuit et cum eo se in sacrarium quod summa coleba-

THEMISTOCLES 33
tur caerimonia coniecit. Inde non prius egressus est
quam rex eum data d extra in fidem reciperet, quam
praestitit. Nam cum ab Atheniensibus et Lacedaemoniis
exposceretur piiblice, supplicem non prodidit
moniiitque ut consuleret sibi; difficile enim esse in tam 5
propinquS loco tuto eum versari. Itaque Pydnam eum
deduci iussit et quod satis esset praesidi dedit. Hic in
navem omnibus ignotus nautis escendit. Quae cum
tempestate maxima Naxum ferretur, ubi tum Atheniensium
erat exercitus, sensit Themistocles si eo perve- lo
nisset, sibi esse pereundum. Hac necessitate coactus
domino navis quis sit aperit, multa pollicens si se conservasset.
At ille clarissimi virl captus misericordia
diem noctemque procul ab insula in salo navem tenuit in
ancoris, neque quemquam ex ea exire passus est. Inde 15
Ephesum pervenit ibique Themistoclem exponit. Cui
ille pro meritis postea gratiam rettulit.
Themistocles sends a letter to King Artaxerxes offering his aid and
friendship.
IX. Scio plerosque ita scrlpsisse, Themistoclem
Xerxe regnante in Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissimum
Thucydidi credo, quod et aetate proximus de iis 20
qui illorum temporum historiam rellquerunt et eiusdem
civitatis fuit. Is autem ait ad Artaxerxen eum venisse
atque his verbis epistulam misisse : " Themistocles veni
ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Graiorum in domum
tuam intull, quam diu mihi necesse fuit adversum patrem 25
tuum bellare patriamque meam defendere. Idem multo
plura bona feci, postquam in tuto ipse et ille in periculo
D

34 CORNELIUS NEPOS
esse coepit. Nam cum in Asiam reverti vellet proelio
apud Salamlna facto, litteris eum certi5rem feci id agi,
ut pons quem in Hellesponto fecerat dissolveretur
atque ab hostibus circumlretur; quo nuntio ille periculo
5 est liberatus. Nunc autem confugi ad te exagitatus a
ciincta. Graecia, tuam petens amicitiam; quam si ero
adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum habebis quam
fortem inimicum ille expertus est. Te autem rogo ut
de iis rebus quas tecum conloqui vol5 annuum mihi
10 tempus des eoque transacto ad te venire patiaris."
Themistocles promises to give Greece into the hands of the king.
His death.
X. Huius rex animi magnitudinem admlrans cupi-
ensque talem virum sibi conciliari veniam dedit. Ille
omne illud tempus litteris sermonique Persarum dedit;
quibus ade5 eruditus est ut multo commodius dicatur
15 apud regem verba fecisse quam ii poterant qui in
Perside erant natl. Hlc cum multa regi esset pollicitus
gratissimumque illud, si suis uti consiliis vellet, ilium
Graeciam bello oppressilrum, magnis miineribus ab
Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam rediit domiciliumque Ma-
20 gnesiae sibi constituit. Namque hanc urbem el rex dona-
rat his quidem verbis, quae ei panem praeberet (ex qua
regiSne quinquagena talenta quotannis redlbant); Lamp-
sacum autem, unde vinum sumeret; Myunta, ex qua
obsonium haberet.
25 Huius ad nostram memoriam monumenta manserunt
duo: sepulcrum prope oppidum, in quo est sepultus,
statua in foro Magnesiae. De cuius morte multimodls

ATHENS

36 CORNELIUS NEPOS
apud plerosque scriptum est, sed nos eundem potissi-
mum Thiicydidem auctorem probamus, qui ilium ait
Magnesiae morb5 mortuum neque negat fuisse famam
venenum sua sponte sumpsisse, cum se quae regl de
S Graecia oiDprimenda pollicitus esset praestare posse
desperaret. Idem ossa eius clam in Attica ab amicis
sepulta, quoniam legibus non concederetur, quod pro­
ditionis esset damnatus, memoriae prodidit.
ARISTIDES
Aristides is ostracized because of his political opposition to Themistocles.
I. Aristides, LysimachI filius, Atheniensis, aequalis
1° fere fuit Themistocll atque cum eo de prlncipatii con­
tendit ; namque obtrectarunt inter se. In his autem
cognitum est quanto antestaret eloquentia innocentiae.
Quamquam enim adeo excellebat Aristides abstinentia
ut Onus post hominum memoriam, quem quidem nos
IS audierimus, cognomine lOstus sit appellatus, tamen a
Themistocle conlabefactus testula ilia exsilio decem
annSrum multatus est. Qui quidem cum intellegeret
reprimi concitatam multitOdinem non posse, cedensque
animadvertisset quendam scrlbentem ut patria pellere-
20 tur, quaesisse ab eo dicitur qua re id faceret, aut quid
Aristides commls.isset cOr tanta poena dignus dOceretur.
Cui ille respondit se ign5rare Aristiden, sed • sibi non
placere quod tam cupide laborasset ut praeter ceteros
Iustus appellaretur. Hic decem annorum legitimam

ARISTIDES 31
poenam non pertulit. Nam postquam Xerxes in Graeciam
descendit, sexto fere anno quam erat expulsus
populi scito in patriam restitutus est.
Aristides fights In the battles of Salamis and Plataea.
II. Interfuit autem pugnae naval! apud Salamlna,
quae facta est prius quam poena liberaretur. Idem s
praetor fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in proelio quo
fusus barbarorum exercitus Mardoniusque interfectus
est. Neque aliud est Ollum hOius in re militari inlOstre
factum quam eius imperi memoria, iOstitiae vero et
aequitatis et innocentiae multa, in prlmls quod huius lo
aequitate factum est, cum in commOni classe esset Graeciae
simul cum Pausania, ut summa imperi maritimlab
Lacedaemoniis transferretur. ad Atheniensis. Narhque
ante id tempus et mar! et terra duces erant Lacedaemonii.
Tum autem et intemperantia Pausaniae et iustitia factum 15
est Aristidis ut omnes fere civitates Graeciae ad Atheniensium
societatem se applicarent, et adversus barbaros
hos duces dehgerent sibi.
Aristides dies in poverty, though he has been assessor of the
Confederacy of Delos.
III. Quos quo facilius repellerent si forte bellum
renovare conarentur, ad classis aedificandas exerci- 20
tOsque comparandos quantum pecuniae quaeque civitas
daret Aristides delectus est qui constitueret, eiusque
arbitrio quadringena et sexagena talenta quotannis
Delum sunt conlata; id enim commOne aerarium esse
voluerunt. Quae omnis pecOnia posters tempore 25

38 CORNELIUS NEPOS
Athenas translata est. Hic qua fuerit abstinentia nOl-
lum est certius indicium quam quod, cum tantis rebus
praefuisset, in tanta paupertate decessit ut qui efferfe-
tur vix reliquerit. Quo factum est ut flliae eius publice
alerentur et de communi aerario dotibus datis conloca-
rentur. Decessit autem fere post annum quartum quam
Themistocles Athenis erat. expulsus.
ATHENIAN COIN
PAUSANIAS
Pausanias wins the battle of Plataea, and is made vain by his success.
HEAD OF PERSIAN
SATRAP
I. Pausanias Lacedaemonius magnus
homo, sed varius in omni genere vitae
fuit; nam ut virtutibus elOxit, sic vitiis
W est obrutus. HOius inlOstrissimum est
proelium apud Plataeas. Namque illo
duce Mardonius, satrapes regius, natione
Medus, regis gener, in primis omnium
15 Persarum et manO fortis et consili plenus, cum du-
centis milibus peditum, quos viritim legerat, et viginti
equitum baud ita magna manu Graeciae fugatus est,
e5que ipse dux cecidit proelio. Qua victoria elatus
plOrima miscere coepit et maiora concupiscere. Sed

PAUSANIAS 39
primum in eo est reprehensus, quod ex praeda tripodem
aureum Delphis posuisset epigrammate inscrlpto, in quo
haec erat sententia : su5 ductu barbaros apud Plataeas
REMAINS OF TRIPOD DEDICATED BY PAUSANIAS
esse deletos eiusque victoriae ergo Apollini id donum
dedisse. Hos versOs Lacedaemonii exsculpserunt neque 5
aliud scripserunt quam nomina earum civitatum quarum
auxilio Persae erant victi.
Pausanias has further victories over the Persians, but is accused by
his countrymen of disloyalty.
II. Post id proelium eundem Pausaniam cum classe
commOn! Cyprum atque Hellespontum miserunt, ut ex

4°
CORNELIUS NEPOS
iis regionibus barbarSrum praesidia depelleret. Pari
felicitate in ea re Osus elatius se gerere coepit maio-
resque appetere res. Nam cum Byzantio expOgnato
cepisset complurls Persarum nSbills atque in iis non-
S nullos regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans
ex vinclis pOblicis effOgisse et cum iis Gongylum Ere-
triensem, qui litteras reg! redderet, in quibus haec fuisse
scrlpta Thucydides memoriae prodidit: " Pausanias, dux
Spartae, quos Byzanti! ceperat, postquam propinquos
10 tuos cSgnovit, tibi mOnerl misit seque tecum adfinitate
coniungi cupit. Qua re, si tibi videtur, des ei filiam tuam
nOptum. Id s! feceris, et Spartam et ceteram Graeciam
sub tuam potestatem se adiuvante te redactOrum poUi-
cetur. His de rebus si quid agere volueris, certum homi-
15 nem ad eum mittas face, cum quo conloquatur." Rex
tot hominum salOte tam sibi nec'essariorum magno opere
gavlsus conf estim cum epistula Artabazum ad Pausaniam
mittit, in qua eum conlaudat ac petit ne cui re! parcat
ad ea efflcienda quae polliceretur; si perfecerit, nulllus
20 re! a se repulsam latOrum. Huius Pausanias voluntate
cognita alacrior ad rem gerendam factus in suspicionem
cecidit Lacedaemoniorum. Quo facto domum revocatus,
accOsatus capitis absolvitur, multatur tamen pecunia,
quam ob causam ad classem remissus non est.
The unbearable arrogance of Pausanias causes him to be recalled. Though
acquitted of treason, he is still regarded with suspicion.
25 III. At ille post n5n mult5 sua sponte ad exercitum
rediit et ibi non stolida sed dementi ratione cogitata
patefecit; non enim mores patrios solum, sed etiam

PAUSANIAS 4^
cultum vestitumque mutavit. Apparatu regio utebatur,
veste Medica; satellites Medi et Aegyptii seque­
bantur; epulabatur more Persarum lOxuriosius quam
qui aderant perpeti possent;
aditum petentibus non dabat,
superbe respondebat, crude-
hter imperabat. Spartam re-
dire nolebat; Colonas, qui
locus in agro Troade est, se
contulerat; ibi consilia cum
patriae tum sibi inimica capie-
bat. Id postquam Lacedae­
moni! rescierunt, legates cum
clava ad eum miserunt, in qua ^MMIg/WS^gJlIt
more illorum erat scriptum nisi ==::;==^==^^ i^
domum reverteretur, se capi- PERSIAN
tis eum damnaturos. Hoc nuntio commotus, sperans se
etiam tum pecOnia et potentia instans periculum posse
depellere, domum rediit. Hue ut venit, ab ephorls in
vincla publica est coniectus; licet enim legibus eorum 20
cuivis ephoro h5c facere regl. Hinc tamen se expedivit,
neque eo magis carebat suspicione; nam opinio mane-
bat eum cum rege habere societatem. Est genus quod-
dam hominum quod Hilotae vocatur, quorum magna
multitudo agros Lacedaemoniorum colit servorumque 25
mOnere fungitur. Hos quoque sollicitare spe llbertatis
existimabatur. Sed quod harum rerum nullum erat
apertum crimen quo coargu! posset, non putabant de
tali tamque claro viro suspicionibus oportere iOdicari, et
exspectandum dum se ipsa res aperiret. 30

42
CORNELIUS NEPOS
A messenger discovers the guilt of Pausanias, and reveals It
to the ephors.
IV. Interim Argilius quidam adulescentulus, cum
epistulam ab eo ad Artabazum accepisset eique in susplciSnem
venisset aliquid in ea de se esse scriptum, quod
nemo eorum redisset qui eodem missi erant, vincla
epistulae laxavit signoque detracto cognovit si pertulisset,
sibi esse pereundum.
Erant in eadem epistula quae ad
ea pertinebant quae inter regem
Pausaniamque convenerant. Has
ille litteras ephorls tradidit. Non
est praetereunda gravitas Lace­
daemoniorum hoc loco. Nam ne
huius quidem indicio impuls! sunt
ut Pausaniam comprehenderent,
IS l^gs^^il neque prius vim adhibendam putaverunt
quam se ipse indicasset.
TRIPOD DEDlUiTED BY
PAUSANIAS
(Restored.)
Itaque huic indie! quid fieri vellent
praeceperunt. Fanum NeptOn! est
Taenari, quod violari nefas putant
Graeci. Eo ille conf 0 git in araque
consedit. Hanc iOxta locum fece­
runt sub terra, ex quo posset exaudir! s! quis quid loquere-
tur cum Argilio. HOc ex ephorls quidam descenderunt.
.Pausanias ut audivit Argilium confOgisse in aram, pertur-
25 batus venit e5. Quem cum supplicem del videret in ara
sedentem, quaerit causae quid sit tam repentini consili.
Huic ille quid ex litteris comperisset aperit. Qu5
magis Pausanias perturbatus orare coepit ne enOntiaret

PAUSANIAS 43
neu se meritum de illo optime proderet; quod si eam
veniam sibi dedisset tantisque imphcatum rebus sub-
levasset, magno e! praemio futOrum.
Pausanias perishes in the temple of Athena. The manner of
his burial.
V His rebus ephori cognitis satins putarunt in urbe
eum comprehendi. Quo cum essent profecti et Pau- 5
sanias placato Argili5, ut putabat, Lacedaemonem
reverteretur, in itinere cum iam in eo esset ut com-
prehenderetur, ex vultO cOiusdam ephori qui eum
admoner! cupiebat Insidias sibi fieri intellexit. Itaque
paucis ante gradibus quam qui eum sequebantur, in 10
aedem Minervae quae Chalcioicos vocatur confugit.
Hinc ne exire posset, statim ephori valvas eius aedis
obstruxerunt tectumque sunt demSlItl, quo celerius sub
divo interlret. Dicitur eo tempore matrem Pausaniae
vixisse eamque iam magno natO, postquam de scelere 15
fill comperit, in prImIs ad filium claudendum lapidem
ad introitum aedis attulisse. Hlc cum semianimis de
templo elatus esset, confestim animam efifiavit. Sic
Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi morte maculavit.
COius mortui corpus cum eodem nonnOlli dicerent in- 20
ferri oportere quo ii qui ad supplicium essent dati,
displicuit pluribus, et procul ab eo loco infoderunt
quo erat mortuus. Inde posterius del DelphicI re­
sponse erutus atque eodem loco sepultus est ubi vitam
posuerat. 25

44
CORNELIUS NEPOS
CIMON
Cimon's wife delivers him from prison.
I. Cimon, Miltiadis filius, Atheniensis, dOro admo-
dum initio Osus est adulescentiae. Nam cum pater eius
litem aestimatam populo solvere non potuisset ob
eamque causam in vinclis publicis decessisset, Cimon
5 eadem custodia tenebatur neque legibus Atheniensium
emitti poterat, nisi pecOniam qua pater multatus erat
solvisset. Habebat autem in matrimonio Elpinicen.
HOius coniugi cupidus Callias quidam, non tam gene­
rosus quam pecuniosus, qui magnas pecOnias ex metallis
10 fecerat, egit cum Cim5ne ut eam sibi uxorem daret; id
si impetrasset, se pro illo pecOniam soluturum. Is cum
talem condicionem aspernaretur, Elpinice negavit se
passOram Miltiadis progeniem in vinclis pOblicis in-
terire, quoniam prohibere posset, seque Calliae nuptO-
15 ram, si ea quae polliceretur praestitisset.
Cimon soon becomes eminent in politics, and even more famous as
a military commander.
II. Tall modo custodia liberatus Cimon celeriter ad
principatum pervenit. Habebat enim satis eloquentiae,
summam llberalitatem, magnam prOdentiam cum iuris
civilis tum rei militaris, quod cum patre a puero in
20 exercitibus fuerat versatus. Itaque hic et populum
urbanum in sua tenuit potestate et apud exercitum
plurimum valuit auctoritate. Primum imperator apud
flOmen Strymona magnas c5pias Thracum fugavit.

CIMON 4^
oppidum Amphipolim constituit eoque decem mlHa
Atheniensium in coloniam misit. Idem iterum impe­
rator apud Mycalen Cypriorum et Phoenlcum ducen-
tarum navium classem devlctam cepit, eodemque die pari
fortOna in terra usus est. Namque hostium navibus 5
captis statim ex classe copias suas edOxit barbarorum-
que maximam vim Ono concursu prostravit. Qua vic­
toria magna praeda potltus cum domum reverteretur,
quod iam nonnullae Insulae propter acerbitatem imperi
defecerant, bene animatas confirmavit, alienatas ad lo
officium redire coegit. Scyrum, quam eo tempore
Dolopes incolebant, quod contumacius se gesserant,
vacuefecit, possessores veteres urbe Insulaque eiecit,
agros civibus divisit. Thasios opulentia fretos suo ad-
ventO fregit. H^Is ex manubiis arx Athenarum, qua is
ad meridiem vergit, est ornata.
Cimon Is ostracized, but recalled, and concludes a peace with Sparta.
His death.
III. Quibus rebus cum Onus in civitate maxime flo­
reret, incidit in eandem invidiam quam pater suus cete-
rlque Atheniensium principes; nam testarum suffragils
decem annorum exsilio multatus est. COius f acti celerius 20
Atheniensis quam ipsum paenituit. Nam cum ille
animo forti invidiae ingratSrum civium cessisset bellum-
que Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, c5nfestim
notae eius virtutis deslderium consecutum est. Itaque
post annum quintum quam expulsus erat in patriam 2s
revocatus est. Ille, quod hpspitio Lacedaemoniorum
utebatur, satins existimans Graeciae civitates de contro-

46 CORNELIUS NEPOS
versils suis inter se iOre disceptare quam armis conten­
dere, Lacedaemonem sua sponte est profectus pacemque
inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, neque
ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator
S niissus, cum eius maiorem partem Insulae devicisset, in
morbum implicitus in oppugnando oppido Citio est
mortuus.
Cimon's charities.
IV Hunc Athenienses non solum in bello, sed etiam
in pace diO desideraverunt. Fuit enim tanta liberalitate,
10 cum complOribus locis praedia hortosque haberet, ut
numquam in iis custodem posuerit fructOs servandi
gratia, ne quis impedlretur qu5 minus iis rebus quibus
quisque vellet frueretur. Semper eum pedisequi cum
nummis sunt secuti, ut si quis opis eius indigeret, habe-
iS ret quod statim daret, ne differendo videretur negare.
Saepe cum aliquem offensum fortunae videret minus
bene vestltum, suum amiculum dedit. Cottldie sic cena
ei coquebatur ut quos invocatos vidisset in foro, omnis
ad se vocaret; quod facere nOUo die praetermittebat.
20 NOllI fides eius, nuUl opera, nOUl res familiaris defuit;
multos locupletavit; complOrls pauperis mortuos, qui
unde efferrentur n5n rellquissent, suo sumptu extulit.
Sic se gerendS minime est mirandum si et vita eius fuit
secura et mors acerba.

LYSANDER 47
LYSANDER
Lysander gives the death-blow to Athens at the end of the
Peloponnesian war.
I. Lysander Lacedaemonius magnam rellquit sui
famam, magis felicitate quam virtOte partam. Athe­
niensis enim adversus Peloponnesios bellum gerentis
sexto et vicesimo anno confecisse apparet, neque id qua
ratione consecutus sit latet. Non enim virtOte sul exerci- s
tus, sed immodestia factum est adversariorum, qui, quod
dicto audientes imperatoribus suis non erant, dispalati in
agris relictis navibus in hostium venerunt potestatem.
Quo facto Athenienses se Lacedaemoniis dediderunt.
Hac victoria Lysander elatus, cum antea semper factio- lo
sus audaxque fuisset, sic sibi indulsit ut eius opera in
maximum odium Graeciae Lacedaemonii pervenerint.
Nam cum hanc causam Lacedaemonii dictitassent sibi
esse belli, ut Atheniensiuni impotentem dominationem
refringerent, postquam apud Aegos flumen Lysander 15
classis hostium est potltus, nihil aliud molltus est quam
ut omnis civitates in sua teneret potestate, cum id se
Lacedaemoniorum causa facere simularet. Namque
undique qui Atheniensium rebus studuissent eiectis,
decem delegerat in una quaque civitate quibus summum 20
imperium potestatemque omnium rerum committeret.
Horum in numerum nemo admittebatur nisi qui aut eius
hospitio contineretur aut se illius fore proprium fide
conflrmarat.

48
CORNELIUS NEPOS
All the states of Greece are now in his power. His cruelty and perfidy
are shown in his treatment of the Thaslans.
II. Ita decemvirall potestate in omnibus urbibus
constituta ipslus nfltO omnia gerebantur. COius de cru-
delitate ac perfidia satis est unam rem exempli gratia
proferre, ne de eodem plura enumerando defatlgemus
S lectores. Victor ex Asia cum reverteretur Thasumque
devertisset, quod ea civitas praecipua fide fuerat erga
Atheniensis, proinde ac si non Idem firmissimi solerent
esse amici qui constantes fuissent inimici, pervertere
eam concuplvit. Vidit autem nisi in eo occultasset
10 voluntatem, f utOrum ut Thasii dllaberentur consulerent-
que rebus suis.
Lysander begins to plot against the Spartan kings.
III. Itaque ii decemviralem potestatem ab illo consti-
tOtam sustulerunt. Quo dolore incensus iniit consilia
reges Lacedaemoniorum tollere. Sed sentiebat id se
IS sine ope deorum facere non posse, quod Lacedaemonii
omnia ad oracula referre consuerant. Primum Delphi-
cum corrumpere est conatus. Cum id n5n potuisset,
Dodonaeum adortus est. Hinc quoque repulsus dixit se
vota suscepisse quae lovi Hammoni solveret, existimans
20 se Afr5s facilius corruptOrum. Hac spe cum profectus
esset in Africam, multum eum antistites lovis fefellerunt.
Nam non solum corrumpi non potuerunt, sed etiam lega­
tes Lacedaemonem miserunt qui Lysandrum accusarent,
quod sacerdotes fani corrumpere conatus esset. AccO-
25 satus hoc crimine iOdicumque absolutus sententiis,
Orchomeniis missus subsidio occisus est a Thebanis

LYSANDER 49
apud Haliartum. Quam vere de eo secus foret iOdicatum
oratio indicio fuit quae post mortem in domo eius
reperta est, in qua suadet Lacedaemoniis ut regia potestate
dissolOta ex omnibus dux deligatur ad bellum
gerendum, sed sic scripta ut deum videretur congruere S
sententiae, quam ille se habiturum pecOnia fidens non
dubitarat. Hanc e! scrlpsisse Cle5n Halicarnasius
dicitur.
Lysander unwittingly accuses himself.
IV. Atque hoc loco non est praetereundiim factum
Pharnabazi, satrapis regii. Nam cum Lysander prae- i°
fectus classis in bello multa crudeliter avareque fecisset
deque iis rebus suspicaretur ad civis suos esse perlatum,
petiit a Pharnabazo ut ad ephoros sibi testimonium
daret, quanta sanctitate bellum gessisset sociosque tractasset,
deque ea re accurate scriberet; magnam enim is
eius auctoritatem in ea re futuram. Huic ille llberaliter
pollicetur; librum grandem verbis multis conscripsit, in
quibus summis eum effert laudibus. Quem cum hlc
legisset probassetque, dum signatur, alteram pari magnitudine
et tanta similitOdine ut discerni non posset 20
signatum subiecit, in quo accuratissime eius avaritiam
perfidiamque accOsarat. Lysander domum cum redisset,
postquam de suis rebus gestis apud maximum
magistratum quae voluerat dixerat, testimoni loco librum
a Pharnabazo datum tradidit. Hunc submoto 25
Lysandro cum ephori c5gnossent, ipsi legendum dederunt.
Ita ille imprOdens ipse suus fuit accOsator.
E

5°
CORNELIUS NEPOS
ALCIBIADES
The preeminence of Alcibiades in both vice and virtue.
ALCIBIADES
I. Alcibiades, Cliniae filius, Athe­
niensis. In hoc natOra quid efficere
possit videtur experta. Constat enim
inter omnis qui de eo memoriae
prSdiderunt nihil illo fuisse excel-
lentius vel in vitiis vel in virtutibus.
Natus in amplissima civitate sum-
mo genere, omnium aetatis suae
multo f ormosissimus, dives; ad
omnis res aptus consilique plenus
(namque imperator fuit summus et
marl et terra); disertus, ut in primis
dicendo valeret, quod tanta erat
commendatio oris atque 5rationis ut nemo ei posset
15 resistere; cum tempus pSsceret, laboriosus, patiens;
llberalis, splendidus non minus in vita quam vIctO;
adfabilis, blandus, temporibus callidissime serviens;
idem, simul ac se remlserat neque causa suberat qua re
animi laborem perferret, luxuriosus, dissolOtus, libldi-
20 nosus, intemperans reperiebatur, ut omnes admlrarentur
in uno homine tantam esse dissimilitOdinem tamque
diversam natOram.
He is brought up by Pericles and educated by Socrates.
II. Educatus est in domo Pericli (privlgnus enim eius
fuisse dicitur), eruditus a Socrate. Socerum habuit

ALCIBIADES 51
Hipponicum, omnium Graeca lingua loquentium ditissi-
mum; ut si ipse fingere vellet, neque plOra bona eminisci
neque maiora posset consequi quam vel natura vel
fortOna tribuerat.
SOCRATES PERICLES
Alcibiades is chosen one of the three generals of the Sicilian expedition.
The statues of Hermes are mutilated.
III. Bello Peloponnesio huius consiho atque auctori- s
tate Athenienses bellum Syracusanis indlxerunt. Ad
quod gerendum ipse dux delectus est, duo praeterea
conlegae datl, Nicias et Lamachus. Id cum apparare-
tur, prius quam classis exiret, accidit ut Ona nocte omnes
Hermae qui in oppido erant Athenis deicerentur, prae- 10
ter Onum qui ante ianuam erat Andocidi; itaque ille
postea Mercurius Andocidi vocitatus est. Hoc cum
appareret n5n sine magna multorum consensione esse
factum, quae non ad privatam, sed ad publicam rem

52 CORNELIUS NEPOS
pertineret, magnus multitOdini timor est iniectus ne qua
repentlna vis in civitate exsisteret, quae libertatem
opprimeret populi. Hoc maxime convenire in Alcibiadem
videbatur, quod et po-
tentior et maior quam priva­
tus existimabatur; multos
enim liberalitate devinxerat,
plOrls etiam opera forensi
suos reddiderat. Qua re
fiebat ut omnium oculos,
quotienscumque in pObli-
cum prodisset, ad se con-
verteret neque ei par quis­
quam in civitate poneretur.
15 '—' '—' • Itaque non solum spem in
HERMES g- j^g^^jgijg^jj^ maximam, sed
etiam timorem, quod et obesse plurimum et prodesse
poterat. Aspergebatur etiam Infamia, quod in dom5
sua facere mysteria dicebatur, quod nefas erat more
20 Atheniensium; idque non ad religionem, sed ad con-
iOrationem pertinere existimabatur.
Alcibiades has to sail without pleading his cause. He is declared guilty,
and recalled. On the way he escapes.
IV. Hoc crimine in contione ab inimicis compella-
batur. Sed instabat tempus ad bellum proficiscendl.
Id ille intuens neque ignorans civium su5rum consuetO-
25 dinem postulabat, si quid de se agi vellent, potius de
praesente quaestio haberetur quam absens invidiae cri­
mine accusaretur. Inimici vero eius quiescendum in

ALCIBIADES 53
praesenti, quia noceri ei non posse intellegebant, et illud
tempus exspectandum decreverunt quo classis exisset,
ut absentem aggrederentur; itaque fecerunt. Nam postquam
in Siciliam eum pervenisse crediderunt, absentem
quod sacra violasset reum fecerunt. Qua de re cum ei s
nuntius a magistratu in Siciliam missus esset, ut domum
ad causam dicendam rediret, essetque in magna spe
provinciae bene administrandae, non parere noluit, et in
triremem quae ad eum erat deportandum missa ascendit.
Hac ThOrios in Italiam pervectus, multa secum lo
reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia crudelitateque
erga nobilis, utilissimum ratus impendentem
evitare tempestatem, clam se ab custodibus subduxit et
inde primum Elidem, dein Thebas venit. Postquam
autem se capitis damnatum bonis publicatis audivit et, 15
id quod numquam antea usu venerat, Eumolpidas sacerdotes
a populo coactos ut se devoverent, eiusque devotionis
quo testatior esset memoria, exemplum in pllalapidea
incisum esse positum in publico, Lacedaemonem
demigravit. Ibi, ut ipse praedicare consuerat, non 20
adversus patriam, sed inimicos suos bellum gessit, qui
idem hostes essent civitati; nam cum intellegerent se
plurimum prodesse posse rei publicae, ex ea eiecisse
plusque Irae suae quam Otilitati commOni paruisse.
Itaque hOius consilio Lacedaemonii cum Perse rege 25
amicitiam fecerunt, dein Deceleam in Attica mOnierunt
praesidioque ibi perpetuo posito in obsidione Athenas
tenuerunt. Eiusdem opera loniam a societate averterunt
Atheniensium. Quo facto mult5 superiores bello
esse coeperunt. 30

54
CORNELIUS NEPOS
The Spartans try to kill Alcibiades, who takes refuge with Tissaphemes.
He is restored to favor with the Athenians.
V. Neque vero his rebus tam amici Alcibiadl sunt
facti quam timore ab eo alienatl. Nam cum acerrimi
viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus c6-
gnSscerent, pertimuerunt ne caritate patriae ductus
S aliquando ab ipsis descisceret et cum suis in gratiam
rediret. Itaque tempus eius inte'rficiendl quaerere In-
stituerunt. Id Alcibiades diutius celari non potuit; erat
enim ea sagacitate ut decipi n5n posset, praesertim cum
animum attendisset ad cavendum. Itaque ad Tissa-
10 phernem, praefectum regis Darei, se contulit. Cuius
cum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset et Atheniensium
male gestis in Sicilia rebus opes senescere, contra Lace­
daemoniorum crescere videret, initio cum Pisandro
praetore, qui apud Samum exercitum habebat, per in-
15 ternuntios conloqiiitur et de reditu suo facit mention em.
Is erat enim eodem quo Alcibiades sensO, populi poten-
tiae non amicus et optimatium fautor. Ab hoc destitO-
tus primum per ThrasybOlum, Lyci filium, ab exercitfl
recipitur praetorque fit apud Samum; post suffragante
20 Theramene populi scito restituitur parique absens im­
perio praeficitur simul cum ThrasybOlo et Theramene.
Horum in imperio tanta commutati5 rerum facta est ut
Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant, per-
territl pacem peterent. Victi enim erant quinque proe-
25 lils terrestribus, 'tribus navalibus, in quibus ducentas
navis triremis amiserant, quae captae in hostium vene-
rant potestatem. Alcibiades simul cum conlegis re-
ceperat loniam, Hellespontum, multas praeterea urbis

ALCIBIADES 55
Graecas quae in 5ra sitae sunt Thraciae; quarum
expugnarant complurls, in iis Byzantium, neque minus
multas consilio ad amicitiam adiOnxerant, quod in cap-
tos dementia fuerant Osi. Ita praeda onusti, locupletat5
exercitO, maximis rebus gestis Athenas venerunt.
On his return to Athens he is warmly welcomed and makes an affecting
speech in the public assembly.
VI. His cum obviam Oniversa civitas in Piraeum
descendisset, tanta fuit omnium exspectatiS visendi Alci-
biadis ut ad eius triremem vulgus conflueret, proinde ac
SI solus advenisset. Sic enim populo erat persuasum, et
adversas superi5res et praesentis secundas res accidisse lo
eius opera. Itaque et exercitum in Sicilia amissum et
Lacedaemoniorum victorias culpae suae tribuebant, quod
talem virum e civitate expulissent. Neque id sine causa
arbitrari videbantur. Nam postquam exercitui praeesse
coeperat, neque terra
neque marl hostes
pares esse potuerant.
Hlc ut e navl egres­
sus est, quamquam
Theramenes et Thra­
sybulus isdem rebus
praefuerant simulque
venerant in Piraeum,
tamen Onum omnes
ilium prosequebantur
et, id quod numquam ATHLETE RECEIVING TAENIAE

S6 CORNELIUS NEPOS
antea Osu venerat nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis
laurels taeniisque vulgo donabatur. Ille lacrimans
talem benevolentiam civium suorum accipiebat, remi-
niscens pristini temporis acerbitatem. Postquam in astO
S venit, c5ntione advocata sic verba fecit ut nemo tam
ferus fuerit quin eius casui inlacrimarit inimicumque iis
se ostenderit quorum opera patria pulsus fuerat, proinde
ac si alius populus, non ille ipse qui tum flebat, eum
sacrilegi damnasset. Restituta ergo huic sunt pOblice
10 bona, idemque illi Eumolpidae sacerdotes rOrsus resa-
crare sunt coacti qui eum devoverant, pilaeque illae in
quibus devotio fuerat scripta in mare praecipitatae.
Alcibiades' good fortune is short-lived. He Is deposed from his
command, and retires to Thrace.
VII. Haec Alcibiadl laetitia non nimis fuit diOturna.
Nam cum ei omnes essent honores decretl totaque res
IS pOblica domi bellique tradita, ut unlus arbitrio gereretur,
et ipse postulasset ut duo sibi conlegae darentur, Thrasy­
bulus et Adimantus, neque id negatum esset, classe in
Asiam profectus, quod apud Cymen minus ex sententia
rem gesserat, in invidiam recidit; nihil enim eum non
20 efficere posse dOcebant. Ex quo fiebat ut omnia minus
prospers gesta culpae tribuerent, cum aut eum neglegen-
ter aut malitiose fecisse loquerentur, sicut tum accidit;
nam corruptum a rege capere Cymen noluisse arguebant.
Itaque huic maxime putamus mal5 fuisse nimiam
25 opinionem ingenl atque virtOtis; timebatur enim non
minus quam diligebatur, ne secunda fortOna magnlsque
opibus elatus tyrannidem concuplsceret. Quibus rebus

ALCIBIADES 57
factum est ut absenti magistratum abrogarent et alium
in eius locum substituerent. Id ille ut audivit, domum
reverti noluit et se Pactyen contulit ibique tria castella
communiit, Ornos, Bizanthen, Neontichos, manOque conlecta
primus Graecae civitatis in Thraciam introiit, 5
gloriosius existimans barbarSrum praeda locupletari
quam Graiorum. Qua ex re creverat cum fama tum
opibus, magnamque amicitiam sibi cum quibusdam regibus
Thraciae pepererat.
He offers to drive off or bring to terms Lysander, who Is threatening the
Athenian fleet at Aegospotami.
VIII. Neque tamen a caritate patriae potuit rece- 10
dere. Nam cum apud Aegos flOmen Philocles, praetor
Atheniensium, classem c5nstituisset suam neque longe
abesset Lysander, praetor Lacedaemoniorum, qui in eo
erat occupatus ut bellum quam diutissime dOceret, quod
ipsis pecOnia a rege suppeditabatur, contra Atheniensi- 15
bus exhaustis praeter arma et navis nihil erat super,
Alcibiades ad exercitum venit Atheniensium ibique
praesente vulgo agere coepit: si vellent, se coactOrum
Lysandrum dimicare aut pacem petere; Lacedaemonios
eo nolle classe confllgere, quod pedestribus 20
copils plOs quam navibus valerent; sibi autem esse facile
Seuthem, regem Thracum, adducere ut eum terra deiDclleret;
quo facto necessario aut classe conflicturum aut
bellum compositurum. Id etsi vere dictum Philocles
animadvertebat, tamen postulata facere n5luit, quod 25
sentiebat se Alcibiade recepto nOllIus moment! apud
exercitum futurum et, si quid secund! evenisset, nflllam

58 CORNELIUS NEPOS
in ea re suam partem fore; contra ea si quid adversi
accidisset, se Onum eius delicti futurum reum. Ab hoc
discedens Alcibiades, "Quoniam," inquit, "victoriae pa­
triae repOgnas, illud moneo, ne iOxta hostem castra habeas
S nautica; periculum est enim ne immodestia mihtum
vestrorum occasio detur Lysandro vestri opprimendi
exercitOs." Neque ea res ilium fefellit. Nam Lysander,
cum per speculatores comperisset vulgum Atheniensium
in terram praedatum exisse navisque paene inanis relic-
lo tas, tempus rei gerendae non dimisit eoque impetO
bellum totum delevit.
After the fall of Athens, Alcibiades seeks safety, first In the Interior of
Thrace, then In Asia.
IX. At Alcibiades victis Atheniensibus non satis tOta
eadem loca sibi arbitrans, penitus in Thraciam se supra
Propontidem abdidit, sperans ibi facillime suam fortOnam
IS occuli posse. Fals5. Nam Thraces postquam eum
cum magna pecOnia venisse senserunt, insidias fecerunt
eaque quae apportarat abstulerunt, ipsum capere non
potuerunt. Ille cernens nullum locum sibi tOtum in
Graecia propter potentiam Lacedaemoniorum, ad Pharna-
20 bazum in Asiam transiit, quem quidem adeo sua cepit
hOmanitate ut eum nemo in amicitia antecederet. Nam­
que ei Grynium dederat, in Phrygia castrum, ex quo
quinquagena talenta vectlgalis capiebat. Qua fortOna
Alcibiades non erat contentus, neque Athenas victas
25 Lacedaemoniis servire poterat pati. Itaque ad patriam
liberandam omni ferebatur cogitatione. Sed videbat id
sine rege Perse non posse fieri, ideoque eum amicum

ALCIBIADES 59
sibi cupiebat adiungi neque dubitabat facile se consecu-
turum, si modo eius conveniendl habuisset potestatem.
Nam Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare Lacedaemo­
niis adiuvantibus sciebat; id si aperuisset, magnam se
initurum gratiam videbat. 5
Assassins set his house on fire in the night. Alcibiades rushes out,
and is slain by their javelins.
X. Hoc cum moliretur peteretque a Pharnabazo ut
ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias ceterlque
tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysandrum in
Asiam miserant qui eum certiorem facerent, nisi Alci­
biadem sustulisset, nihil earum rerum fore ratum quas lo
ipse Athenis constituisset; qua re si suas res gestas
manere vellet, ilium persequeretur. His Laco rebus
commotus statuit accOratius sibi agendum cum Pharna­
bazo. Huic ergo renOntiat quae regi cum Lacedaemo­
niis convenissent, nisi Alcibiadem vivum aut mortuum 15
sibi tradidisset. Non tulit hoc satrapes et violare cle-
mentiam quam regis opes minui maluit. Itaque misit
Susamithren et Bagaeum ad Alcibiadem interficiendum,
cum ille esset in Phrygia iterque ad regem compararet.
Missi clam vicinitati in qua tum Alcibiades erat dant 20
negotium ut eum interficiant. Illi cum ferro aggredi
non auderent, noctu llgna contulerunt circa casam eam
in qua quiescebat eaque succenderunt, ut incendio con-
ficerent quem manu superarl posse diffldebant. Ille
autem ut sonitO flammae est excitatus, etsi gladius.ei 25
erat subductus, famiharis sul subalare telum eripuit.
Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui

6o CORNELIUS NEPOS
numquam discedere voluerat. Hunc sequi se iubet et
id quod in praesentia vestimentorum fuit adripit. His
in Ignem coniectis flammae vim transiit. Quem ut bar-
bari incendium effOgisse viderunt, telis eminus missis
S interfecerunt caputque eius ad Pharnabazum rettulerunt.
At mulier quae cum eo vivere c5nsuerat muHebrI sua
veste contectum aedificl incendiS mortuum cremavit,
quod ad vivum interimendum erat comparatum. Sic
Alcibiades annos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit
10 supremum.
Three historians unite in praise of Alcibiades, adding many good
instances of his wonderful versatility.
XI. Hunc infamatum a..
plerisque tres gravissimi,
historic! summis laudibus
extulerunt: ThOcydides, qui
eiusdem aetatis fuit, Theo-
pompus, post aliquanto na­
tus, et Timaeus ; qui quidem
duo maledlcentissimi nescio
quo mods in illo Ono lau-
dando consentiunt. Namque
ea quae supra scrlpsimus de
THUCYDIDES
eo praedicarunt atque hoc
amplius : cum Athenis,
splendidissima civitate, natus esset, omnis splendore
25 ac dignitate superasse vitae; postquam inde expulsus
Thebas venerit, ade5 studiis eorum inservlsse ut nemo
eum labore corporisque viribus posset aequiperare

THRASYBULUS 6l
(omnes enim Boeoti magis firmitati corporis quam
ingeni acOmini serviunt); eundem apud Lacedaemo-
nios, quorum moribus summa virtOs in patientia pone-
batur, sic dOritiae se dedisse ut parsimonia vlctOs
atque cultOs omnis LacedaemoniSs vinceret; venisse
ad Persas, apud quos summa laus esset fortiter venari,
lOxuriose vivere; horum sic imitatum consuetOdinem ut
illi ipsi eum in his maxime admlrarentur. Quibus rebus
effecisse ut apud quoscumque esset princeps poneretur
habereturque carissimus. Sed satis de hoc; reliquos
ordiamur.
THRASYBULUS
Thrasybulus greater in deeds and character than in renown. His valiant
opposition to the Thirty Tyrants.
I. Thrasybulus, Lyci filius, Atheniensis. Si per se
virtOs sine fortOna ponderanda est, dubito an hunc
primum omnium ponam; Illud sine dubio: neminem
huic praefero fide, constantia, magnitOdine animi, in
patriam amore. Nam quod multi voluerunt paucique
potuerunt, ab Ono tyranno patriam liberare, huic con-
tigit ut a triginta oppressam tyrannis e servitiite in
libertatem vindicaret. Sed nescio quo modo, cum eum
nemo anteiret his virtOtibus, multi nSbilitate praecucur-
rerunt. Primum Peloponnesio hello multa hic sine
Alcibiade gessit, ille n ullam rem sine hoc; quae ille
Oniversa naturali quodam bono fecit lucri. Sed ilia
tamen omnia communia imperatoribus cum mihtibus et

62 CORNELIUS NEPOS
fortuna, quod in proell concursu abit res a consilio ad
vicis rerum virtOtemque pOgnantium. Itaque iure suo
nonnOUa ab imperatSre miles, plOrima vero fortOna vin-
dicat seque his plOs valuisse vere potest praedicare.
5 Verum illud magnificentissimum factum proprium est
Thrasybuh. Nam cum triginta tyranni praepositi a
Lacedaemoniis servitOte oppi'essas tenerent Athenas,
plOrimos civis quibus in bello parserat fortOna partim
patria expulissent, partim interfecissent, plOrimorum
10 bona pOblicata inter se divlsissent, non solum princeps,
sed etiam solus initio bellum iis indlxit.
Intrenching himself successively at Phyle and Munychla, he is able to
resist two attempts at dislodgment.
II. Hic enim cum Phylen c5nfugisset, quod est ca-
stellum in Attica mOnltissimum, non plus habuit secum
triginta de suis. Hoc initium fuit salOtis Atticorum,
IS hoc robur llbertatis clarissimae civitatis. Neque vero
hic non contemptus est prim5 a tyrannis atque eius soli-
tOdo. Quae quidem res et illls contemnentibus perniciei
et huic despecto saluti fuit; etenim illos segnis ad per-
sequendum, hos autem tempore ad comparandum dato
20 fecit rSbustiores. Quo magis praeceptum illud omnium
in animis esse debet, nihil in bello oportere contemni;
neque sine causa dicitur matrem timidi flere non solere.
Neque tamen pro opinione ThrasybOli auctae sunt opes ;
nam iam tum illls temporibus fortius boni pro libertate
25 loquebantur quam pugnabant. Hinc in Piraeum transiit
MOnychiamque munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare
sunt adorti, ab eaque turpiter repulsl protinus in urbem

THRASYBULUS 63
armis impedlmentlsque amissis refOgerunt. Usus est
ThrasybOlus non minus prOdentia quam fortitudine.
Nam cedentis violari vetuit (civis enim civibus parcere
aequum censebat), neque quisquam est vulneratus nisi
qui prior impugnare voluit. Neminem iacentem veste S
spoliavit, nil attigit nisi arma, qu5rum indigebat, quaeque
ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit
Critias, dux tyrannorum, cum quidem adversus ThrasybOlum
fortissime pOgnaret.
Terms of peace procured by the arbitration of Pausanias. The amnesty.
III. Hoc delects Pausanias venit Atticis auxiliS, rex 10
Lacedaemoniorum. Is inter ThrasybOlum et eos qui
urbem tenebant fecit pacem his condicionibus : ne qui
praeter triginta tyrannos, et decem qui postea praetores
creatisuperioris more crudelitatis erant usI, adficerentur
exsilio neve bona pOblicarentur; rei publicae procOratio 15
populo redderetur. Praeclarum hoc quoque ThrasybOli,
quod reconciliata pace, cum plurimum in civitate posset,
legem tulit ne quis ante actarum rerum accusaretur neve
multaretur, eamque illi oblivionis appellarunt. Neque
vero hanc tantum ferendam curavit, sed etiam ut valeret 20
effecit. Nam cum quidam ex iis qui simul cum eo in
exsilio fuerant caedem facere eorum vellent cum quibus
in gratiam reditum erat publice, prohibuit et id quod
pollicitus erat praestitit.
An olive crown satisfies the ambition of Thrasybulus. His death.
IV. Huic pro tantis meritis honSris causa corSna a 25
populo data est, facta duabus virgulls oleaginls. Quam

64 CORNELIUS NEPOS
quod amor civium et non vis expresserat, nOllam habuit
invidiam magnaque fuit gloria. Bene ergo Pittacus
ille, qui in septem sapientium numerS est habitus, cum
Mytilenaei multa milia iOgerum agri ei mOneri darent,
S " Nolite, oro vos," inquit, "id mihi dare quod multi invideant,
plures etiam concupiscant. Qua re ex istis nolo
amplius quam centum iOgera, quae et meam animi
aequitatem et vestram voluntatem indicent." Nam parva
munera diOtina, locupletia non propria esse consuerunt.
10 Ilia igitur corona contentus ThrasybOlus neque amplius
requislvit neque quemquam honore se antecessisse existimavit.
Hic sequenti tempore cum praetor classem ad
Ciliciam appulisset neque satis diligenter in castrls eius
agerentur vigiliae, a barbaris ex oppido noctO eruptione
IS facta in tabernaculo interfectus est.
CONON
Conon wins renown in the Peloponnesian war. Had he been present at
Aegospotami, the result might easily have been different.
I. Conon Atheniensis Peloponnesio bello accessit ad
rem pOblicam, in eoque eius opera magni fuit. Nam
et praetor pedestribus exercitibus praefuit et praefectus
classis magnas marl res gessit. Quas ob causas prae-
20 cipuus ei honos habitus est. Namque omnibus Onus
insulis praefuit, in qua potestate Pheras cepit, coloniam
Lacedaemoniorum. Fuit etiam extreme Peloponnesio
bello praetor, cum apud Aegos flumen copiae Athe-

CONON 65
niensium ab Lysandro sunt devlctae. Sed tum afuit,
eoque peius res administrata est; nam et prOdens rei
militaris et dlligens erat imperator. Itaque nemini erat
iis temporibus dubium, si adfuisset, illam Atheniensis
calamitatem acceptOros non fuisse. 5
When his country is in distress, Conon opposes the Spartan power by obtaining
influence with the-Persian satrap of Ionia and Lydia.
II. Rebus autem adflictis, cum patriam obsideri .au­
disset, non quaeslvit ubi ipse t0t5 viveret, sed unde
praesidio posset esse civibus suis. Itaque contulit se
ad Pharnabazum, satrapem loniae et Lydiae eundem-
que generum regis et propinquum; apud quem ut 10
multum gratia valeret, multo labore multlsque effecit
periculis. Nam cum Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus de-
victls in societate non manerent quam cum Artaxerxe
fecerant Agesilaumque bellatum misissent in Asiam,
maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, qui ex intimis regis is
ab amicitia eius defecerat et cum Lacedaemoniis coie-
rat societatem, hunc adversus Pharnabazus habitus est
imperator, re quidem vera exercitui praefuit Conon
eiusque omnia arbitrio gesta sunt. Hic multum du-
cem summum Agesilaum impedlvit saepeque eius con- 20
silils obstitit, neque vero non fuit apertum, si ille
non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus regi
fuisse erepturum. Qui postea quam domum a suis
civibus revocatus est, quod Boeoti et Athenienses
Lacedaemoniis bellum indlxerant, Conon nihilo setius 25
apud praefectos regis versabatur iisque omnibus magno
erat usui.
F

66 CORNELIUS NEPOS
Conon learns of Tissaphemes' scheme of revolt, and reveals It to the
king.
III. Defecerat a rege Tissaphemes, neque id tam
Artaxerxi quam ceteris erat apertum; multis enim magnlsque
meritis apud regem, etiam cum in officio non
maneret, valebat. Neque id erat mirandum, si non
S facile ad credendum addOcebatur, reminiscens eius se
opera Cyrum fratrem superasse. HOius accusandi gratia
.Conon a Pharnabazo ad regem missus postea quam
venit, primum ex more Persarum ad chiliarchum, qui
secundum gradum imperi tenebat, Tithrausten accessit
10 seque ostendit cum rege conloqui velle. Huic ille,
" NOlla," inquit, " mora est, sed tO dellbera utrum conloqui
malls an per litteras agere quae cogitas. Necesse
est enim, si in conspectum veneris, venerarl te regem;
nemo enim sine hoc admittitur. Hoc si tibi grave est,
IS per me nihilo setius editls mandatis conficies quod
studes." Tum Conon, "Mihi vero,'' inquit, "non est
grave quemvis honSrem habere regi, sed vereor ne
civitati meae sit opprobrio, si cum ex ea sim profectus
quae ceteris gentibus imperare consuerit, potius barba-
20 rorum quam illius more fungar.'' Itaque quae volebat
huic scripta tradidit.
The king commissions Conon to raise » fleet and attack the Lacedaemonians,
whom he conquers at Cnidus.
IV. Quibus cognitis rex tantum auct5ritate eius motus
est ut et Tissaphernem hostem iudicarit, et Lacedaeraonios
bello persequi iusserit, et ei permiserit quem vellet
25 eligere ad dispensandam pecOniam. Id arbitrium Conon

CONON 67
negavit sui esse consili, sed ipsius, qui optime suos
n5sse deberet, sed se suadere Pharnabazo id negoti
daret. Hinc magnis mOneribus donatus ad mare est
missus, ut Cypriis et Phoenicibus ceterlsque maritimis
civitatibus navis longas imperaret classemque qua S
proxima aestate mare tueri posset compararet, dato
adiOtore Pharnabaz5, sicut ipse voluerat. Id ut Lace­
daemoniis est nOntiatum, non sine cOra rem administrant,
quod mains bellum imminere arbitrabantur quam si cum
barbaro solum contenderent. Nam ducem fortem et 10
prOdentem regiis opibus praefutOrum ac secum dimica-
tOrum videbant, quem neque consilio neque copils supe-
rare possent. Hac mente magnam contrahunt classem ;
proficiscuntur Pisandro duce. Hos Conon apud Chidum
adortus magno proelio fiigat, multas navis capit, com- 15
pluris deprimit. Qua victoria non solum Athenae, sed
etiam cuncta Graecia, quae sub Lacedaemoniorum fuerat
imperio, llberata est. Conon cum parte navium in
patriam venit, muros dirutos a Lysandro utrosque, et
Piraei et Athenarum, reficiendos curat, pecOniaeque quin- 20
quaginta talenta quae a Pharnabazo acceperat civibus
suis donat.
An ill-concealed attempt to recover the Asiatic possessions of Athens
leads to Conon's capture by the Persian authorities.
V. Accidit huic, quod ceteris mortalibus, ut incon-
slderatior in secunda quam in adversa esset .fortOna.
Nam classe Peloponnesiorum devlcta cum ultum se 25
iniOrias patriae putaret, plOra concupivit quam efficere
potuit. Neque tamen ea non pia et probanda fuerunt.

68 CORNELIUS NEPOS
quod potius patriae opes augeri quam regis maluit.
Nam cum magnam auctoritatem sibi pOgna ilia navali
quam apud Cnidum fecerat constituisset non solum
inter barbaros, sed etiam omnis Graeciae civitates, clam
5 dare operam coepit ut loniam et Aeoliam restitueret
Atheniensibus. Id cum minus dihgenter esset celatum,
Tiribazus, qui Sardibus praeerat, Cononem evocavit,
simulans ad regem eum se mittere velle magna de re.
Huius nOntio parens cum venisset, in vincla coniectus
10 est, in quibus aliquamdiO fuit. Inde nonnOlli eum ad
regem abductum ibique eum perisse scriptum rellquerunt.
Contra ea Dinon historicus, cui nos plOrimum de
Persicis rebus credimus, effOgisse scripsit; illud addubitat,
utrum Tiribazo sciente an imprOdente sit factum.
DION
Dion's close connection with the reigns of both the elder and the younger
Dionyslus.
15 I. Dion, Hipparlnl filius, Syracusanus, nobili genere
natus, utraque implicatus tyrannide Dionysiorum. Nam:
que ille superior Aristomachen, sororem Di5nis, habuit
in matrimonio, ex qua .duos fllios, Hipparlnum et Nlsaeum,
procreavit totidemque filias, nomine Sophrosynen
20 et Areten; quarum pri5rem Dionysio fIliS, eidem cui
regnum rellquit, nuptum dedit, alteram, Areten, Dioni.
Dion autem praeter generosam propinquitatem nobilemque
maiorum famam multa alia ab natOra habuit

DION 69
bona, in iis ingenium docile, come, aptum ad artis opti-
mas, magnam corporis dignitatem, quae non minimum
commendat, magnas praeterea divitias a patre rellctas,
quas ipse tyranni mOneribus aiixerat. Erat intimus
Dionysio priori, neque minus propter mores quam adfini-
tatem. Namque etsi DionySi crudelitas ei displicebat,
tamen salvum propter necessitOdinem, magis etiam suo­
rum causa studebat. Aderat in magnis rebus, eiusque
c6nsili5 multum movebatur tyrannus, nisi qua in re
maior ipsius cupiditas intercSsserat. Legati5nes vero
omnes quae essent inlustriores per Dionem administra-
bantur; quas quidem ille diligenter obeundo, fideliter
administrando crudelissimum nomfen tyranni sua hOmani­
tate leniebat. Hunc a Dionysio missum Karthaginienses
sic suspexerunt ut neminem ufliquam Graeca lingua
loquentem magis sint admirati.
Dionyslus brings Plato to his court. Intrigues cause enmity between
Dion and the younger Dionyslus.
II. Neque vero haec Dionysium fugiebant; nam
quanto esset sibi ornaments sentiebat. Qu5 fiebat ut
Oni huic maxime indulgeret neqtie eum secus diligeret
ac filium; qui quidem, cum Platonem Tarentum venisse
fama in Siciliam esset perlata, adulescenti negare non
potuerit quin eum arcesseret, cum Dion eius audiendi
cupiditate flagraret. Dedit ergo huic veniam magnaque
eum ambitiSne Syracusas perdOxit. Quem Dion adeo
admiratus est atque adamavit ut se ei totum traderet.
Neque vero minus ipse Plat5 delectatus est Dione. Ita­
que cum a tyranno crOdeliter violStus esset, quippe qui

70 CORNELIUS NEPOS
eum venumdari iussisset, tamen e5dem rediit eiusdem
Di5nis precibus adductus. Interim in morbum incidit
Dionyslus. Quo cum gravius
conflictaretur, quaeslvit a
medicis Dion quem ad mo-
dum se haberet, simulque ab
iis petiit, si forte in mai5re
esset periculo, ut sibi fate-
rentur; nam velle se cum eo
conloqui de partiendo regno,
quod sororis suae fllios ex
illo natos partem regni puta­
bat debere habere. Id
IS
PLATO
medici non tacuerunt et ad
Dionysium filium sermonem
rettulerunt. Qu5 ille commotus, ne agendi esset Dioni
potestas, patri soporem medicos dare coegit. Hoc aeger
sOmpto sopitus diem obiit supremum.
There being no open quarrel, Plato is again Invited to Syracuse at Dion's
request.
III. Tale initium fuit Dionis et Dionysl simultatis,
20 eaque multis rebus aucta est. Sed tamen primis tem­
poribus aliquamdiO simulata inter eos amicitia mansit.
Sicut cum Dion non desisteret obsecrare Dionysium ut
Platonem Athenis arcesseret et eius consiliis Oteretur,
ille, qui in aliqua re vellet patrem imitari, morem ei
25 gessit. Eodemque tempore Philistum historicum Syra­
cusas redOxit, hominem amicum non magis tyranno quam
tyrannidi. Sed de hoc in eo libro plura sunt exposita

DION 7T
qui de historicis Graecis conscriptus est. Plato autem
tantum apud Dionysium auctoritate potuit valuitque eloquentia
ut el persuaserit tyrannidis facere finem llbertatemque
reddere Syracusanis. A qua voluntate Philisti
consilio deterritus aliquanto crudelior esse coepit. s
Jealousy leads Dionyslus to banish Dion. He causes Dion's son to be
debauched.
IV. Qui quidem cum a Dione se superarl videret
ingenio, auctoritate, amore populi, verens ne si eum
secum haberet, aliquam occasionem sui daret opprimendi,
navem el triremem dedit qua Corinthum deveheretur,
ostendens se id utriusque facere causa, ne cum lo
inter se timerent, alteruter alteram praeoccuparet. Id
cum factum multi indlgnarentur magnaeque esset invidiae
tyranno, Dionyslus omnia quae moveri poterant
Dionis in navis imposuit ad eumque misit. Sic enim
existimari volebat, id se non odio hominis, sed suae salO- is
tis fecisse causa. Postea vero quam audivit eum in
Peloponneso manum comparare sibique bellum facere
conari, Areten, Dionis uxorem, alii nuptum dedit, flliumque
eius sic educarl iussit ut indulgendo turpissimis
imbueretur cupiditatibus. Nam vin5 epulisque obrueba- 20
tur, neque Ollum tempus sobrio relinquebatur. Is Osque
eo vitae statum commutatum ferre non potuit, postquam
in patriam rediit pater (namque appositi erant custodes
qui eum a prlstin5 victO deducerent), Ot se de superiore
parte aedium deiecerit atque ita interierit. Sed illOc 25
reverter.

72
CORNELIUS NEPOS
Dion joins with Heraclides, forces an entrance Into Syracuse, and
dictates terms of peace to Dionyslus.
V. Postquam Corinthum pervenit Dion et eodem per-
fugit Heraclides ab eSdem expulsus Dionysio, qui prae­
fectus fuerat equitum, omni ratione bellum comparare
coeperunt. Sed non multum pr5ficiebant, quod multo-
S rum annorum tyrannis magnarum opum putabatur;
quam ob causam pauci ad societatem perlculi perdOce-
bantur. Sed Di5n fretus n5n tam suis copils quam odio
tyranni, maximo animo duabus onerariis navibus quin-
,quaginta annorum imperium, munltum quingentis longis
lo navibus, decem equitum centumque peditum milibus,
profectus oppOgnatum, quod omnibus gentibus admirabile
est visum, ade5 facile perculit ut post diem tertium
quam Siciliam attigerat SyracOsas introierit. Ex qu5
intellegi potest nullum esse imperium tOtum nisi bene-
15 volentia mOnitum. Eo tempore aberat Dionyslus et in
Italia classem opperiebatur adversariorum, ratus nemi­
nem sine magnis copils ad se ventOrum. Quae res eum
fefellit. Nam Dion iis ipsis qui sub adversarl fuerant
potestate regies spiritOs repressit, totlusque eius partis
20 Siciliae potltus est quae sub Dionysl fuerat potestate,
- parique modo urbis SyracOsarum praeter arcem et Insu­
lam adiOnctam oppido, eoque rem perdOxit ut talibus
pactionibus pacem tyrannus facere vellet: Siciliam Dion
obtineret, Italiam Dionyslus, SyracOsas Apollocrates,
25 cui maximam fidem Oni habebat.
The death of Dion's son Is followed by a quarrel with Heraclides,
who Is put to death.
VI. Has tam prosperas tamque inopinatas res con-

DION 73
secuta est subita commutatio, quod fortOna sua mobilitate,
quem paulo ante extulerat, demergere est adorta.
Primum in filio, de quo commemoravi supra, suam vim
exercuit. Nam cum uxorem redOxisset, quae alii fuerat
tradita, fihumque vellet revocare ad virtOtem a perdita s
lOxuria, accepit gravissimum parens vulnus morte fill.
Deinde orta dissensio est inter eum et Heraclidem, qui,
quod ei principatum non concedebat, factionem comparavit.-
Neque is minus valebat apud optimatis, quorum
consensO praeerat classl, cum Dion exercitum pedestrem lo
teneret. Non tulit hoc animo aequ5 Dion, et versum
ilium Homeri rettulit ex secunda rhapsodia, in quo haec
sententia est: non posse bene geri rem publicam multorum
imperils. Quod dictum magna invidia consecOta
est; namque aperuisse videbatur omnia in sua potestate 15
esse velle. Hanc ille non lenlre obsequio, sed acerbitate
opprimere studuit Heraclldemque, cum Syracusas venisset,
interficiendum curavit.
The murder of Heraclides is followed by other tyrannical acts.
VII. Quod factum omnibus maximum timorem iniecit;
nemo enim illo interfectd se tOtum putabat. Ille autem 20
adversario remoto licentius eorum bona quos sciebat
adversus se sensisse mllitibus dispertlvit. Quibus divisis
cum cottldiani maxim! fierent sOmptus, celeriter
pecunia deesse coepit, neque quo manus porrigeret
suppetebat, nisi in amicorum possessiones. Id eius 25
modi erat ut cum milites reconciliasset, amitteret optimatis.
Quarum rerum cura angebatur, et Insuetus male
audiendi non animo aequo ferebat de se ab iis male

74 CORNELIUS NEPOS
existimari quorum paulo ante in caelum fuerat elatus
laudibus. Vulgus autem offensa in eum militum vo­
luntate llberius loquebatur, et tyrannum n5n ferendum
dictitabat.
Calllcrates invents a cunning scheme to overthrow the tyrant.
S VIII. Haec ille intuens cum quem ad modum sedaret
nesciret et quorsum evaderent timeret, Callicrates qui­
dam, civis Atheniensis, qui simul cum eo ex Pelopon­
neso in Siciliam venerat, homo et callidus et ad fraudem
acOtus, sine Olla religione ac fide, adiit ad Dionem et
10 ait eum magno in periculo esse propter offensionem
populi et odium militum, quod nullo modo evitare pos­
set, nisi alicui suorum negotium daret, qui se simularet
illi inimicum. Quem si invenisset idoneum, facile om­
nium animos cognitOrum adversariosque sublaturum,
IS quod inimici eius dissident! suos sensOs apertOr! forent.
Tali consilio probato excepit has partis ipse Callicrates
et se armat imprOdentia Dionis. Ad eum interficien­
dum sociSs conqulrit, adversarios eius convenit, coniO-
ratione conflrmat. Res multis consciis quae ageretur,
20 elata defertur ad Aristomachen, sororem Dionis, uxo-
remque Areten. Illae timore perterritae conveniunt
cOius de periculo timebant. At ille negat a Callicrate
fieri sibi insidias, sed ilia quae agerentur fieri praecepto
su5. Mulieres nihilo setius Callicratem in aedem Pr5-
25 serpinae dedOcunt ac iOrare cogunt nihil ab illo periculi
fore Di5ni. Ille hac religione n5n modo non est deterri­
tus, sed ad matOrandum concitatus est, verens ne prius
consilium aperiretur suum quam cogitata perfecisset.

Dion is assassinated in his palace.
DION 75
IX. Hac mente proximo die festo cum a conventO
se remotum Dion domi teneret atque in conclavl edito
recubuisset, consciis facinoris loca munltiora oppidi tra-
dit, domum cust5diis saepit, a foribus qui non discedant
certos praeficit, navem triremem armatis ornat Philo- s
stratoque, fratrl suo, tradit eamque in portu agitare
iubet, ut s! exercere remiges vellet, cogitans s! forte
consiliis obstitisset fortOna, ut haberet qua aufugeret
ad salOtem. Suorum autem e numero Zacynthios adu-
lescentls quosdam ehgit cum audacissimos tum viribus lo
maximis, iisque dat negotium ad Dionem eant inermes,
sic ut conveniend! eius gratia viderentur venire. Ii
propter notitiam sunt intromissi. At illius ut limen
intrarant, foribus obseratis in lecto cubantem invadunt,
conligant; fit strepitus, adeo ut exaudir! posset foris. 15
Hic, sicut ante saepe dictum est, quam invisa sit singu-
laris potentia et miseranda vita qui se metui quam
amar! malunt, cuivis facile intellectu fuit. Namque illi
ipsi custodes, s! prompta fuissent voluntate, foribus
effractis servare eum potuissent, quoad illi inermes te- 20
lum foris flagitantes vivum tenebant. Cui cum succur-
reret nemo, Lyc5 quidam Syracusanus per fenestram
gladium dedit, quo Dion interfectus est.
The fickle populace call Dion good after he is dead, and give him
public burial.
X. Confecta caede cum multitOdo visend! gratia in-
troisset, nonnOll! ab inscils pro noxiis conciduntur. Nam 25

76 CORNELIUS NEPOS
celeri rOmore dilato Dion! vim adlatam, multi concurre-
rant quibus tale facinus displicebat. Ii falsa suspicione
ducti immerentis ut sceleratos occidunt. HOius de morte
ut palam factum est, mirabiliter vulg! mutata est vo-
S luntas. Nam qui vivum eum tyrannum vocitarant,
idem liberatorem patriae tyrannique expulsorem prae-
dicabant. Sic subito misericordia odio successerat ut
eum su5 sanguine ab Acherunte, si possent, cuperent
redimere. Itaque in urbe celeberrimo loco, elatus pu-
10 blice, sepulcri monumento donatus est. Diem obiit cir­
citer annos quinquaginta natus, quartum post annum
quam ex Peloponneso in Siciliam redierat.
IPHICRATES
Iphicrates makes important changes in the equipment of infantry.
y^'X/L ]f\ •'•• Iphicrates Atheni-
(\i^^^^:^ ensis non tam magnitOdine
'5 ^Aj^^^=--^ -^^ • ..a- rerum gestarum quam dis-
^^ ^^

IPHICRATES 77
partim meliora fecerit. Namque ille pedestria arma
mutavit. Cum ante ilium imperatorem maximis clipeis,
brevibus hastis, minOtIs gladils Oterentur, ille e con-
trario peltam pr5 parma fecit (a quo postea peltastae
pedites appellati sunt qui antea hoplltae appellabantur), S
ut ad m5t0s concursOsque essent leviores, hastae mo­
dum duplicavit, gladios longiores fecit. Idem genus
loricarum novum instituit et pro sertis atque aeneis
linteas dedit. Quo facto expeditiores milites reddidit;
nam pondere detracto quod aeque corpus tegeret et lo
leve esset cOravit.
The fine discipline of his troops brings him many successes.
II. Bellum cum
Thracibus gessit;
Seuthem, socium
Atheniensium, in 15
regnum restituit.
Apud Corinthum
tanta severitate ex­
ercitui praefuit ut
nullae umquam in 20
Graecia neque ex-
ercitatiores copiae
neque magis dicto
audientes fuerint
duel, in eamque 25
consuetOdinem ad-
duxit ut, cum proeli
signum ab impera-

78 CORNELIUS NEPOS
tore esset datum, sine duels opera sic ordinatae con-
sisterent ut singuli a peritissimo imperatore dispositi
viderentur. Hoc exercitu moram Lacedaemoniorum in-
terfecit, quod maxime tota celeb ratum est Graecia.
S Iterum eodem bello omnis copias eorum fugavit, quo
facts magnam adeptus est gloriam. Cum Artaxerxes
Aegyptio regi bellum Inferre voluit, Iphicraten ab Athe­
niensibus ducem petlvit, quem praeficeret exercitui con-
ductlciS, cOius numerus duodecim milium fuit. Quem
10 quidem sic omni disciplina militari erudivit ut, quem
ad modum quondam Fabiani milites Romae appellati
sunt, sic Iphicratenses apud Graecos in summa laude
fuerint. Idem subsidiS Lacedaemoniis profectus Epa-
mlnondae retardavit impetOs. Nam nisi eius adventus
IS appropinquasset, non prius ThebanI Sparta abscessis-
sent quam captam incendio delessent.
His appearance and character. Anecdote of his son..
III. Fuit autem et animo magn5 et corpore impera-
toriaque forma, ut ipso aspectO cuivis iniceret adrairatio-
nem sui, sed in lab5re nimis remissus parumque patiens,
20 ut Theopompus memoriae prodidit, bonus vero civis
fideque magna. Quod cum in aliis rebus declaravit, tum
maxime in Amyntae Macedonis liberis tuendls. Nam­
que Eurydice, mater Perdiccae et PhilippI, cum his
duobus puerls Amynta raortuo ad Iphicraten confugit
25 eiusque opibus defensa est. Vixit ad senectOtem placa-
tls in se suorum civium animis. Causam capitis semel
dixit, bello sociali, simul cum Timotheo, eoque iOdicio

CHABRIAS 79
est absolutus. Menesthea filium rellquit ex Thraessa
natum, Coti regis fllia. Is cum interrogaretur utrum
pluris, patrem matremne, faceret, " Matrem," inquit. Id
GREEK SWORDS
cum omnibus mirum videretur, at ille, " Merito,' inquit,
"facio; nam pater, quantum in se fuit, Thracem me s
genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem."
CHABRIAS
Chabrias Invents a new method of resisting a charge.
I. Chabrias Atheniensis. Flic quoque in summis
habitus est ducibus resque multas memoria dignas
gessit.- Sed ex iis elOcet maxime inventum eius in proe-

8o CORNELIUS NEPOS
li5 quod apud Thebas fecit, cum Boeotis subsidiS ve­
nisset. Namque in e5 victoria fidentem summum ducem
Agesilaum, fugatis iam ab eo conducticils catervis, eo
frustratus est, quod reliquam phalangem loco vetuit
S cedere obnixoque genO scOto proiecta hasta impetum
excipere hostium docuit. Id novum Agesilaus contuens
progredi non est ausus suosque iam incurrentis tuba
revocavit. Hoc Osque eo tota Graecia fama celebratum
est ut illo statO Chabrias sibi statuam fieri voluerit, quae
10 publice ei ab Atheniensibus in foro constitOta est. Ex
quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterlque artifices iis
statibus in statuis p5nendls Oterentur quibus victoriam
essent adeptl.
He wins fame In Egypt and Cyprus, fighting against Persia for the
Egyptians.
II. Chabrias autem multa in Europa bella administra-
15 vit, cum dux Atheniensium esset; in Aegypto sua sponte
gessit; nam Nectanabin adiOtum profectus regnum ei
constituit. Fecit idem Cypii, sed pOblice ab Athe­
niensibus Euagorae adiutor datus, neque prius inde
discessit quam totam Insulam bello devinceret; qua ex
20 re Athenienses magnam gloriam sunt adeptl. Interim
bellum inter Aegyptios et Persas cSnflatum est. Athe­
nienses cum Artaxerxe societatem habebant, Lacedae­
monii cum Aegyptils, a quibus magnas praedas
Agesilaus rex eorum faciebat. Id intuens Chabrias,
25 cura in re nulla Agesilao cederet, sua sponte eos
adiOtum profectus Aegyptiae classl praefuit, pedestribus
copils Agesilaus.

CHABRIAS 8i
Chabrias is recalled to Athens on complaint of the Persians.
III. Tum praefecti regis Persae legates miserunt
Athenas questum quod Chabrias adversum regem bellum
gereret cum Aegyptils. Athenienses diem certam
Chabriae praestituerunt, quam ante domum nisi redisset,
capitis se ilium damnatOros denOntiarunt. Hoc ille nOn- 5
tio Athenas rediit, neque ibi diOtiiis est moratus quam
fuit necesse. Non enim libenter erat ante oculos suorum
civium, quod et vivebat laute et indulgebat sibi
liberalius quam ut invidiam vulgi posset. eff ugere. Est
enim hoc coraraOne vitium magnis llberlsque civitatibus, 10
ut invidia gloriae comes sit, et libenter de iis detrahant
quos eminere videant altius, neque animo aequo pauperis
alienam opulentiam intueantur. Itaque Chabrias,
quoad ei licebat, plurimum aberat. Neque vero solus
ille aberat Athenis libenter, sed omnes fere principes 15
fecerunt idem, quod tantum se ab invidia putabant afutOros
quantum a conspectu suorum recesserint. Itaque
Conon plOrimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia,
Timotheus Lesbl, Chares Sigei, dissimilis quidera Chares
horum et factis et raoribus, sed tamen Athenis et bono- 20
ratus et poteiis.
The manner of his death.
IV. Chabrias autem periit bell5 sociali tali modo.
OppOgnabant Athenienses Chium. Erat in classe Chabrias
privatus, sed omnis qui in magistratO erant auctoritate
antelbat, eumque magis milites quam qui praeerant 25
suspiciebant. Quae res el matOravit mortem. Nam dum
G

82 CORNELIUS NEPOS
primus studet portum intrare gubernatoremque iubet eo
derigere navem, ipse sibi perniciei fuit; cum enim eo
penetrasset, ceterae n5n sunt secOtae. Quo facto cir-
cumfOsus hostium concursu, cum fortissime pOgnaret,
S navis rostro percussa coepit sidere. Hinc refugere cum
posset, si se in mare deiecisset, quod suberat classis
Atheniensium quae exciperet natantis, perire maluit
quam armis abiectis navem relinquere in qua fuerat
vectus. Id ceteri facere nSluerunt, qui nando in tutum
10 pervenerunt. At ille, praestare honestam mortem ex­
istimans turpi vitae, coraminus pugnans tells hostium
interfectus est.
SEA-FIGHT
EPAMINONDAS
As in the Preface, the reader is warned not to judge Greek manners
by Roman standards.
I. Eparalnondas, Polymnidis filius, Thebanus. De
hoc priusquam scribimus, haec praecipienda videntur
15 lectoribus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant, neve ea
quae ipsis leviora sunt pari modo apud ceterds fuisse

EPAMINONDAS 83
arbitrentur. Sclmus enim mOsicen nostrls raoribus
abesse a principis persona, saltare vero etiam in vitiis
p5nl; quae omnia apud Grae­
cos et grata et laude digna
dOcuntur. Cum autem expri-
mere imaginem consuetOdinis
atque vitae velimus Eparai-
nondae, nihil videmur debere
praetermittere quod pertineat
ad eam declarandara. Qua re
dicemus primum de genere
eius, deinde quibus discipllnis
et a quibus sit eruditus, tum
de m5ribus ingenlque faculta-
tibus et si qua alia memoria digna erunt, postremo de 15
rebus gestis, quae a plOrimis aniral anteponuntur virtO­
tibus.
HOY SINGING TO TIBIAE
ACCOMPANIMENT
Epaminondas has the most distinguished teachers, and surpasses his
schoolmates in all his studies.
II. Natus igitur patre quo dixiraus, genere honesto,
pauper iam a mai5ribus rellctus est, eruditus autem sic
ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et citharlzare et cantare 20
ad chordarum sonum doctus est a Dionysio, qui non
minore fuit in mOsicis gloria quam Damon aut Lamprus,
quorum pervulgata sunt nomina; cantare tibils ab Olym-
piodoro; saltare a Calhphrone. At philosophiae prae-
ceptorem habuit Lysim Tarentinum, Pythagoreum; cui 25
quidem sic fuit deditus ut adulescens tristem ac seve-
rum senem omnibus aequalibus suis in familiaritate

84 CORNELIUS NEPOS
anteposuerit; neque prius eum a se dimisit quam in
doctrinis tanto antecessit condiscipul5s ut facile in­
tellegi posset pari modo superaturum omnis in ceteris
artibus. Atque haec ad nostram consuetOdinem sunt
S levia et potius contemnenda; at in Graecia, utique olim,
magnae-laudi erant. Postquam ephebus est factus et
palaestrae dare operam coepit, non tam magnitOdini
virium servivit quam velocitati; illam enim ad athle-
tarum Osum, hanc ad belli existimabat utilitatem
10 pertinere. Itaque exercebatur plurimum currendo et
luctando ad eum fInem, quoad stans complecti posset
atque contendere. In armis vero plOrimum studi
consumebat.
He was virtuous, brave, and clever; fond of learning, and charitable.
III. Ad banc corporis firmitatera plflra etiam animi
IS bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prudens, gravis,
temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis manu,
animo maxirao, adeo veritatis dlligens ut ne ioco quidem
mentlretur. Tdem continens, clemens patiensque adml-
randum in modum, non s5lura populi, sed etiam amico-

EPAMINONDAS 85
rum ferens iniurias, in primis commissa celans, quodque
interdum non minus prodest quam diserte dicere, studiosus
audiendi; ex hoc enim facillime disci arbitrabatur.
Itaque cum in circulum venisset in quo aut de
re publica disputaretur aut de philosophia sermo habe- 5
retur, numquam inde prius discessit quam ad finem
sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus
est ut de re pOblica nihil praeter gloriam ceperit.
Amicorum in se tuendo caruit facultatibus, fide ad
ahos sublevandos saepe sic Osus est ut iOdicari possit 10
omnia ei cum amicis fuisse comraOnia. Nara cum aut
civium suorum aliquis ab hostibus esset captus aut
virgo nObilis propter paupertatem conlocari non posset,
amicorum concilium habebat et quantura quisque daret
pro facultatibus iraperabat. Earaque summam cura fe- 15
cerat, potius quam ipse acciperet pecOniam, adducebat
eum qui quaerebat ad eos qui conferebant, eique ut ipsi
nuraerarent faciebat, ut ille ad quera ea res perveniebat
sclret quantum cuique deberet.
An attempt is made to bribe Epaminondas to betray his city to
Persia; but he proves incorruptible.
IV. Temptata autem eius est abstinentia a Diomedonte 20
Cyziceno ; namque is rogatu Artaxerxis regis Epaminondam
pecOnia corrurapendum susceperat. Hic magno
cum pondere aurl Thebas venit et Micythum adulescentulum,
quera tum Epaminondas plOrimum diligebat, quinque
talentis ad suam perdOxit voluntatem. Micythus 25
Epaminondam convenit et causam adventOs Diomedontis
ostendit. At ille DiomedontI coram: " Nihil," inquit.

86 CORNELIUS NEPOS
" opus pecOnia est. Nam si rex ea vult quae Thebanis
sunt Otilia, gratiis facere sum paratus; sin autem con-
traria, non habet auri atque argenti satis. Namque
orbis terrarum divitias accipere nolo pro patriae caritate.
5 TO quod me incognitum temptasti tuique sirailem exlsti-
raastl, non miror tibique ignosc5; sed egredere propere,
ne alios corrumpas, cum me non potueris. Et tO,
Micythe, argentum huic redde, aut nisi id confestim
facis, ego te tradara magistratui." Hunc Diomedon cum
10 rogaret ut tOto exire suaque quae attulerat liceret efferre,
"Istud quidem," inquit, "faciam, neque tua causa, sed
mea, ne si tibi sit pecunia aderapta, aliquis dicat id
ad me ereptum pervenisse quod delatum accipere nolu-
issem." A quo cum quaeslsset quo se deduci vellet, et
15 ille Athenas dixisset, praesidium dedit ut tOto perve-
niret. Neque vero id satis habuit, sed etiam ut inviola-
tus in navem escenderet per Chabriam Atheniensem, de
quo supra mentionera feciraus, effecit. Abstinentiae
erit hoc satis testimonium. Plurima quidem proferre
20 possumus, sed modus adhibendus est, quoniam Ono hoc
volumine vitam excellentium virorum coraplflrium con-
clOdere constituimus, qu5rum res separatim multis mili­
bus versuum complOres scriptores ante nos explicarunt.
Epaminondas gets the better of Meneclldes in repartee.
V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo ei Thebanus par
25 esset eloquentia, neque minus concinnus in brevitate
respondendl quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Habuit
obtrectatorera Menecllden quendam, indidem Thebis, et

EPAMINONDAS 87
adversarium in administranda re pObhca, satis exercita-
tura in dicendo, ut Thebanum scilicet; namque illi genti
plus inest viriura quara ingeni. Is quod in re militari
florere Epaminondam vi­
debat, hortari solebat The-
banos ut pacem bello
anteferrent, ne illius im-
peratoris opera desiderare-
tur. Huic ille, "Falhs,"
inquit, " verb5 civis tuos,
quod eos a bell5 avocas; oti
enim n5mine servitOtem
concilias. Nam paritur
pax bello. Itaque qui ea
diutina volunt frul, bello
exercitatl esse debent.
QOa re si principes Grae­
ciae vultis esse, castrls est
v5bls Otendum, non palae­
stra." Idem ille Menecll­
des cum huic Qbiceret quod
sibi Agaraemnonis belli
gloriam videretur consecu­
tus, at ille : " Quod," inquit,
"me Agamemnonem aemu-
lari putas, falleris. Nam­
CITHARA-PLAYER
que ille cum Oniversa
Graecia vix decem annis Onam cepit urbem, ego contra
ea Ona urbe nostra dieque Ono totam Graeciam Lace­
daemoniis fugatis llberavi." 3°

88 CORNELIUS NEPOS
His eloquence appears in speeches urging the Arcadians to join the
Theban alliance, and showing Sparta's allies her true character.
VI. Idem cura in conventum venisset A.rcadum,
petens ut societatem cum Thebanis et Arglvis facerent,
contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui elo­
quentia omnis eo praestabat tempore, postularet ut
5 potius amicitiam sequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione
sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Arglvos in
iisque hoc posuisset, animum advertere debere Arcadas
quails utraque civitas civis procreasset, ex quibus de
ceteris possent iudicare; Arglvos enim fuisse Orestem
lo et Alcmaeonera raatricidas, Thebis Oedipum natum,
qui patrem suum interfecisset; huic in respondendo
Epaminondas, cura de ceteris perorasset, postquam ad
ilia duo opprobria pervenit, admlrari se dixit stultitiam
rhetoris Attici, qui non animadverterit innocentis illos
IS natos domi, scelere admisso cum patria essent expulsl,
receptos esse ab Atheniensibus. Sed maxime eius elo­
quentia elOxit Spartae legati ante pOgiiam Leuctricam.
Quo cum omniura sociorum convenissent legati, coram
frequentissirao conventu sic Lacedaeraoniorum tyranni-
20 dera coarguit ut non minus ilia oratiSne opes eorum
concusserit quara Leuctrica pOgna. Tum enim perfe-
cit, quod post apparuit, ut auxilio Lacedaemonii socio­
rum privarentur.
He retains his command longer than the law allows, though at the risk
of his life, because he believes that he alone can save the state.
VII. Fuisse patientem suoruraque iniOrias ferentem
25 civium, quod se patriae IrascI nefas esse dOceret, haec

EPAMINONDAS 89
sunt testimonia. Cum eura propter invidiam cives suipraeficere
exercitui noluissent duxque esset delectus
belli iraperitus, cuius errore res e5 esset deducta ut
omnes de salOte pgrtimescerent, quod locorum angustils
clausi ab hostibus obsidebantur, desiderari coepta est 5
Epamlnondae diligentia; erat enim ibi privatus numero
mllitis. A quo cura peterent opera, nOllam adhibuit
memoriam contumeliae et exercitum obsidiSne liberatura
doraum reduxit incolumera. Nee vero hoc serael
fecit, sed saepius. Maxime autem fuit inlOstre, cum in 10
Peloponnesum exercitum dOxisset adversus Lacedaeraonios
haberetque conlegas duos, quorum alter erat
Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. Hi cura criminibus
adversariorum omnes in invidiam venissent, ob eamque
rem imperium lis esset abrogatum atque in eorura locura 15
alii praetores successissent, Epaminondas popuh scito
non paruit idemque ut facerent persuasit conlegis, et
bellum quod susceperat gessit. Namque animadvertebat
nisi id fecisset, totum exercitum propter praetorum
imprOdentiam Inscitiamque belli peritOrum. Lex erat 20
Thebis quae morte raultabat si quis imperium diOtius
retinuisset quam lege praefinitum foret. Hanc Epaminondas
cum rei pOblicae conservandae causa latara videret,
ad perniciera civitatis conferri noluit, et quattuor
raensibus diOtius quam populus iusserat gessit imperium. 25
An appeal to the court's sense of humor prevents his suffering the
legal penalty of his act.
VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, conlegae eius
h5c crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille perralsit ut

9°
CORNELIUS NEPOS
omnem causam in se transferrent suaque opera factum
contenderent ut legi non oboedirent. Qua def ensione illls
periculo liberatis nemo Epaminondam responsOrum puta­
bat, quod quid diceret non haberet. At ille in iOdicium
S venit, nihil e5rum negavit quae adversarii crimini dabant,
omniaque quae conlegae dixerant confessus est, neque
recOsavit quo minus legis poenam sublret; sed Onum
ab iis petivit, ut in sepulcro suo inscriberent: " Epaminon­
das a Thebanis morte multatus est quod eos coegit apud
lo Leuctra superare Lacedaemonios, quos ante se impera­
torem nemo Boeotorum ausus sit aspicere in acie, quod­
que Ono proelio non solum Thebas ab interitO retraxit,
sed etiam Oniversam Graeciam in libertatem vindicavit,
eoque res utrorumque perduxit ut ThebanI Spartam
15 oppugnarent, Lacedaemonii satis haberent si salvl esse
possent, neque prius bellare destitit quam Messene
restitOta urbem eSrura obsidione clausit." Haec cum
dixisset, risus omnium cum hilaritate coortus est, neque
quisquam iudex ausus est de e5 ferre suffragium. Sic a
20 iudiciS capitis maxima discessit gloria.
Epaminondas falls fighting against the Spartans at Man-I:inea.
IX. Hic extremo tempore imperator apud Mantineam
cum acie instrOcta audacius Instaret hostis, cognitus a
Lacedaemoniis, quod in Onius pernicie eius patriae sitam
putabant salOtem, OniversI in Onum impetum fecerunt,
25 neque prius abscesserunt quam magna caede edita mul­
tlsque occisis fortissime ipsum Epaminondam pugnan-
tera, sparo eminus percussum, concidere viderunt. HOius
casO aliquantura retardati sunt Boeoti, neque tamen prius

EPAMINONDAS 91
pOgna excesserunt quam repOgnantis pr5fligarunt. At
Epaminondas cum aniraadverteret mortiferum se vulnus
accepisse simulque si ferrum (quod ex hastlli in corpore
remanserat) extraxisset, animam statim emissurum, Osque
eo retinuit quoad renOntiatum est vicisse Boeotos. Id
postquam audivit, "Satis," inquit, "vixi; invlctus enim
morior." Tum ferro extracto confestira exanimatus est.
The liberty which he has won for Thebes perishes after his death.
X. Hlc uxorem numquam duxit. In qu5 cum repre-
henderetur a Pelopida, qui filium habebat infamera,
raaleque eura in eo patriae consulere diceret quod 10
liberos non relinqueret,
"Vide," inquit, "ne tu
peius consulas, qui talem
ex te natum relictOrus sis.
Neque vero stirps potest (1 , "is^^i^?^,..-v.' J '5
mihi deesse; namque ex
ine natam relinquo pO-
gnara Leuctricara, quae
non modo mihi superstes,
sed etiara imraortalis sit
necesse est." Quo tem­
pore duce Pelopida exsu-
les Thebas occuparunt et
praesidium Lacedaemo-
niorura ex arce expulerunt,
Eparalnondas, quara
A BOEOTIAN WARRIOR
2S
diu facta est caedes civiura, dorao se tenuit, quod neque
defendere malos volebat neque impugnare, ne manus

92 CORNELIUS NEPOS
su5rum sanguine cruentaret. Namque omnem civilem
victoriam funestara putabat. Idem, postquam apud
Cadmeam cum Lacedaemoniis pugnarl coeptura est, in
primis stetit.
S HOius de virtOtibus vitaque satis erit dictum si hoc
Onum adiOnxero, quod nemo ibit infitias, Thebas et ante
Eparainondam natum et post eiusdem interitum perpetuo
aliens paruisse iraperio; contra ea, quam diO ille prae-
fuerit rei publicae, caput fuisse totius Graeciae. Ex
lo quo intellegi potest Onum hominem plOris quam civita-
tera fuisse.
PLAIN OF MANTINEA

SIGHT-READING
PELOPIDAS
The difficulty of writing an acceptable biography of Pelopidas.
His banishment.
I. Pelopidas Thebanus, magis historicis quam vulgo
notus. Cuius de virtutibus dubito quem ad modum
exponara, quod vereor, si res explicare incipiam, ne n5n
vitam eius enarrare, sed historiam videar scrlbere; sin
tantum modo summas attigero, ne rudibus Graecarum S
litterarum minus dllOcide appareat quantus fuerit ille
vir. Itaque utrique rei occurram, quantura potuero, et
medebor cum satietati tum Ignorantiae lectorura.
Phoebidas Lacedaeraonius cura exercitum Olynthum
dOceret iterque per Thebas faceret, arcem oppidi, quae lo
Cadmea nominatur, occupavit impulsO paucorum Thebanorum,
qui adversariae factiSnl quo facilius resisterent,
Lac5num rebus studebant; idque suo privato, non publico
fecit consilio. Quo facto eum Lacedaemonii ab
I. historicis : its qui historiam scrlbunt. 3. explicare: ex -[plied,
fold. 5. tantum modo : tantum. — Bvuxaaaas : salient points.—•
attigero: ad + tango.—rudibus: igndrls. 6. dilucide: clearly.
7. utrique rei occurram: try to m.eel both difficulties. 8. medebor:
medicXnam adferam. — cum . . . tum: almost = et. . . et. — satietati:
weariness. II. impulsii: instigation. 13. Laconum: Lacedaemoniorum.
— rebus studebant: were siding with.
93

94 CORNELIUS NEPOS
exercitO reraSverunt pecflniaque raultarunt; neque eo
raagis arcem Thebanis reddiderunt, quod susceptis
inimlcitils satius dOcebant eos obsideri quara llberari.
Nam post Peloponnesium bellum Athenasque devlctas
5 cum Thebanis sibi rem esse existimabant et e5s esse
sol5s qui adversus se sistere auderent. Hac mente
amicis suis summas potestates dederant alteriusque
factionis principes partim interfecerant, alios in exsihum
eiecerant; in quibus Pelopidas hie, de quo scrlbere
10 exorsi sumus, pulsus patria carebat.
The plot for recovering Thebes from the Spartans.
II. Hi omnes fere Athenas se contulerant, n5n qu5
sequerentur otiura, sed ut quem ex proximo locum fors
obtulisset, eo patriam recuperare niterentur. Itaque
cum tempus esset visum rei gerendae, commOniter cum
15 lis qui Thebis idem sentiebant, diem delegerunt ad
inimicos opprimendos civitateraque liberandam eum quo
maximi magistratOs simul consuerant epularl. Magnae
saepe res non ita magnis copils sunt gestae, sed profecto
numquam tam ab tenui initio tantae opes sunt prSfll-
I. multarunt: fined. 2. susceptis inimicitiis: cum iam inimtcitids
suscepisseni. 3. satius: Utilius.— AvLCehant: putdiant.—obsideri
: in obsidione tenerl. 4. Athenas devictas: postquam Adienae
devtctae sunt. 5. sibi rem esse : that they had to reckon with. 10. exorsi
sumuB: I have begun. 11. fere: almost. 12. otlum: peaceful life.
— quem . .. locum . . . eo : eo loco quem. — ex proximo : close at
hand.—13. recuperare: recipere.—niterentur: conarentur. 15. idem
sentiebant: sympathized with them. — diem: as the day. 16. eum:
so. diem. 17. consuerant: solebant. — epulari : feast. 18. non
ita magnis: insignificant. — profecto: Terd. 19. ab : from, not by.
— tenui: parvo. — opes : power. — profligatae: de-Jictae.

PELOPIDAS 9S
gatae. Nara duodecim adulescentuli coierunt ex iis qui
exsiho erant multati, cum omnino non essent amplius
centum qui tanto se offerrent periculo. Qua paucitate
perculsa est Lacedaemoni5rura potentia. Il enim non
raagis adversariorura factiSnl quam Spartanis eo tempore
bellum intulerunt, qui principes erant totius Graeciae
; quorum imperi maiestas, neque ita multo post,
Leuctrica pOgna ab hoc initio perculsa concidit. Illi
igitur duodecim, quorum dux erat Pelopidas, cura
Athenis interdiu exissent, ut vesperascente caelo Thebas
possent pervenire, cum canibus venaticis exierunt, retia
ferentes, vestitu agresti, quo rainSre suspicione facerent
iter. Qui cum tempore ipso quo studuerant pervenissent,
domum Charonis deverterunt, a quo et tempus et
dies erat datus.
The folly of the magistrates.
III. Hoc loco libet interp5nere, etsi seiOnctum ab re
proposita est, nimia fidOcia quantae calamitati soleat
esse. Nara raagistratuum Thebanorum statira ad auris
pervenit exsules in urbem venisse. Id illi vino epulisque
dediti usque eo despexerunt ut ne quaerere quidem de
2. omnino : in all. 3. paucitate: handful. 4. perculsa: overthrown
(from percello). 7. imperi maiestas: magnum imperium.
8. Leuctrica: of Leuctra. — pugna: abl. of means explaining perculsa.
— ab hoc initio: gives the cause of perculsa concidit. 10. interdiu
: the opposite of noctii. — vesperascente caelo: of. vesper,
evening, 11. venaticis: cf.venor, hunt. — retia: nets. 12. agresti:
zi. ao-er. 14. deverterunt: i.e. z/za. id.VLfoe'i,: I should like. 17. nlmia
fiducia: too inuch confidence. — quantae calamitati: dat. of service;
render by pred. nom. 19. epulis: of. epulor. 20. usque eo: adeo.
— despexerunt: contempserunt.

96 CORNELIUS NEPOS
tanta re laborarint. Accessit quod etiara magis aperiret
eorum dementiam. Adlata est enira epistula Athenis
ab Archia, un5 ex iis qui sacris praeerant Eleusiniis,
Archiae, qui tum maximum magistratum Thebis ob-
5 tinebat, in qua omnia de profectione eorura perscripta
erant. Quae cum iam accubanti in convivio esset data.
CONVIVIUM
Sicut erat signata sub pulvinum subiciens," In crastinum,"
inquit, "differo res serias." At illi omnes, cum iam nox
processisset, vinolenti ab exsulibus duce Pelopida sunt
10 interfecti. Quibus rebus confectis, vulgo ad arma liber-
tatemque vocato, non solum qui in urbe erant, sed etiam
undique ex agris concurrerunt, praesidium Lacedaemoni­
orum ex arce pepulerunt, patriam obsidione liberarunt,
I. laborarint: took the trouble. — Accessit quod: an additional
circumstance (lit. there was added that whicli). 3. sacris Eleusiniis:
Eleusinian mysteries. 6. accubanti: reclining; sc. «. 7. signata:
with seal unbroken. — pulvinum : cushion. — crastinum: to-morrow.
9. processisset: ivas far spent. —• vinolenti: drtmken 'with tvine.

PELOPIDAS 97
auctores Cadraeae occupandae partim occiderunt, partim
in exsiliura eiecerunt.
Pelopidas compared with Epaminondas.
IV. Hoc tara turbido tempore, sicut supra docuimus,
Epaminondas, quoad cum civibus diraicatura est, domi
quietus fuit. Itaque haec liberatarum Thebarura propria
laus est Pelopidae, ceterae fere communes cura
Epamlnonda. Namque in Leuctrica pugna imperatore
Eparainonda hic fuit dux delectae manOs quae prima
phalangem prostravit Laconum. Omnibus praeterea
periculis eius adfuit (sicut Spartam cura oppOgnavit,
alteram tenuit cornu), quoque Messena celerius restitueretur,
legatus in Persas est profectus. Denique haec
fuit altera persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita ut
proxima esset Epamlnondae.
His varying fortune. His death and honors.
V. Conflictatus autem est etiam adversa fortuna.
Nam et initio, sicut ostendiraus, exsul patria caruit, et
cura Thessaliam in potestatem Thebanorum cuperet
redigere legationisque iOre satis tectum se arbitraretur,
quod apud omnis gentis sanctum esse consuesset, a
tyranno Alexandre Pheraeo simul cum Ismenia com-
I. auctores: those who were responsible. 3. turbido: troublous.
4. quoad: as longas. 5. liberatarum Thebarum: liberation of
Thebes. — propria est: belongs exclusively to. 6. ceterae : sc. laudes.
9. prostravit: disiecit. 10. eius: Epamlnondae. 11. cornfi: wing.
— quoque: ei quo. 12. Denique: in short.—haec: for/5ff, attracted
into agreement with the predicate noun persona. 20. Pheraeo: of
Pherae (a city of Thessaly).—Ismenia: nom. Ismenids.
H

98 CORNELIUS NEPOS
prehensus in vincla coniectus est. Hunc Eparalnondas
recuperavit, bello persequens Alexandrum. Post id
factum numquara animo placarl potuit in eura a quo
erat violatus. Itaque persuasit Thebanis ut subsidio
S Thessaliae proficiscerentur tyrannSsque eius expellerent.
COius belli cum ei summa esset data eoque cum exercitO
profectus esset, non dubitavit simul ac conspexit hostem
confllgere. In quo proelio Alexandrum ut animadvertit,
incensus Ira equura in eura concitavit proculque digressus
lo a suis coniectO telorum confossus concidit. Atque hoc
secunda victoria accidit; nam iara inclinatae erant tyran­
norum copiae. Quo facto omnes Thessaliae civitates
interfectum Pelopidara coronis aurels et statuis aeneis
llberosque eius raulto agro d5narunt.
AGESILAUS
How Agesilaus came to the throne of Sparta.
IS I. Agesilaus Lacedaemonius cura a ceteris scripto-
ribus tum eximie a Xenophonte Socratico conlaudatus
est; eo enim Osus est familiarissime. Hic primum de
regno cura Leotychide, fratris filio, habuit contentiSnem.
Mos erat enim Lacedaemoniis a maioribus traditus
6. summa: chief command. — eociue : i.e. ad hoc belhim. 7. dubitavit
: hesitated. 9. concitavit: spurred. 10. coniectu telorum confossus:
pierced by a shower of darts. 11. secunda victoria: in the
moment of victory. — inclinatae: driven back. 16. eximie: maxime. —
Socratico: the pupil of Socrates. 17. iisus est familiarissime: was
very intimate with. 18. Leotychide: nom. Leotychides.

AGESILAUS 99
ut binos haberent semper reges, nomine magis quam
iraperio, ex duabus -familiis Proeli et Eurysthenis, qui
principes ex progenie Herculis Spartae reges fuerunt.
Horum ex altera in alterius familiae locum fieri non
licebat; ita suum utraque retinebat ordinem. Primum
ratio habebatur qui maximus natu esset ex liberis eius
qui regnans decessisset; sin is virile secus non rellquis-
set, tum deligebatur qui proximus esset propinquitate.
Mortuus erat Agis rex, frater Agesilal. Filium reliquerat
Leotychidera, quem ille natum non agnorat, eundem
moriens suura esse dixerat. Is de honore regni cum
Agesilao, patruo suo, contendit neque id quod petivit
consecOtus est. Nam Lysandro suffragante, homine, ut
ostendiraus supra, factioso et iis temporibus potent!,
Agesilaus antelatus est.
War In Asia. An armistice.
II. Hic siraul atque imperi potltus est, persuasit^
Lacedaemoniis ut cum exercitO se mitterent in Asiara bel-
lumque regi facerent, docens satius esse in Asia quam in
Europa dimicari. Namque fama exierat Artaxerxen com­
parare classis pedestrisque exercitOs, quos in Graeciam
2. Proeli: nom. Procles. 3. principes : primi. 4. fieri: sc. regem
as subject. 5. ordinem: line of descent. The meaning is that the
members of one family could not receive right of succession in the other;
so each family must al-ways be represented. 6. ratio: regard. — qui:
as to who; for quis. 7. virile secus: male issue. 8. propinquitate
: of kin. 10. natum: when he was born. —non agnSrat: had
not owned. 12. patruo: paternal uncle. 13. consecutus: adeptus.
— suffragante: through the support of 14. factioso: ambitious.
16. imperi: for the more usual ablative. 18. satius : melius.

lOO CORNELIUS NEPOS
mitteret. Data potestate tanta celeritate Osus est ut prius
in Asiam cum copils pervenerit quam regii satrapae eum
scirent profectum. Quo factum est ut omnis imparatos
imprOdentlsque offenderet. Id ut cognovit Tissaphemes,
S qui summum imperium tum inter praefectos habebat
regi5s, indutias a Lacone petivit, simulans se dare
operam ut Lacedaemoniis cum rege conveniret, re au­
tem vera ad copias comparandas, casque impetravit
triraestris. luravit autera uterque se sine dolo indOtias
10 conservaturura. In qua pactione suraraa fide mansit
Agesilaus, contra ea Tissaphemes nihil aliud quam
bellum comparavit. Id etsi sentiebat Laco, tamen
iOs iOrandum servabat multumque in eo se consequi
dicebat, quod Tissaphemes periurio suo et homines
IS suis rebus abalienaret et deos sibi iratos redderet; se
autem conservata religione confirmare exercitum, cum
aniraadverteret deOm nOmen facere secum, hominesque
sibi conciliare araici5res, quod iis studere consuessent
quos conservare fidem viderent.
I. potestate: authority. 3. profectum: sc. MJS. 4. imprudentis:
in-fro-videntls. — offenderet: came upon. 5. praefectos: here a synonym
for satrapds. 6. indutias: an armistice. — dare operam: was
making an attempt. 7. ut ... conveniret: impers.; to bring about an
agreement between the Lacedaemonians and the king. — re vera: in reality.
8. eas: refers to indiitids. — impetravit: obtained. 9. trimestris:
trium mensium. 10. pactione: covenant. 11. nihil . . . quam:
did nothing but. 13. in eo : in so doing. 14. homines . abalienaret:
was estranging men from his cause. 16. religione: obligation.—
confirmare: loas giving confidence to. 17. deirm ... secum: the
favor of the gods was on his side. 18. conciliare: reddere; the subject
is se above. — studere : favere.

AGESILAUS lOI
Winter preparations. Agesilaus outwits and defeats Tissaphemes.
III. Postquam indOtiarum praeteriit dies, barbarus
non dubitans, quod ipsius erant plOrima doraicilia in
Caria et ea regio iis teraporibus multo putabatur locu-
pletissiraa, eo potissimum hostis impetum facturos, omnis
suas copias eo contraxerat. At Agesilaus in Phrygiam
se convertit earaque prius depopulatus est quara Tissa­
phemes Osquam se moveret. Magna praeda mllitibus
locupletatis Ephesum hieraatura exercitum reduxit atque
ibi officinis armorura institOtIs raagna industria bellura
apparavit. Et quo studiosius arraarentur Insigniusque
ornarentur, praeraia proposuit, quibus donarentur qu5-
rum egregia in ea re fuisset industria. Fecit idem in
exercitationum generibus, ut qui ceteris praestitissent,
eos magnis adficeret mOneribus. His igitur rebus effecit
ut et ornatissiraum et exercitatissiraum haberet exer­
citum. Huic cum tempus esset visum copias extrahere
ex hibernaculls, vidit si quo esset iter factOrus palam
pronuntiasset, hostis non creditOros aliasque regiones
praesidils occupatOros neque dubitatOros aliud eum fac-
turum ac pronOntiasset. Itaque cura ille Sardis itOrura
I. barbarus: i.e. Tissaphemes. 3. locupletissima: divitissima.
4. eo: adv.; on it. — factiiros: after dubito in the sense of doubt we
should expect quin facerent. 6. se convertit; ttirned aside. — depopulatus
est: vastdvit. 8. hiematum: to pass the winter. 9. officinis:
workshops. 10. insigniusque ornarentur: and equip themselves the
more splendidly. 11. quibus : abl. of means. — qu5rum: its antecedent
is the subject of donarentur. 12. egregia: id quod e grege exstat.
13. exercitationum generibus: different sorts of drill. 14. adficeret:
dondret. 17. hibernaculis: winter-quarters. — palam : openly. 20. ac:
than {i&tx aliud). — Sardis: ace.

102 CORNELIUS NEPOS
se dixisset, Tissaphemes eandem Cariam defendendam
putavit. In qu5 cum eum opinio fefellisset vlctumque
se vidisset consilio, sero suis praesidio profectus est.
Nam cum illo venisset, iam Agesilaus multis locis
S expOgnatis magna erat praeda potltus. Laco autem
cum videret hostis equitatO superare, numquara in
campo sui fecit potestatem et iis locis manura conseruit
quibus plOs pedestres c5piae valerent. Pepulit ergo,
quotienscuraque congressus est, multo maiores adver-
10 sariorum copias et sic in Asia versatus est ut omnium
opinione victor duceretur.
His return, victory over the Athenians, and scrupulous regard
for a sanctuary.
IV. Hic cum iam animo meditaretur proficisci in
Persas et ipsum regem adoriri, nOntius ei domo venit
ephororum missu bellura Atheniensis et Boeotos in-
15 dixisse Lacedaemoniis; qua re venire ne dubitaret. In
hoc n5n minus eius pietas suspicienda est quam virtOs
bellica; qui cum victori praeesset exercitui maximam-
que haberet fiduciara regni Persarura potiendi, tanta
raodestia dicto audiens fuit iussis absentiura raagistra-
20 tuum ut si privatus in comitio esset Spartae. COius
exemplum utinam imperatores nostrl sequi voluissent!
I. eandem: as before. ^. opinio fefellisset: his conjecture had
misled hiin. 3. sero : too late. 7. sui fecit potestatem: gave them
a chance at him ; hence, exposed himself. 8. quibus: loc. abl. 13. adoriri:
attack. —• nuntius: a verb of saying is implied. 14. missu: by command
(VA. sending). 15. dubitaret: quoted imperative. 16. pietas:
loyalty.'—^ suspicienda: admiranda. 19. dicto audiens: obedient.
20. comitio : place of meeting; i.e. the Ephoreum.

AGESILAUS 103
Sed illOc redeamus. Agesilaus opulentissimo regno
praeposuit bonam existiraationem, multoque gloriosius
dOxit si institutis patriae paruisset quam si bello
superasset Asiara. Hac igitur raente Hellespontum
copias traiecit tantaque usus est celeritate ut quod iter
Xerxes anno vertente confecerat, hic transierit triginta
diebus. Cura iam hand ita longe abesset a Peloponneso,
obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeoti ceterlque
eorum socil apud Coroneam ; quos omnis gravi proelio
vIcit. Huius victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod cura
plerique ex fuga se in templum Minervae coniecissent
quaerereturque ab eo quid iis vellet fieri, etsi aliquot
vulnera acceperat eo proeli5 et iratus videbatur omnibus
qui adversus arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religi­
onem, et eos vetuit violari. Neque vero hoc solum in
Graecia fecit, ut templa deorum sancta haberet, sed
etiam apud barbaros summa religione omnia simulacra
arasque conservavit. Itaque praedicabat mirari se non
sacrilegorum numero haberl qui supplicibus deorum
nocuissent, aut non gravioribus poenis adfici qui religi­
onem minuerent quara qui fana spoliarent.
His moderation when victor.
V. Post hoc proelium conlatum omne bellum est circa
Corinthum ideoque Corinthium est appellatura. Hic
I. illuc: to our subject. 2. bonam existimationem: «^ra(/«a;««.
3. institiitis: legibus. 6. anno vertente: in the course of a year.
10. vel: the very. 12. aliquot: a number of. 13. omnibus: join with
h-dtus. 14. adversus : on the other side. 16. ut . . .haberet: substantive
clause of result in apposition with hoc. 17. religi5ne: veneration.—
simulacra: z»2af«/ ci. similis. iZ.'pxaedicaha.t: dicebat. 20. adfici:
were visited. 23. ideo : ob eam rem.

I04 CORNELIUS NEPOS
cum Ona pOgna decem milia hostium Agesilao duce
cecidissent eoque facto opes adversariorum debilitatae
viderentur, tantum afuit ab Insolentia gloriae ut com-
raiseratus sit fortOnara Graeciae, quod tara raultl a se
5 victi vitio adversariorura concidissent; -naraque ilia multi-
tOdine, si sana mens esset, Graeciae supplicium Persas
dare potuisse. Idem cum adversarios intra moenia com-
pulisset et ut Corinthum oppOgnaret multi hortarentur,
negavit id suae virtoti convenire; se enim eum esse dixit
io qui ad officium peccantis redire cogeret, non qui urbis
nobilissiraas expOgnaret Graeciae. " Nam si," inquit,
"eos exstinguere voluerimus qui nobiscura adversus
barbaros steterunt, nosmet ipsi nos expOgnaveriraus
illis quiescentibus. Quo facto sine negotio, cum volue-
15 rint, nos oppriment.''
Agesilaus at the siege of Spiirta.
VI. Interim accidit ilia calaraitas apud Leuctra Lace­
daemoniis. Quo ne proficisceretur, cum a plerisque ad
exeundum impelleretur, ut si de exitO divinaret, excusa-
vit senectOtem. Idem, cum Eparalnondas Spartam
20 oppugnaret essetque sine mOris oppidum, talem se im-
peratSrem praebuit ut eo tempore omnibus apparuerit,
3. tantum afuit: was so far from. — commiseratUB sit: pitied.
5. vitio: fault 6. supplicium dare: have paid the penalty to; hence
have been punished by. 9. suae virtuti convenire : agree with his principles.—
eum: avian. \o. oi&oiMxa.: duty.—^eccsBfOB: transgressors.
12. voluerimus: are ever willing. 14. illis quiescentibus: though
the barbarians {illis) do nothing. — negotio: labore. 15. oppriment:
exstingueni. 17. Quo: adv. 18. impelleretur : hortaretur. — exitu:
issue. — divinaret de: foresaw. — excusavit: gave as an excuse.
21. praebuit: showed.

AGESILAUS 105
nisi ille fuisset, Spartam futOrara non fuisse. In quo
quidem discriraine celeritas eius consili salOti fuit universis.
Nam cura quidam adulescentuli hostium adventO
perterriti ad Thebanos transfugere vellent et locum
extra urbem editum cepissent, Agesilaus, qui perniciosissimum
fore videret si aniraadversum esset quemquam
ad hostis transfugere conari, cum suis eo venit atque, ut
si bono anim5 fecissent, laudavit consilium eorum, quod
eum locum occupassent; id se quoque fieri debere animadvertisse.
Sic adulescentis simulata laudatione recuperavit
et adiunctis de suis coraitibus locum tOtum
rellquit. Naraque illi adiecto nuraero eorum qui expertes
erant consili, commovere se non sunt ausi, eoque
Ubentius, quod latere arbitrabantur quae cogitaverant.
His unchanging patriotism and simplicity of life.
VII. Sine dubiS post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii
se numquara refecerunt neque pristinum imperium
recuperarunt, cura interim numquam Agesilaus destitit
quibuscumque rebus posset, patriara iuvare. Nara cura
praecipue Lacedaemonii indigerent pecOnia, ille omnibus
qui a rege defecerant praesidio fuit; a quibus raagna
donatus pecOnia patriara sublevavit. Atque in hoc illud
in prirais fuit adrairabile, cura maxima mflnera ei ab
I. nisi ille fuisset: that had it not been for him. 2. discrimine:
crisis. 5. editum: a//'«?;«. — pemiciosissimum: ^^a/. 10. recuperavit
:«/

io6 CORNELIUS NEPOS
regibus ac dynastis civitatibusque conferrentur, quod
nihil umquara domura suam contulit, nihil de victO, nihil
de vestitO Laconum raOtavit. Dom5 eadem fuit con­
tentus qua Eurysthenes, progenitor maiorum suorum,
S fuerat Osus; quam qui intrarat nullum signum lOxuriae
videre poterat, contra ea plurima patientiae atque ab­
stinentiae. Sic enim erat instructa ut in nOlla re differret
a cOiusvis inopis atque privati.
His personal appearance, contempt of luxury, and death.
VIII. Atque hic tantus vir ut naturam fautricera ha-
10 buerat in tribuendis animi virtOtibus, sic maleficam
nactus est in corpore fingendo. Nam et statOra fuit
huraill et corpore exiguo et claudus altero pede. Quae
res etiara nSnnOUam adferebat deformitatera, atque IgnotI
faciera eius cum intuerentur, contemnebant; qui autem
IS virtutes noverant, non poterant admirarl satis. Quod el
Osu venit cum annorum octoginta subsidio Tacho in
Aegyptum missus esset et in acta cum suis accubuisset
sine Olio tecto, straturaque haberet tale ut terra tecta
esset stramentis neque hOc araplius quara pellis esset
I. dynastis : princes. — quod : conj.; it looks back to illud. z. victu
manner of life. 7. va.BtTix^c\,a: furnished. 8. cQiusvis: sc. domo.—
inopis : pauperis. — privati: although he was a king. 9. ut. . . sic:
though . . . yet. — fautricem : derived irovafaveo. 10. maleficam: male
-1- facio; sc. eam. ii. fingendo: forming. 12. ezsigab : parvo.—
claudus: lame. 13. ignoti; strangers. 14. faciem: appearance.—
intuerentur: conspicerent. 15. Quod venit: and that was what
happened to him. 16. annorum: at the age of. 17. acta: sea-shore.—
accubuisset: had lain do-wn. 18. stratum: couch. 19. stramentis
: straw; this and slrdtum are derived from sterno, strtiu. — hiic:
on this. — pellis : skin.

AGESILAUS 107
iniecta, e5dem quo comites omnes vestitO humih atque
obsolete, ut eorum ornatus non modo in iis regem
neminem significaret, sed homines esse non beatissiraos
suspicionem praeberet. Huius de adventu fama cum
ad regios esset perlata, celeriter mOnera eo cOiusque S
generis sunt adlata. His quaerentibus Agesilaum vix
fides facta est Onum esse ex iis qui tum accubabant.
Qui cum regis verbis quae attulerant dedissent, ille
praeter vitullnam et eius modi genera obs5nI, quae
praesens tempus desiderabat, nihil accepit; unguenta, 10
cor5nas secundamque mensam 'servis dispertiit, cetera
referri iussit. Quo facto eum barbari raagis etiam con­
tempserunt, quod eura Ignorantia bonarum rerum villa
potissimura sumpsisse arbitrabantur.
Hic cum ex Aegypto reverteretur, donatus a rege 15
Nectanabide ducentis viginti talentis, quae ille raOnerl
populo suo daret, venissetque in portum qui Menelai
vocatur, iacens inter Cyrenas et Aegyptum, in morbura
implicitus decessit. Ibi eum amici, quo Spartam facilius
perferre possent, quod mel non habebant, cera circum- 20
fOderunt atque ita domum rettulerunt.
2. obsolete : shabby. — ornatus : garb. 3. non beatissimos :
not particularly well off. 5. munera: dona. 6. vix . . . facta est:
they could scarcely be made to believe. 7. rinum : sc. eum. 8. regis : of
Egypt. 9. vitulinam : some veal. — eius modi : tdlia. — obsoni :
food. 10. unguenta: perfumes. 11. secundam mensam : dessert.
— dispertiit: divisit. 13. vilia : things of no worth. 17. qui Menelai:
sc. Portus. 20. mel: honey. — cera: wax (used, as was honey,
in embalming). — circiunfuderunt: circum-\-fundo,pour.

io8 CORNELIUS NEPOS
Phocion's indifference to wealth.
PHOCION
I. Phocion Atheniensis etsi saepe exercitibus praefuit
summosque magistratOs cepit, tamen multo eius notior
est integritas vitae quam rei militaris labor. Itaque
hOius meraoria est nOlla, illius autem magna fama, ex
5 quo cognomine Bonus est appellatus. Fuit enim per­
petuo pauper, cum divitissimus esse posset propter
frequentis delatos honores potestatesque suraraas quae
el a popul5 dabantur. Hic cum a rege Philippo munera
magnae pecOniae repudiaret legatique hortarentur ac-
10 cipere simulque admonerent, si ipse iis facile careret,
liberis tamen suis prospiceret, quibus difficile esset in
summa paupertate tantam paternam tueri gloriam, iis
ille, " Si mel similes erunt. Idem hie," inquit, "agellus illos
alet qui me ad banc dignitatem perdOxit; sin dissimiles
15 sunt futOri, nolo meis impensls illorum all augerique
luxuriam."
Late in life he falls Into disfavor with the people.
II. Idem cura prope ad annum octogesiraum prospera
pervenisset fortOna, extremis temporibus magnum in
odium pervenit suorum civium, prImo quod cum De-
20 made de urbe tradenda Antipatro consenserat, eiusque
consilio Demosthenes cum ceteris qui bene de re pOblica
5. perpetuo : semper. 7. potestates : appointments. 10. careret:
coidd do without. 11. prospiceret: consuleret. 12. tueri: conservare.
13. agellus : diminutive of ager. 15. meis impensis : at
die expense of my reputation. — ali : be maintained.

PHOCION 109
raeriti existimabantur populi scito in exsiliura erant
expulsl. Neque in eo solum offenderat, quod patriae
male consuluerat, sed etiam quod amicitiae fidem n5n
praestiterat Namque auctus adiOtusque a Demosthene
eum quem tenebat ascenderat gradura, cum adversus s
Charetem eum subornaret; ab eodem in iOdiciis, cum
capitis causam diceret, defensus aliquotiens liberatus
discesserat. Hunc non solura in periculis non defendit,
sed etiam prodidit. Concidit autem maxirae uno crimine,
quod cum apud eum summum esset imperium populi 10
iOssu et Nicanorem, Cassandri praefectura, Insidiari
Piraeo a Dercylo moneretur, Idemque postularet ut
provideret ne commeatibus civitas privaretur, huic audiente
populo Phocion negavit esse periculum seque eius
rei obsidem fore pollicitus est. Neque ita raulto post is
Nicanor Piraeo est potltus. Ad quem recuperandum
cum populus armatus cohcurrisset, ille non modo neminem
ad arma vocavit, sed ne armatis quidera praeesse
voluit.
Party politics at Athens.
III. Erant eo tempore Athenis duae factiones, qua- 20
rum Ona populi causam agebat, altera optimatium.
In hac erat Phocion et Demetrius Phalereus. Harum
utraque Macedonura patr5ciniis utebatur; nara popula-
I. scito : vote. 3. amicitiae praestiterat: had not shown
himself a faithful friend. 4. anctua : exalted. 6. exibomaiet: secretly
supported; sc. Demosthenes. 7. aiiqvioiieiis: at different times. 10. apud
eum: i)i his hands. 12. moneretur: here governs indir. disc, because
eqmv3.lent to certior fieret. 13. conaaeatihns : provisions. 15. obsidem
: surety. 21. agebat: championed. 23. patrociniis : patronage.

I IO CORNELIUS NEPOS
res Polyperchonti favebant, optimates cum Cassandro
sentiebant. Interim a Polyperchonte Cassandrus Mace­
donia pulsus est. Quo facto populus superior factus
statim duces adversariae factionis capitis damnatos
S patria propulit, in iis Phocionera et Demetrium Phale-
reura, deque ea re legates ad Polyperchontem raisit qui
ab eo peterent ut sua decreta confirraaret. HOc eodem
profectus est Phocion. Qu5 ut venit, causam apud
Philippum regem verbo, re ipsa quidem apud Polyper-
10 chontem iOssus est dicere. Namque is tum regis rebus
praeerat. Hic ab Agnone accOsatus quod Piraeum
Nicanori prodidisset, ex consili sententia in custodiam
coniectus Athenas deductus est, ut ibi de eo legibus fieret
iudicium.
The trial and death of Phocion.
IS IV. HOc ut perventura est, cum propter aetatem pe-
dibus iam • non valeret vehiculoque portaretur, raagnl
concursfls sunt facti, cum alii reminiscentes veteris
famae aetatis raisererentur, plOrirai vero Ira exacue-
rentur propter proditionis suspicionem Piraei, maxi-
20 meque quod adversus populi coraraoda in senectute
steterat. Qua re ne perorandi quidem el data est fa-
cultas dieenti causam in i0dici5; legitimis quibusdam
confectis damnatus traditus est undecimvirls, quibus ad
supplicium more Atheniensium pObhce damnati tradi
7. decreta : decrees. — Hue eodem : ad hunc eundem locum. 9. re
ipsa: in reality; contrasted with j'^r/w. 12. consili: council. 16. non
valeret: had no strength. — vehiculo: carriage. 18. exacuerentur :
-were inflamed. 20. commoda : interests. 11. perorandi : finishing
his defense. 22. legitimis . . . confectis : after going through with a ce
tain amount of red tape.

TIMOLEON 111
Solent. Hic cura ad mortem dOceretur, obvius ei fuit
Euphiletus, quo familiariter fuerat Osus. Is cum lacri­
mans dixisset: " O quam indigna perpeteris, Phocion ! "
huic ille, "At non inopinata,' inquit; "hunc enira
exitura plerique clarl viri habuerunt Athenienses." In 5
hoc tantum fuit odium multitudinis ut nemo ausus sit
eum liber sepellre. Itaque a servis sepultus est.
TIMOLEON
The sternness of Timoleon's patriotism.
I. Timoleon Corinthius. Sine dubio magnus omniura
iOdicio hic vir exstitit. Namque huic Oni contigit, quod
nescio an nOUi, ut et patriam in qua erat natus oppressam 10
a tyranno llberaret et a SyracOsanIs, quibus auxilio erat
missus, iam inveteratam servitOtem depelleret totamque
Siciliam multos annos bello vexatara a barbarlsque
oppressam suo adventO in pristinum restitueret. Sed in
his rebus non simplici fortOna conflictatus est et, id 15
quod difficilius putatur, raulto sapientius tulit secundara
quara adversara fortOnara. Nam cura frater eius Tirao-
phanes dux a Corinthils delectus tyrannidem per milites
mercennarios occupasset particepsque regni ipse posset
esse, tantum afuit a societate sceleris ut antetulerit 20
I. obvius fuit: met. 2. familiariter . . . iisus : had been intimate
with. 3. perpeteris : per -|- potior. 4. inopinata: improvisa.
5. exitum: mortem. 9. exstitit: fuit.—-contigit: happened.
10. nescio an nulli: perhaps to no one else. 12. inveteratam: of long
standing. 14. pristinum: former state. 15. simplici fortuna: unvarying
good fortune. 19. particeps : pars -|- capio.

112 CORNELIUS NEPOS
civium suorum libertatem fratris salOti, et parere legibus
quam imperare patriae satius duxerit. Hac mente per
haruspicera communemque adfinem, cui soror ex Isdem
parentibus nata nOpta erat, fratrem tyrannum interfici-
S endura cOravit. Ipse non raodo raanOs non attulit, sed
ne aspicere quidera fraternum sanguinem voluit. Nam
dum res conficeretur, procul in praesidio fuit, ne quis
satelles posset succurrere. Hoc praeclarissiraum eius
factum non pari mod5 probatura est ab omnibus. Non-
10 nulli enim laesara ab eo pietatera putabant et invidia
laudem virtOtis obterebant. Mater vero post id factum
neque domum ad se filium admisit neque aspexit quin
eum fratricidam impiumque detestans compellaret.
Quibus rebus ille ade5 est commotus ut nonnumquam
IS vitae finem facere voluerit atque ex ingratorum hominum
conspectO morte decedere.
Various military successes of Timoleon.
II. Interim Di5ne Syracusis interfecto Dionyslus
rOrsus SyracOsarum potltus est. COius adversarii opera
a Corinthils petierunt ducem que quo in hello Oterentur
20 postularunt. HOc Timole5n raissus incredibili felicitate
Dionysiura tota SiciHa depulit. Cura interficere posset,
noluit tOtoque ut Corinthum perveniret effecit, quod
3. haruspicem: soothsayer. — adfinem: relative by marriage.
.4. fratrem . . . curavit: had his brother put to death. 5. manus non
attulit: did not lay hands on him. 7. in praesidio : with the garrison.
8. satelles: body-guard. — snccmieie: auxilium.ferre. lo. laesam:
violdtam. — pietatem: natural affection. 11. obterebant: minuebant.
13. detestans compellaret: addressed with curses. i8. Syracusarum:
gen. with potltus est. 20. Hue: ad eos. 22, tiito ; in safety.

TIMOLEON 113
utrorumque DionysiSrum opibus Corinthii saepe adiuti
fuerant, cOius benignitatis memoriam volebat exstare,
eamque praeclaram vlctSriam dOcebat, in qua plus esset
clementiae quam crudelitatis; postremo ut non s5lum
auribus acciperetur, sed etiam oculis cerneretur quem S
CORINTH
ex quanto regno ad quara fortOnam detuhsset. Post
Dionysl decessum cum Hiceta bellavit, qui adversatus
erat Dionysio; quem non odio tyrannidis dissensisse sed
cupiditate, indicio fuit quod ipse expulso Dionysio
imperium dimittere noluit. Hoc superato Timoleon 10
maximas copias Karthaginiensium apud Crimlsura
2. benignitatis: kindness. — exstare : manere. 4. ut: introducing
the third reason why he did not kill Dionyslus, the first beginning with
quod, and the second with eamque. 6. detulisset: had brought down.
7. adversatus erat: obstilerat. 8. quem: refers to Hicetd. — Aia-
aenBiaae: hostem fuisse. 10, dimittere : give up.
I

114 CORNELIUS NEPOS
flOmen fugavit ac satis habere coegit, si liceret Africam
obtinere, qui iara coraplOris annos possessionera Siciliae
tenebant. Cepit etiam Maraercum, Italicura ducem,
hominem belhcosum et potentem, qui tyrannos adiOtum
5 in Siciliam venerat.
Timoleon's good reign and voluntary abdication.
III. Quibus rebus confectis cura propter diuturnita-
tera belli non solura regiones, sed etiam urbis desertas
videret, conquisivit quos potuit, primura Siculos; dein
Corinth5 arcesslvit colonos, quod ab iis initio SyracOsae
10 erant conditae. Civibus veteribus sua restituit, novis
hello vacuefactas possessiones divisit, urbium moenia
disiecta fanaque detecta refecit, civitatibus leges llber-
tatemque reddidit; ex maximo bello tantum otium toti
insulae conciliavit ut hic conditor urbium earum, non
IS illi qui initio dedOxerant, videretur. Arcem SyracOsis,
quam munierat Dionyslus ad urbem obsidendam, a fun-
daraentls disiecit; cetera tyrannidis propOgnacula derao-
lltus est deditque operam ut quam minime multa vestigia
servitOtis manerent. Cum tantis esset opibus ut etiam
20 invitis imperare posset, tantum autera amorera haberet
oraniura Siculoruin ut nOllo recOsante regnura obtinere
liceret, raaluit se diligi quam metui. Itaque cum primum
potuit, imperium deposuit ac privatus SyracOsis quod
I. satis habere: sc. eos; be content. 2. obtinere: retain possession
of. 7. regiones: agros. 8. conquisivit: brought togetlier.
9. arcessivit: sent for. 10. conditae: founded. 11. possessiones:
estates. 13. ex: after. — otium: pacem. 15. Syraciisis: locative'.
16. fundamentis: foundations. 18. quam . . . vestigia: as few traces
as possible. 20. invitis : iis quinolebant. 23. quod: subject of y««V.

TIMOLEON 115
reliquum vitae fuit vixit. Neque vero id imperlte fecit.
Nara quod ceteri reges iraperio potuerunt, hic benevo-
lentia tenuit. NuUus hon5s huic defuit, neque postea
res Olla SyracOsis gesta est pOblice de qua prius sit
decretura quara Tiraoleontis sententia cognita. NOllIus 5
umquara consilium non modo antelatum, sed ne com-
paratura quidera est. Neque id magis eius benevolentia
factum est quam prudentia.
His honorable old age.
IV. Hic cura aetate iara provectus esset, sine Olio
morbo lOmina oculorum amisit. Quara calaraitatera 10
ita raoderate tulit ut neque eum querentem quisquam
audierit neque eo minus privatis pOblicisque rebus inter-
fuerit. Veniebat autera in theatrura, cum ibi concilium
populi haberetur, propter valetudinem vectus iumentis
iOnctis, atque ita de vehiculo quae videbantur dicebat. 15
Neque hoc illi quisquam tribuebat superbiae; nihil
enira uraquam neque Insolens neque gloriosum ex ore
eius exiit. Qui quidera cura suas laudes audiret praedi-
carl, nuraquara aliud dixit quam se in ea re maxime dis
agere gratias atque habere, quod cum Siciliam recreare 20
constituissent, tum se potissimura ducera esse voluissent.
Nihil enim rerum hOraanarum sine deorum nOmine geri
1. imperite: unwisely. 6. antelatum: sc. eius consilio. g. provectus:
well advanced. lO. lUmina oculorum: eyesight, ii. ita
moderate: with such calmness. 14. valetudinem: infirmity.-—iiimentis
iunctis : a pair of horses. 16. illi: iti his case. — superbiae :
pride. 17. gloriosum: boastful. 20. agere . . . habere: that he offered
heartfelt thanks. — recreare : restituere.

ii6 CORNELIUS NEPOS
putabat. Itaque suae domi sacellura Autoraatias con-
stituerat idque sanctissirae colebat.
His lucky day. His open-mindedness. His death and burial.
V. Ad banc hominis excellentem bonitatem mirabiles
accesserant casus. Nam proelia maxima natali suo die
5 fecit omnia, quo factum est ut eius diem natalem festura
haberet Oniversa Sicilia. Huic quidam Laphystius,
homo petulans et ingratus, vadimoniura cura vellet
iraponere, quod cum illo se lege agere diceret, et com­
plOres concurrissent qui procacitatem horainis manibus
lo coercere conarentur, Timoleon oravit homines ne id
facerent. Namque id ut Laphystio et cuivis liceret, se
maximos labores summaque adisse pericula. Hanc
enim speciem llbertatis esse, si omnibus quod quisque
vellet legibus experirl liceret. Idem, cum quidam
IS LaphystI similis, noraine Deraaenetus, in contione populi
de rebus gestis eius detrahere coepisset ac nonnOlla
inveheretur in Tiraoleonta, dixit nunc demum se voti
esse daranatura; namque hoc a dis immortalibus semper
precatura, ut talem libertatem restitueret SyracOsanIs in
20 qua cuivis liceret de quo vellet quod vellet impOne dicere.
I. Automatias: gen. case; the goddess of chance. 3. mirabiles
casHs : strange chances. 5. festum haberet: celebrated as a holiday.
7. petulans: impudent. — vadimonium: bail. 8. cum agere:
that he-was bringing action against him. 9. procacitatem: impudence.
12. adisse: had braved. 12. speciem: the ideal 14. legibus experiri:
test by law. The object is the unexpressed antecedent of quod. 15. contione:
concilio; contio is for con-ventio. 16. detrahere: speak disparagingly.
— nonnrilla inveheretur:. was casting some slurs. 17. demum
: at last. — voti esse damnatum: -was liable for the fulfilment of
hisvow; '\.c. had had his prayers granted. 19. precatum : had prayed;
sc. se esse. 20. impiine: sine supplicipericulo.

HAMILCAR 117
Hic cura diem supremum obisset, publice a Syra­
cusanis in gymnasio quod Timoleonteum appellatur tota
celebrante Sicilia sepultus est.
HAMILCAR
Hamilcar In Sicily.
I. Harailcar, Hannibalis filius, cognomine Barca, Kar-
thaginiensis, primo POnico bello, sed temporibus ex­
tremis, admodum adulescentulus in Sicilia praeesse
coepit exercitui. Cum ante eius adventum et raari et
terra male res gererentur Karthaginiensium, ipse ubi
adfuit nuraquara hosti cessit neque locum nocendi dedit,
saepeque e contrario occasione data lacessivit semperque
superior discessit. Qu5 fact5, cum paene omnia in
Sicilia Poeni amisissent, ille Erycem sic defendit ut
bellura eo loco gestura non videretur. Interim Kartha­
ginienses classe apud insulas Aegates a C. Lutatio, con-
sule Romanorum, superati statuerunt belli facere finem
eamque rem arbitrio permlserunt Hamilcaris. Ille etsi
flagrabat bellandi cupiditate, tamen paci serviendura
putavit, quod patriam exhaustam sOmptibus diOtius
calaraitates belli ferre non posse intellegebat; sed ita
ut statira menfe agitaret, si paulum raodo res essent
3. celebrante: attending. 4. cognomine: surname. 5. temporibus
extremis : i.e. hfiius belli. 6. admodum: a mere. 9. locum:
opportunity. 10. lacessivit; harassed; sc. ipse . hostis. 16. permiserunt:
intrusted. 17. serviendum : he ought to strive for. 19. ita:
so. padser-oiendumputdvit. 20. mente agitaret: cogitdret. The object is
bellum . . . dedissent. — res . . . refectae : their strength should be rest

ii8 CORNELIUS NEPOS
refectae, bellum renovare R5manosque armis persequi
donicum aut virtute vicissent aut victi manus dedissent.
Hoc consilio pacem conciliavit. In quo tanta fuit
ferocia, cura Catulus negaret bellura compositOrum nisi
5 ille cura suis, qui Erycem tenerent, armis relictis Sicilia
decederent, ut succurabente patria ipse peritOrum se
potius dixerit quam cum tanto flagitiS domura rediret;
non enim suae esse virtutis arma a patria accepta
adversus hostis adversarils tradere. HOius pertinaciae
IO cessit Catulus.
He quells mutiny and insurrection in Africa.
II. At ille ut Karthaginem venit, multo aliter ac
sperarat rem pOblicam se habentem cognovit. Nam­
que diOturnitate externi mall tantura exarsit intestinum
bellum ut numquara in pari periculo fuerit Karthago
15 nisi cura del eta est. Primo mercennarii railites quibus
adversus Roraanos Osi erant desclverunt, qu5rum nu­
merus erat viginti milium. Ii totam abalienarunt Afri-
cara, ipsam Karthaginem oppOgnarunt. Quibus malls
adeo sunt PoenI perterriti ut etiam auxilia ab Romanis
20 petierint; eaque irapetrarunt. Sed extrerao, cura prope
iam ad desperationem pervenissent, Hamilcarera impera­
torem fecerunt. Is non solum hostis a inOrls Kartha-
2. donicum: donee. — manus dedissent: had surrendered. 3. quo :
i.e. pace conciliandd. 6. ut: looks back to tanta. — succumbente
patria: eliamsipatria'opprimeretur. 7. flagitio: disgrace. 8. suae
esse virtutis: suae virtuti -convenire. 9. pertinaciae: obstinacy.
11. multo aliter se habenteni ac: in a far different condition
from what. 13. exarsit: blazed out.—intestinum: civil. 16. desciverunt;
defedrunt. 20. extremo : finally.

HAMILCAR 119
ginis removit, cum amplius centum milia facta essent
armatorum, sed etiam eo compulit ut locorura angustils
clausi plures fame quam ferro interlrent. Omnia oppida
abahenata, in iis Uticam atque Hipponem, valentissima
totius Africae, restituit patriae. Neque eo fuit contentus,
sed etiam finis imperi propagavit, tota Africa tantum
otium reddidit ut nullura in ea bellum videretur multis
annis fuisse.
He goes to Spain.
III. Rebus his ex sententia peractis fidenti animo
atque infesto Romanis, quo facilius causam bellandi
reperiret, effecit ut imperator cum exercitO in Hispaniara
raitteretur, eoque secum dflxit filium Hannibalem
annorum novem. Erat praeterea cum eo adulescens
inlOstris, formosus, Hasdrubal. Huic ille filiam suam in
raatriraoniura dedit. De hoc ideo raentionera fecimus,
quod Hamilcare occis5 ille exercitui praefuit resque
raagnas gessit, et princeps largitione vetustos pervertit
mores Karthaginiensium, eiusdemque post mortem Hannibal
ab exercitO accepit imperium.
His exploits in Spain. His death.
IV. At Hamilcar, postea quara raare transiit in Hispaniamque
venit, raagnas res secunda gessit fortOna;
maximas bellicosissiraasque gentis subegit; equis, armis,
viris, pecunia totam locupletavit Africam. Hie cura in
Italiam bellum inferre meditaretur, nono anno post-
2. eo compulit: dro-ue them to such straits, — locorum angustils :
defiles. 6. propagavit: extended. 9. ex sententia: as he desired.
10. infSsto: inimico. 13. annorum: so. puerum in apposition with
Hannibalem. 17. vetustos: pristiiios.

120 CORNELIUS NEPOS
quam in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pOgnans ad­
versus Vettones occisus est. HOius perpetuum odium
erga Romanes maxime concitasse videtur secundum
bellum POnicum. Namque Hannibal, filius eius, adsi-
duls patris obtestationibus eo est perductus ut interire
quam Roraanos non experiri mallet.
HANNIBAL
Hannibal's greatness as a general. His hatred of the Romans.
I. Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, Karthaginiensis. Si
verum est, quod nem5 dubitat, ut populus Romanus
oranis gentis virtOte superarit, non est infitiandum
Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros imperatores prO­
dentia quanto populus RSmanus antecedat fortitudine
cOnctas nationes. Nara quotienscumque cum eo con­
gressus est in Itaha, semper discessit superior. Quod
nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset,
Romanes videtur superare potuisse. Sed multorum
obtrectatio devicit unlus virtOtera.
Hic autem velut hereditate rehctum odium paternum
erga Roraanos sic conservavit ut prius animam quam id
deposuerit; qui quidem cum patria pulsus esset et
alienarum opura indigeret, nuraquara destiterit animo
bellare cum Romanis.
3. concitasse : brought on. 4. adsiduis: persistent. 5. obtestatiSnibus
: adjurations. — eo ut: was brought to a point -where.
6. experiri: try the mettle of. 9. infitiandum : to be denied. 12. eo :
'\.o. populo Romano. 13. Quod: and so. 16. dhtiectsXib : disparagement.
17. hereditate: legacy. 18. animam: -jitam. 20. alienarum
indigeret: tvas in need, of help from strangers.

HARBORS OF CARTHAGE
:S5L-.*i^

122 CORNELIUS NEPOS
Hannibal tells Antiochus of his vow.
II. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quem absens hostem
reddidit Romanis, omnium iis temporibus potentissimus
rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate incendit
bellandi ut usque a rubro raari arraa conatus sit inferre
S Italiae. Ad quem cura legati venissent Romani qui de
eius voluntate explorarent darentque operam consiliis
clandestinis ut Hannibalem in suspicionem regi addO-
cerent, tam quam ab ipsis corruptus alia atque antea
sentiret, neque id frOstra fecissent idque Hannibal
10 comperisset seque ab interioribus consiliis segregari
vidisset, tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique cum multa
de fide sua et odio in Roraanos commemorasset, hoc
adiOnxit: "Pater meus," inquit, "Harailcar puerulo rae,
utpote non amplius novem- annos nato, in Hispaniam
IS imperator proficiscens Karthagine lovi optimo maximo
hostias imraolavit. Quae divina res dura conficiebatur,
quaeslvit a me vellemne secum in castra proficisci. Id
cum libenter accepissera atque ab eo petere coepissem
ne dubitaret dOcere, tum ille, 'Faciam,' inquit, 'si mihi
20 fidem quam postulo dederis.' Simul me ad aram
addOxit apud quam sacrificare instituerat, eamque ceteris
X. ut omittam: 7uith. the exception of. — absens: -without meeting
him in person. 4. rubro mari: here refers to the Persian Gulf. 6. voluntate
: purpose. 7. regi: in the king's eyes. 8. tamquam alia . . .
sentiret: as if he held different -oiews from those he had formerly entertained.
9. friistra: -without effect. 10. segregari: exclicdi. 11. tempore
: opportunity. 12. commemorasset: cfocuisset. 13. puerulo
me: abl. abs. 14. utpote: since I was. 16. hostias immolavit:
offered a sacrifice. — divina res: sacred rite. 19. dubitaret: hesitate.
20. fidem: promise. 21. instituerat: coeperat.

HANNIBAL 123
remotis tenentem iOrare iussit numquam me in amicitia
cura Roraanis fore. Id ego iOs iurandum patri datum
Osque ad hanc aetatem ita conservavi ut nemini dubiurn
esse debeat quin reliquo tempore eadem mente sim
futurus. Qua re, si quid aralce de Romanis cogitabis, 5
non imprOdenter feceris si me celaris; cura quidem
bellum parabis, te ipsum frustraberis si non me in eo
principem posueris."
Hannibal is quickly promoted and passes into Italy.
III. Hac igitur qua diximus aetate cura patre in
Hispaniara profectus est. COius post obitum, Has- 10
drubale iraperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit.
Hoc quoque interfecto exercitus summam imperi ad
eum detulit. Id Karthaginem delatum pOblice corapro-
batum est. Sic Hannibal minor quinque et viginti
annis natus imperator factus proxim5 triennio oninis 15
gentis Hispaniae bello subegit, Saguntura foederatam
civitatem vi expOgnavit, tris exercitOs maximos com­
paravit. Ex his Onum in Africam misit, alteram cum
Hasdrubale fratre in Hispania rellquit, tertium in Italiam
secura duxit. Ut saltum Pyrenaeura transiit, quacura- 20
que iter fecit cum omnibus incolis conflixit; neminem
nisi victum dimisit. Ad Alpis postea quam venit qua
Italiam ab Gallia seiungunt, quas nem5 umquam cum
5. quid amice cogitabis : . cherish any friendly purpose. 6. me
celaris : keep me in ignorance of it. 7. te ipsum frustraberis : frustrate
your own ends. 10. obitum: mortem. 11. imperatore suffecto:
having been made commander in his stead. 13. comprobatum:
ratified. 15. triennio: spatio trium annorum. 16. foederatam:
allied with us. Ci.foedus, treaty. 20. saltum: pass. 22. dimisit: let go.

124 CORNELIUS NEPOS
exercitO ante eum praeter Herculem Graium transierat
(quo facto is hodie saltus Grains appellatur), Alpicos
conantis prohibere transitO concidit, loca patefecit, iti­
nera mOniit, effecit ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset
5 qua antea Onus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac
copias tradOxit in Italiaraque pervenit.
Hannibal's victorious march into Apulia.
IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanura cura P. Cornelio
Scipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem
Clastidii apud Padura decernit sauciumque inde ac
10 fugatum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipio cum conlega
Ti. Longo apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. Cura
iis raanum conseruit, utrosque profligavit. Inde per
Ligures Appennlnura transiit petens EtrOriam. Hoc
in itinere adeo gravi morbo adficitur oculorum ut postea
15 numquam dextro aeque bene usus sit. Qua valetOdine
cum etiamnum premeretur lecticaque ferretur, C. Fla-
minium consulem apud Trasuraenum cura exercitO
insidiis circumventum occldit, neque raUltS post C.
Centeniura praetorem cura delecta raanu saltOs occu-
20 pantem. Hinc in ApOliam pervenit. Ibi obviam el
venerunt duo consules, C. Terentius et L. Aemilius.
Utriusque exercitOs un5 proelio fugavit, Paulum con-
3. concidit: cut to pieces. — patefecit: opened up. — itinera
muniit: made roads. 4. ornatus: ftdly equipped. 5. inermis:
in-\-arma. — repere: creep. 7. conflixerat: observe the tense, and
sc. iam anted, g. saucium: vulnerdtum. 10. Tertio : third time.
12. manum conseruit: tried conclusions. 14. gravi: serious. 16. etiamnum:
even yet. — lectica : litter.

HANNIBAL 125
sulem occidit et aliquot praeterea consularis, in iis Cn.
Serviliura Gerainum, qui superiore anno fuerat consul.
He deceives Fabius and defeats three other Roman generals.
V. Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus nODo re-
sistente in propinquls urbi montibus moratus est. Cum
aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset et Capuara reverteretur, 5
Q. Fabius Maxiraus, dictator Romanus, in agro Falerno
ei se obiecit. Hic clausus locorum angustils noctO sine
ullo detrimento exercitus se expedivit Fabioque, callidis-
sirao imperatori, dedit verba. Namque obducta nocte
sarraenta in cornibus iuvencorura deligata incendit eius- 10
que generis multitOdinem magnara dispalatara iramlsit.
Quo repentino visu obiecto tantura terrorera iniecit exer­
citui Romanorura ut egredi extra vallum nemo sit ausus.
Hanc post rem gestam non ita multis diebus M. Minu-
cium ROfum, raagistrura equitura pari ac dictatoreni 15
iraperio, dolo productura in proeliura fugavit. Ti.
Sempronium Gracchum, iterum consulem, in LOcanIs
absens in insidias inductura sustulit. M. Claudium
Marcellum, quinquiens consulem, apud Venusiam pari
raodo interfecit. Longura est omnia enumerare proelia. 20
Qua re hoc Onum satis erit dictum, ex quo intellegi
I. consularis: ex-consuls. 8. expedivit: ex-^ pes. — callidissimo
: astute. —Fabio . . . dedit verba: Fabium fefellit. — obducta :
gloomy {overcast). 10. sarmenta : brushwood. — i-o.vencb\\\xa.: btdlocks
— deligata: bound. — eius generis : of animals thus equipped. 11. dispalatam:
straying about. 12. Quo . . . obiecto: by this unexpected
apparitio7i. 13. vallum: rampart. 15. pari ac : eodem quo. — dictatoreni:
ace. for nom. by attraction to magistrum. i6. productum :
drawn out. 18. absens: though he -was not in command in person.

126 CORNELIUS NEPOS
possit quantus ille fuerit: quam diu in Italia fuit, nemo
el in acie restitit, nemo adversus eura post Cannensera
pOgnara in carapo castra posuit.
SCIPIO AFRICANUS
He meets Scipio.
VI. Hinc invlctus patriam
defensum revocatus
bellum gessit adversus P.
Scipionem, filium eius Scl-
pionis quera ipse primo apud
Rhodanum, iterum apud
Padura, tertio apud Trebiam
f ugarat. Cum hoc exhaustis
iam patriae facultatibus
cupivit impraesentiarum bel­
lum componere, quo valen-
tior postea congrederetur.
Inde conloquium convenit,
condiciones non convene­
rant. Post id factum pan­
els diebus apud Zamam cum eodem conflixit; pulsus
20 (incredibile dictO) biduo et duabus noctibus HadrOmetura
pervenit, quod abest ab Zama circiter milia passuum
trecenta. In hac fuga Numidae, qui simul cum eo ex
acie excesserant, Insidiati sunt ei, qu5s n5n solum effOgit,
sed etiam ips5s oppressit. HadrOmeti reliquos e fuga
3. campo: die open, 12. facultatibus: opibus, 13. impraesentiarum:
for the present. 16. convenit: was agreed upon, 17. condiciones
: terms, 20. biduo: du3bus diebus. 23. excesserant: had
withdrawn, 24, Hadrumeti: locative.

HANNIBAL 127
conlegit, novis dilectibus paucis diebus multos contraxit.
Hannibal at the head of the Carthaginian state. His flight.
VII. Cum in apparandS acerrime esset occupatus,
Karthaginienses bellum cum R5manls coraposuerunt.
Ille nihilo setius exercitui postea praefuit resque in
Africa gessit usque ad P. Sulpiciura C. Aurelium con­
sules. His enira raagistratibus legati Karthaginienses
Roraam venerunt, qui senatui populSque R5man5 gratias
agerent quod cum iis pacem fecissent, ob earaque rem
corona aurea eos donarent, simulque peterent ut obsides
eorura Fregellls essent captivlque redderentur. His ex
senatus consults responsum est: mOnus e5rum gratum
acceptumque esse; obsides quo loco rogarent futuros;
captlvos non reraissOros, quod Hannibalem, cOius opera
susceptum bellum foret, inimicissimura noraini RomanS,
etiamnum cura iraperio apud exercitum haberent iteraque
fratrera eius Magonera. Hoc response Karthaginienses
cognito Hannibalem domura et Magonera revocarunt.
HOe ut rediit, rex factus est, postquara imperator fuerat
anno secundo et vicesimo. Ut enim Romae consules, sic
Karthagine quotannis annul bini reges creabantur. In
eo magistratu pari diligentia se Hannibal praebuit ac
fuerat in bello. Naraque effecit ex novis vectlgalibus
I. dilectibus: levies, 5. nihilo setius: nihilo minus, 7. His
magistratibus: abl. abs. expressing time. 11. ex: in accordance
-with, 13. acceptum: here adj.; acceptable, 14. remissQros: so. se.
16. imperio: authority. — item: likewise, 19. fuerat: sc. factus.
21. bini: i-wo at a time. 22. ac : particle of comparison aitoi pari.

128 CORNELIUS NEPOS
n5n s5lum ut esset pecOnia quae RSmanis ex foedere
penderetur, sed etiam superesset quae in aerariS repo-
neretur. Deinde M. Claudio L. FOrio consulibus Roma
legati Karthaginem venerunt. Hos Hannibal ratus sui
exposcendi gratia raissos, priusquam lis senatus daretur,
navem ascendit clam atque in Syriam ad Antiochum
perfugit. Hac re palam facta Poeni navis duas quae
eum coraprehenderent, si possent c5nsequl, raiserunt;
bona eius publicarunt; domum a fundamentis disie-
cerunt; ipsum exsulem iudicarunt.
Hannibal at the court of Antiochus.
VIII. At Hannibal anno quarto postquam domo pro-
fOgerat, L. Cornelio Q. Minucio consulibus cum quinque
navibus Africam accessit in finibus Cyrenaeorura, si
forte Karthaginiensis ad bellum indOcere posset An-
tiochi spe fidOciaque, cui iam persuaserat ut cura
exercitibus in Italiam proficisceretur. HOc Magonera
fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poeni resciverunt, Magonera
eadem qua fratrera absentem adfecerunt poena. Illi
desperatis rebus cum solvissent navis ac vela ventis
dedissent, Hannibal ad Antiochum pervenit. De Ma-
gonis interitO duplex memoria prodita est. Namque alii
z. penderetur: be paid. — superesset: contrasted with esset. —
aerario: treasury. 4. ratus : existimans. — sui gratia: for the
purpose of demanding his extradition. 5. senatus: i.e. an audience
before the senate. 7. palam facta: becoming knvion. 14. Antiochi:
obj. gen. 16. Hiic: i.e. /;/ finis Cyrenaeorum, 17. excivit: like
arcessivit, but stronger. — resciverunt: reppererunt, 18. adfecerunt:
sentenced, 19. desperatis rebus: despairing of success. — solvissent
navis: had -weighed anchor.-—vela: sails. 21. memoria: tradition..

HANNIBAL 129
naufragio, alii a servulis ipsius interfectum eum scrip­
tum rellquerunt. Antiochus autem si tam in gerendo
bello consiliis eius parere voluisset quam in suscipiendo
instituerat, propius Tiberl quam Thermopylls de summa
imperi dimicasset. Quem etsi multa stulte conari vide­
bat, tamen nulla deseruit in re. Praefuit paucis navibus
quas ex Syria iussus erat in Asiam dOcere, iisque
adversus Rhodiorum classera in Paraphylio raari con­
flixit. In quo cura raultitOdine adversariorura sui
superarentur, ipse quo cornu rera gessit fuit superior.
Hannibal in Crete.
IX. Antiocho fugato verens ne dederetur, quod sine
dubio accidisset si sul fecisset potestatera, Cretara ad
GortyniSs venit, ut ibi quo se conferret consideraret.
Vidit autera vir cranium calhdissiraus in magnS se fore
periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam Creten-
siura. Magnam enira secum pecOniam portabat, de qua
sciebat exisse faraam. Itaque capit tale consilium.
Amphoras complurls coraplet plumbs, summas operit
auro et argento. Has praesentibus principibus deponit
in templo Dianae, simulans se suas fortOnas illorum
fidei credere. His in errorera inductis statuas aeneas
quas secum portabat omni sua pecOnia complet casque
in propatulo domi abicit. Gortynii templum magna
I. naufragio: ship-wreck. 5. stulte: non sapienter. 11. dederetur:
be given up. 12. sui . . . potestatem: had given them a chance
at him. 18. Amphoras: (two-handled) /««. — plumbo: lead,—
stmimas: sc. amphoras. — aperit: covers. 21. aeneas: bronze.
23. propatulo: court.
K

I30 CORNELIUS NEPOS
cura custodiunt, non tam a ceteris quam ab Hannibale,
ne ille Inscientibus iis toUeret sua secumque duceret.
Hannibal and Pruslas.
X. Sic conservatis suis rebus omnibus Poenus inlQsIs
Cretensibus ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. Apud
5 quem eodem animo fuit erga Italiam, neque aliud quic-
quam egit quara regem arraavit et exacuit adversus
R5man6s. Quera cum videret domesticis opibus rainus
esse robustura, conciliabat ceteros reges, adiungebat
bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat ab eo Pergamenus
10 rex Euraenes, Romanis amicissiraus, belluraque inter
eos gerebatur et marl et terra; sed utrobique Euraenes
plOs valebat propter Romanorum societatem. Quo
magis cupiebat eum Hannibal opprimi, quera si rerao-
visset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad hunc
15 interficiendura talem iniit rationera. Classe paucis
diebus erant decreturi. Superabatur naviura raultitOdine;
dolo erat pOgnandum, cum par non esset armis. Im-
peravit quam plOriraas venenatas serpentis vivas conligi
easque in vasa fictilia coniei. Harum cura effecisset
20 raagnam multitOdinem, die ips5 quo factOrus erat navale
proelium, classiarios convocat iisque praecipit omnes ut
in Onam Eumenis regis concurrant navem, a ceteris
tantura satis habeant se defendere. Id illos facile
2. tolleret sua: carry off his own property. 3. inliisis: deceived.
6. exacuit: incitdvit. 'j.mma.^raSyViBtma.: not very powerj'ul. 9. Dissidebat
; dissentiebat. 11. utrobique: lit. in both places; hence, -with
both land and naval forces. 17. par: a match. 18. venenatas: venomous.
19. vasa fictilia : earthen jars.

HANNIBAL 131
serpentium raultitOdine c6nsec0t0r5s. Rex autem in
qua nave veheretur ut scirent se facturum. Quem si
aut cepissent aut interfecissent, magno iis polhcetur
praeraio fore.
The effect of Hannibal's stratagem.
XI. Tall cohortatione militura facta classis ab utrisque s
in proelium deducitur. Quarum acie constitOta, priusquam
signum pugnae daretur, Hannibal, ut palam
faceret suis quo loco Euraenes esset, tabellarium in
scapha cum cadOceo mittit. Qui ubi ad navis adversariorum
pervenit epistulamque ostendens se regem pro- 10
fessus est quaerere, statim ad Euraenera deductus est,
quod nem5 dubitabat quin aliquid de pace esset scriptum.
Tabellarius duels nave declarata suis, eodem
unde erat egressus se recepit. At Euraenes solOta
epistula nihil in ea repperit nisi quae ad inridendura 15
eura pertinerent. Cuius rei etsi causam mirabatur neque
reperiebat, tamen proeliura statira committere non dubitavit.
Horum in concursO Bithyni Hannibalis praecepto
OniversI navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex
cum sustinere non posset, fuga salOtera petiit, quam 20
consecutus non esset nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset,
quae in proximo litore erant conlocata. Reliquae
Pergaraenae naves cura adversarios premerent acrius,
repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionera
fecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae iacta initiS risura 25
I. consecuturos: would accomplish. 2. veheretur: was carried.
8. tabellarium : messenger. 9. scapha : boat. — cadSceo : herald's
staff. 13. declarata: indicdtd. 14. solflta epistula: on opening
the letter. 21. praesidia: castra. 22. litore: shore.

132 CORNELIUS NEPOS
pOgnantibus concitarunt, neque qua re id fieret poterat
intellegi. Postquara autem navis suas oppletas con-
spexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum quid
potissimura vltarent n5n viderent, puppis verterunt
5 seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic Hannibal
consilio arraa Pergaraenorura superavit, neque tum
solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copils pari prOdentia
pepulit adversarios.
Hannibal's death.
XII. Quae dum in Asia geruntur, accidit casO ut
ID legati PrOsiae R5mae apud T. Quinctium Flamininum
consularera cenarent, atque ibi de Hannibale mentione
facta ex lis Onus diceret eum in PrOsiae regno esse. Id
postero die Flamininus senatui detulit. Patres con-
scripti, qui Hannibale vivo nuraquara se sine insidiis
IS futOros existiraarent, legates in Bithyniam miserunt, in
iis Flamininum, qui ab rege peterent ne inimicissimura
suum secum haberet sibique dederet. His Prflsias negare
ausus non est. Illud recOsavit, ne id a se fieri postula-
rent quod adversus ius hospiti esset; ipsi, si possent,
20 comprehenderent; locum ubi esset facile inventuros.
Hannibal enira Ono loc5 se tenebat, in castello quod ei
a rege datum erat mOneri, idque sic aedificarat ut in
omnibus partibus aedificl exitus haberet, scilicet verens
ne OsO veniret quod accidit. HOc cura legati Roma-
i. concitarunt: excited. 2. opplStas : filled. 4. vitarent: try
to avoid. — puppis: hehns (lit. sterns). 7. alias: at other times.
11. cenarent: -were dining. 20. comprehenderent : quoted imperative.
2T,.soi&cet: evidently. 24. iisu veniret: miglu come to pass.

HANNIBAL 133
n5rum venissent ac raultitOdine doraum eius circum-
dedissent, puer ab ianua prgspiciens Hanniball dixit
plOris praeter consuetOdinera arraatos apparere. Qui
imperavit ei ut omnis foris aedificl circumlret ac propere
sibi nOntiaret num eodem modo undique obsideretur. 5
Puer cum celeriter quid vidisset renuntiasset omnlsque
exitus occupat5s ostendisset, sensit id non fortuito
factum, sed se peti neque sibi diutius vitam esse
retinendam. Quara ne alieno arbitrio diraitteret, raemor
pristinarum virtOtum, venenum, quod semper secura 10
habere consuerat, surapsit.
The time of his death. Literaiy remains.
XIII. Sic vir fortissiraus raultis variisque perfOnctus
laboribus anno adquievit septuagesimo. Quibus con­
sulibus interierit non convenit. Namque Atticus M.
Claudio Marcello Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus mor- 15
tuum in annali suo scriptura rellquit; at Polybius, L.
Aeraili5 Paulo Cn. Baebi5 Taraphilo; Sulpicius autera
Blitho, P. Cornelio Cethego M. Baebio Taraphilo. At­
que hic tantus vir tantisque bellls districtus nonnihil
teraporis tribuit htteris. Naraque aliquot eius libri 20
sunt, Graec5 sermone confecti, in lis ad Rhodios de
Cn. Manll Volsonis in Asia rebus gestis. HOius belli
gesta multi memoriae prodiderunt, sed ex iis duo qui
cum eo in castrls fuerunt simulque vixerunt quam diO
fortOna passa est, Sllenus et Sosilus Lacedaemonius. 25
4. foris : doors. — propere : celeriter. 7. fortuito : by accident
13. adquievit: mortuus est, 16. annali: chronicle, 19. districtus:
occupied, 21. confecti: composed.

1.34 CORNELIUS NEPOS
Atque hoc Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Graecarura usus
est doctore.
Sed nos tempus est hOius libri facere finera et Romanorum
explicare imperatores, quo facilius conlatis
5 utrorumque factis, qui viri praeferendi sint possit
iOdicari.
LIBER DE LATINIS HISTORICIS
CATO
Cato's career up to the time of his consulship.
I. M. Cats, ortus raOnicipio TusculS, adulescentulus,
prius quam honoribus operam daret, versatus est in
Sablnis, quod ibi heredium a patre relictum habebat.
10 Inde hortatO L. Valerl Flacci, quem in consulatO censuraque
habuit conlegam, ut M. Perpenna censorius
narrare solitus est, Romam demigravit in foroque esse
coepit. Primum stipendiura meruit annorum decem
septemque. Q. Fabio M. Claudio consulibus tribunus
IS mihtum in Sicilia fuit. Inde ut rediit, castra secOtus
est C. Claudi Neronis, raagnlque opera eius existimata
est in proelio apud Senam, quo cecidit Hasdrubal, frater
Hannibalis. Quaestor obtigit P. Africano consuli, cum
4. conlatis : compared. 7. ortus : natus. — munlcipio : free to-wn.
8. versatus est: vixit. 9. heredium: ancestral estate. 10. censQra :
censorship, 11. censorius:///;; ex-censor, 13. Primum stipendlum
meruit: served his first campaign, 18. obtigit: -was allotted to.

CATO ^35
qu5 non pro sortis necessitOdine vixit. Namque ab e5
perpetua dissensit vita. Aedllis plebei factus est cura
C. Helvio. Praetor provinciam obtinuit Sardiniam, ex
qua quaestor superiore terapore ex Africa decedens
Q. Enniura poetara dedOxerat, quod non minoris aestiraamus
quam quemlibet araplissimura Sardiniensera
triumphura.
Cato as consul, as provincial governor, and as censor.
II. Consulatura gessit cum L. Valerio Flacco. Sorte
provinciam nactus Hispaniam citeriorera ex ea triumphum
deportavit. Ibi cum diutius moraretur, P. Scipio
Africanus consul iterum, cuius in priore consulatO
quaestor fuerat, voluit eum de provincia depellere et
ipse ei succedere, neque hoc per senatum efficere potuit,
cuin quidem Scipio principatum in civitate obtineret,
quod tum non potentia, sed iure res pOblica administrabatur.
Qua ex re iratus senatui consulatO peracto
privatus in urbe mansit. At Cato censor cum eodem
Flacco factus, severe praefuit ei potestati. Nara et in
coraplOris nobilis animadvertit et multas res novas in
edictum addidit, qua re iQxuria reprimeretur, quae iam
tum incipiebat puUulare. Circiter annos octoginta, Osque
ad extremara aetatem ab adulescentia, rei pOblicae causa
suscipere inimicitias non destitit. A multis tentatus non
I. pro ... necessitudine: on the usual good terms ef those in this
official relation, Sortis refers to the assignment of the quaestors by
lot to duty with a particular commander. 2. perpetua : told. 6. quemlibet
amplissimum : the most splendid. 18. in . . . animadvertit:
punished. 20. edictum: proclamation; observe the case. 21. pullulate:
spread (fit. sprout). 23. tentatus: though assailed.

136 CORNELIUS NEPOS
modo nullum detrimentum exIstimatiSnis fecit, sed quoad
vixit, virtutum laude crevit.
The writings of Cato.
III. In omnibus rebus singulari fuit industria. Nam
et agricola sellers et peritus iOris c5nsultus et magnus
S imperator et probabilis orator et cupidissimus litterarum
fuit. Quarum studium etsi senior adripuerat, tamen
tantum progressura fecit ut non facile reperirl possit
neque de Graecis neque de Italicis rebus quod ei fuerit
incognitum. Ab adulescentia confecit orationes. Senex
10 historias scrlbere instituit. Earum sunt libri septem.
Primus continet res gestas regum populi Romani, se-
cundus et fortius unde quaeque civitas orta sit Italica, ob
quam rem omnis Origines videtur appellasse. In quarto
autera bellura POnicum est primum, in quinto secundum.
IS Atque .haec omnia capitulatira sunt dicta. Reliqua quo­
que bella pari modo persecOtus est Osque ad praetOram
Ser. Galbae, qui diripuit Lusitanos. Atque horum bello-
rum duces non nominavit, sed sine nominibus res notavit.
In isdem exposuit quae in Italia Hispaniisque viderentur
20 admiranda.. In quibus multa industria et diligentia cora-
paret, nfllla doctrlna.
HOius de vita et raoribus plOra in c5 libro persecOti
suraus quem separatim de eo fecimus rogatO T. Pom­
pom Attici. Qua re studiosos Catonis ad illud volOmen
25 delegaraus.
4. sellers: skilful. — iuris consultus: lawyer. 5. probabilis:
pleasing. 6. adripuerat; had taken up. 15. capitulatim: summarily,
1"], Aixipviit: plundered. 20. comparet: appears, 21.doctrina:
learning, 22. plura persecuti ; have treated more in detail.

NOTES
The references are to the grammars of Allen and Greenough (A.), Bennett
(B.), Gildersleeve and Lodge (G.), Harkness (H.), and to Lane and Morgan's
School Latin Grammar (M.). Most of the abbreviations will be easily
understood; but cf. {confer") =• ' compare,' and sc. {scilicet) = ' understand,'
' supply.'
PRAEFATIO
Line i. fore: used by Nepos for gietn futUri sint. A. 332. g.
R. ; B. 298. a; G. 555. 2. N. ; H. 595. i ; M. 913, 914. —plerosque :
here eqtiivalent to plurimos. For the case, see A. 240. f; B. 184;
G. 526, 527; H. 415; M.499'.
2. Attice : Titus Pomponius Atticus, to whom the work is dedicated.
He was the friend of both Nepos and Cicero, and having
lived at Athens, was friendly to the study of Greek and Greek ideas.
4. summorum virorum personis : the words are arranged in
the order of emphasis. For the case of personis, see A. 245. a. i;
B. 226. 2; G. 397. N. 2; H. 481 ; M. 654.
5. iadicent: subj. in a clause of characteristic. — relatum : in
appositive agreement with quis . . Epaminondam. Trans, when
they find (lit. read) it set forth who or that it is mentioned
(commemordri').
6. legent: what tense does the English idiom require here ?
A. 278. b, 325. c; B. 261. 2; G. 242. R. i ; H. 600. I; M. 854.
— miisicam . .Epaminondam: A. 239. 2. c; B. 178. i. b) ;
G. 339: H. 411; M. 522.
7. docuerit: A. 334; B. 300 ; G. 467 ; H. 649. II; M. 810.
9. saltasse: iox saltavisse. For the inf., see A. 336. 2 ; B. 314. i;
G. 650; H. 642; M. 1023. —eum : see note o-a.plerosque, 1. i.
10. tibiis: abl. of means. See illustration, p. 83. The pipe
was double, producing both air and accompaniment.
12. qui: sc. il. — litterarum: A. 218. a; B. 204. l; G. 374;
H. 45°) 451- i; M. 573-
'37

138 NOTES
14. ipsorum: their own. — moribus: A. 227. c; B. 187. Ill;
G. 347; H. 429; M. 532.
15. conveniat: A. 336. 2; B. 314; G. 650; H. 643; M. 788.
— Ii: the tendency in Latin would be to have a relative here.
16. didicerint: irom disco.— omnibus: in every one''s opini
A. 23s ; B. 188. I. 2. c); G. 352; H, 425. 4; M. 546.
17. honesta: does not mean honest in the modern sense, but is
the opposite of turpia. For an English use of honest in the Latin
sense, cf. the expression in the New Testament, King James'
Version, " Let us walk honestly, as in the day " (Rom. xiii.'13).
18. nos: like the 'editorial we,' but used much more freely
by the Romans.
I. exponendis: A. 296; B. 339. i. 2; G. 427; H. 631. i;
M. 988, 1003.—secutos: see note on saltasse, p. 15, 1. 9. The
omission of esse in compound infinitives is frequent.
2. Lacedaemoni: A. 258. c. 2 ; B. 232 ; G. 411 ; H.483 ; M. 620
— cenam mercede condictam: a banquet of which each person
contributed part of the expense, either in money or provisions;
not unlike a picnic.
3. eat: A. 319. 2; B. 283. i; G. 631. i ; H. 591. 2; M. 836.
— Magnis in laudibus : a great honor.—tota Graecia : A. 258.
f. 2; B. 228. I. b; G. 388; H. 485. 2; M. 626.
4. Olympiae: see note on Lacedaemoni, 1. 2. The Olympic
games were athletic contests held in honor of Zeus every four years
at Olympia, in Central Greece. — citari: the infinitive as subject.
— in scaenam prodire : to appear on the stage.
5. populo . . . spectaculS,nemini . . . tuipitiidini: A. 233. a;
B. 191. 2; G. 356; H. 433; M. 547.
6. Quae omnia: trans, as though at haec omnia. At the beginning
of a sentence the relative is regularly rendered by and, but,
etc., followed by a personal or demonstrative pronoun.
7. ab honestate remota: far from reputable.
8. Contra ea: on the other hand.—pleraque: see note on
plerosque, p. 15, I. i.— moribus: A. 253. N.; B. 220. 3; G. 397;
H. 480. 3 ; M. 650.
9. Quem .ducere: A. 221. b. c; B. 209. I. a; G. 377. R. 3 ;
H. 457.3; M. 585,972.
10. Romanorum : partitive gen. — uxorem convivium :
to take-his wife out to a dinner-party.

MILTIADES ^39
II. familias: A. 36. b; B. 21. 3. a); G. 29. R. i ; H. 79. 2; PACJE
M. 137. 2. — primum locum aedium: i.e. the atrium, which was ^-6
the reception room of a Roman house.
12. in versatur: move in society.— Quod: see note on
quae, 1. 6.
13. adhibetur: sc. uxor.
15. nemo: notice the gender, shown by coniUnctus. Women
were not debarred from visiting each other.
17. pliira persequi: to cite further instances. — cum . tum :
see Vocab. under cum.
18. explicem: A. 317. 3; B. 282; G. 546. N. 2; H. 564. Ill;
M. 893.
20. excellentium: distinguished or eminent, a force which
excellent has.largely lost in English.
MILTIADES
Nepos confounds an uncle and a nephew of the same name. The elder
Miltiades went to the Chersonese in 560 B.C., and became "tyrant" of that
region. He was succeeded, in turn, by two nephews, botli sons of his halfbrother
Cimon; the first was named Stesagoras, and the second was the Miltiades
who fought at Marathon.
B.C.
560. Miltiades I becomes tyrant of the Chersonese.
518. Miltiades II succeeds Stesagoras.
514. Darius makes war on the Scythians.
499. Ionian Revolt.
490. Battle of Marathon.
488. Death of Miltiades.
I. 21. Miltiades . cum: in English, conjunctions stand first
in the clause; in Latin, as here, some other word may precede for
emphasis. Trans, when Miltiades, not Miltiades, luhen he.
The following scheme shows the relation of the different parts of
this sentence, and will suggest the order in which the clauses should
be translated:
,,„,. ,_ f floreret ) ^ - - (sperare I
cum Miltiades . . . \ . \ . . .vA cives . . . _ _^ pos-
( essetque J 1 confidere '
sent eum futQrum {esse) talem qtialem cognitum {^postquam. eum
cognoverunt) mdlcarunt {eum esse).

140 NOTES
After the meaning and relation of the parts have been mastered
with the aid of the notes on constructions, and a satisfactory translation
has been made, read the sentence over several times in the
original Latin, observing carefully what ideas are presented first,
and comparing the order with the English.
22. antiquitate, gloria, modestia : ablatives of cause.
23. unus omnium : used to strengthen the superlative. Trans.
was so eminent as to be without a peer. — ea aetate: A. 251 ; B.
224; G. 400; H. 473. 2; M. 643. Ed,\\t. that, must here be rendered
such, as is regularly the case when this pronoun foreshadows
a clause of result or characteristic. — floreret: A. 325; B. 288,
289; G. 580, 585; H. 600; M. 854-858.
I. eum futiirum: inf. with subj. ace. in indir. disc, depending
on the complementary infinitives sperare and confidere. — qualem:
for its regular translation after talis, see Vocab. — cognitum:
postquam eum cognoverunt. Sperare and confidere are contrasted
with cognitum iudicarunt-—^the hopes concerning the young Miltiades,
with the later judgment based on exijerience.
2. Chersonesum: A. 258. 2. b; B. 182; G. 337; H. 419. 2;
M. 515.
3. vellent: A. 332. a. 2 ; B. 297. 2; G. 553. 3; H. 571. I; M.
902. —Cuius: see note on quae,-g. 16, 1. 6.— generis: class of
people.
4. esset: A. 326; B. 286. 2; G. 586; H. 598; M. 863.
5. demigrationis : obj. gen. The Latin has share of where we
must translate share in.
6. Delphos: see note on Chersonesum, 1. 2. Delphi was the
seat of an oracle of Apollo, the most famous in the Greek world.
7. deliberatum: A. 302; B. 340. i ; G. 435 ; H. 633; M. 1005.
— quo : A. 249; B. 218. I ; G. 407 ; H. 477. I; M. 646.
8. duce: not what leader they would best employ,\m.t whom they
would best employ as leader. —iiterentur : A. 334; B. 300 ; G. 467 ;
H. 649. II; M. 810.
10. cum quibus : this variation from the more regular quibuscum
is best not followed in writing Latin. A. 104. e; B. 142. 4; G.
413. R. I ; H. 182. 2 ; M. 668. — armis erat dimicandum : there
would have to be an armed conflict. A. 294. b, 146. d; B. 337.
7. b). I); G. 251. I. 2; H. 621. 2; M. 991, 992.

MILTIADES 141
II. His: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. i; M. 531.—
nominatim: i.e. not by an ambiguous answer, by which the oracles
usually provided that their predictions should come true, however
matters might turn out.
12. Pythia: the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. The part of
Phocis in which Delphi lay was called Pytho, and one of the local
titles of Apollo was Pythius.
13. imperatorem: see note on duce, 1. 8.—sibi: A. 235; B.
188 ; G. 350. I ; H. 425. 2 ; M. 537. — siimerent: A. 331 ; B. 295 ;
0.546; H. 565; M. 893, 894.
14. fecissent: A. 337, 307. c; B. 319, 302; G. 656, 595; H.
646, 574; M. 1035, 933. —futui-a: depends on the idea of saying
implied in praecepit.
15. response: abl. of cause.
16. classe : abl. of means with profectus. — Chersonesum :
see note on 1. 2. — profectus: English frequently employs coordinate
expressions where the more logical Latin uses subordinate
clauses or participles, and we may translate this as though it were
profectus est, with an et before cum accessisset: Miltiades set out. . .
and when he had come to Lemnos, etc.
18. id: obj. of facerent, which depends on postulasset; see
note on siimerent, 1. 13.
20. domo : A. 258. a; B. 229. i. b) ; G. 390. 2 ; H. 462. 4; M. 608.
21. aquilone: Lemnos lay northeast from Athens. — venisset:
they said cum veneris. For constructions with cum temporal, see
note on floreret, p. 16, 1. 23.
22. Athenis : cf. domo, 1. 20. A. 258. a; B. 229. I. a) ; G. 391 ;
'^.ifii; M. 605. — proficiscentibus : A. 23S.b; B. 188. 2. a) ; G.
352, 353) H. 425.4; M. 546. Trans, is dead ahead as one leaves
Athens.
23. ra.oran&'i: for delay, lit, of delaying. What part of the verb ?
— tempus non habens : the Latin prefers not having time where
we say (and consequently translate) having no time.
24. quo tendebat: explain the tense.
25. tempore: A. 256; B. 230; G. 393; H. 486; M. 630.—
copiis disiectis: A. 255; B. 227; G. 409, 410; H. 489; M. 638.
II. 26. regione: see note on quo, 1. 7. — castellis: A. 234. a;
B. 192. 2; G. 359; H. 434 2 ; M. 536.

142 NOTES
28. conlocavit: never means collect.—Neque: usually translated
by and not (appropriately placed), unless followed by a
second neque, when the two mean neither nor.
2. cum: at first seems to belong with virtiite, but on reading
further is seen to be a conjunction, necessary to account for the mood
of devicisset. This illustrates a principle very important in reading
Latin: Do not decide on the use or nuaning of a word until its whole
context has been read,
3. aequitate: abl. of manner.—res constituit: avoid translating
res by things. It always takes a meaning reflected upon
it from the rest of the sentence. Here trans, he adjusted matters.
— manere: he had gone out merely to establish the colony and
return.
4. dignitate regia: a man of royal rank. A. 251; B. 224. i;
G. 400; H. 473. 2; M. 643.
5. nomine: sc. regio. A. 243. a; B. 214. I. c); G. 405 ; H.462;
M. 600, 601. — neque : see note on the same word, p. 17, 1. 28. —
imperio : by virtue of his command.
6. consecutus : sc. erat. — eo : on that account.
8. eorum : stands early in the sentence because it is in emphatic
contrast to illorum. The relative clause qui miserant is crowded
towards the end by other more important ideas. Normally, it would
tend to stand nearer the antecedent.
9. obtineret: see note on vellent, p. 17, 1. 3.
11. pacto : explained by the words in parentheses, which were
probably inserted by a later hand.
13. se . . habere : indirect discourse, showing what reason the
subject oi postulat gave when he made his demand. The import of
this statement as a ground for Miltiades' demand is, of course, that
as he now dwelt north of the Lemnians, the north wind would carry
him from home to their island. — Chersonesi : locative.
15. res ceciderat: see note on res constituit, 1. 3. Trans, matters
had turned out.— dicto: abl. of cause; it is limited, together
v/'ithfortftna, by adversariorum.
17. ceteras insulSs: to say that the rest of the isla.nds were
called Cyclades is an error, as reference to the map of Greece and
Asia Minor will show. Moreover, it was Conon and not Miltiades
who subdued these islands.

MILTIADES H3
III. 21. Scythis: dat. with inferre. A. 228; B. 187. III. 2;
G. 347; H.429. i; M. 534.
22 : in : over. — qua : adv.,, equivalent to ut ea via. It is
followed by the subj. of purpose, traduceret.
23. abesset: one of the numerous cases where the mood alone
of the verb shows that there is a quotation, though no verb of saying
or the like is present to account for the indirect discourse. Darius'
own words would be dum absum. — custodes: as guards.
25. singularum: the force of this is best brought out by
rendering to each of whom he had given absolute power over one
city.
26. lingua : abl. of manner. — loquentis : sc. eos.
28. tuenda: A. 294. d; B. 337. 7. 2); G. 430; H. 622; M.
994- — tradidisset: see note on fecissent,-^. 17, 1. 14. — se oppresso
: si {ipse') oppressus esset. The thought of Darius was quibus,
si oppressus sim, nulla spes salutis relinquatur.
I. sal-utis : obj. gen.
2. male rem gerere : was in diff cullies.
4. liberandae: A. 296; B. 339; G. 427; H. 623,626. l; M.
988, 998.
5. Nam . . . interitiirum: quotation of the speech of Miltiades,
as implied by hortatus est; cf. note on abesset, p. 18, 1. 23.
6. transportarat: when a rei. clause in indir. disc, is not necessarily
part of the quotation, but belongs rather to the writer's own
thought, its verb is put in the indicative. —interisset . . . fore : in
general, when there is doubt about the classification of a conditional
sentence in indirect discourse, the conclusion (apodosis) will furnish
the means of determining it.
7. Graeci: attracted into apposition with y2«, though logically it
should agree with eos. — genere: abl. of specification.
8. periculo : the danger -which it brought.
9. ponte rescisso: the abl. abs. should hardly ever be translated
literally. Render here by a conditional clause.
10. paucis diebus : abl. of time within which.
II. Hestiaeus: (in histories of Greece frequently spelled Histiaeus)
tyrant of Miletus in Asia Minor. The tyrants, being despots,
were generally favorable to Persia, and received its support; while
the democratic and-oligardiic states of Greece were its enemies.

144
NOTES
12. ne . . . obstitit: opposed the carrying out of the undertaking
A. 331. e. 2; B. 295. 3; G. 548; H. 596. 2; M. 898. —ipsis: defined
by qui . . . tenerent, and in contrast with multitudini. It
represents nobis of the direct form. Both the datives depend on
expedire. A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. i; M. 530,
531-
13. summas imperi : supreme authority. —et: 12^ (after idem).
14. regnS: notice the difference in the use of regnum and cbminatio.
Trans, because their own power depended on the rule of
Darius. For the case, see A. 254. b; B. 218. 3; G. 401, N. 6; H.
476. 3 ; M. 629. — quo exstincto : see note on ponte rescisso, 1. 9.
Darei, and not regno, is the antecedent of quo, because it was on
his safety and not merely that of the Persian empire that the tyrants'
power depended. The same thing is shown by the relative position
of Darei and regno.
15. potestate: abl. of separation with expulsos. — civibus . . .
dataros : be punished by (lit. pay the penalty to) their subjects.
17. putet: A. 319. 3. R.; B. 284. I; G. 552 ; H. 570; M. 905.—
ipsis : A. 234. a; B. 192; G. 359; H. 434-2; M. 536.
18. Huius : this word, standing first, regularly refers with emphasis
to the principal person or thing of the preceding sentence.
19. consciis: notice the derivation. Trans, (with tam multis)
since so many were in the secret; abl. abs.
I. Cuius ratio etsi: trans, as though etsi eius ratio.
3. fuerit: see note on esset, p. 17, 1. 4.
4. Dareus . . . cum : see note on Miltiades cum, p. 16, 1. 21.
IV. 5. 'hoxtanti'bus amidia : since his friends kept urging. S
notes on ponte rescisso, p. 19,1. 9, and consciis, p. 19, 1. 19. — redi
geret: see note on sumerent, p. 17,1. 13.
6. ei: A. 228. N. 2; B. 187. III. 2; G. 347; H. 429. I ; M. 534.
7. peditum, equitum : A. 94. a; B. 80. 5 ; G. 293 ; H. 168. i;
M. 267, 560.
8. causam : as a reason.
9. Sardis: ace.
12. abreptos: A. 292. R. ; B. 337. 2; G. 637; H. 639. I;
M. 1017.
14. Marathona : ace. of the Greek third declension.
15. milia: ace. of extent of space. — tumultu: abl. of cause.

MILTIADES 145
18. qui: agrees by attraction with the pred. nom. — hgmerodromoe:
the ending oe is occasionally found in tlie nom. plur. of
Greek second decl. nouns which have not become perfectly Latinized.
The day-runners were so called because of their endurance. Phidippus
is said to have reached Sparta, over a hundred miles away,
on tlie second day.
19. quam celerrimo: A. 93. b; B. 240. 3; G. 303; H. 159. 2;
M. 869.
20. auxilio : A. 243. e ; B. 218. 2 ; G. 406 ; H. 477. Ill; M. 646. —
creant: the present used for a vivid effect. This, often called the
" historical present" because of its frequent use in spirited narrative,
may have the sequence of either a primary or a secondary tense —
most firequently the latter, as exemplified "bj praeessent, 1. 21.
21. praetores: generals. At Rome ^ra^^or was in early times
the title of the consul as general, but later the title was restricted to
the magistrates who had charge of the administration of justice. —
qui . . . praeessent: rei. clause of purpose.
22. utrum . . . decernerent: A. 211, 334; B. 162. 4, 300; G.
458, 467 ; H. 380, 649. II, 650 ; M. 705, 813.
23. hostibus: dat. after the expression obviam irent, which
may be regarded in the same light as the verbs compounded with
prepositions and followed by a dative.
24. Unus : especially. — maxime nitebatur: earnestly contended.
— primo quoque tempore : at the very first opportunity.
25. castra fierent: they should take the field. — id . . . dimicari:
for the moods and tenses see A. 337; B. 319; 0.656; H.
646; M. 1034-1036, 1038. The whole depends on the idea of saying
contained in nitebatur.
27. desperari, auderi, dimicari: impersonal verbs are often
best rendered by a personal construction. Here trans, when they
saw that their courage was not despaired of ... if they sa-cu
that the Greeks dared to fight against them. At the same time,
one should make sure that he is able to understand such a passage
in the exact form of the Latin, whatever English may require.
V. I. Hoc in tempore: at this crisis.— auxilio: A. 233. a;
B. 191. 2; G. 356; H. 433; M. 547.
2. mille militum: mille in the sing, is only rarely, as here, a
noun. See note on peditum, p. 20,1. 7.
L

146 NOTES
3. decem . . . completa sunt: the number of armed men rose
to ten thousand.
4. pugnandi: A. 298; B. 338. i. a; G. 428; H. 626; M. 998.
— Quo : from this-fact, i.e. the army's pUgnandi cupiditas, which
lent weight to Miltiades' desire for immediate battle.
5. plus : cognate accusative. Trans, had more influence. —
valeret: see note on vellent, p. 17, 1. 3.
7. loco idoneo: locative abl. Ln is not infrequently omitted
when the noun in this abl. is qualified by an adj.
8. acie . . . apertissima: interlocked order, instructa agreeing
with acie.
9. rarae: for an English use of the same word in this sense
of scattered, cf. Milton's
" The cattle in the fields and meadows green,
Those rare and solitary, these in flocks."
II. arborum tracta : by the stretch of wood.
12. clauderentur: the subject is the same as that of commiserunt.—
non aequum: iniquum.
13. suis: not his, but his men, as the English requires. Latin
constantly uses possessive adjs. with substantive force. — numero:
A. 254. b. 2 ; B. 218. 3; G. 401. N. 6; H. 476. i; M. 629.
14. eoque magis: and all the more (lit. and more on this
account).
15. subsidio: dat. of end or purpose.
18. tanto . . . valuerunt: were so much superior in point of '
courage.
I. profligarint: A. 287. c; B. 268. 6; G. 513; H. 550; M.
806.
VI. 5. Cuius: trans, by a demonstrative. — victoriae: limits
praemium,
6. quo: A. 317. b; B. 282. a; G. 545. 2; H. 568. 7; M. 908.
7. eandem: notice its emphatic po.sition.
4. talis . . . est: this is the kind of honor -which was rendered.
5. Poecile: Greek HOLKLXYI, the Painted {Forch), the name applied
to that great hall at Athens which was adorned by the painter
Polygnotus with frescoes of the battle of Marathon. A modem
scholar has attempted a restoration of this painting accordim^ to

MILTIADES 147
the description of the Greek writer Pausanias. The illustration
on p. 22 shows part of this reproduction, and should be compared
with the description which Nepos gives. The school of philosophers
who met in this building or stoa (Greek o-i-oa, colonnade)
were called on that account "Stoics." — Marathonia: the adj. is
used, by a regular Latin idiom, in preference to the gen. Marathonis.
6. ut . .committeret: describes the picture.— prima: i.e.
his portrait occupied the most important place in the painting.
9. largitione : money paid from the public treasury, on various
accounts, to Athenian citizens. The system was begun under
Pericles, and carried to excess by later politicians.
10. Demetrio Phalereo : a man who governed Athens when it
was no longer a free state, but subject to Macedon.
VII. 15. Ex his : among these.
17. commeatii : A. 243. a; B. 214. I ; G. 390. 2 ; H. 462 ; M. 600.
18. viueis, testudinibus : these were movable sheds, used by
besiegers working close under a wall as a protection against
missiles thrown from above. The vinea was smaller and lighter
than the testudo, and built like an arbor, whence its name. The
testudo (" tortoise") was strongly buUt and specially defended
against combustibles. Another kind of testudo than the one here
referred to was made by the soldiers overlapping their shields above
their heads, like the tUes on a roof. — muros : A. 234. e ; B. 141. 3 ;
G. 359. N. I; H. 420. 5 ; M. 659.
19. in potiretur : was on the point of getting possession;
the substantive clause of result ut . . . potiretur is in apposition with
eo. — oppido : see note on quo, p. 17, 1. 7.
20. nescio quo : tra.ns. like aliqu/?. A. 202. a, 334. e; B. 253.6;
G. 467. R. I; H. 512. 7 ; M. 818.
21. nocturno: join with tempore.
22. est visa: A. 324; B. 287. i; G. 561; H. 602; M. 881.
— utrisque . opinionem: the thought occurred to both. The
pi. of uterque shows that all persons on both sides are meant, and
not two individuals merely.
23. datum: sc. esse.
25. adventaret: A. 331. f; B. 296. 2; G. 550. I. 2 ; H. 567. l ;
M. 897.

148 NOTES
26. totidem . . . profectus : just as many ships as he had set out
with,
I. proditionis: A. 220; B. 208. i ; G. 378; H. 4S6; M. 582.
2. posset: subj. with cum concessive.—infectis rebus: with
his mission unaccomplished,
3. discessisset: A. 321 ; B. 286. i ; G. 540, 541 ; H. 588. II;
M. 846, 788, 791. — vulneribus : abl. of cause.
4. oppugnando: A. 296; B. 339; G. 427; H. 623; M. 988.
5. Stesagoras: this cannot be correct, since according to the
best authorities, Stesagoras had died some time before.
6. Causa absolutus: when his case was tried, though
acquitted of a capital offense.
7. talentis : abl. of price. The talent was equal to about $1200.
— quantus . . erat: a sum equal to the expenditure which had
been made.
9. solvere: cf. our use of solvent and insolvent as financial
terms.
VIII. 11. crimine Pario: on the charge concerning Paros.
For the adj. see note on Marathonia, p. 23, 1. 5.
13. Fisistrati: it was by a revolt from the rule of his sons that
Athens had become a pure democracy. See Introd., p. 4. — annis:
A. 250; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479. 3 ; M. 655.
16. privatus: substantive.
i8. quos, annos: ace. of extent of time. — perpetuam: see
trans, of perpetua imperia in note on singularum, p. i8, 1. 25.
19. obtinuerat: had held, not had obtained.
20. consecutus: sc. eam hoxa dominationem, I, 19.
21. suorum : see note on suis, p. 21, 1. 13.
23. potestate perpetua: see note on dignitate regia, p. 18,1. 4.
24. usa est: has enjoyed.
26. auctSritas : sc. erat.
27. nobile: here not noble, but famous (that is, well known,
being derived from nosed).
28. respiciens : quamvls respiceret.

THEMISTOCLES 149
THEMISTOCLES
B.C.
480. Battle of Thermopylae.
478-476. Rebuilding of the walls of Athens and fortification of the
Piraeus.
471. Ostracism of Themistocles.
460. Death of Themistocles.
I. I. Neocli: for nom. see Vocab., and for inflection, A. 43. a;
B. 47. 7; G. 65, decl. oi Socrates; H. no. 4; M. 180.
2. Hiiius: modifies vitia, which is farther defined by ineuntis
adulescentiae.
6. ordiendus : Nepos says he must be, instead of the less concise
the story of his life must be.
8. diixit: sc. in mdtriinonium.
9. Qui cum : trans, as though cum is.
10. parentibus : dat. of agent. — llberius : A. 93. a; B. 240. i;
G. 297. 2; H. 498; M. 678.
13. eam : sc. contumeliain.
14. amicis famaeque: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426;
M. 53°, 531-
15. Multum. .prodibat: illustrates the preceding sentence.
By conducting legal cases for his friends he carried out his principle
amicis servire; by taking advantage of the opportunities for distinction
which the Assembly gave, he exemplified the other maxim,
famae servire.
16. contionem : the Ecclesia, or public assembly, was the most
powerful legislative body at Athens in the time of Themistocles. It
was composed, not of elected representatives, but of all citizens.
The privilege of speaking in its meetings was open to all its
members.
17. raaior: of special importance. The comparative often denotes
the possession of a quality in a degree greater than the ordinary. —
quae: A. 243. e. R.; B. 218. 2. a; G.406; H.477. III. N.; M. 649.
19. gerendis: contrasted with excogitandis. For the syntax,
see note on oppugnando, p. 24, 1. 4.
21. Quo factum est ut: a common mode of introducing a
clause of result.

I50
NOTES
II. 23. rei pvihiicae: public life.
24. bello Corcyraeo : abl. of time. The statement is a historical
error. Themistocles was not a general in this war, and it was
when Athens was at war with Aegina that he pressed his naval
policy on the attention of the Athenians. — ad . . . gerendum:
A. 300; B. 339. 2; G. 432. R.; H. 628; M. 995. — praetor: A.
239. I. a. N.2; B. 168; G. 206; H. 393; M. 475.
I. reliquo tempore : for the future.
3. metallis: Athenian money, the standard throughout Greece
on account of its purity, was coined from silver obtained at Laurium
in Southern Attica. The mines were very rich, and owned by the
state. — largitione magistratuum: see note on the same expression,
p. 23,1. 9.
4. populo : see note on amicis, p. 25,1. 14.
5. navium : gen. of quality.— aedificaretur : A. 331 ; B. 295. i ;
G. 546 ; H. 565 ; M. 893, 894. — Qua . . . effecta: see note on copiis
disiectis, p. 17,1. 25. Trans, as though cum ea celeriter eff'ecta e
8. consectando: A. 301 ; B. 338. 4. a) ; G. 431 ; H. 630; M.
1002. Its obj. is praedones. Piracy was a scourge of ancient
times hard to realize in our day. Cicero tells us that at one
time Rome was practically deprived of the use of the Mediterranean
Sea, which was infested with corsairs.
12. belli: A. 218; B. 204. I ; G. 374; H. 451. i; M. 573.
14. saliiti . . . Graeciae: see note on populo . . . spectacido,
p. 16, 1. 5.
17. Europae : see note on Scythis, p. 18, 1. 21.
18. quantas: this word after tantus, like qudlis after talis, tot
after quot, etc., is regiflarly rendered as.
19. classis: nominative.
22. peditum: see note on the same word, p. 20, 1. 7.
24. peti : to be the object of attack.
25. miserunt Delphos consultum: do not attempt to supply
an obj. to miserunt, but trans, by the same idiom, tliey sent to
Delphi to ask. — quidnam facerent: what they were to do. For
the original form of this indir. quest., see A. 268 ; B. 277 ; G. 265 ;
H. 559-4; M. 723.
26. Deliberantibus: to their question. Avoid wooden translation
of participles, such as rendering this word those questioning.

THEMISTOCLES 151
27. munirent: respondit contains the idea of a direction; hence
this substantive clause of purpose. — Id . . . valeret: what this
oracle meant; lit. in what direction this oracle had force.
29. esse: persuaded has two uses. In one it means convince,
and takes the construction of indir. disc.; in the other it means
urge (action), and takes a substantive clause of purpose as its object.
So in English:'
" He persuaded us that this -was so." (Indir. disc.)
" He persuaded us to do this.^^ (Purpose.)
In the second use it must be remembered that Latin does not
employ the infinitive. Cf. aedificaretur, 1. 5. —sua : their goods.
30. eum . . . ligneum: abridged expression for eum enim esse
m.urum. ligneutn qui a deo significaretur.
I. addunt: see note on creant, p. 20, 1. 20. — superiores : those
which they had before.
3. Salamina . . . Troezena: seenoteonMaratfidna,'^.'2,o,l. 14;
also on Chersonesum, p. 17,1. 2. — arcem : the Acropolis. See the
view of Athens, p. 35.
4. natii: abl. of specification.—ad prociiranda : the expression
is equivalent to qui sacra procUrarent. See note on ad . . . gerendum,
p. 25, 1. 24.
III. 6. civitatibus : see note on amicis famaeque, p. 25, 1. 14.
7. dimicari: verbs used impersonally may often be rendered
as if they had as subject a noun formed from the same root as the
verb. So here trans, that the battle should be fought.
8. qui . . . occuparent: it is generally more idiomatic to translate
purpose clauses by the English infinitive.
10. sustinuerunt: in English we should say "(;

152 NOTES
point of the past, the verb is put in the impf. or plup. subj., according
as its action is conceived as continuing or as completed.
6. premerentur: A. 331. f; B. 296. 2; G. 550. 2; H. 567. i.
4; M. 897.
IV. 10. nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus : abl.
abs.
13. CQius . . . auderent: trans, the phrases in the following
order: cum classiarii cuius (render like huius) flamma perterriti
manere non auderent. At the same time, it should be remembered
that the order of the text is in no sense whimsical or haphazard.
The ideas are arranged in the order of their importance, and it is
only the restriction placed on English by the absence of inflections
that compels us to alter this arrangement in rendering.
17. domos: when it means/«w««, (^OT^J regularly, as here, omits
the prep, with the ace. of end or limit of motion. The plural conveys
the idea of their going each to his own home.
19. unus : solus.
20. universos : sc. se, and make a proper contrast with disperses
in the translation. —paris : a match for thetn.
22. summae . . . praeerat: -was co7nmander-in-chief.—fore:
would happen.
23. Quem: trans, after moveret, and as though it were sed
hunc. — vellet: A. 342 ; B. 324; G.663; H. 652 ; M. 793.—noctu
. . . misit: however this is arranged in the final translation,
the thought should be taken in the Latin order. The first words are
like the bold outlines of a sketch. Details are added like finer
strokes, and give completeness. Study the following rendering in
this light before recasting in every-day English: by night—from
(the number of) his slaves-—the trustiest man he had—to the king
— he sent.
24. regem : i.e. Xerxes.
25. suis : refers to subject of principal verb, while ei and eius
refer to regem.
26. discessissent: quoted perf. subj. or fut. perf. ind. after a
secondary tense.—maiore cum labore : A. 248 ; B. 220; G. 399;
H.473- 3; M. 636.
27. confecturum: sc. eum {I.e. regem). 'ResaiA confides or conficias.
See note on fecissent, p. 17, 1. 14. —singulos : one at a time.

THEMISTOCLES ^53
I. quos si: this may be rendered as if sed si eos. — brevi:
adverb. — universos : all together.
2. oppressurum: not oppress.—eo valebat: had this object.
See note on Ld . . . valeret, p. 26, 1. 27.
3. barbarus: the barbarian is here, of course, the king. The
Greeks gave the name "barbarian" to all foreigners.
4. doli: A. 216. I ; B. 201. i ; G. 369; H. 441 ; M. 559, 564.
V. 9. Hic . . . gesserat: although he had failed in this instance
(lit. here).
II. eodem: refers to Themistocles.—gradii: a word used
technically of gladiatorial combats. Trans, was forced from his
vantage-ground.
13. id agi : that a plan was on foot.
14. idque ei persuasit: and he convinced him. of the truth of
this. In this sentence id takes the place of such an expression as
id esse veru)n as the dir. obj. oi persuasit.
15. qua . . . fecerat, eadem: by the same route over which lie
had marched.
19. Haec : sc. est. •.
20. possit: A. 320; B. 283. I. 2; G. 631. i; H. 591. 5;
M. 836.—Nam: introduces sentences which justify a preceding
assertion.
22. post hominum memoriam: within the menwry of man.
VI. 24. portu: see note on quo, p. 17, 1. 7. The Athenians
used Phalerum as their first harbor, because marshy ground lay
between Athens and the much better port of Piraeus.
25. triplex: it consisted of the Piraeus proper, and the smaller
harbors of Munychla and Zea. See plan, p. 30.
I. iis : see note on ea, p. 16,1. 23.
3. restituit: they had been levelled by the Persians.—praecipu5
suo periculo : abl. indicating the circumstances of the action.
5. qua negarent: A. 320. f; B. 282. 3; G. 631. i ; H. 591. 7;
M. 837-
8. aedificantis : in their building, a slightly different idea from
prevent them from building, which would be expressed by the
inf. — longe . . . spectabat: had a far different object. Literally ?
9. atque: from -what. A. 247. d; B. 341. I. c; G. 643; H.
516. 3; M. 760.

154
NOTES
lo. Marathonia et Salaminia: those at Marathon and Salamis.
See note on Marathonia, p. 23, 1. 5.
12. sibi . . . fore: that they -would have. A. 231 ; B. 190; G.
349i H. 430; M. 542.
13. quam infirmissimos : see note on quam celerrimo, p. 20,1.19.
14. strui: use the form for continued action, walls were building.
15. fieri: A. 331. a; B. 331. II; G. 423- 2. N.6; H. 565. 3;
M. 968. — His praesentibus : as long as these were on the ground,
2. primo : at first is the regular meaning oi primo; vtVileprimum
means first in order, with usually deinde or tum, next, then, to follow,
and concluding with denique or postremo, finally, lastly.
3. tuendS: A. 299, 234; B. 338. 2. a, 192. 2; G. 429, 359; H.
627,434; M. 5-36.—^Reliqui: notice its emphatic position.
4. viderentur: A. 341; B. 323; G. 508. 3; H. 649. I; M.
1026, 1021. He said videbuntur.
5. facerent: keep on with; quoted imperative. A. 339; B. 316;
G. 652; H. 642; M. 1023. — loco: see note on populo, p. 26,
1. 4.—neque parcerent: for the direct form of prohibitions see
A. 269. a, 339. N. 2 ; B. 276. a. c; G. 270. R. 2; H. 561; M. 715,
728. Neve {neu) is regularly used to introduce a second clause in
any construction which requires ne instead of non.
7. congererent: see note on facerent, 1. 5.
VII. 12. causam : as an excuse.
14. fieri: was going on.
16. ephoros: the ephors. These were five magistrates in the
Spartan state who served as a check on the two kings, and who held
much of the administrative power. Their title is a Greek word
meaning overseers.
18. falsa . . . delata: that false reports had bee7i brought. Th
student will find it worth while to notice how frequently/few and its
compounds mean say, tell, the fundamental idea being the bringing
of tidings.
19. illos: subject of mittere, of which viros is object.
20. fides haberetur : since fidem habere is equivalent to confidere,
it has the constr. of A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. I;
M. 531. — qui . . . explorarent: A. 317. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 630;
H. 590; M. 835. — se retinerent: he said me retinete. See note
on facerent, 1. 5.

THEMISTOCLES 155
21. Gestus . . . mos : the exact idea of morem gerere alicui
seems to be that of bearing or putting up with one's whim or fancy,
humoring one. The dat. may be explained as the indir. obj. of the
verbal phrase. Cf. note on fides haberetur, 1. 20.
22. honoribus : A. 249; B; 218. i ; G. 407 ; H. 477. I; M. 646.
23. iussit proficisci: what is the constr. after other verbs of
commanding? — ut ne : less common than ne in negative clauses of
purpose. Here the ne negatives prius rather than dimitterent.
24. prius : not to be translated until quam is reached.
25. esset remissus : for tense and mood of the direct form, see
A. 327. a; B. 291, 292; G. 574, 577 ; H. 605 ; M. 878.
27. liberrime professus est: made a clean breast of the inatter.
— suo: A. 196. a. 2; B. 244. i. II; G. 521; H. 504; M. 1046.
I. quod : a thing which, referring to the whole idea of deos . .
saepsisse. Id quod is rather more usual in such a connection. —
commiini ilire gentium : international law.
2. deos . . . penatis: the greater gods were worshipped by the
community. Such were the del pi'tblici, gods worshipped by all
Greeks, and the dei patril, gods who had peculiar charge of some
particular state. The Penates were guardian deities of the home, or of
the state viewed as the home of its people; and their worship was
essentially an affair of the family.
• Notice the conjunctions in this clause: que connects the divinities
which are alike in kind, while ac introduces the different class of the
Penates. —cinb . . .possent: A. 317. b; 6.282.3; G. 545-2; H.
568. 7 ; M. 908.
3. neque inutile: emphasis of an idea by denying its opposite
(" litotes ") is a common rhetorical device. Compare our colloquial
" that's not half bad," said of something decidedly good.
.5. oppositum: not attracted from the gender of urbem to that
of propugnaculum, but belonging with the latter word. The sense
is, their city is as a bulwark opposed to the barbarians.
6. bis: at Marathon and Salamis.— fecisse naufragium: had
suffered defeat. What is the literal meaning ?
7. facere: were acting.—intuerentur: probably subj. in the
direct form also. A. 320. e; B. 283. 3 ; G. 633 ; H. 592 ; M. 839.
8. ipsorum : suae might refer, not to Lacedaemonios, but to the
speaker, Themistocles. Cf. the use on p. 19, 11. 12, 14.

156
NOTES
9. suos: here, as there is no danger of ambiguity, this word
refers to the subject of its own clause {direct reflexive), and not to
that of the verb of saying {indirect reflexive). — recipere: not
receive, which is generally expressed by accipere, while recipere has
the idea of recovering something formerly in one's possession.
10. miserant: ind. as being rather an explanatory statement
by the author than a quotation from Themistocles. — remitterent:
quoted imperative. See note on facerent, p. 31, 1. 5.
VIII. 14. testularum suffragils: ostracism (lit. potsherdvotes).
At Athens, when the rivalry of two prominent jjublic men
seemed likely to cause a deadlock or threaten the safety of the
state, the people were called together and voted for the banishment
of one or the other. Originally the ballot used was an oyster-shell
(ocrrpaKoi'), whence the name ostracism; afterwards a tile or potsherd
was used. A man was not ostracised unless at least six
thousand votes were cast against him. The banishment lasted for
ten years, but involved neither confiscation of property nor permanent
loss of civic rights. In later times, through abuse and evasion,
the imperfection of ostracism as a remedy for political evils began
to appear, and the custom was abolished.
15. habitatum: see note on deliberatum, p. 17, 1. 7.—Hic:
adverb. Trans, with viveret.
18. ad . . . opprimendam : see note on ad .. . gerendum, p. 25,
1. 24.
19. crimine: see note on crimine Paris, p. 24,1. 11. — absens
damnatus : declared guilty without a hearing.
20. Argis: locative.
22. iis: dat. with the compound verb indicerent.
23. Molossiim: A. 40. e; B. 25. 6. c) ; G. 33.4; H. 84. 3 ; M. 154.
24. ei: dat. of possessor. — hospitium: in early times, when
all strangers were regarded as enemies, travellers in foreign lands
were not safe unless protected by the hospitality of some native of
the country. To secure this protection, or hospitium, they had to be
recommended to their host, either on the scoi'e of previous acquaintance
and friendly compact, or by a mutual friend himself enjoying
the rights of such a comijact. It was because 1'hemistocles did not
have hospitium with Admetus that he took the precautions described
in the text.

THEMISTOCLES 157
25. quo : see note on quo . . . possent, p. 32, 1. 2.
26. religione : not religion. — se : refers to Themistocles, while
the subject of tueretur is rex. — receptum tueretur: trans, as if
reciperet et tueretur, though the other is, of course, better Latin.
27. sacrarium: a private oratory or shrine, probably the place
where the images of the household gods were kept.
2. data dextra: among the Greeks to clasp hands was the
mark of a pledge, not of greeting. They did not " shake hands."
— in fidem: under his protection.— quam: trans, as if et eam
fidevi.
5. sibi: with the ace. consulere means consult; with the dat.,
consult for, or as here, provide for one''s safety. A. 227. c; B. 187.
II; G. 346. N.2; H. 426. 4; M. 537.
6. tSto : adverb ; tuto versari = tiitum esse.
7. esset: A. 341; B. 323; G. 508. 3; H. 649. I; M. 791.—
praesidi: see note on doll, p. 29, 1. 4.
10. pervenisset: direct,pervenero.
II. sibi: A. 232; B. 189. i; G. 354, 355; H.431; M. 544.
12. conservasset: see note on pervenisset, 1. 10, and notice
that the indir. disc, is merely implied by the mood of the verb and
the general drift of the sentence.
13. viri: obj. gen. Render hy for, not of, in order to preserve
the English idiom. — captus : moved.
14. diem noctemque : a day and a night, not day and night;
ace. of extent of time.
15. quemquam: A. 202. b; B. 252. 4; G. 317. i; H. 513;
M. 1071.
16. Cui: i.e. to the captain.
IX. 18. Themistoclem . . . transisse: the position of Xerxe
regnante shows that it contains the leading idea. This, taken with
the position of ad Artaxerxen, I. 22, shows that it is not the fact but
the time of Themistocles' arrival in Asia which historians dispute.
20. Thiicydidi: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346. R.2; H. 426. 2;
M. 531. —aetate: abl. of specification. — de : in partitive expres­
sions regularly to be translated of.
21. eiusdem : a citizen of the same.
23. Themistocles: the form of the verb makes it unnecessary
for him to say ego Themistocles.

158 NOTES
24. qui . . . Intuli : the person of the relative is the same as that
of its antecedent.
26. idem : / also. This pronoun often has this force. — multo
pliira: many more. The adv. multo was originally an abl. of
degree of difference, so that the expression means literally more by
much. , In this way multo can be distinguished from the adv.
multum, originally an ace. of extent, and meaning to a great
extent.
27. ipse: sc. esse coepi.
I. proelio facto : trans. as though postquam proelium factum est.
2. id agi: see note on the same expression, p. 29,1. 13.
4. quo : and by this.
9. annuum tempus: a yearns time; see note on Marathonia,
p. 23, 1. 5.
10. eoque transacto : abl. abs.
X. II. Huius animi magnitiidinem: the noble spirit of the
man.
14. dicatur: Latin usually prefers the personal he is said to the
impersonal it is said that he, especially in the tenses of incomplete
action (pres., impf., fut.).
17. gratissimumque illud, si: and-what was especially pleasing,
that if, etc.—suis: see note on suo, p. 31, I. 27. — iiti:
not to be rendered use in this connection. — ilium : to whom must
this refer ?
18. oppressurum : do not render by the English derivative.
19. donatus : presented with, miineribus being abl. of means.
Dono may also take the ace. and dat. like do. — Asiam: this, to a
Roman, meant Asia Minor.
21. his quidem verbis: introduces the indir. disc, quae . . .
praeberet, that it should supply.
22. redibant: came in {pi revenue). Indicative, .because an
explanatory note by the author, and not part of the quotation.
I. apud plerosque: in the accounts given by many; while a
plerisque would mean simply by many, plerosque is used as on,
p. 15,1. I.
2. auctorem : as an authority.
3. morbo mortuum : died a natural death.
5. praestare : used in the same sense, p. 33, 1. 3.

ARISTIDES ^59
7. sepulta: his body appears to have been buried at Magnesia
immediately after his death, then exhumed and taken to Athens.
8. memoriae prodidit: has recorded.
ARISTIDES
B.C.
483. Aristides sent into exile.
480. Aristides is recalled and fights at Salamis.
479. Battle of Plataea.
477. Confederacy of Delos formed.
I. 10. principatii: a position nearly akin to that of the leader of
a dominant political party in England ; only, from the extreme democracy
of the Athenian constitution, it did not of necessity involve
holding any public office.
11. namque : the general fact of their rivalry is mentioned as
explanation of this particular instance. — obtrectarunt . . . se:
they were rivals. — In: in the case of.
12". quanto . . . innocentiae: what an advantage eloquence
has over character.
14. unus: hei-s tlie only one who, etc. — quidem: serves to
emphasize quem, at least that I have heard of.
15. audierimus: subj. of characteristic.
16. testula: see note on testularum suffragils, p. 32, 1. 14.—
ilia: when this word follows its noun, it often means, as here, the
well-known. — exsilio : with judicial verbs the charge is usually in
the genitive; the penalty is usually in the ablative, as here, though
the genitive is also possible.
17. Qui quidem cum : now when he.
18. cedens : as he was going away.
19. ut . . . pelleretur: depends on scrlbentem, which here acquires
the force of a verb of commanding.
20. dicitur : see note on dicatur, p. 34, 1. 14.
21. poena: A. 245. a. i; B. 226. 2; G. 397. N.2; H. 481;
M, 654. — ciir . . . diiceretur: a clause of characteristic. In this
particular connection, cur may be rendered that; it is equivalent to
qua re or quam ob rem.
22. sibi non placere : that he didnH like it.

i6o NOTES
24. legitimam : see note on testularum suffragils, p. 32, 1. 14.
2. quam: iorpostquam.
II. 4. pugnae: dat. after the intrans. compound of inter.—
Salamina: see note on Marathona, p. 20, 1. 14.
5. idem: he also.
8. re militari : emphasize the contrast with iustitiae, etc,
9. quam: except.
10. multa: sc.facta.
12. summa . . . maritimi: the naval supremacy.
15. intemperantia: puffed up by his successes, Pausanias had
assumed the dress and manners of a Persian desi^ot.
18. duces sibi: as their leaders. The dat. of reference can
often best be rendered by a possessive.
III. 19. quo . . . repellerent: see note on quo ... possent,
p. 32, 1. 2.
20. conarentur: the context shows that this subj. belongs to
a future condition, represented from the standpoint ef the past.
Render by should.
11. daret: subj. of indir. quest, depending on constitueret.
Trans, the clauses in the order Aristides . . . constitueret, quantum
. . . daret, ad . . . comparandos.
25. voluerunt: appointed.
I. qua abstinentia: abl. of quality. Cf. dignitate regia, p. 18,
1. 4; potestate perpetua, p. 24,1.23. —fuerit: A. 287. b. 3 ; B. 267;
G. 510, 511; H. 543-545; M. 803, 804.
2. quam quod: than the fact that. A. 333; B. 299; G. 525. 2;
H. 588. 3; M. 848.
3. qui: adverb. Trans, he scarcely left enough for his burial.
For the literal meaning of qui see Vocab., and cf the old English
use of withal, and the colloquial " the wherewithal."
4. reliquerit: A. 287. c; B. 268. 6; G. 513; H. 550; M. 806.
— piiblice : at the expense of the state.
5. d6tibus : dowry was a necessary condition in the marriage of
an Athenian woman, and the match was arranged by friends without
much regard to the bride's preference.
6. post . . . quartum: four years after. In the best Latin,
quattuor annis postquam or quarto anno postquam are more
common.

PAUSANIAS i6i
PAUSANIAS
B.C.
479. Battle of Plataea.
I. 9. varius . . . vitae: inconsistent in the different relations
of life. The Latin is much more vague, but the explanatory
clause beginning with nam makes evident the particular turn to be
given to varius and genere vitae.
10. ut . . . sic : though . . .yet.
II. HQius inlustrissimum : that for which he is most renowned.
12. illo duce: abl. abs. Keep the emphasis of the Latin by
translating it was when he was commander that Mardonius.
13. natione: abl. of specification.
14. Medus : often used loosely of Persians, as liere.
15. manu fortis : a man of physical courage.
17. equitum: sc. milia. ^ Cf. peditum, p. 20, 1. 7, and note.
— hand . . . Graeciae: a comparatively small force of Greeks.
Literally ?
19. plurima miscere : create endless disturbance.—maiora concupiscere
: have larger aspirations.
I. tripodem aureum: the central support of three twisted
bronze serpents, about fifteen feet high, is still preserved at Constantinople.
A facsimile may be seen in the National Museum at
Washington. This part was originally gilded, while the tripod itself,
the bowl, and perhaps part of the decoration are said to have been
of solid gold. See the illustration on p. 39, and the restoration on
p. 42.
2. posuisset: subj. because the reason is quoted.
3. suo ductu: cf. note on illo duce, p. 38, 1. 12.
5. dedisse: sc.se.—versiis : derived from verto, turn. It is
only because in poetry the division into lines is important that
" verse " has now come to be used of a line of poetry rather than
prose. neque . . . scripserunt: not nor wrote anything else,
but and wrote nothing else. See note on neque, p. 17, 1. 28.
II. 8. classe commiini: see the note on the same words, p. 27,
I. II.
2. iisus: since he experienced. Literally ? —elatius se gerere :
to behave more arrogantly.
M

l62 NOTES
3. res : power.
5. Xerxi: not ad Xerxem, because the '\&eaoigiving back is more
prominent than the actual homeward journey of the prisoners.
6. efffigisse : sc. eos as subject.
7. redderet: A. 317. 2; B. 282. 2; G. 630; H. 590; M. 835.
9. quos : the antecedent is the unexpressed obj- of misit.
10. tibi muueri: double dative, sent as a favor to you. See
note on populo . . . spectaculo, p. i5, 1. 5. Sent to you as a favor
connecting to you with sent, would require ad te.
11. videtur : seems good. — des : more polite than the imperative
da. A, 266. a; B. 275. 2; G. 263. 2 (a) ; H. 560. i ; M. 713.
12. nuptum : A. 302 ; B. 340 i. b ; G. 435 ; H. 633.1 ; M. 1005.
13. redactiirum : the construction of indirect discourse is regular
after verbs of promising.
14. quid agere : conduct any negotiations, — volueris : A. 307. c;
B. 302, 303; G. 595, 596; H. 574. 3, 576; M. 933, 936, 748.—
certum: trusty.
15. mittas face: please send. The omission and insertion of
ut in such sentences may be compared to the English " Don't forget
! Be sure!" and " Be sure not to forget." Notice the irregular
spelling/a«. A. 128. c; B. 116. 3; G. 130. 5; H. 241 ; M. 382.
16. salQte: ahl. vi'ith gavlsus (irom gaudeb).
18. ne cui rei parcat: to spare no pains. For the pronoun, see
A. 105. d; B. 252. 1; G. 315; H. 512. i; M. 1064. For the
tenses here, see note on creant, p. 20,1. 20.
19. polliceretur: A. 342; B. 324; G. 629; H. 652; M. 793.
•— si . . . laturum : in the direct form, si perfeceris, nulllus rei a
me repulsam feres. Trans, the last clause would be refused (Ut.
receive the refusal of) nothing.
20. Hiiius: as often, it stands first, referring to a person just
mentioned. Pausanias, being the next most important word,
comes next, even though it separates Huius from voluntate.
21. alacrior . . factus : having been made more eager to accomplish
his object.
22. Lacedaemoniorum: it is more idiomatic to render this
genitive by with.
23. accusatus: sc. et in translating.—capitis: gen. of the
charge. See note on Causd . . . absolutus, p. 24. 1. 6.

PAUSANIAS 163
III. 25. u5n multo: connect with/oj^.
26. non . . . patefecit: displayed the workings, not of a dull but
of a crazed intellect.
4. possent: A. 320. c; B. 284.4; G*. 631.3; H. 570. i ; M.871.
5. petentibus: petitioners.
II. capieitat: formed.
12. Id postquam: notice how frequently the conjunction is
postponed in Latin, in order that some other word may be the
more closely connected with the preceding sentence.
15. more illorum : the writing was on a strip wound spirally on
the clava. Unwound it could not be read, but by rewinding on a
duplicate cylinder the parts of words were united and became
legible.
16. reverteretur . . . damnaturos: shown by the tense of the
inf. to be a future condition.
17. se . . . posse: see note on reddctUrum, p. 40, 1. 13, and
observe that verbs of hoping take the same construction as verbs of
promising.
18. peciinia et potentia: bribery and political influence. In
modern poKtical slang, Pausanias depended on his "pull" and the
use of "boodle " to save him. —posse : this inf. is future in sense,
though present in form. Regularly, however, a verb which, like
possum,has, no fut. inf. is put in the pres. or imperf. subj. aiterfore
ut whenever a fut. inf would be the natural construction.
20. legibus : ablative.
21. cuivis ephoro: dat. with licet. See note on ephoros, p. 31,
1. 16.—facere:. what other construction is possible after licet 1
A. 33i.i. N.3; B. 295. 6; G. 553. 2; H. 564. II. i; M. 782.
22. suspicione: A. 243. a; B. 214. i. c) ; G. 405; H. 462;
M. 600.
24. Hilotae: the name "Helot" probably means "captive"
(from the root k\- appearing in the 2 aor. system of aipim), although
the Greeks themselves believed that it meant "inhabitant of Helos,"
a town subdued by the Spartans.
26. munere : see note on quo, p. 17, 1. 7.
27. existimabatur: the personal construction is regular in the
tenses of incomplete action.
28. posset: subj. in a clause of characteristic.

164 NOTES
29. suspicionibus . . . iildicari: that judgment ought not to be
based on suspicions.
30. exspectandum: sc. sibi; that they must wait. The non
above, though placed before putabant, belongs and must be translated
only with iudicdri. — res: the truth. — aperiret: A. 328. 1;
B. 293. III. 2; G. 572; H. 603. II. 2; M. 921.
IV. 2. ad: addressed to. — ei . . . venisset: suspected. Literally?
For el, see note on utrisque, p. 23, 1. 22.
4. vincla: the letter was probably written on the inside of a
folding tablet, which was tied with a string, and sealed with wax
over the knot.
5. si . . . pereundum: direct, si pertulero, mihi est pereundum.
12. ne . . . quidem : A. 151. e ; B. 347. I; G. 448. N. 2 ; H. 656. 2
M. 1159.
14. ut. . . comprehenderent: translate a purpose (final) clause
by to with the infinitive whenever the English idiom requires it.
19. quod violari: whose profanation. Literally?
20. in . . . consedit: the temple itself was a sanctuary, while the
altar was the holiest spot in it, and hence the safest.
21. iiixta: ^re'p. with hanc.
22. posset: subj. of purpose.—loqueretur: the subj. implies
that this was what the ephors had in mind in digging the hole
(informal or implied indirect discourse).
23. ex ephoris: the ablative with ex or de is preferred to the
partitive genitive after unus, duo, tres, and quidam.
24. perturbatus: in great anxiety.
26. causae : A. 216. a. 3 ; B. 201. 2 ; G. 369; H. 441 ; M. 564.
27. Quo: abl. of cause.
28. ne: do not translate ne with the subjunctive after verbs of
asking, etc., by lest, but follow the English idiom, not to.
I. neu: see note on neque parcerent, p. 31, 1.5.—meritum:
trans, as though qui meritus esset.
2. sibi, dedisset, sublevasset, ei, futiirum: direct, mihi,
dederis, sublevdveris, tibi, erit. — implicatum : sc. se.
3. ei praemio : see note on populo . . . spectaculo, p. 16, 1. 5.
V. 7. in eo esset: see note on in . . . potiretur, p. 23,1. 19.
10. gradibus : A. 250 ; B. 223 ; G. 403 ; H. 479. 3 ; M. 655. —

CIMON 165
quam : omit in translating. It is used in the Latin because of the
comparison implied in paucis ante gradibus. — qui: sc. il.
14. matrem : mater would be more usual, the personal construction
being preferred. See note on existimabatur, p. 41, 1. 27.
16. in primis attulisse: was among the first to bring.—
ad claudendum, ad introitum: in the first of these phrases ad
expresses tendency or purpose, a use derived from its expression of
actual direction, as in the second example.
18. animam efElavit: breathed his last. Anima came to mean
life, because the breath was believed to be the vital principle.
20. eodem : adv., antecedent of quo.
21. ii: sc. Inferrentur, from Inferrl.
24. vitam posuerat: cf. English had laid down his life.
CIMON B.C.
477. Cimon and Aristides placed in command of the
Athenian fleet.
468. Battle of the Eurymedon.
461. Cimon ostracized.
457. Battle of Tanagra; Cimon recalled.
I. 2. initio: A. 249; B. 218. i; G. 407; H.477. I; M. 646.
— usus: see note on the same word, p. 40, 1. 2.
3. litem: the fine imposed on account of the affair at Paros.
The account is given in Miltiades, VII.—populo: dat. with
solvere.
7. solvisset: see note on loqueretur, p. 42,1. 22.
8. Hiiius coniugi : A.218.a; B. 204. I ; G. 374; H. 450, 451. l ,
M. 573- Desirous of this marriage is the author's concise way
of saying desirous of marrying this woman. — generosus : do not
trans, it generous. What better rendering is suggested by the
derivation from genus ?
9. peciinias : sums of money.
10. egit cum : proposed to. — uxorem: predicate, as his wife.
— id . . . soluturum. This form of sentence should now present
no difficulty, but in case the syntax is still obscure, the followingquestions
will suggest the method of classification: —

i66 NOTES
(i) What is indicated by the fact that the apodosis of this condition
has the infinitive and the protasis the subjunctive ?
(2) To what time does the condition belong, as shown by the
tense of the inf. soluturimi ?
(3) Does the tense of impetrasset express completed or incomplete
action ?
(4) What tense (a) of the indicative, or (b) of the subjunctive,
is used to express such action in the protasis of a condition of
the class to which this was discovered to belong in (2) ?
(5) Then what tense (a) of the indicative, or (b) of the subjunctive,
is represented by soluturum f
Study these questions carefully, as their method can be applied to
the classification of any conditional sentence in indirect discourse.
12. negavit . . . passiiram : trans,zsthot\gh dixit se non passii
ram, but remember that only the former is idiomatic Latin. The
negative loses its force when we come to nupturam, 1. 14.
13. Miltiadis: emphatic.
14. niipturam : the dat. after this verb is explained by the fact
that it means literally put on the -wedding-veil for some one.
II. 17. principatum: see note on principatu, p. 36, 1. lo.
18. iliris : obj. gen. Render with z«, not

CIMON 167
10. animatas: sc. Insulas. PAGE
14. opulentia: A. 254.b. 2; B.218.3; G. 401. N.6; H. 476. I ; 45
M. 629.
15. arx: the Acropolis.
16. ornata: generally considered to mean here mUnita, referring
to Cimon's wall, built out of the proceeds of the sale of booty.
III. 17. linus . . . floreret: see note on the same expression,
p. 16, I. 23.
19. testarum suffragils: explained in note on testularum
suffragils, p. 32, 1. 14.
20. exsilio: abl. of the penalty. — CQius . . . paenituit:
A. 221. b; B. 209. I; G. 377 ; H. 457 ; M. 585.
22. invidiae : dat. with cessisset,
25. post . . . quam: five years after.
26. hospitio : see note on the same word, p. 32, 1. 24.
3. neque ita: though not very• 46
IV. 12. quo minus: A. 331. e. 2; B. 295. 3; G. 549; H. 568;
M. 909. — quibus : sc.frul, and see note on initio, p. 44, 1. 2.
13. vellet: A. 342; B. 324; G. 629; H. 652; M. 793.
14. opis: A. 243. f; B. 212. I. a; G. 383. i. N. i ; H. 458. 2;
M. 594.
15. quod . . . daret: something to give. Literally ? The subj.
is characteristic.
16. minus bene : poorly.
18. quos . . . foro : trans, after the clause omnis . . . -aocdret.
In Latin the relative clause often comes before the antecedent.
19. quod : et id.
20. fides: protection.
22. unde efferrentur: means for their burial. The subj.
belongs to the same class as daret, 1. 15.
24. acerba: keenly felt.

i68 NOTES
LYSANDER
B.C.
431. Beginning of Peloponnesian War.
405. Battle of Aegospotami.
404. Peloponnesian War ends with the surrender of Athens.
I. I. sui: obj. gen. Omit in rendering.
3. bellum: see Introd., pp. 8-9.
4. apparet: sc. I^ysander. Cf note on dicatur, p. 34, 1. 14. —
id : obj. oi consecutus sit.
5. virtute: study this word. In 1. 2 it meant merit or worth;
here it signifies bravery, that is, manfulness, its original meaning.
Cf also in eius virtutibus, p. 15, 1. 8, where it is equivalent to points
of excellence.
6. iva.ra.o&estia: modestus means o\isexmng^amodus,limit. Hence
immodestia is applicable to the laxity of discipline here described.
7. dicto audientes: when audio means obey, it may take the
dative. Compare the colloquial " won't hear to it." The two words
together may be rendered obedient. — imperatoribus : dat. after
the expression dicto audientes, denoting obedience. See note on
hostibus, p. 20, 1. 23.
II. eius opera: thanks to him.—in . . . pervenerint: came to
be cordially hated throughout Greece. For the tense oiper-oenerint,
see A. 287. c; B. 268. 6; G. 513 ; H. 550; M. 806.
14. impotentem . . . refringerent: shatter the enfeebled power.
The battle of Aegospotami had practically ended Athenian supremacy,
but the subsequent measures of Lysander were intended to
prevent any possibility of its reviving.
16. classis: A. 249. a; B. 212.2; G. 407. N. 2 (d) ; H. 477. I. 3;
M. 593. — nihil . . . ut: attempted nothing less than to.
17. civitates: the members of the Delian League.
18. causa: caz^j-fl and ^a^za regularly follow the genitive.
19. studuissent: subj. of characteristic.
20. summum imperium: another expression for this would be
summam i-mperl. See p. 19, 1. 13, and note.
21. omnium rerum: over everything; obj. gen.
22. eius: refers to Lysander, illius in the next line being used
of the same person for the sake of variety and emphasis.

LYSANDER 169
23. contineretur: same construction as studuissent, 1. 19.—
illius proprium : his creature. Literally ? A. 234. d ; B. 204. 2;
0.359. R.I; H. 435.4. — fide: connectwlih. conflrmarat. Here it
means pledge. Cf. note on fides, p. 46,1. 20.
II. I. decemvirali potestate : this species of government was
called by the Greeks a decarchy, i.e. the nde of ten.
2. ipsius niitii: at his sole behest. A. 195. i; B. 249. i ; G. 311.R. i;
H. 509; M. 1060.
4. pliira enumerando : by telling too many anecdotes.
6. praecipua fide : abl. of quality. Trans, especially loyal.
7. solerent: A. 312; B. 307. 1.2; G. 602 ; H. 584. 1.2; M. 944,
945-
8. fuissent: see note on vellet, p. 46, 1. 13. — pervertere : not
pervert.
9. occultasset: quotation of his thought, nisi occultavero.
10. futurum ut . . . dilaberentur: A. 288. f; B. 270. 3. a; G.
248; H. 619. 2; M. 984.
The last part of this chapter has been lost; but from other sources
we know that the Spartans, annoyed by Lysander's misrule, decided
to take away his authority over the subject cities.
III. 12. ii: the Lacedaemonians. — decemviralem . . . sustulerunt
: abolished the decarchies. Cf. note on 1. i.
13. Quo dolbte: chagrin at this. Literally?
14. tollere : the expression iniit consilia is nearly equivalent to
constituit, which would take a complementary infinitive. But it
would be more regular to say either consilia tollendl or ut tolleret.
16. Primum: see note on primo, p. 31, 1. 2. — Delphicum: sc.
ordculum.
18. Dodonaeum: there was a famous oracle of Zeus at Dodona
in Epirus, though not so renowned as that of Apollo at Delphi. The
priests of the oracles were in a position to have extraordinary knowledge
of events in all parts of the world, and thus exercised a powerful
political as well as moral and religious influence. The part they
played in the founding of colonies will be recalled from the story of
Miltiades.
19. solveret: direct, solvam. Irans. was going to pay.
24. quod . . . conatus esset: subj. because the reason is
quoted.

lyo NOTES
26. Orchomeniis . . . subsidio : see note on poptilo spectaculo
p. 16, 1. 5.
I. Quam: modifies vere.-—foret iiidicatum: subj. in the
apodosis of a past condition contrary to fact, the protasis being impHed
in secus. For the form foret, see A. 119. b. N.; B. p. 57,
footnote 2 ; G. 116. N. i (c) ; H. 205. 2 ; M. 327.
2. indicio: A. 233. a; B. 191. i ; G. 356; H. 433. 3; M. 547.
3. Lacedaemoniis: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. 2;
M. 531.
5. deiim: A. 40. e; B. 25. 4; G. 33. R.4; H. 83. 7; M. 146.
6. sententiae : i.e. the response of an oracle which he hoped his
money would buy for him. — habiturum: see note on fore, p. 15,
1. I. — pecunia: A. 254. b. i ; B. 219. i; G. 401. N.6; H.476.3;
M. 629.
7. ei: for him. — Cleon : a professional rhetorician.
IV. 11. multa: see note on the same word, p. 34,1. 16. Trans.
had committed many acts of cruelty and greed.
11. perlatum: impersonal, news had been carried. The per
gives the idea of arrival, as though it were "all the way."
13. a Pharnabazo : for constructions after other verbs of asking,
see A. 239. c. N. I ; B. 178. i. a) ; G. 339. R. i ; H. 411. 2. 3. 4;
M. 522. — ad ephoros: the ace. with ad Is used of the -person for
whom the document was intended; the dat. (sibi), of the one to
whom it was intrusted.
15. scriberet: depending (like daret) on petiit. —magnam . . .
futiiram : informal indirect discourse.
16. eius : what would be the word if Lysander were referring to
himself ? — Huic ille : since pronouns are not so finely distinguished
in English as in Latin, in translating it is often best, for clearness'
sake, to substitute the noun which one of the pronouns represents.
19. signatur: A. 276. e; B. 293. I; G. 570; H. 533.4; M. 917.
— alterum : why more appropriate than alium f
24. magistratum : i.e. the board of ephors. — loco : to
serve as.
25. submoto Lysandro : postquam Lysander exire iUssus est.
26. legendum: utab eo legeretu-r; see note on tuenda, p. 18,1.28.

ALCIBIADES 171
ALCIBIADES
B.C.
415-413. The Sicilian Expedition.
404. Fall of Athens.
I. 3. experta: sc. esse, and see A. 185. a; B. 328. 2; G. 205,
206. R.3; H.612. i; M. 957. —possit: pres. as denoting a general
truth.
4. memoriae prodiderunt: scripserunt.
5. nihil: more emphatic than neyninem.—excellentius: see
note on excellentium, p. 16,1. 20.
7. summo genere: A. 244. a; B. 215; G. 395 ; H. 469. 2;
M. 609.
11. summus : unequalled.
12. disertus: sc. adeo.
13. dicendo: A. 301 ; B. 338.4. a) ; G. 431 ; H. 630; M. 1002.
— valeret: ranked. Literally ?
4. oris atque orationis: presence and diction.
16. splendidus . . . victu: magnificent, no less in his conduct thati
in his style of living.
17. temporibus serviens: adaptinghiitiself to circumstances.
18. idem : while at the same time . . . he.
19. perferret: subj. of characteristic.
23. privignus : a mistake. Pericles and Alcibiades were cousins.
II. I. lingua: see note on the same word, p. 18, 1. 26.
2. vellet, posset: A. 308. a; B. 304. 2 ; G. 597. R. I ; H. 579. i;
M. 938, 939.
3. vel . . . vel: used of an indifferent alternative, as though he
had said, " call it which you will;" while aut . . . aut would imply
that only one of the alternatives was possible.
III. 5. Bello Peloponnesio : regularly a temporal construction
in Latin.
9. exiret: A. 327; B. 291, 292; G. 574, 577; H. 605. I. II;
M. 878-880.
10. Hermae: square stone pillars bearing the head of Hermes,
whom the Romans identified with Mercury. He was the god of
streets and traffic, and his statues were to be found everywhere
throughout the city. See illustration, p. 52.

172
NOTES
14. rem: interests.
I. multitfidini: dat. after the compound with in.
2. opprimeret: subj. by attraction.
8. opera forensi: i.e. by acting as their advocate in lawsuits.
12. prodisset: subj. by attraction.
17. et obesse . . . prodesse : to do both the most mischief and
the most good.
19. mysteria: carefully guarded rites, performed at Eleusis near
Athens. It is believed that in connection with the myth of Demeter
and Persephone, the planting and growth of the seed was made a
symbol of death and immortality. There were other mysteries, but
these, the Eleusinian, were the most important. — nefas: i.s. not
merely illegal, but regarded as divinely forbidden.
IV. 22. contione : see note on the same word, p. 25, 1. 16.
The same men who composed the Athenian assembly also acted
as jurors, the whole body of citizens being divided into large
groups, called dicasteries, any one of which, with its presiding
archon, constituted a court.
25. agi: action to be taken.—vellent: direct, vultis.
26. praesente: sc. se.—haberetur: see note on mittas face,
p. 40,1. 15.—invidiae crimine: aft accusation born of ill-will.
27. quiescendum : impersonal; sc. sibi and esse, and trans, as
though a personal construction.
I. noceri: impersonal, it was not possible for injury to be done
him. A. 230; B. 187. II. b; G. 208. 2; H. 302. 6; M. 530.—
intellegebant: notice the use of the indicative, implying that the
statement is made on the writer's own authority.
2. exisset: their thought was exierit.
5. reum fecerunt: prosecuted.
6. magistratu: not necessarily any particular magistrate, but, as
we should say, the government.
8. provinciae: i.e. the work of subduing Sicily.-—noluit: did
not like.
9. triremem: the " Salaminia," one of the two state barges of
Athens.
10. Hac pervectus : sailing in this. Literally? — Thiirios : an
Athenian colony on the site of the once great and wealthy city of
Sybaris. — secum reputans : pondering in his lieart.

ALCIBIADES 173
13. subduxit: sub in composition often conveys the idea of
secrecy or stealth.
15. capitis damnatum: cf p. 24, 1. 6, capitis absolutus.
16. id quod: a thifig which; the most idiomatic way of referring
to a preceding statement, though the omission of id in such
connections is not uncommon.-—usii venerat: had happened.
usu = fisiii. the dat. used like indicio, p. 49, I. 2. —EumolpidSs:
the Eumolpidae were hereditary priests of Demeter at Eleusis. Their
ancestor, Eumolpus, was believed to have instituted the Eleusinian
mysteries. See note on mysteria, p. 52,1. 19.
17. coactos: sc. esse, depending on audivit. — se: refers to
Alcibiades.
19. esse: belongs with positum. — publico: substantive.
20. praedicare : not predict.
21. inimicos: distinguish from hostes in the next line. — qui
idem : who at the same time.
11. se : refers to Alcibiades; suae in 1. 24, to his enemies.
24. pliis paruisse : regarded rather.
28. loniam: the general name for a group of Greek cities and
islands on the central part of the west coast of Asia Minor. Being
of the same blood as the Athenians, they were her natural allies.
29. Atheniensium : render the gen. by -with.
V. 3. viri: genitive.
5. ipsis: j^, while grammatically possible, might have referred to
Alcibiades; but ipsis clearly shows the reference to be to the subject
of pertimuerunt.
6. tempus: opportunity,
7. Id . . . potuit: Alcibiades could not be kept ignorant of this
for any length of time. A. 239. 2. d. N.; B. 178. i. e). 2; G.
339. R.3; H. 411. I. 2; M. 522, 523.
8. ea: see note on the same word, p. 16, 1. 23.
10. praefectum: i.e. the "satrap," or governor of one of the
twenty provinces into which the Persian empire was divided.
12. male . . . rebus: through-mismanagement of their operations
in Sicily.
14. Samum: the island of Samos was made the naval headquarters
of Athens during the latter part of the Peloponnesian
War. — exercitum : the army of Athens had great political power.

174
NOTES
since it was not a body of mercenaries, but composed of Athenian
citizens of all ranks. The generals of such an army were naturally
political leaders as well.
i6. eodem sens-Q, quo : abl. of quality. Like qudlis after talis,
quantus after tantus, and quot after tot, qui after lde?n must frequently
be rendered as.
17. Ab . . . Theramene: Pisander broke with Alcibiades
because the latter did not seem sincere in certain promises of help
which he had made on condition that he be recalled. Subsequently
Athenian politics reached such a crisis that a large number of Athenians,
among them Theramenes, felt that Pisander and his party,
who had successfully conspired to overthrow the democracy, could
not be ousted unless Alcibiades came to the rescue. The result of
their invitation is described in the text.
18. per : through the efforts of. Contrast with the abl. of agent
ab exercitu,
19. suffragante : on the recommendation of. Observe the contrasts
— the mere taking back by the army with the formal restoration
to citizenship by the people,
20. pari imperio praeficitur: is appointed to a command of
equal rank,
22. in: during.—rerum: circumstances.
23. victores viguerant: had been i?i the flush of victory.
27. receperat: see note on recipere, p. 32, 1. 9.
2. neque minus multas : totidem.
4. onusti, locupletato : a good illustration of the principle that
the abl. abs. is not used when the participle or adjective can be made
to agree with some substantive of the main sentence.
5. maximis . . . gestis: after accomplishing the most important
results.
VI. 9. populo : see note on noceri, p. 53, 1. i.
II. exercitum amissum : the loss of the army.
13. expulissent: why not the indicative ?
17. pares: par and impar are regularly used in the sense a
snatch for and no match for.
21. isdem . . . praefuerant: had held the same command.
I. usu venerat: see note on the same words, p. 53,1. 16.^victoribus
: iti the case of, etc., will render this dat. well. — coro-

ALCIBIADES 175
nis: abl. of means (was presented with). The ace. and dat. are
also possible with dono as with do.
2. taeniis : ribbons or bands fastened about the heads of priests,
victims for sacrifice, the images of the gods, and victors in the games.
See the illustration on p. 55. —vulgo : adverb.
4. astii: the city proper, about four miles from the port of
Piraeus, where he had landed.
6. quin: A. 319. d; B. 284. 3; G. 556; H. 594. II, 595.4;
M. 915.
9. sacrilegi: see note on proditionis, p. 24,1. i. — piiblice: i.e.
by decree of the assembly.
VII. 13. non nimis : none too.
14. res publica: administration of public affairs.
15. belli: locative. Compare the common phrase domi mllitiaeque.
— iinius : sc. eius.
18. Cymen: Alcibiades attacked the town because it would not
pay tribute. — ex sententia : to tfieir liking. This use of ex in the
sense of ifi accordance with is a common one.
19. nihil . . . posse: that there was nothing which he could
not do.
23. corruptum : quod corruptus esset.—rege : unless otherwise
designated, kingto the Greeks of this period meant the king of Persia.
24. huic . . . fuisse: maxime goes w'lth fuisse, was especially unfortunate
for hi?n. For the syntax of huic maid, see note on auxilio,
p. 21, 1. I.
27. opibus : distinguish carefully the different meanings of this
word, and do not confound it with operibus.
I. absenti: A. 229; B. 188. 2. d) ; G. 345. R. I ; H. 427 ; M. 539.
The dat. does not really mean " from " in such cases, but in expressions
such as "' the dagger was wrenched from the assassin," the
Romans felt so strongly that the person from whom the thing was
taken was interested in the proceeding that they used the dat. to
emphasize this interest, rather than the abl., which would merely
express the separation.
2. locum: accusative, because the Latin feels more sensitively
than does the English the imphed idea of motion.
5. primus : sc. civis. We should say -was the first to enter. —
Graecae civitatis : a Greek state, not the state of Greece.

176 NOTES
7. crgverat, pepererat: plup. as being completed before the
events described in VIII.
VIII. 10. Neque . . . tamen: and yet . . . not.
11. Aegos Flumen: usually caUed " Aegospotami," which is
Greek for Goat Rivers.
13. in . . . occupatus: was busying himself in the attempt.
14. diiceret: prolong.
15. ipsis: i.e. Lacedae?nonils. Cf. the use on p. 19, 1. 12.—
Atheniensibus exhaustis: dat., not abl. abs.
16. erat: also depends upon j'z/Oi^. — super: left.
17. praesente vulgo : in the presence of all the soldiers. — vellent
: direct, vultis.
20. eo . . . quod : for the reason that, a frequent correlation.
26. Alcibiade recepto: trans, as thon^ si Alcibiades recepius
esset.—^nullius momenti: gen. of quality.
27. secundi: partitive. Trans, as though in agreement with
quid. — evenisset: direct, evenerit.
2. futurum reum : would be held responsible.
5. immodestia : see note on the same word, p. 47, 1. 6.
7. Nam . . . cum: for when Lysander; not for Lysander,
when he.
9. praedatum: see note on deliberatum, p. 17, I. 7.
10. tempus rei gerendae : opportunity for action.
11. delevit: ended.
IX. 21. hiimanitate: not humanity. The word denotes the
highest qualities of a man (homo). Render here so captivated by
his winning manners. Cf. English, " I was greatly taken with him."
22. castrum : distinguish from the plural.
24. victas servire : trans, as though victas esse et servire.
26. ferebatur : he was moved.
I. cSnseciitiirum: cf. note on fore, p. 15, 1. I.
2. habuisset: quoted fut. perf, as shown by consecfiturum,
3. Cyrum: the younger brother of King Artaxerxes, and the
hero of Xenophon's Anabasis.—ei: i.e. regi.
4. adiuvantibus : with the help of. — aperuisset: cf. note on
habuisset, 1. 2.
X. 6. moliretur: generally speaking, the idea of continuance
belongs to this tense in both the indie, and subj.

ALCIBIADES 177
8. tyranni: the government of Athens was now in the hands of
a board of oligarchs, known as the Thirty Tyrants. — certos:
fidelis. It is properly a participle of cerno, which means sift,
select.
11, res gestas : work.
12. persequeretur: direct, persequere. See note on facerent,
p. 31,1. 5.
13. acciiratius sibi agendum: that he must deal more vigorously.
14. reniintiat: since tliis is followed by the subj. in implied
indir. disc, we may suggest the fact by rendering it said that he
would repudiate. This present of vivid narration ("historical
present") is best translated by the past when it is closely connected,
as here, with past tenses.—regi: dat. after convenissent. Trans.
had been agreed upon by the king.
15. convenissent, tradidisset: direct, convenerunt, trddideris.
For the sequence after renuntiat, see note on creant, p. 20, 1. 20.
16. Non tulit: could not withstand.
18. ad interficiendum: qui (or ut) interficerent.
20. missi: the messengers.
24. diffidebant: non credebant.
25. ei: A. 229; B. 188. 2. d) ; G. 345. R. i; H.427; M. 539.
1. voluerat: not wished, but bee7i willing. — iubet: A. 331. a;
B. 295. I. a; G. 423. N.6; H. 565. 3; M. 968.
2. in praesentia: at hand.
7. contectum : sc. eu77i. — mortuum : trans, so as to bring out
the contrast with vivu77i.
XI. 11. infamatum : though disparaged.
17. qui quidem : i7t fact, these.
18. nesciS quo : aliquB.
23. amplius: in addition,—cum: although.
26. studiis . . . inservisse : devoted hi77iself to their pursuits.
27. labore: refers to athletic contests. Probably a translation
of the Greek 6.ywv.
3. moribus : see note on the same word, p. 16,1. 8. —patientia:
endurance.
10. reliquos : what noun is to be supplied ? See title, p. 15.
II. ordiamur: A. 266; B. 274; G. 263. i ; H. 559. i; M. 713.
N

178 NOTES
THRASYBULUS
B.C.
411. Thrasybulus secures the return of Alcibiades.
404. Reign of the Thirty Tyrants.
403. The Thirty Tyrants driven out by Thrasybulus.
I. 13. dubito an: I aTn inclined to think.
14. ponam: indir. question, since dubito is almost equivalent to
haud scio. — illud: sc. died.
15. in: belongs with patria7n. Either patriae (obj. gen.) or
ergd patriam would mean the same thing.
16. quod: whereas. This makes a smooth translation, but
probably the real meaning is a thing which (id quod, in apposition
with ab . . . liberare), although it makes the sentence grammatically
inconsistent.
18. oppressam: sc. patriam suam. The Thirty Tyrants were
a governing board appointed by Sparta after the subjection of
Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War.
19. nescio quo modo : so77iehow or other.
20. nobilitate: celebrity.
22. ille: the latter.
23. flniversa: without exception. — natilrali . . . lucri: by a
certain instinctive ability he turned to Ids advantage. A. 214. c;
B. 198. 3; G. 366; H. 447; M. 556.
24. communia . . . cum: sc. sunt; are shared by the generals
-with.
I. concursli : shock. — abit . . . pQgnantium : success depends
not on strategy, but on chance and the valor of the combatants.
2. iiire suo : with perfect justice.
3. nonn-fiUa: contrasted with plur i7na, as 77illes Is with fortuna
— ab imperatore : construe with vindicat.
4. his : case explained by plus.
5. illud: the folio-wing. — proprium Thrasybiili: to be credited
entirely to Thrasybulus. A. 234. d; B. 204. 2; G. 359. R. I; H.
435- 4-
7. servitute oppressas: under the oppression of slavery.
Where we should use an abstract noun, Latin constantly prefers
the corresponding verb in an appropriate construction.

THRASYBULUS 179
8. quibus . . . parserat: A. 227; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H.
426. 2 ; M. 531.
9. expulissent: in translating, supply et and repeat cum whenever
needed.
10. publicata divisissent: render as though publicdvissent
et dlvlsisse7it. —princeps : was the chief 77io-(jer in.
11. solus . . . indixit: an exaggerated statement.
II. 14. triginta: abl. — Atticorum: Atheniensium wovHd he
more usual.
15. robur: mainstay. — Neque. . . non: the emphatic double
negative can sometimes be reproduced in English, but here it is best
to render simply and yet.
16. solitude: lack of followers.
18. ad persequendum : i7i proceeding agai7ist hi77i.
19. tempore dato : there is no one way of rendering the ablative
absolute. Use any adverbial phrase or clause that will give the
idea in good English ; thus one may render here by giving them
ti7ne.
20. Quo magis: and therefore all the more. — praeceptum
Ulud : the familiar 7naxi7n. — omnium : limits animis.
21. oportere : the subject is the whole clause 7iihil in bello conte7n7ii.
22. timidi: a cautious ma7i.
23. pro opiniSne : as one would expect.
25. Hinc: see 1.12. — Piraeum, Munychiam : see plan, Athens
and her Harbors, p. 30-
I. Usus : displayed.
3. violari: A. 331. a; B. 331. II; G. 423. N.6; H. 565.3;
M. 968.
5. iacentem : who had fallen. — veste : A. 243. a; B. 214. i. b) ;
G. 390. 2 ; H. 462 ; M. 600, 601.
6. quorum : A. 243. f; B. 212. i. a; G. 383. i. N. i ; H. 458. 2 ;
M- 594-
III. 10. -abc &%ieotb: after he had fallen. —i!^ttxc\aa\x-xx\\o\
double dative. Do not join Atticis with venit as if the expression
were ad Atticos.
12. c^\x\: not lest any, hnt that none. The Latin follows this form
of expression in order to preserve the ne of the negative clause

i8o NOTES
of purpose. A. 105. d; B. 252. i; G. 107. I.R. ; H. 512. i;
M. 1064.
14. more erant usi: had followed the example.
15. neve : see note on neque parcerent, p. 31, 1. 5.
16. redderetur: same construction as adficerentur. For the
asyndeton, see A. 346. c; B. 346. a) ; G. 473. R.; H. 657. 6; M.
752, 753. — Praeclarum (est) hoc (factu77i) : sc. words in
parentheses.
17. pliirimum: see note on the same word, p. 44, 1. 22. Trans.
was very powerful.
18. tvXit: proposed. — ante: adv. with actdru77i.
19. oblivionis : sc. Iege7n.
20. ferendam: for the syntax, see note on tue7ida, p. 18,1. 28.—
ut . . . effecit: caused it to be enforced.
21. quidam ex iis : see note on ex ephorls, p. 42,1. 23.
23. in . . . pQblice: there had been an official reconciliation
IV. 26. Quam expresserat: had exacted this gift.
I. habuit: it brought.
2. magna fuit gloria : abl. of quality. — Pittacus: a statesman
and military leader of MytUene in Lesbos, who lived about 600 B.C.
3. ille: the well-kno-wn or faiyious. Notice that it follows its
noun, and cf the note on praeceptum illud, p. 62, 1. 20. — septem
sapientium: the famous " Seven Wise Men" of antiquity.
5. Nolite . . . vos: donH, I beg of you.—invideant, concupiscant:
subj. of characteristic.
6. istis: what you offer.
8. indicent: why subjunctive ?
9. propria: perpetua.
14. agerentur vigiliae : watch was kept. — barbaris : the inhabitants
of Aspendus in Pamphylia, near the Cilician border. — ex
. . . facta: render freely after barbaris, who had j/iade, etc.

CONON
iSi
CONON PAGE
B.C. g^.
405. Battle of Aegospotami.
394. Sea-fight near Cnidus.
393. The Long Walls of Athens restored.
I. 16. Peloponnesio bello : A. 256 ; B. 230. 2 ; G. 393,394. R.;
H.486; M. 630. — rem publicam :/«5&/z/«. In the free Athenian
democracy, where every citizen could vote directly in the public
assembly, statecraft was considered the natural occupation of a
gentleman.
17. magni: A. 252. a; B. 203.3; G. 380. I ; H. 448. i ; M. 576.
18. praetor: as in the preceding Lives, it means general.
19. praecipuus : paraphrase, he was held in especial honor.
22. extremo: A. 193 ; B.241. i; G.291.R.2; H.497.4; M. 565.
I. afuit: a historical error. ^^
2. eo: abl. of cause. — rei militaris: A. 218. a; B. 204. i;
G. 374; H. 450)451- i; M. 573.
5. acceptiiros fuisse: A. 337. b. 2; B. 321. A. 2. a); G. 656;
H. 647; M. 1039.
II. 6. Rebus adflictis : in the ti7ne of distress. — obsideri:
this siege ended in the fall of Athens, B.C. 404.
9. eundem: and likewise.
11. multum . . . valeret: had much influence, subj. of result.
14. bellatum: see note on dellberdtu77i, p. 17, 1. 7.
17. adversus : prep, with hunc.
18. re vera: as a 7natter of fact.
19. eiusque: keep the emphasis of its position, a7td it was by
HIS orders that.
21. neque . . . fuisset: and in fact it -was perfectly evident
that had it not been for hi7n. Literally ?
22. tenus : regularly follows its case. -— regi: see note on abse7itl,
p. 57, L I. ^ . ,
23. fuisse erepturum : see note on acceptiiros fuisse, 1. 5.
III. I. Defecerat: observe the force of the tense. 66
4. valebat: as on p. 65, 1. 11.—id: refers to the clause si. . .
adducebatur.
5. eius : trans, by the name of the person to whom it refers.

l82 NOTES
lo. ostendit: dixit.
11. Niilla mora est: there is nothing to hinder. — delibera:
thi7ik it over.
13. cbn^pectrxva.: presence.—venerari: salaam.
17. habere : show. —vereor ne : we say I'm afraid that much
oftener than I fear lest. Which is better here ?
18. sit: A. 331. f; B. 296. 2 ; G. 550 ; H. 567. I; M. 897. —sim
profectus: subj. with cum concessive.
19. consuerit: subj. by attraction.
21. scripta : z« writing.
IV. 22. tantum: adeo.
24. vellet: subj. quoting the words of the permission.
I. negavit: not denied, but as usual, equivalent to dixit. . .
non.—sui consili: for hi/ft to deterifiine. Lit. belonging to h
judgment. A. 214. d; B. 198. 3; G. 366. R. i ; H. 447; M. 556.
— ipsius, suos, deberet, se suadere, daret: any obscurity as
to the meaning of these words will be removed by observing how they
would stand in the direct discourse, tul, tuos, debes, ego suddeo, des.
2. Pharnabazo: belongs with daret. — id negoti: this part.
gen. is something like the English this piece of business.
3. daret: subj. in subst. clause of purpose used without ut as obj.
of suddere.
4. Cypriis : A. 227. f; B. 187. II. a; G. 346; H. 426. I ; M. 531.
When i7nperd means de77iand, it takes an ace. of the dir. obj. in
addition to the dat. of the person of whom something is demanded.
5. qua . . . posset: rei. clause of purpose.
7. adiutore : as his assistant,
8. non . . . administrant: lay their plans with the utmost caution.
Literally ?
10. contenderent: had to contend. English often requires some
such auxiliary, of which Latin feels no need. See note on Non
tulit, p. 59, 1. 16.
13. Hac mente : in this feeling.
19. utrosque: defined by et Piraei et Athendru7/t.
20. reficiendos cQrat: A. 294. d; B. 337. 7. b). 2); G. 430;
H. 622 ; M. 994.
V. 23. quod: as.
25. ultum: irom ulciscor.

DION 183
27. neque . . . non : a7td yet these were 7iothing if not. See PAGE
note on the same words, p. 62, 1. 15. 67
2. ilia: see note on ille, p. 64, 1. 3. —magnam auctoritatem 68
sibi constituisset: had won for himself great prestige.
5. dare operam ut; turn his attentioTt to.
6. minus diligenter: with too little care.
8. magna de re : on i77iporta7it business.
9. parens : in obedience to.
12. pliirimum credimus : have the 7nost confidence.
14. sciente an imprudente : with or without the knowledge of.
DION
B.C.
405-367. Reign of Dionyslus I.
367. Dionyslus II sends Dion into exile.
356. Dion obtains the throne of Syracuse.
353. Assassination of Dion.
I. 16. utraque . . . Dionysiorum: there were two tyrants of
Syracuse named Dionyslus.
21. nuptum: A. 302; B. 340. i. b; G. 435; H. 633. i; M.
X005.
22. generosam : see note on. generosus, p. 44,1. 8.
I. artis optimas : highest pursuits. 69
2. non . . . commendat: is no small recotnmendation. Pres. of
a general truth.
5. Dionysio : dat. with an adj. denoting nearness.
7. salvum : sc. eu7n (i.e. Dionysiu7n) esse. — suorum : see p. 68,
11. 16-21, for a statement of his relationship to Dionyslus.
9. qua in re: in a case where.
10. ipsius : his own.
II. essent: subj. of characteristic. — per Dionem: describes
Dion as the instrument of another's action; a Did7ie would mean
that the action proceeded from Dion as its originator — the true
idea of the abl. of agent. See note on per, p. 54,1. 18.
12. quas . . . administrando : and it was, in fact, by his care z«
undertaking these missions and his fidelity in carrying them out
that he, etc.

184 NOTES
PAGE II. 19. iini: cf. the use of Unus in unus omnium maxime flore-
69 ret, p. 16, 1. 23.
20. ac : than as. — qui . . . potuerit: for he could not deny
the young t/iait's request that he should. A. 320. e; B. 283. 3. a)
G. 633 ; H. 592 ; M. 839.
22. arcesseret: A.332.g; B. 295. 3.a; G. 555. I ; H. 594. II,
595. 2; M. 913.
24. eum: notice that it is contrasted with huic, 1. 23, and refers
to Plato. —adeo : foreshadows, as often, a clause of result.
26. Dione: with Dion. A.254. b. l; B. 219. I ; G. 408 ; H.475;
M. 612.
27. quippe qui : inas7nuch as he.
70 I. iussisset: see note on qui . . . potuerit, p. 69, 1. 20.
5. quem . . . haberet: how he was.
7. forte esset: happened to be. — maiore : serious.
II. ex illo natos : whose father he was. The abl. 6f source with
ndtus generally omits the preposition. Cf. nobili genere, p. 68,1. 15.
16. ne . . . potestas: that Dion might have tio opportunity of
talking with hiTn.
- 17. aeger: the sick man.
III. 23. Athenis: A. 258. a; B. 229. I. a); G. 391; H.462;
M. 605.
24. vellet: see note on qui . . .potuerit, p. 69, 1. 20. — morem
ei gessit: see note on Gestus . . . 7nds, p. 31, 1. 21.
27. libro : one of the lost subdivisions of Nepos' work De Viris
Inlustribus.
71 2. tantuva. ...-valviitqTxe: had so 7nuch influence by reason of
prestige, a7id was so C07ivi7icing in his eloquence. Notice the chia
arrangement (so called from the shape of the Greek letter x, " chi") :
auctoritste potuit
X
valuit eloquentia
3. facere : ut faceret would be the usual construction after persudserit.
IV. 7. ingenio : abl. of specification.
8. haberet: subj. in protasis of a future condition, viewed from
the standpoint of past time.—sui opprimendi: A. 298; B. 339;
G. 428; H. 626; M. 998.

DION 185
9. qua . . . deveheretur: in which to sail to Corinth.
II. inter se timerent: were afraid of each other.
12. magnae esset invidiae: it was a source of great unpopularity;
invidiae is dative.
17. sibi: refers to the subject of azz(/rz/z^.
21. sobrio: sc. «. The sense is quo sobrius esset.—iisque eo :
like adeo, this foreshadows a clause of result.
24. superiore parte aedium : housetop.
25. Sed illuc reverter: but to resume. Literally ?
V. 3. omni: e-oerypossible.
4. multorum annorum: A. 215. b; B. 203. 2; G. 365. R.2;
H. 440. 3; M. 558.
5. magnarum opum putabatur: was thought to have great
resources. For the syntax, see A. 215 ; B. 203. 5 ; G. 366; H. 447;
M. 558.
6. pauci: only a few. — ad . . . perducebantur: were induced
to share.
9. quinquaginta annorum: limits imperiu77i, which is the
obj. oioppugndtum.
10. decem: sc. milibus.
12. perculit: sc. id, referring to imperiu7n. — post. . . quam:
the third day after. See note on post . . . quartimi, p. 38,1. 6.
19. partis : aiter potior the gen. is less common than the abl.
21. insulam: the island of Ortygia, on which was the older part
of the city of Syracuse and the citadel (arce77i).
22. eo . . . perdiixit: brought things to such a pass.
23. vellet: was willing.
24. obtineret: subj. representing in quotation the original hortatory
(jussive) subj. of the treaty. The form of the sentence can be
reproduced very exactly — on the following ten7ts: Dion to have
Sicily, Dionysius Italy, etc.
25. cui: see note on fides haberetur, p. 31, 1. 20. — fini:
strengthens the superlative, as in unus omniiwi mdxi77te, p. 16,1. 23.
Trans, with 7ndxima7n, the very greatest.
VI. 26. Has . . . commutatio: follow the Latin order — this
state of things, so . . . and so . . was followed by. Observe that
when an adjective modifier contains many words it follows its
noun in English. Thus while we say a fainous 77ian, we should

i86 NOTES
not say a famous-for-his-valor-to-all-ti/ne man, but a Tnan, famous,
etc.
1. sua : characteristic.
2. quem : sc. eum as obj. of demergere.
13. sententia: thought. The Greek (Iliad II. 204) is OWK d-ya^oi/
TroXvKoipavir) • els Kotpavos tcrru) (lit. not good is the rule of 7nany;
one ruler let there be).
16. lenire obsequio, acerbitate opprimere: chiastic order.
See note on tantum . . . valuitque, p. 71, 1. 2.
18. interficiendum : see note on reficiendos curat, p. 67, 1. 19.
VII. 22. adversus . . .- sensisse : had been unfrie7idly.
24. quo: adv. Here it is equivalent to ulla res ad quam.—
porrigeret: subj. in clause of characteristic.
25. Id . . . erat: the effect of this p.roceeding was; lit. this -
of such a fiature,
27. Quarum rerum cura: afixiety on account of these things.—
male audiendi: to hearing U7ic07npli77tentary speeches. For the
syntax oi audiendi, see A. 2l8. a; B. 204. i; G. 374. N.4; H.
451. l; M. 573.
2. offensa . . . voluntate : tiow that the soldiers were embittered
towards /«>«.
VIII. 5. quem . . . sedaret: ho-w to quell.
6. quorsum evaderent: what turn they -wouldfinally take.
13. Quem idoneum : such a person, who-was suitable.
14. cognitiirum, sublatiirum : sc. eu7n (Dionem).
15. dissident!: a disaffected person.
16. partis: rdle.
18. conifiratione : a mutual oath.
19. Res elata: the plot having leaked out. — consciis: see
note on the same word, p. 19, 1. 19.
22. cuius: sc. eum.
23. sed . . . fieri: see note on negdvit . . . passurar7i,-p. 44,1. 1
26. religione : sole/n7i obligation. The context limits this rather
vague word to one meaning, it being here used to define the act of
taking oath in the presence of a god from the point of view of its
natural effect on conduct. This reliance upon the context is a
regular thing in Latin, but in English, with its fuller vocabulary, we
commonly can and must use the exact word or words which express

DION 187
the idea, without trusting to the general drift of the sentence to make
the particular meaning plain.
28. perfecisset: his thought wasperfecero. A. 2,'2'j. a; B. 291. I;
G.-576; M. 878.
IX. 3. tradit: sc. Callicrates'.
5. certos: sc. homines.
7. vellet: direct, veils. A. 312; B. 307; G. 602; H. 584. 1.2;
M. 944, 945.—cogitans ut habSret: purposing to have. This
cannot mean thinking that he would have. Why ?
8. obstitisset: subj. in implied quotation (informal indirect
discourse). His thought was si fortiina obstiterit. — qua aufugeret:
subj. of characteristic. Trans,, a way of escape. Literally?
II. eant: see note on 77iittds face, p. 40, 1. 15.
12. viderentur: direct, vided7ninl. The quotation follows the
idea of saying in dat negotiu77i. For the sequence of eant and
viderentur, see note on creant, p. 20, 1. 20.
14. cubantem : sc. eu7/i.
16. Hic : at this point.
17. miseranda . . . qui: the ftiU expression would be qua7n
miseranda sit vita edru7n qui.
18. cuivis . . . fuit: a7iy 07ie 77iight have easily seen.—intellectu:
A.303; B.340.2; G.436; H. 635. I ; M. 1007. — illiipsi
custodes : not the guards mentioned above as having been set to
watch the house, but Dion's body-guard. Though illl ipsi would
seem to imply it, they are not mentioned before this by the author.
20. quoad : the idea is that the assassins had entered unarmed,
and were so long in getting a weapon from outside that Dion might
have been saved.
X. 25. pro noxiis: on the supposition that they were the
assassins.
3. Hiiius . . . ut: when the fact of his death.
8. possent: impf. subj. in a condition contrary to fact. For the
tense, see note on vellet, posset, p. 51, 1. 2.
10. diem : sc. supre7num.

i88 NOTES
PAGE IPHICRATES
76 B-C.
395-387. Corinthian war.
390. Iphicrates destroys a Spartan 7nora.
379-362. Theban struggle for supremacy.
357-355. Social war.
I. 15. disciplina militari: knowledge of military science.
19. compararetur : not C07npared. Notice how the meaning of
par appears in this word.
21. culpa . . . gessit: made a culpable failure.
22. consilio: strategy.
23. multa . . . fecerit: the tran,slation runs more smoothly if we
leave out the partim , . . partim; introduced 77iany novelties in t
art of war, and improved existing methods.
77 I. pedestria: another instance of the Latin fondness for the
adjective where English uses of.
2. ante ilium imperatorem : before he became general,
4. peltastae, hoplitae : Greek terms, applied to light and heavy
armed troops respectively. See illustrations, pp. 76, 77.
10. quod . . . esset: a relative clause of purpose.
78 II. I. Srdinatae consisterent: took their places in the ranks.
4. quod : a deed which,
8. quem praeficeret: that he 7/iight put hii/i in charge Is'bett
than who7n he should, etc.
9. milium : pred. gen. limiting 7iumerus.
10. quem ad modum : just as.
II. FabiSni: trans, by a gen., as also Iphicratenses in 1. 12.
16. captam : trans, as though ea7>i cepissent et.
III. 21. fide magna: u high sense of honor. — Quod: and this
quality, referring to fide 7ndgnd.
25. placatis . . . animis : enjoying the reneived good-will of hi
fello-w-citizens. Perhaps the next sentence gives the reason why
a reconciliation is referred to.
26. Causam capitis dixit: was tried for his life.
27. bello sociali: i.e. that which Athens waged with her allies
(socil), 357-355 B-C-
79 3. pliiris : gen. of indefinite value. 'V^'ith facio'it means lit. 7n
of more account; hence, esteem 7Hore highly.

CHABRIAS 189
CHABRIAS p^ej
B.C. yg
376. Battle of Naxos.
357. Chabrias slain at Chios.
I. 8. memoria: A. 245. a. i; B. 226.2; G.397.N.2; H.481;
M. 654.
2. •vlctbiia: join with fidente77t. See note on pecunia, p. 4g,\.
3. eo . . . quod: in the following mafiner. Omit quod in translating.
4. reliquam: distinguish carefully: —
alius, another, other;
alter, other of two, second;
ceterus, the other, all other, the rest of;
reliquus, re77iaining, the rest of.
—vetuit cedere : see note on violdrl, p. 63, 1. 3.
5. genu: dat. with obnlxo, which is in the abl. abs. with scuto.
The soldier knelt on one knee, with shield grounded and braced
against the other knee, and spear levelled.
6. novum : new tactic.
7. iam incurrentis : in the very act of charging.
9. illo statu : the attitude just mentioned of the soldier preparing
to resist a charge.
II. artifices: almost like our use of/ro/i^jjzowa/f, covering those
classes of men who make a business of competing for prizes. In
Greece these might be musicians, poets, actors, athletes, and the like.
II. 15. sua sponte : contrasted w'lih dux Athe7iiensium.
16. adiiitum : snpme w'lih profectus.
17. publice: officially.
23. magnas praedas faciebat: got much gain.
III. 3.- diem: generahy ierrimmewhen'itmeans, appointed day. 8
4. quam : refers to die77i, and is governed by afite. A dissyllabic
preposition sometimes, as here, follows its case, especially with a
relative or demonstrative pronoun. The whole clause is in the
indir. disc, after denUntiarunt. Trans, as though et denuntiarunt
nisi ante earn-.
5. Hoc niintio : abl. of cause.

190
NOTES
6. neque: but . . . not.
7. necesse: absolutely necessary. Necesse denotes binding necessity
; oportet and debeo express fitness and duty respectively;
the passive peri]3hrastic tells what is or requires to be done.
9. liberalius quam ut posset: too freely to be able. See note
on possent, p. 41,1. 4.
10. civitatibus : dat. with C077tmune.
II. ut: if the fact alone had been in mind, a quod clause with
the indicative could have been employed, but the use of a clause of
result shows that the circumstance is conceived of as a consequence
of the natural character of " great and free states." —- detrahant:
sc. elves or ho77iines.
14. Neque . . . ille : a7id ifideed he was not the only one who.
16. tantum, quantum : as far as; accusatives of extent which
have become adverbs.
17. recesserint: a strict holding to the law of sequence would
require the pluperfect. The change to the primary sequence gives
greater vividness.
19. dissimilis quidem Chares: though Chares, it is true, -was
different,
20. horum: A. 234. d. I ; B. 204. 3 ; G. 359. R. I ; H. 435. 4.
Cf. " I shall not look upon his like again."
IV. 24. privatus : without a C077imand, — auctoritate : not
authority, because that would imply official superiority, which Chabrias
did not now have, but influence,
I. studet: A. 276. e ; B. 293. I; G. 570 ; H. 533. 4; M. 917.
5. rostro : see illustrations, pp. 28, 82.
6. suberat quae exciperet: stood by to rescue.

EPAMINONDAS 191
EPAMINONDAS
B.C.
371. Battle of Leuctra.
369. Messenia restored to liberty.
362. Battle of Mantinea.
I. 13. The language of this chapter should be compared with
that of the Praefatio.
14. scribimus: begin to write. A. 327. a; B. 291. i; G. 574,
575; H. 605. I; M. 878.-—praecipienda: sc. esse.
16. ipsis: in their own eyes.-—sunt: ind. of a statement regarded
as a fact, and not part of the indirect discourse.
2. abesse a persona : is inconsistent with the character.
3. quae omnia : and yet all these things.
5. exprimere imaginem: the expression literally means to
press out or mould a likeness, as in clay. Portray would be nearer
the English idiom.
9. pertineat: subj. of characteristic.
10. eam declarandam : making the portrait distinct.
12. quibus, a quibus : notice the difference between the abl. ofmeans
and that of agency.
14. ingeni facultatibus : talents.
15. si qua alia : whatever else.
II. 18. patre: abl. of source.
19. iam a: even fro7n the titne of. I.e. as all his ancestors had
been before him. — eruditus . . . magis : the full expression would
be sic autem est^erudltus ut 7iemo Thebdnus magis eruditus sit.
26. adulescens : though hi77tself but a young 77ian.
I. neque a se dimisit: and he did not give hi77i up.
4. ad consuetudinem: what other construction might have
been used here?
8. athletarum: the course of training followed by professional
athletes in ancient Greece was believed by many thoughtful men of
the time to disqualify them for work requiring intelligent and
thorough control of the body, as well as mere physical strength.
10. exercebatur : se exercebat.
II. ad . . . contendere: to the end that he 7night be able to
grapple and conte7id standing. The emphasis is on stans, in

192 NOTES
contrast to wrestling on the ground, which was also practised. —
posset: A. 328; B. 293. III. 2; G. 572; H. 603. II. 2.
III. 15. accesserant: were added.
16. temporibus : opportunities. — fortis manu: see note on the
same words, p. 38, 1. 15.
18. idem: erat aute77i.
I. commissa: things intrusted; hence, secrets.
2. studiosus audiendi: an attentive listener.
3. disci : impersonal, that one learned.
5. disputaretur: a discussion was going on.
9. Amic5rum: emphatic position, being the word of greatest
interest in the sentence. — caruit: did without. — facultatibus :
abl. of separation. Observe the balance of words: —
se tuendo
alios sublevandos.
Latin is full of such contrasts. —fide : their confide7ice in him. Observe
the alliteration with facultdtibus, and the chiasmus which
brings the two words together.
13. virgo . . . posset: see note on dotibus, p. 38,1. 5.
15. pro facultatibus : i7i proportion to his means.
17. ipsi: with their own hands.
IV. 22. corrumpendum: see note on tuenda, p. 18,1. 28.
27. Nihil: adverbial.
I. pecunia: A. 243.6; B.218. 2; G.406; H.477. Ill; M. 646.
4. orbis terrarum: the regular expression for the geographical
world. Mundus means either the universe, or (in poetry) the world
of mankind. Terra alone may denote the earth astronomically considered,
land as distinguished from water, or a single country.
5. Tu: bring out the emphasis, as for you. — incognitum:
a 7nan who7n you did fiot kno%u. — tui: see note on horum, p. 81,
1. 20.
9. Hunc Diomedon: it is very common to have subject and
object thus stand together in strong contrast.
10. attulerat: what would the subj. have implied here ?
II. Istud : what you ask.
11. tibi: see note on absenti, p. 57, 1. i.
13. dSiatum . . . noUiissem: did 7wt like to take whe/i it was
offered.

EPAMINONDAS 193
16. ut . . . escenderet effecit: got hi77i safely on board ship.
18. supra: in the life of Chabrias. — Abstinentiae: do not
trans, abstinence, but see what word best describes the quality of
the act just mentioned. Cf. the same use, p. 38,1. I.
19. Pliirima proferre : cite 77iore instafices.
20. modus . . . est: like our expression one 77tust draw the line
somewhere.
21. volumine: ancient books were written upon a roll (w^^feOT^w)
of papyrus or parchment. This was necessarily limited in size by
considerations of convenience in handling; and as people had not
the advantages of printers' type and thin paper, it will be seen
that most modern books of one volume would have filled many
volUt7iina before the days of printing.
22. res : what kind of t/migs would biographers describe ? What,
then, is the proper word by which to translate res here ?
23. versuum : see note on versus, p. 39, 1. 5.
V. 25. brevitate respondendi: repartee.
27. indidem Thebis: likewise from Thebes; lit. from the sai/ie
place, (na77iely) fro7n Thebes.
2. ut . . . scilicet: that is, for a Theban. — genti: dat. after
inest. The abl. with in would also be good Latin.
3. virium : plus in the sing, is a substantive, and has the partitive
genitive.—in . . . florere: was disti7iguishing hitnself as a warrior.
14. ea: A. 249; B. 218. I; G. 407; H. 477. I; M. 646.
24. Quod . . . putes : in thinki7ig.
28. ego . . . liberavi: at the battle of Leuctra, B.C. 371, with
which the ten years' supremacy of Thebes began.
29. Lacedaemoniis fugatis : do not render the Lacedae77i07iians
having bee7i put to flight.
VI. 6. multa . . . esset: had cast ma7ty taunts at.
7. hoc posuisset: had made this assertion.
12. perorasset: what is the force of the per ?
15. scelere admissS: a striking idiom. It represents a crime
as something which the criminal lets in as it were, the prominent idea
being the wrong done to his own moral nature.
17. legati: in apposition with #z«.i-.
19. frequentissimS : not frequent.
VII. 3. res.. . deducta : 7natters were brought to such a pass.
o

194
NOTES
4. omnes: in such a connection do we more often say all, or
everybody f
6. privatus numero militis : without a commission, and serving
in the ranks.
10. saepius: a 7iumber of times.-—Maxime . . . inliistre: an
especially notable ifistance occurred.
14. in . . . venissent: had fallen into disgrace.
15. iis: see note on absenti, p. 57, 1. I.—locum: see note on
the same word, p. 57, 1. 2.
18, gessit: went on -with.
21. si quis : -whoever.
22. retinuisset, foret: subj. implying that the language of the
law has been quoted (informal indirect discourse).
23. latam: see note on tulit, p. 63, 1. 18.
25. mensibus: abl. of degree of difference.
VIII. 26. Postquam . . . est: after their returfi home.
I. factum: sc. esse. The subject is the result clause ut oboediretit.
4. quid diceret: any plea to make. The thought of the bystander
would be non habet quid dlcat, indirect question. The direct
form of this question would be quid dlcam ? For dicam, see A. 268;
B. 277; G. 265; H. 559.4,; M. 723.
5. venit, nihil: asyndeton. — crimini: in their indictment.
See note on indicio, p. 49, 1. 2.
7. quo minus . . . subiret: A. 319. c; B. 295. 3; G. 549;
H. 568. 8; M. 909.
10. ante se imperatorem : see note on p. 77, 1. 2.
11. aspicere : jr/^c-compounds regularly imply voluntary action,
look; while video, see, does not.
12. proelio : the battle of Leuctra, already mentioned.
14. perduxit: see note on res . . . deducta, p. 89, 1. 3. Notice
the difference in the meaning of the compounded prepositions.
16. Messene: Messenia had been for three hundred years subject
to Sparta. Epaminondas restored its freedom, and built for its
people a new city, Messene, whose citadel was the ancient stronghold
Ithome.
19. ferre suffragium: pass judgitient (lit. cast a vote). Of
course unfavorable judgment is here meant.

EPAMINONDAS ^9S
20. iiidicio capitis : trial for his life. PAGE
IX. 21. extremo tempore: ffiif/flj^, i.e. at the end of his career. 90
24. universi : to a man. — unum : sc. eum.
I. repiignantis : their adversaries. 91
7. exanimatus est: breathed his last.
X. 8. in quo : in regard to this.
10. male consulere: did not have due regard for. — eo:
agrees with and is explained by the clause quod. . . relinqueret.—
diceret: sc. Pelopidds.
13. talem . . . natum : such a son.
14. sis : subj. in a relative clause of cause.
20. sit: A. 332. a. 2; B. 295. 6; G. 553. 4; H. 564. II. l;
M. 782.
21. Quo tempore : at the time when.
22. exsules : Thebes fell into the hands of Sparta through the
treachery of some of her own citizens. A number of the opposite party
went into exile; but later, under the lead of Pelopidas. they returned,
took possession of the city by a stratagem, drove out the Spartan
garrison, and slew many of the Theban traitors.
3. Cadmeam: the citadel of Thebes, so called after Cadmus, the 92
city's m}rthical Phoenician founder. — pGguari coeptum est: the
fighting began. The passive of coepi regularly accompanies passive
infinitives. Do not translate impersonals as such, unless the English
idiom is also impersonal, as in the expression "it is raining,"
and the like.
6. ibit infitias: the construction of this phrase is not settled. It
means will deny. — ante natum : before the birth of. Literally ?
10. pluris: of 77iore account. See note on the same word,
P- 79J 1- 3-

EXERCISES IN WRITING LATIN
Do not attempt these exercises until you have mastered the portion of
text on which each is based. If you find difficulty in rendering a phrase,
do not go to an English-Latin dictionary, but look again for the tJioughl in
the Latin text. The secret of good translation is to find the idioms in one
language which correspond to those in the other. That is to say, we do not
always try to represent each individual word of the English by _ Latin
word; but to learn what is the meaning of each phrase or group of words,
and to express the same idea in idiomatic Latin.
Words in brackets are not to be translated, and words connected by
hyphens are to be rendered by a single Latin word. The Roman numerals
refer to the chapters of the text on which the exercise is based.
PRAEFATIO
Many things which do not conform to our own customs
are nevertheless {tameri) right. Not the same
things are good and bad in-the-sight-of-all (dat.). A
Roman thought [it] far from seemly [for] a man to
dance or play the flute. A Greek was ashamed to take
his wife out to a banquet. But with us these things are
not accounted shameful. According to our customs it
is unworthy of the character of a distinguished man to
be proclaimed victor at Olympia; but we judge all men
according to the standards of their own {suus) nations.
MILTIADES
I. It happens that Miltiades wishes to be sent with
the colonists to the Chersonese. The Athenians send
197

198 EXERCISES
messengers to inquire whom they had best employ as
leader, since a war must be waged with the Thracians.
They are directed by Pythia to take Miltiades [as] their
general. " If you do this," she says {inquit), " your
undertaking will be prosperous."
The Lemnians will voluntarily come under the sway
of the Athenians when Miltiades can sail from Athens
to Lemnos with the north wind.
II. In the whole region of which he had taken
possession there were settled those who had come with
him from Athens, among whom he was [a man] of
royal rank. He had obtained absolute power by the
consent of all. When he had settled the Chersonese,
he asked that Lemnos should be handed over to him
according to agreement. When this had been done,
and the rest of the islands had been brought back under
the sway of the Athenians, he returned to the Chersonese.
III. While I am absent {ft-tl.) I shall leave [as]
guards of the bridge the rulers whom I have brought
with me from Ionia and Aeolis. If I give to each of
these one city to have in charge, no hope will be left
them in case of my death {adl. ads.), because they will be
punished by their own subjects. Therefore their power
rests on my safety.
IV. Darius is urged by his friends to prepare {subj.)
a fleet. With an army of two hundred and ten thousand
men {miles) he approaches Marathon, after the citizens of

MILTIADES 199
Eretria have been carried off and sent {abl. abs.) into
Asia. As quickly as possible the Athenians send a
messenger to Sparta. If they take the field themselves
at the very first opportunity, and do not {and not
= neque) despair of the bravery of the citizens, the
enemy will be more cautious and the citizens will take
fresh courage.
V. A thousand soldiers were sent by the Plataeans
as aid {dat.) to the Athenians. Since all [of] these were
on fire with eagerness to fight, their influence was more
powerful than [that] of Miltiades' colleagues. When
they joined battle, they were not hemmed in by the
hosts of the enemy, whose cavalry was hindered by the
trees; but they put the Persians to rout.
VI. We can easily understand that the cheap honor
which was awarded Miltiades, by whom the whole of
Greece had been liberated, was nevertheless {tamen)
more glorious than that of Demetrius Phalereus. For his
{Hiiius enim) reward was granted by a nation corrupted
by the bounty of the government, but such honors as
[those] of Miltiades were uncommon, and not {neque)
lavishly bestowed.
VII. Ships are given by the Athenians to Miltiades,
that he may bring the islands back to their allegiance.
He is on the point of getting possession of Paros, when,
by some chance, he sees the glare from a burning forest
on the mainland. He concludes that it is a signal from
the king, and returns to Athens. His fellow-citizens

200
EXERCISES
accuse him of treason, and he is fined fifty talents {abl^.
Since he cannot pay this {which since he cannot pay), he
dies in the common jail.
VIII. The Athenians were afraid of Miltiades, who
had had experience in tyranny in the Chersonese. He
was a man of wonderful geniality and of great influence.
Nevertheless, [it was] because {quod) he had been called
a tyrant, although {cum) there were other reasons,
[that] the charge concerning Paros was brought against
him. The people had regard to his character, and pun­
ished him through fear of his desire for power.
THEMISTOCLES
I. We consider none greater than Themistocles, and
[but] few his equals. By the utmost application he be­
came illustrious. His father did not look with favor upon
him, because he lived too fast a life; and accordingly
{itaque) he disinherited him. By this {which) misfortune
he was not crushed, but hfted.
II. The state was rendered fiercer when the people
appointed Themistocles general. The Athenians were
persuaded by him to wage war with {cum) the Cor-
cyraeans. When these had been crushed, then the
pirates are said to have been pursued. The Athe­
nians became skilled in war, and a source-of-safety to
the whole [of] Greece. It was said that when Xerxes
invaded Greece, he aimed especially at the Athe­
nians, on account of the battle of Marathon {adj.).

THEMISTOCLES 20I
They were persuaded to defend themselves by wooden
walls.
III. They are sending picked [men], who are to
hold {subj. of purpose) Thermopylae, and the fleet w:ill
meet the king's naval forces at Artemisium. They will
make for a narrow strait, so that the ships of the barbarians
may not surround them. If they go away from
here, they will station the fleet near Salamis in order to
please Themistocles.
IV. If we go off {fut.) to our homes, we can defend
ourselves by [our] walls. But since {cum autem) all
[of] us together are a match for the barbarians, let us
remain. A faithful slave of Themistocles will be sent
to the king, to tell him that he can quickly crush us all.
He will suspect no deceit, and will be conquered by this
stratagem.
V. If the king had not failed in his undertaking, he
would not have returned to Asia. He supposed that
a plan was on foot to destroy the bridge which had
been made over the Hellespont. And so he did not
crush the enemy with the remnant of his forces, but
submitted to Greece.
VI. Let us establish Piraeus [as] a: harbor, and
restore the walls of Athens. The Lacedaemonians
say that no city outside of the Peloponnese ought to be
surrounded with fortifications. For they wish the
Athenians to be weaker than themselves. If their

202
EXERCISES
ambassadors forbid us to build walls, Themistocles
will undertake an embassy at his own personal risk,
that our city may be fortified.
VII. Though the Lacedaemonians complain that
Themistocles is dragging out the time as long as
possible, the work is none the less going on. The
chief authority is in the hands of the ephors. These
send [as] ambassadors to Athens men who have held
the highest offices. The Athenians have fenced in
their gods with walls, the more easily to defend them
from an enemy. This they have done in accordance
with international law {abl.).
VIII. His fellow-citizens banished him by ostracism.
When he was living at Argos, he was accused by the
Lacedaemonians, because, as they said {express by
mood), he had made an alliance with the Persian
king for the conquest of Greece. Both Athenians and
Lacedaemonians demanded his extradition, but he embarked
on a ship and sailed to Ephesus.
IX. If Thucydides {case ?) is to be believed {gerundive),
when Themistocles had come to Artaxerxes, he
asked that he might have the king's friendship. He said
that he had taken refuge with him because he was
hunted out of Greece. After a year's time had passed,
the king permitted Themistocles to come to him.
X. Because the king admired Themistocles' high
spirit, he wanted him to be on his side. When he

ARISTIDES 203
{Qui cum) had become versed in the Persian language,
he made the king many acceptable {many and acceptable)
promises. It is said that he took poison intentionally,
because he could not subdue Greece by war, and that
he was buried first {primum) at Magnesia, then {deinde)
in Attica.
ARISTIDES
I. When Aristides and Themistocles were rivals, the
former {ille) was sentenced to ten years' exile. Since
the mob could not be checked, he went away. A
certain man was not pleased because he was called
the Just. It is said that the eloquence of Themis­
tocles proved to be of more avail than the integrity
of Aristides.
II. After the barbarians had been routed at Plataea,
Aristides made the Athenians leaders {brought it about
that the Athenians were leaders) on the sea. On account
of Pausanias' arrogance and Aristides' fairness, many
states of Greece joined the Athenian alliance. If Aris­
tides had not been released from his punishment, this
could not have happened.
III. If 460 talents are gathered yearly into Delos,
the common treasury, the enemy will be more easily
driven off. Aristides will settle how much each state
is to give. After a man of such integrity has died, his
daughters are supported at the public expense, if he
dies in reduced circumstances.

204
EXERCISES
PAUSANIAS
I. The barbarians were destroyed at Plataea under
the leadership of Pausanias. In this battle he defeated
Mardonius, the king's son-in-law. The Lacedaemonians
blamed him, because he dedicated a golden tripod to
Apollo on account of his victory. They erased his in­
scription, because he was puffed up and had said that [it
was] he [who] had destroyed the Persians.
II. Pausanias enjoyed equal good fortune when he
drove the forces of the barbarians out of Thrace. He
sent the Persian nobles whom he had captured to the
king, and said that he desired to form a marriage-alli­
ance with him. The king {Ille) promised to give {se
with fut. inf.) him his daughter in marriage, a.s{id quod)
he had requested, and said that he was greatly rejoiced
at the safety of his relatives. Since Pausanias had now
{iam) begun to aim at greater power, the Spartans
called him home, and accused him on a capital charge,
but only {tantum) sentenced him [to pay] a money-fine
{abl>).
III. Pausanias' plans were disclosed when he changed
his national customs for kingly splendor {abl.). After-
the Spartans found out that he was not giving audience
to petitioners and was exercisiiig-his-power cruelly, they
said that he must return {gerundive) home. The ephors
cast him into the common gaol, as {id quod) is allowed
them, but did not condemn him to death. Neverthe­
less they thought that he was going to stir up the

CIMON 205
Helots, and so they waited until the actual facts shou
come out.
IV If the young man delivers the letter he must
perish. And so he will hand it over to the ephors. But
the Lacedaemonians display {express by dat.) so much
deliberation that they will not be moved to use force
before {priusquam) Pausanias reveals {fut. perf.) him­
self. They will order the witness to flee to the temple of
Neptune, and seat-himself upon the altar. Certain of
the ephors will go down into an underground place, from
which they can hear what Pausanias and the Argihan
say. Pausanias will beg the young man to help him.
V. Do the ephors think it better that a trap should
be laid for him .• If he should flee into the temple,
would he be able to get out} No {Minime), for he will
be shut in with stones, and when he is taken out {fut,)
he will be half-dead. Thus must those perish who de­
file their glory by base deeds {factum). His body will
be buried far from the spot where he dies {fttt. perf),
but the Delphic oracle will command {praecipio) that he
be disinterred.
CIMON
I. The beginning of Cimon's youth is said to have
been hard; for he was cast into prison on account of
a fine which his father could not pay. In order to pay
this {rei}) money, he gave his own {suus) wife in mar­
riage to a certain rich Callias. Elpinice said that she

2o6
EXERCISES
would marry Callias, although he was not well-born,
that Cimon might not die in prison.
II. Because Cimon {Cimon because) was a man of
the highest wisdom and eloquence, he had a power­
ful influence over the nation. The town [of] Am­
phipolis was founded by him. He is said to have
conquered the Phoenicians at Mycale, and to have
compelled the islands which had revolted to return to
their allegiance. He decorated the citadel of Athens
with the great booty which he had obtained [when]
commander of the Athenians.
III. Although Cimon fell into disfavor and was ban­
ished, the Athenians quickly repented of his exile, and
recalled him. War was declared by the Spartans five
years after he was condemned to banishment, but peace
was restored between these two powerful states through
the agency {opera) of Cimon. Not long after, this
[man], who had been banished and recalled and was
now general, died in Cyprus, where he was besieging
the town of Citium.
IV. He was long missed by the Athenians. So great
was his generosity that no keepers were placed in his
gardens, but all who wished could enjoy their fruits.
Many were made rich by him, and many who had died
in poverty {adj) were buried at his expense. He never
put off a man {quisquam) who was in need of help, but
gave at once money, or even {etiam) his own cloak.

LYSANDER 207
LYSANDER
I. Lysander's renown was due to good luck; for if
the Athenians had been obedient to the command of their
generals, they would not have been subdued by him.
When he had cast out those who favored the Athenian
side, he gave the supreme command to ten men in
each state. All [of] these assured him by a pledge
that they would be his creatures. This was done after
the Athenians had surrendered themselves to him.
II. He saw that Thasos was especially faithful to
Athens. If he had not desired to corrupt this state,
he would not have returned from Asia. He concealed
his purpose in this matter, just as if he were not looking
out for {impf. subj) his own interests.
Ill; The decarchy which he has established has been
broken up. The Lacedaemonians say that he will try
to bribe the oracle of Delphi, and that if he cannot [do]
this, he will make an attempt on [that] of Dodona. If
he should try to corrupt the Africans, he would be
greatly deceived by the priests of Jupiter. He does
not doubt that he will be chosen leader. Of this {of
which thing) a speech which we have found in his
house is evidence {dat).
IV. It has been reported to Lysander's fellow-citizens
that he has done many cruel deeds in this war. Pharnabazus,
whose influence in this matter is great, has

2o8 EXERCISES
promised to bear testimony to the scrupulousness with
which he has treated the allies. When Lysander himself
reads {fut. perf) the book which he has given the
ephors to examine, he will wish that he had not asked
the satrap to write the government concerning him.
ALCIBIADES
I, II. All are agreed that in Alcibiades nature tried
[to see] what she could accomplish. If he had not
stood in the first rank of orators, and skilfully availed
himself of his opportunities, we should not have said
that he was so clever. But since the persuasiveness of
his speech was so great that none could resist him, every
one wondered that he was found [to be] so dissolute
and self-indulgent.
III. The Athenians are said to have declared war
on the Syracusans by his advice. Because he had celebrated
the mysteries at his own house, they supposed
that it was he who threw down the statues-of-Hermes.
Many were filled with terror lest this should pertain to
a conspiracy. From this it happened that their fear
was greater than their hope. If Alcibiades could be
of great service to Athens, he could also work the state
great harm. And so it seemed that he was about to
destroy the people's liberty.
IV. This is the charge on which {abl) he is accused.
He asks his enemies not to wait for the time when
he has gone away. They, however, realize that this

ALCIBIADES 209
must be done. When he has been declared guilty {fit.
perf), he will sail from Thurii to Elis, to avoid the impending
storm. If he hears that his property has been
confiscated, and that he has been cursed by the priests,
he will wage war against his own [countrymen].
Through his advice the Lacedaemonians will gain the
upper hand in the war.
V. Alcibiades cannot be kept ignorant that the
Spartans hold aloof from him through their fear of
his patriotism. Therefore, since he is a man of extraordinary
shrewdness, he will take care not to be
killed. It is said that he has become the fast friend
of Tissaphemes. When he is taken back by the army
of the Athenians, he will be restored [to his rights] by
a decree of the people. He has decided to seek an
opportunity of recovering the cities of Ionia, that he
may return to Athens after having accomplished great
deeds.
VI. Alcibiades is persuading the people that their
good fortune comes through his efforts. It will seem
to them that they have lost the army in Sicily through
their own fault. When they have given back his property
and removed the curse, they will not remember
that they adjudged him guilty of sacrilege. I am not
so hard-hearted that I would neither weep over his
misfortunes nor go down to the Piraeus to see him
disembark.
VII. Alcibiades' office was taken away from him,
that his happiness might not be too long-lived. While
p

2IO EXERCISES
absent he heard that they had put another in his place
since they had come to the conclusion that he had been
bribed by the king. Every one said that he was acting
with evil intent when he did not capture Cyme; for
there was nothing which he was unable to do {indir.
disc). From this it came about that he went to Thrace,
and grew rich on the plunder of the barbarians.
VIII. When Philocles stationed his fleet near Aegos­
potami, Lysander did not let slip such an opportunity of
destroying the army. Although the Athenians had no
money, they had their arms and ships; but since Lysan­
der had both money and men {miles), he wished to
exhaust the Athenians by dragging out the war as long
as possible. Philocles was unwilling to ask for peace,
because he felt that if he should do so {plup. subj.), he
would be of no account among the Athenians. If any
piece of good fortune befell, he wished to have a share
in it. Alcibiades warned the Athenians not to have
their camp near the enemy.
IX. It is said that after Alcibiades went into hiding
in Thrace, all his thoughts were turned to the liberation
of his country. He did not doubt that he would be
able so to captivate the Persian king by his courteous
manners that the king {ille) would help him to make
war on the Spartans. When he had an opportunity
of meeting the king, he revealed to him what Cyrus,
the king's brother, was doing. For the latter {Hic
enim) was preparing for war. And so he came into
great favor, because he had served the king.

THRASYBULUS 211
X. The tyrants ask the satrap to dehver up Alci­
biades. Pharnabazus is informed by them that if he
does not kill {perf. subj.) him, the king's power will be
damaged. Those who are sent to put him out of the
way secretly rob him of his sword. As-he-passes {pres.
part.) through the flames he is slain by weapons thrown
from a distance.
Alcibiades had been laboring that Lysander's work at
Athens might not be permanent; but he was killed by
barbarians, who did not dare attack him with the sword.
XI. This man, [though] slandered by many, was
spoken of with the highest praise by the historian
Thucydides. He {Qui quidem) writes that after Alci­
biades [had been] expelled from Athens [and] had
come to Thebes, no one was his match in strength of
body. In patience and endurance, moreover {autem), he
surpassed the Lacedaemonians, who devote themselves
more to frugality than to magnificence. Among the
Persians he was accounted first in those things which
they especially admire; for {nam) they are both high
livers and energetic hunters.
THRASYBULUS
I. No one is to be counted superior to Thrasybulus
in honor and greatness of soul. By him his country
was brought out of slavery into freedom, [a thing]
which has happened to few {put the rei. clause in the
first part of the sentence). When Athens was held in
subjection by the Thirty Tyrants, war was declared

212
EXERCISES
against them by him alone; this glorious deed is entirely
his {proprius). In the Peloponnesian war all his exploits
{res gestae) were turned to account by Alcibiades.
II. Not more than thirty of his friends fled with him
to Phyle. Although the Tyrants despised him at first,
he defeated them so that they fled disgracefully into the
city. In their flight {pres. part.) no violence was done
them, nor were the dead despoiled of their clothing. If
the leader of the Tyrants had not despised the forces
of Thrasybulus, he would not have fallen in battle.
Thrasybulus {Ille autem) had been in need of arms and
of the necessaries of life after he had fortified Munychla,
and he thought it fair to lay-hands-on these.
III. Peace was made by Pausanias, king of the Lace­
daemonians. Those who had practised cruelty suffered
exile. By the Law of Forgetfulness, which Thrasybu­
lus proposed, no one was accused of those things which
he had done before the peace, except those who had
caused a massacre. Thrasybulus also promised that
their property should not be confiscated {inf). When
peace had been made, he performed what he had
promised.
IV. Let him be given a crown by the people. That
which has been called out by love and not by force can
cause {have) no envy. Therefore let no more than the
two olive boughs be given in recognition of {pi'o) his
services. Do not ask for that which many desire. If
the people give you a hundred jugera, be content with

CONON 213
that. The wise Pittacus did not desire more. Fairness
of mind and good-will can be shown by very small
presents.
CONON
I. No one doubts that Conon's aid was of great value
to the Athenians in the Peloponnesian war. Pherae
was taken by him when he was governor of the islands.
[It was] because he was absent [that] Lysander defeated
the Athenians at Aegospotami. If he had then
{turn) been in charge of the fleet, they would not have
suffered that disaster. He is said to have been skilful
in the art of war, and to have done great deeds. It
is also {quoque) said that matters were badly managed at
the end of the war.
II. When he had betaken himself to Pharnabazus in
order to be a protection to his country, he managed to
be {brought it to pass that he zvas) in command of the
army which was sent against that satrap who had revolted
from the king. He was able greatly to hinder the
Spartans, with whom Tissaphemes had formed an alliance.
He did this because he heard that his country's
fortunes were shattered. It was evident that he could
accomplish this only {tantum) through much foil and
many perils.
III. It is not surprising that Tissaphemes had influence
with the king, for his services had been very great.
But it was clear to the rest that he had revolted from
the king. Conon wrote to the king that the man {is)
was not faithful to his allegiance. Conon preferred to

2,14 EXERCISES
carry on his intended negotiations through letters, be­
cause he was afraid that his own country would be
scandalized if he should do reverence to the king after
the manner of the Persians. And so the chiliarch com­
municated his {eitis) wishes to the king in writing.
IV. Through Conon's influence the king is persuaded
to wage war against the Spartans. Conon says that it
is not within his prerogative to distribute the money.
Let him demand ships-of-war from the Phoenicians, if
he wishes to make ready a fleet. The Lacedaemonians
thought that he would collect a fleet during the follow­
ing summer, and so they set out under the leadership
of Pisander, who was both brave and prudent. But
they were put to flight near Cnidus.
V. If he had not been careless, he would not have
striven after more than he could accompUsh. For he
thought he could restore Ionia and Aeolia to his coun­
try. But he was summoned by the king, who cast him
into prison. Some have left it on record that he was
there some time. If Dinon is to be believed, he
escaped. But at any rate he avenged his country's
wrongs.
DION
I. The Carthaginians are said to have admired Dion
greatly {magna opere), because of the faithfulness with
which his embassies were conducted {because e^iibassies
were faithfziUy conducted by him). He is also said to
have been intimate with Dionysius the Elder {prioi)

DION 215
on account of the many excellent qualities with which he
was {had been) endowed by nature. The wealth which
his father had left him was increased by the gifts of
Dionysius, who honored his character, which was suited
to the highest accomplishments. For he was both openminded
and courteous.
II. Because Dionysius loves him even as a son, he
cannot refuse to send for Plato, with whom the youth is
charmed. Yet the tyrant cruelly orders him to be sold.
When Dionysius had fallen sick, he was given a sleeping-potion
by his physicians, and through taking this
{which having been taken) he met his end. Dion had
asked the doctors how he was, for he wished to talk
with him, that his sister's son might have part of the
kingdom; and what he said {eius sermo) was reported to
Dionysius' son by the doctors.
III. Dionysius sent for Plato from Athens, in order
to be in some respect like his father. But when he was
about to .restore {fut. part.) liberty to the Syracusans,
Philistus the historian discouraged him from his purpose.
If he had followed Plato's advice, he would have
made an end of the tyranny. This was one of the
things {one thing) which increased the hostility of Dion
and the tyrant, although at first Dionysius had regarded
his wishes.
IV. When Dion was given a trireme in which to sail
to Corinth, many were angry at the tyrant's act. But
Dionysius had been afraid that he might be crushed by

2l6
EXERCISES
the other {ille), and so he did this for his own safety.
Dion had surpassed him in influence and in the people's
love. After he had debauched Dion's son with feasting
and wine, that no time might be left for [him to be]
sober, the father returned and placed guards over him
{dat) to reclaim him from his former manner-of-hfe.
V. At Corinth, preparations for war were made by
Dion and Heraclides, but they induced [only] a few to
[take] a.share in {of) the danger. If they had not
been [men] of the greatest courage, they never would
have entered Syracuse. But Dion thought that a power
which was not protected by good-will could be easily
overthrown. And so the king's proud-spirit was crushed,
when Dion had become master of the citadel of Syra­
cuse ; and he no longer {neque ille iam) trusted in his
soldiers and warships, but was willing to make peace.
VI. The death of a son is the severest wound which
a parent can receive. By this sudden change in-his-
estate {gen. plur. of res) fortune tried to exercise her
power upon him, but he was not overwhelmed by
her fickleness. Can a state be well conducted under the
control of many.' It seemed to Homer that this could
not be done {fio). When Dion quoted that line of
Homer in which this idea is found, Heraclides, who was
in command of the fleet, did not regard it with indifference.
In order to check the unpopularity which followed
this speech, Dion is said to have had him {ille)
put to death.

DION 217
VII. When his own money failed, he laid hands on
the estates of his friends. But fear was inspired in the
tyrant when his soldiers began-to-say {impf) that he
ought not to be endured. He had lost [the good-will
of] the nobility a little while before. If anyone {quis)
was opposed to him, his property was confiscated. The
people who had lauded him to the skies were now of a
disposition unfriendly to him.
VIII. Callicrates was a man not to be deterred {qui
with impf. subj.) by any scruple. When he was laying
plots against Dion, he swore that no harm should come
to him at his hands. Dion said that Callicrates {ille)
was pretending to be unfriendly to him by his own
direction, and that in this way he would escape the displeasure
of the people. But his wife and sister were
afraid that he would be put to death, and did not know
how he was to escape the hatred of the soldiers.
IX. " I shall choose certain bold young men," said
{inquit) Callicrates, "and give them charge to attack
him as-he-lies {part) in bed. They will say that they
have come to hold an interview with him, and when
they are admitted {fut. perf), they will bind him and
slay him {slay him bound) with a sword. If chance
hinders my plans, I shall flee to a place-of-safety in the
trireme. which my brother is rowing-about in the harbor
as though to exercise the oarsmen."
X. Report of the murder spread rapidly. Many
innocent persons are said to have been cut down by

2l8
EXERCISES
those who were ignorant [as to] who the guilty men
were. Public sentiment changes wonderfully; for he
who in his life had been called a tyrant was now {nunc)
styled the liberator of his country. But he could not be
won back from the lower world by the compassion of
those who were not pleased at his death.
IPHICRATES
I. The weapons of the Athenian infantry are said to
have been changed by Iphicrates. His soldiers were
light-armed, and from the shield which they used they
were afterwards called peltasts. The length of the spear
was doubled, and the soldiers were given hnen cuirasses.
Nepos says that Iphicrates was ranked with the fore­
most men of his time, and that he in no instance made
a culpable failure.
II. A war was waged by Iphicrates to restore an
ally of the Athenians to the throne. His troops were
the most thoroughly disciplined of all in Greece. They
were so obedient to their leader that he was able by
their aid to destroy a Spartan mora. Iphicrates was
asked for as leader in the war which was waged {infero)
by Artaxerxes upon the king of Egypt, and he was put
in command of twelve thousand men {miles).
III. The son of Iphicrates used-to-say {impf) that
he valued his mother more highly than [he did] his
father. It is said that Iphicrates was once tried for
his life, but was acquitted. His great fidelity was

CHABRIAS 219
shown in his care for the children of Amyntas and
Eurydice, the Macedonians. Theopompus has left it
on record that he was a good citizen.
CHABRIAS
I. Many of the things which Chabrias did {gero) are
worth remembering. If he had not come as aid to the
Boeotians, they would all have been put to flight. But
when Agesilaus had routed the mercenary troops,
Chabrias, with the rest of the phalanx, received the
enemy's charge with shield braced against the knee,
and spear levelled. From this it came to pass that
their {eorum) leader did not dare to advance.
II. He is said to have acquired great renown from
the wars which he waged in Egypt and Cyprus.
When he heard that war had arisen between the
Egyptians and Persians, he helped the Egyptians,
although Artaxerxes, king of the Persians, had an alliance
with the Athenians. He did this because he wasnot-willing
{nolo) to yield-precedence to Agesilaus the
Spartan, whom he knew {phip. of cognosco) to be in
command of the Egyptian fleet.
III. If the ambassadors had not complained, Chabrias
would not have returned home. But he came back
to Athens, that he might not be condemned to death.
He said that he would not linger there long, lest he
should not be able to escape the envy of the common
people. It is said that in this thing he did the same

220
EXERCISES
2&{which) all the leading men of that state, who wished
{void) to be as far from [the reach of] envy as they
could {subj).
IV. An honorable death is better than a disgrace­
ful life. Such {talis) was the death of Chabrias.
When Chios was besieged by the Athenians, and his
ship was entering the harbor, the pilots of the other
ships did not follow him, and the enemy surrounded
him. When his ship was rammed and began to sink,
he did not escape by casting himself into the sea,
because he preferred not to abandon his ship; and
the enemy slew him with their weapons while he was
fighting {pres, part,) hand-to-hand.
EPAMINONDAS
I. Do not think that everything which seems frivo­
lous in your eyes is regarded in like manner by the rest
[of the world]. You know that Epaminondas did not
consider dancing {infiti,) beneath his dignity, nor music
[a thing] to be reckoned among offenses. Therefore, in
portraying his likeness, you ought to omit nothing which
makes it vivid. What was his family.? Who were his
teachers.'' In what branches was he educated.? These
are the things which you must tell {gertiftdive).
II. If Epaminondas devotes himself to philosophy,
he will surpass all his fellow-pupils. In wrestling it is
said that he gives more attention to nimbleness than to
great strength {greatness of stirngtJi), because he thinks

EPAMINONDAS 221
that the latter pertains especially {maxime) to the training
of boxers. Dionysius is teaching him to sing to the
accompaniment of stringed instruments, so that no
Theban will be better educated than-he. Since all these
things are highly honorable in Greece, we must not
despise them.
III. When we hear that Epaminondas was skilled in
warfare, a good listener, conscientiously keeping secrets,
[and] wisely improving his opportunities, we think that
we have learned many of his good [qualities] of soul.
If he had not renounced the help of his friends in caring
for himself, he would not have been able to use their
confidence for helping others. When he was directing
how much each one should give, one might have supposed
that he possessed all things in common with them.
IV. It is said that Diomedon tried to bribe him, and
offered him an immense weight of gold in order to
mould him to his purpose. But Epaminondas said
that he was ready, without money, to do whatever {quicumque)
was for the advantage of the Thebans, and that
he would not accept the gold.
If we were not including in this one volume the lives
of many men, we should be able to give further instances
of his integrity.
V. It seemed to the Thebans that Epaminondas was
most happy in repartee. When a certain eloquent rival
urged them to choose peace rather than war, Epaminondas
said that he was misleading his fellow-citizens.

222
EXERCISES
and that [it was] through war [that] peace was obtained;
therefore, if the Thebans wished to enjoy the former
{ille), they ought to practise themselves in the latter {hlc).
To those who thought that he was aiming at Agamem­
non's military fame, he said that Agamemnon had taken
a single city, but he {se autem) had liberated Greece.
VI. The Athenian ambassador asserts that if you
notice what kind of men each-of-the-two states produces,
you will be able to pass judgment on the rest from
these. I am surprised at his folly,, because {qui -with
subj.) he has himself failed to notice that the Athenians
welcomed those who were banished from their own
country. I am able so to expose the tyranny of these
Athenians that you will neither seek their friendship
nor join their alliance.
VII. Epaminondas thought it a shame not to endure
the insults of his fellow-citizens. When, owing to an
inexperienced leader's blundering, the army was sur­
rounded by the enemy in a narrow pass, and there
began to be a demand for Epaminondas' careful-man­
agement to deliver the army from its state-of-siege, he
led it home in safety.
Once {quondam) he persuaded his colleagues not to
obey a certain law which had been proposed with the
object of preserving the commonwealth, because he saw
that if they did {plup. subj) this, it would be turned to
the ruin of the state.
VIII. When they are arraigned on this charge, he
allows his colleagues to lay all the blame on him. No

EPAMINONDAS 223
one supposes that Epaminondas can free himself from
danger. But he dares not only {non modo) to deny none
of his opponents' charges, but even {sed etiam) to speak
so that everybody begins to laugh. He says that he is
going to be condemned to death because he has conquered
the Spartans and liberated the whole of Greece.
Even if {etiamsl) the judges are unwilling that he
should go away, they do not dare to cast their votes
against him.
IX. If Epaminondas had not attacked the enemy at
Mantinea too boldly, he would not have received a mortal
wound. But when the Spartans recognized him,
they made a united attack on him. After Epaminondas
heard that the Spartans were conquered, he said that he
had lived long enough. Then he pulled out the iron,
that he might die.
X. Pelopidas found fault with him because he had
never married. But Epaminondas said that his stock
could not die out, because the battle of Leuctra was his
child.
No one will deny that Epaminondas was unwilling to
stain his hands in the blood of his own [people]. But
he was willing to fight with the Lacedaemonians; and to
stand in the first rank at the Cadmea. If he had not
been at the head of the state, Thebes would always have
been subject to a foreign power.
If anyone should deny that Epaminondas was of more
[account] than the state, do you not think that such a
man could be justly {merito) blamed .•"

t. V AC, SHARP
Seer, sharp.
ficriter, sharply.
acies, edge, line of battle.
acutus, keen.
acumen, keenness.
ex-aou6, sharpen, excite.
acerbus, harsh, grievous.
acerbitas, harshness.
OCulus, eye.
2. V AG, DRIVE
WORD-GROUPS
per-ago, thrust through, finish.
red-igo, drive back, reduce.
sub-igo, drive up, subdue.
trans-igo, drive through, finish.
3. V AL, ALI, OTHER, STRANGE
alius, another, other.
aliter, otherwise.
Q
alienus, of another, strange.
alieno, make another''s, estrange.
ab-aUeno, estrange.
alter, other of two.
alteruter, one or the other.
aliquis, some.
aliquando, at some time.
aliquantum, to some extejit.
aliquot, some, several.
4. V AIM, LOVE
ago, lead, conduct, drive. amo, love.
agito, set in violent motion. amator, lover.
cogo (co--|-ago), drive together, amor, love,
collect, compel.
ad-amo, fall in love with, approve.
cogito (co- -I- agito), consider amicus, friend, friendly.
thoroughly.
amicitia, friendship.
c6gitati5, thinking.
in-imicus, enemy, hostile.
ex-c6gito, think out.
ex-igo, drive out, finish.
in-imicitia, enmity.
ex-agito, rouse, persecute. 5. V AP, OP, LAY HOLD, HELP
225
aptus, fastened, suited, fit.
ad-ipiscor (ad -)- apiscor, reach
after), attain, get.
coepi (co- -f apio, attach), begin
(i.e. take hold of a work).
ops (not found in nom. sing.),
opes, aid, wealth, power.
pi.

226
6. "v/ AR, FIT, JOIN
arma, equipment, -weapons.
armo, equip, arm.
armatus, armed man.
in-ermis, unarmed.
ars, practical skill.
WORD-GROUPS
opulentus, wealthy.
ce&o, go (from), yield,
in-ops, witliout resources. ac-cedo, go to, be added,
in-opia, privation, poverty, lack, ar-cess5 (intensive form of ac-
of-ficium (for opi-ficium), service, cedo), cause to come, send for,
duty, allegiance.
ante-cedo, go ahead of, surpass,
of-ficTna (for opi-ficma), workshop. con-ced5, ^0 away, yield,
c5pia (for co-opia), abundance. de-cedo, depart, die,
opus, work, service, need. de-ceasus, departure, decease.
opera, service, pains.
dis-cedo, go apart,
opinio, conjecture.
in-oplnans, unsuspecting.
re-cedo, dra-ai back.
in-opmatus, unexpected, 9. V CAL, CLA, CALL
classis, that which is summoned,
army, fleet.
classiarius, belonging to afieet.
clarus, clear, notable.
de-claro, disclose, make clear.
prae-clarus, exceedingly famous
artifex, (V FAC, make), master of con-cilium, assembly.
an art.
con-cilio, bring together, make
in-ertia (in- -|- ars), unskilfulness. friendly, win over.
re-con-cilio, re-unite, recover.
7. V ARC, SHUT IN, KEEP OFF
10. V CAP, TAKE, HOLD
arx (for arcs), citadel.
ex-erceo (ex -f arceo, confine),
capio, take.
drive out, practise, train.
captTvus, prisoner.
ex-ercitus, disciplined troops, army.
capesso, undertake.
ex-ercitati5, training, discipline.
ac-cipio, receive, accept.
ex-ercitatus, disciplined.
ac-ceptus, welcome.
de-cipio, catch, deceive.
ex-cipio, take out, capture, welcome,
8. \/ CAD, FALL
in-cipio, take in hand, begin.
caAo,fall.
in-ceptum, undertaking, be«inning.
caBus, fall, accident, catajnity. prae-cipio, take beforehand, admon­
ac-oido, befall, happen.
ish.
con-cido, fall together, be slain, prae-ceptor, go to instructor,
ruin.
prae-ceptum, direction, command.
oc-casio, opportunity.
prae-cipuus, taken before ot/iers, es­
xe-cl&o, fall back. \ pecial.

e-cipio, take back, recover,
sus-cipio, undertake.
dis-cepto, decide {i.e.choose between).
parti-ceps (pars), taking part,
sharer, accomplice.
prin-ceps (primus), taking first
place, leader, chieftain.
prin-cipatus, leadership.
caput, head.
capitulatim, by heads, summarily.
an-ceps (for ambi-ceps), t-woheaded,
double, doubtful.
prae-oipito (from prae-ceps, headforemost),
throw headlong, hurl
down.
oc-Cup5, seize.
re-cupero, recover.
II. V CEL, CER, STRIKE, DRIVE
celer, swift.
celeritas, swiftness.
per-cello, beat down, overthrow.
pro-cul, remote,
gladius (for c\a&va.% striker), sword,
clava, club.
curro, run.
cursor, runner, courier.
con-curro, run together, gather.
con-cursus, gathering.
ex-cursio, sallying forth, raid,
oc-curro, run against, meet,
WORD-GROUPS 227
certamen, decisive contest,
de-cerno, determine, decide, aecree.
crimen, judgment, accusation.
dis-crimen, deciding point, crisis.
13. V COL, TILL
COlo, cultivate, cherish.
colonus, husbandman, colonist.
colonia, colony,
agri-cola, tiller of land, farmer,
in-COlo, inhabit,
in-cola, inhabitant,
cultus, cultivation, refinement, style
of dress.
14. V DA, GIVE
do, give.
dos, dowry.
d5num, gift.
dono, give, present.
de-do, give up, surrender.
de-ditio, surrender.
•pxb-&b, put forth, relate, betray (cf.
English give away).
pro-ditio, betrayal, treachery.
red-do, give back, render.
tra-do (trans), hand over, relate.
sacer-dos, priest, priestess (one who
offers sacrifice).
15. V DA, PUT!
ab-do, put away, remove.
ad-do, put to, add.
circum-do, put round, surround.
12. V CER, CRE, PART
con-do, put together, found.
cerno, distinguish, perceive, cre-do (V CRAT, faith), put faith
certus, determined, sure, trustworthy. in, believe, intrust.
iThe Romans themselves sometimes I-do, j*«2^. The latter occurs only ii;.
confused compounds of do, give, and | compounds.

228 WORD-GROUPS
in-cre-dlbilis, incredible. divTno, foresee, prophesy.
e-do, put forth, spread abroad, divTnatio, divination.
e-ditus, elevated, lofty. deus, god.
man-do (manus),^«/ in hand, cofn- dives, rich.
mit, enjoin.
dis, rich,
man-datum, injunction.
divitiae, riches,
com-men-datio, committing, recommendation,
excellence. dies, day, time,
meri-dies (medius -I- dik^), midday,
i6. V Die, DAC, SHOW, POINT south,
dioo, say.
dictum, word.
dictator, dictator,
dlctito, keep saying.
con-dico, agree.
con-dicio, terms.
e-dictum, proclamation.
in-dico, declare publicly, appoint,
impose.
in-dex, informer.
in-dicium, information.
in-dico, point out.
inter-dico, forbid.
iii-dico (V ix, bind), judge.
iu-dex, juJge.
iii-dicium, judgment.
male-dicus, evil-speaking.
prae-dioo, tell beforehand.
prae-dico, assert.
doceo, show, teach,
docilis, teachable, docile,
doctor, teacher,
doctrlna, teaching, learning,
17. V DIV, DI, SHINE
divum, sky,
divlnus, of a deity.
ho-die (for hoc die), to-day,
postridie (VPOS, behind), nextday,
prT-die (V PRI, before), on the day
before,
bi-duum, two days' time,
dill, alt day, long,
diutinus, lasting.
diiiturnus, of long duration.
diuturnitas, length of time.
inter-diii, by day.
18. V DVA, DVI, APART, TWO
duo, two,
dubius, doubtful.
dubium, doubt.
dubito, waver, doubt, hesitate,
ad-dubito, entertain a doubt, be uncertain,
duplex (V •eix.c,fold), fwofold,
bis (for dvis), twice.
disco (for dicsco), learn.
bi-, t-wice, double 1 inseparable pre-
disciplina, instruction, training, dis-, apart J fixes.
con-dlscipulus, fellow-pupil. bini, tioo at a time.
j bellum (for duellum), -war (twosided
contest).
I bello, wage -uar.
\ belhcosus, warlike.
19- V DVC, LEAD
I diico, lead.
\ ductus, leading.

dux, leader.
con-diico, draw together, hire.
con-ducticius, hired, mercenary.
de-diico, lead away.
e-diico, lead out,
e-duco, bring up, educate,
in-diic6, lead in,
ob-diico, draw before,
pro-diic5, lead forth,
re-diic5, lead back.
sub-diico, take from- under, with­
draw.
tra-diico (trans), lead across.
20. V ElM, TAKE
emo, buy.
ad-imo, deprive.
ex-imie, excellently, exceedingly.
ex-emplum, specimen.
praemium (for prae-emium), re­
ward.
promptus (for pro-emptus), brought
forth, at hand, ready.
red-imo, buy back, rescue.
siimo (for sub-imo), take, take up.
sumptus, expense.
c6n-siim5, use up.
21. V ES, BE, LIVE
sum (for esum), be, exist.
ab-sum, be absent.
ab-sens, absent.
ab-sentia, absence.
ad-sum, be at hand, help.
de-sum, be away, be wanting.
ob-sum, be against, injure.
pos-sum (for potis sum), be able.
pot-ens, powerful,
im-pot-ens, powerless, feeble.
pot-entia, power, opportunity.
WORD-GROUPS 229
prae-sum, be before, be set over,
prae-sens, present,
prae-sentia, presence,
im-praesentiarum,j'ir the present,
pro-sum, be useful, serve,
sub-sum, be under, be,
super-sum, be over, survive,
22. V FA, SHINE, SHOW
fama, report,
ad-fabilis, that may be spoken to,
affable,
in-f amis, of ill repute.
in-famia, ill report.
In-famo, defame.
ne-fas, contrary to divine law.
prae-f ati5, foreword, preface.
fanum, consecrated place, temple.
pro-f anus, out of (before) the temple,
profane, unholy.
fateor, confess.
con-fiteor, confess.
in-fitias (ace), denial.
in-fitior, deny.
pro-fiteor, acknowledge.
23. V FAC, MAKE
facio, make, do.
facilis, doable, easy.
factio, making, party.
faoultas, capability, means.
facinus, deed, crime,
ad-ficio, do to, affect.
bene-ficium,/«TOr, kindness.
con-ficio, accomplish, destroy.
dif-ficilis (dis- -J- facilis), difiiculi.
ef-ficio, work out, bring to pass.
in-fectus, undone.

230
duty.
of-ficina (for opi-ficina), work­
shop.
fero, bear, tell.
ad-fero, bring to.
ante-fero, bear in front, prefer.
au-fero (ab), take away.
con-fero, bring together.
de-fero, bring away.
WORD-GROUPS
inter-ficio, put out of the way, fidelis, faithful
kill
fiducia, confidence.
inter-fector, slayer, murderer. con-fido, trust.
of-ficium (for opi-ficium), service. per-fidus, faithless.
foedus, compact, treaty.
foederatus, allied.
pate-facio (\/ PAT, open), disclose. 26. V GEN, GNA, BEGET
prae-ficio, place over.
gens, race, clan.
prae-fectus, commander, prefect.
gener, son-in-law.
pro-fecto, really, certainly.
genus, birth, kind, stock.
pro-ficiscor, put forth, set out.
generosus, well-born, noble.
aedi-fico (aedis), build.
in-genium, that which is born in one,
aedi-ficium, building.
disposition, genius.
sTgni-fico (signum), point out, sig­
pro-genies, offspring,
nify, make signs.
nascor (for gnascor), be born,
24. V FER, BEAR
natii (for gnatu), by birth.
natio (for gnatiS), race, tribe.
natura (for gnatura), nature.
co-gnatio, blood-relationship.
27. V GNA, GNO, KNOwi
nosco, get knowledge of, learn.
nobilis, well-kno-wn, famous, noble.
ef-f ero, bring out.
nobilitas, renown, nobility.
in-fero, bring in.
nobilitS, render fatuous.
of-fero, brittg before, present, offer.
nomen, name (that by which one is
per-fero, bear through, endure to the
known).
end.
nomino, name, call.
prae-f ero, bear before, prefer.
nominatim, by name, particularly.
re-fero, bring back, relate, report,
nolo, mark, designate.
refer.
notitia, celebrity.
fors, chance.
iiarro, make knotvn, relate.
fortuitS, by chance, accidentally. a-gnosc6 (for ad-gnosco), recognize.
f ortu na, fortune.
c6-gnosc6, become acquainted -with,
25. V FID, BIND, TRUST
fido, trust.
fides, faith, pledge.
lear7i.
co-gnomen, surname.
i-gnosco (for in-gnosco), overlook,
pardon.
1 As in the preceding group, g is sometimes dropped before n.

eo, go.
iter, going, journey.
ad-eo, go to.
a&.-itws,,.access.
amb-itio (for ambi-itio), going about,
canvassing, flattery.
ante-eo, go before, surpass.
circum-eo, surround.
co-eo, come together, unite.
com-es, companion.
com-itium, place of assembly.
ex-eo, go out.
ex-itus, going out, outlet, death.
in-eo, go into.
in-itium, entrance, beginning.
inter-eo, go among, be lost, die.
inter-itus, death.
WORD-GROUPS 2JI
i-gnotus, unknown, unacquainted intro-eo, enter.
with.
intro-itus, entrance.
T-gu6ro, not know.
ob-eo, go against, meet.
i-gnorantia, want of knoivledge. ob-itus, approach, death.
per-eo, go through, pass a-way,
28. V GRAD, WALK
perish.
prod-eo, go forward.
gradus, step.
praetor (for prae-itor), leader, prae­
ag-gredior, approach, attempt.
tor.
con-gredior, come together, join battle.
red-eo, go back, return.
e-gredior, go out.
red-itus, return.
pro-gredior, advance.
sul3-eo, go under, come up, under­
pro-gressus, advance.
go
29. V HAB, HAVE
habeo, have.
sub-itus, sudden (springing up).
trans-eo, go across.
habito, have one's abode, dwell. 31. V lA, lAC, GO, SEND
ad-Mbeo, hold toward, invite, use.
de-beo (for &e-'blti\b), withhold, owe,
ianua, door,
iacio, throw.
ought.
ab-icio, throw away.
de-bilito (for de-hibilito), disable.
ad-icio, throw to, add.
pro-hibeo, hold back, prevent.
am-iculum (ambi- -)- iacio), mantle.
30. V I, GO
con-icio, throw together, hurl, conjecture.
de-icio, throw down, destroy,
dis-icio, scatter.
e-icio, cast out.
in-icio, throw into.
ob-icio, throw against, oppose, up­
braid.
tra-icio (trans), throw across.
32. V IV, IVG, BIND, YOKE
iiiro, bind oneself, swear.
iiis, law, right.
iUstus, just.
i-fistitia, justice.
iris iiirandum, oath.
iii-dico (VDIC, show, point), judge.
iii-dex, judge.

232
gether.
se-iungo, separate.
iiinientum, beast of burden (yokeanimal).
iuxta, near to.
33. V LEG, GATHER
\e%b, gather, read.
con-lig5, collect.
con-lega, associate, colleague.
de-ligo, pick out, choose.
de-lectus, picked, select.
di-ligo, single out, prize, love.
di-lectus, selection, levy.
WORD-GROUPS
iii-dicium, judgment.
libido, pleasure, wantonness.
con-iiiratio, swearing together, conIibidin5sus,
watiton,
spiracy.
liber, free,
in-iuste, unjustly.
llberalis, like a freeman, generous,
in-iiiria, wrong, injury.
Kberalitas, generosity, nobility, kindness,
iungo, join.
liberator, deliverer.
ad-iungo, join to, add.
liberi, children (of free parents).
con-iungo, unite.
libero, set free.
ciinctus (for con-iiinctus), all to­ libertas, liberty.
35. V Lie, LIQV, LET, LEAVE
licet, it is permitted.
'\icent12., freedom from restraint.
de-lictum, delinquency, fault.
pol-liceor (pro -|- llceor, bid), hold
forth, promise.
re-linquo, leave behind.
re-liquus, remaining, rest of.
re-liquiae, remainder, remnant.
36. ^ LVC, SHINE
liix (for liics), light.
di-ligens, attentive, careful, diligent.
liicus, open -wood, grove.
di-ligentia, care, faithfulness,
liimen, light.
intel-lego (for inter-lego, " read be-
di-lucide, clearly.
tiveen the lines "), perceive, under­
e-liiceo, shine otit.
stand,
lector, reader,
in-lustris, brilliant, distitiguished.
neg-lego (for nec-lego), disregard, 37. V IMA, MAD, MEASURE,
neg-legenter, carelessly,
MODERATE
sacri-legus (sacer), temple-robbing,
modus, measure, limit,
sacrilegious,
modo, only.
sacri-legium, temple-robbing, sacri­
modestus, moderate, modest,
lege,
modestia, moderation, moaesiy,
34. V LIB, LVB, DESIRE
com-modum,
tage,
convenience, advan­
libet, it pleases,
com-mode, with due vteasure, con­
libenter, willingly.
veniently, skilfully.

im-moderatus, excessive,
im-modestia, tack of restraint,
38. V IWAC, JMAG, BIG
maneo, remain.
memini, remember.
mens, mind.
mentio, reminding, mention.
mentior, invent, tie.
Minerva (old form Menerva),
Minerva, goddess of wisdom.
e-miniscor, contrive.
WORD-i JROUPS 233
a-mitto, send a-way, lose.
ad-mitto, let in, commit.
com-mitto, send together, join, intrust.
magnus, great.
com-missum, something intrusted,
magnitiido, greatness.
secret.
magnificus, great, splendid, magnifi­
di-mitt5, send away.
cent.
e-mitto, send forth.
magnopere (for magno opere),
im-mitto, send against.
greatly.
o-mitto (ob), omit, pass over.
per-mitto, let pass, hand over, per­
magis, more.
mit.
magister, master.
magistratus, magistracy, public of­
praeter-mitto, permit to go by,
neglect.
fice.
re-mitto, send back, relax.
maior, greater,
maiestas, greatness, dignity.
malo (for magis volo), wish rather, 41. V IMOV, iVIV, MOVE
prefer.
move5, move.
maximus, greatest.
mobilitas, mobility, inconstancy.
molior (from moles, huge bulk), momentum (for movimentum),
toil
movement, weight, importance.
39. V IWAN, IVTEN, MIND, STAY
com-moveo, agitate.
per-move5, thoroughly disturb.
re-moveo, move back, move away.
sub-move5, put out of the way, send
away.
miito, change.
com-miito, alter wholly.
com-miitatio, change.
re-miniscor, call to mind, recollect. 42. V IVIV, SHUT, FASTEN
moneo, warn, advise.
mtlnio, fortify.
monumentum, memorial.
miinitio, fortifying, bulwark.
ad-moneo, advise.
munus, service, gift.
moenia, defensive walls.
40. V IMIT, SEND, THROW
com-miinio, fortify on all sides.
mitto, se7id.
com-munis, united, common.
missus (only in abl. sing.), sending, com-muriitas, community, fellow­
throwing.
ship, courtesy.

234
43. V NA, NAY, SWIM
no, swim,fioat.
nato, swim, fioat.
navis, ship.
navalis, naval.
WORD-GROUPS
nau-fragium (for navi-fragium), JA«^wreck.
nauta (for navita), sailor.
nauticus, nautical, naval.
44. V NA, NO
neve or neu (ne -|- -ve), and not,
nor, neither.
nihil, nothing.
nihilum, nothing.
nimis, beyond measure, too.
nimius, too great.
45. V NV, NOW
num, no-w (only after etiam); also
interrogative particle.
nunc, now.
niintius, news, messenger.
nuntio, bring tidings.
e-niintio, speak out, disclose.
inter-nuntius, mediator.
pro-niintio, proclaim.
re-niintio, bring back word.
novus, ne-w,
46. V NEC, NOC, KILL, HUNT
nooeo, do harm, hurt.
noxius, hurtful.
in-nocens, tiarmtess.
in-noxius, tiarmtess.
nox (for noes), night.
noctu (old abl. of noctus = nox),
by night.
nocturnus, of ox by night, nocturnal.
per-nicies, destruction.
per-nici(3sus, destructive.
-ne, interrogative particle, originally
having a negative force. 47. V OL, OR, GROW, RISE
ne, that not, lest.
orior, rise.
neque or nee (ne -|- -que), and not,
ad-orior, attack.
nor.
co-orior, come forth, arise.
nefas (V FA, show), contrary to
ordior, begin.
divine law.
ex-ordior, begin.
nemo (for ne-homo), no one.
origS, beginning.
ad-ulescens (onegrowing up), youth,
ad-ulescentia, youth.
ad-ulescentulus, very young man.
48. V OS, MOUTH, FACE
6s, mouth.
osculor, kiss.
oro, speak, pray.
oraculum, divine announcement,
oracle.
oratio, speech.
j per-6ro, speak from beginning to
end, finish speaking.
coram (co- -f- OB), in the presence of.
49. V PA, FEED
pater, father.
paternus, of a father.
re-novo, renew, \ patrius, paternal, ancestral.

pv,%ria, fight.
pugna, battle.
ie-yvL.^no, fight out.
ex-pugno, take by storm.
im-pQgno, assail.
52. V PLEC, WEAVE, FOLD
ap-plico,yi7m.
ex-plico, unfold, explain.
WORD-i GROUPS 235
patria, fatherland.
im-plico, infold, involve.
patrocinium, protection, patronage. sup-plex, suppliant (bent under, i.e.
patruus, paternal uncle.
kneeling).
panis, bread, loaf.
sup-plicium, punishment (received
Penates, household gods.
on bent Isnees).
com-plector, embrace.
50. V PAC, PAG, PVG, FIX sim-plex (V SEM, together), simple,
pax, compact, peace.
single.
pactio, agreement.
du-plex, double.
pactum, agreement.
tri-plex, threefold, triple.
decem-plex, tenfold, ten times.
53. V PAV, LITTLE
parvus (for pauras), small.
parvulus, very small.
o^-p^%nb, fight against, besiege. pauci, fe-w.
op-piiguator, besieger..
paXi.z\\SL.s, fewness, small number,
pro-piignaculum, bulwark. paulo, by a little.
pro-piignator, defender.
paulum, a little, somewhat.
pauper, poor.
51. V PEL, PVL, DRIVE
paupertas, po-oerty.
pello, drive.
54. V PED, TREAD
ap-pell6, -ere (ad), drive to, bring
to land.
peB,foot.
ap-pello, -are, address, call. pedes, foot-soldier.
com-pello, -ere, drive together, force, pedester, on foot, on land.
compel.
ex-pedio, disentangle,
com-pello, -are, address, summon, im-pedio, entangle, hamper.
accuse.
de-pello, drive away from. 55. V PLE, PLV, FILL
ex-pell6, drive out, banish.
com-pleo,7f// completely.
im-pello, drive on, influence.
o^-p\ao, fill up.
im-pulsus, striking against, infiu-
plenus, full.
ence.
plerusque, a very great part, most.
re-pello, drive back, defeat. plebs or plebes, common people.
re-pulsa, rejection, denial, locu-ples (\.oz\&), full of land, rich,
locu-pleto, enrich.
pliis, more.
pliirimus, most.

236 WORD-GROUPS
am-plus (for ambi-plus, full on both pridie (V Dl, shine), on the day
sides), abundant, great. before,
po-puius, people, nation. primus, first,
piiblicus (for po-pulicus), of the princeps (V CAP, take), chief,
state.
principatus, leadership,
piiblico, appropriate for the state's prior, former.
use, confiscate,
ptistmvis, former, early.
pulvinus, .cushion (something stuffed
full).
prae, before,
praeter, beyond, besides.
56. V POS, BEHIND
praeterea, besides.
post, after.
praetor (for prae-itor), leader.
postea, after this, afterward.
59. V REG, RIG, STRETCH, GUIDE
posterus, folto-wing (nom. sing.
masc. not used).
rego, direct, rule.
posterior, next in order, following.
rectus, straight, upright.
postremo, finally.
regio, direction, region.
postridie (V DI, shine), next day.
regno, rule, reign.
regnum, kingdom.
57. V POT, MASTER
rex (for regs), king.
regius, of a king, royal.
possum (for potis sum), be able.
potens, powerful.
im-potens, powerless, feeble.
potentia, po-wer.
potestas, power, opportunity.
potior, become master of.
potius, rather.
de-rigo, direct.
e-rigo, raise up.
por-rigo (pro -|- rego), extend.
60. V SEiM, SIM, TOGETHER, LIKE
semel, once.
potissimum, chiefiy, preferably. semper, always.
similis, like.
58. V PRO, PRI, PRAE, BEFORE similitudo, likeness.
pro, before.
simplex (V PLEC, weave), simple,
procul (V CEL, drive), at a dis­ single.
tance.
simulo, pretend.
prope, near,
simulacrum, likeness.
propius, nearer.
simul, at the same time.
propinquus, near, kindred, simultas, quarrel, contetitioti.
proprius, own, peculiar.
dis-similis, unlike.
propter, near, on account of. dis-similitudo, unlikeness.
protinus (tenus), right onward. singuli, one at a time.
proximus, nearest, next. singularis, \ singular, extraordinary.

WORD-I GROUPS
6l. V SAC, SAG, FASTEN con-sequor, follotv, attain, get.
sacer, dedicated, sacred.
con-sector, pursue, overtake.
pedi-sequus (pes), footman,servant.
sacerdos, priest.
per-Beiiuor, follow through, pursue.
sacellum, little sanctuary, chapel.
Bocius, fellow, associate, ally,
sacrarium, shrine.
societas, fellowship, association, alli­
sacrilegus (V LEG, gather), that
ance.
robs a te?jiple, sacrilegious.
sacrilegium, temple-robbing, sacrilege.
64. V SED, SID, SIT
sacrifice ( V FAC, make), offer sacri­
sedeo, sit.
fice.
sedo, bring to rest, calm.
re-sacro, release from a curse.
ad-siduus, attending, continual.
sanctus, consecrated, sacred.
con-sido, sit down, encamp.
sanctitas, inviolability, integrity.
dis-side5, sit apart, be at variance.
saepe, often.
in-sidiae, snare, ambush, plot.
saepio, surround with a hedge,
In-sidior, lie in wait for, plot
guard.
against.
segnis, stow, inactive.
ob-sideo, sit down against, beset, besiege.
62. V SEC, SCI, SCID, SPLIT
ob-sidio, blockade, siege.
scio, know (distinguish). prae-sidium, defense, garrison.
scienter, skilfully.
pos-sessio, occupation, estate.
con-scius, knowing with, privy to. pos-sessor, owner.
in-Bciens, not knowing.
in-soius, ignorant.
pos-sido, occupy, seize.
in-BCitia, ignorance.
ne-scio, not know.
65. V SER, STRING, BIND
de-scisco, withdraw, revolt. sermo, connected speech, conversa­
re-scisco, learn, find out.
tion.
scitum, ordinance, resolution, servus, bondman, slave.
re-scindo, cut off, break down, servulus, young slave,
caedo (for scaedo), cut, kill, servio, serve,
caedes, killing, massacre, servitus, slavery, servitude,
in-cTdo, cut into,
in-servio, be devoted to.
con-Beio, join.
63. V SEC, FOLiOW
di-sertus (cf sermo), eloquent.
sequor, follow,
inter-sero, interpose, allege as
secundus, following, second, favor­ pretext.
able (as of a wind).
prae-sertim, specially {in the front
secus, otherwise.
row).
m

238 WORD-GROUPS
66. V SPEC, SEE, SPY
species, sight, appearance.
specto, look at.
spectaculum, show.
speculator, lookout, scout, spy.
in-BtXtutura, purpose, custom,
re-stituo, set up again, restore,
sub-stituo, put in place of,
68. V TA, TEN, .STRETCH
a-spicio (ad -|- speciS, took), look ai,
tabernaculum, tent (something
a-spectus, seeing, appearance,
stretched),
con-spicio, look at attentively,
tends, stretch, direct,
con-spectus, sight, view,
teneo, hold,
de-spicio, look down on, despise,
tento (also written tempto), try,
pr5-spici5, look forward, be on the
attempt,
watch.
tenuis, drawn out, thin, trivial,
re-spicio, look back, regard.
tenus, to the end, as far as,
su-spici5 (sub + specio), look up
pro-tinus, straight on,
at, respect, suspect.
abs-tinentia, abstinence, integrity,
su-spicio, distrust, suspicion.
con-tineo, hold together, restrain,
con-tinens, continuous, self-con­
67. V STA, STAND, SET
trolled,
sto, stand.
con-tinentia, self-restraint,
statim, at once (on t/ie spot). con-tentus, satisfied.
status, station, attitude,
ob-tineo, holdfast, occupy.
statua, statue.
re-tine5, tiold back, keep.
statura, height, size.
sus-tineo (sub), hold up, -with­
anti-sto (ante), stand before, be sustand.perior. at-tend5, direct toward.
anti-stes, overseer, high priest. con-tendo, stretch, strive for, hasten,
con-sto, agree, be certain.
con-tentio, struggle,
in-sto, be at hand.
os-tend5 (ob), spread out before,
ob-sto, stand against, resist.
prae-sto, stand before, be eminent.
show.
prae-stans, excellent.
super-stes, surviving.
69. V TRAG, MOVE, DRAG
de-sisto, leave off.
traho, drag, dra-w.
ex-sisto, stand forth, exist, con-traho, draw together, collect.
ob-sisto, stand in the way, resist, de-traho, draw off, remove, detract.
re-sisto, stand back, remain, resist, ex-trah5, "rf?-ai(; out.
statuo, cause to stand, determine, re-traho, draw back, rescue.
c6n-stitu6, set together, build, tracto, dra-w violently, handle, treat,
de-stituo, set down, desert, tractus, dra-tuiiig, course,
in-Btituo, put in place, establish. ob-trecto, detract from, decrv.

venio, come.
ad-venio, arrive.
ad-ventus, arrival.
ad-vento, advance.
WORD-( GROUPS 239
ob-trectatio, belittling, disparage­ a-verto, turn from. .
ment,
ad-verto, turn toward.
ob-trectator, detractor, traducer. ad-versarius, opponent.
70. A/ VEH, MOVE, CARRY
ad-versus, -i
J V against.
veho, bear, carry.
vectigal, tax, revenue.
vehiculum, carriage.
ad-versum, J *
anim-ad-verto (animus), turn the
mind to, notice.
con-verto, turn completely.
velum, sail.
dl-versus, turned different ways,
in-veho, carry in ; in pass., attack. contrary.
per-veho, bear through, carry. ex-ad-versum, over against.
re-vertor, turn back, return.
71. V VEN, GO
riirsus (for re-vorsus), turned back,
again.
uni-versus (unus), all together,
con-venio, come together, be fit,
73.
be
V VID, SEE
agreed upon.
video, see,
con-ventus, meeting.
visus, sight,
in-venio, come upon, find, discover. in-vidia, looking askance, envy,
in-ventum, device.
in-viBus, hated,
per-venio, reach, attain. pro-video, foresee.
priidens (for pro-videns), foresee­
72. V VERT, TURN
ing, wise.
verto, turn.
priidentia (for pro-videntia), fore­
versus, turning, verse, line. sight, wisdom.
verso, turn often; in pass., move im-priidens, unforeseeing, heedless.
about, live.
im-prudentia, %vant of foresight.

VOCABULARY
A., the abbreviation for Aulus.
a, ab, and abs, prep. w. abl. (a only
before a consonant; abs only in
abs te and absque, and compounds),
_;^O?K, a-way from ; by;
after.
abalieno, -are, -avi, -atus [ab -|-
alieno], alienate, render hostile.
abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ab -|-
-do,/w;],^«/ a-way, remove, hide. accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessiirus
abdiico, -dUcere, -diixi, -ductus [ad -f cedo], go to, come to, ap­
[ab-f duco], lead away, take from. proach; be added; agree with;
abeo, -ire, -ii, -iturus [ab -f e5], attain to.
go away, depart.
acceptus,-a, -um [part, of accipio],
abhorreo, -ere, -ui [ab -(- horreo, adj., welcome, agreeable.
tremble'], shrink from, be opposed
to, differ from.
abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ab -f
iacio], throw away, throzv out, cast -f capio], receive, accept; suffer;
do-wn.
hear, learn.
abripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ab accubo, -are [ad -|- cubo], recline.
-f rapio, seize'], cariy away, seize.
abrogo, -are, -avi, -atus [ab -|xogb],
depose from ; take from.
abscedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
[abs -(- cedo], withdraw, draw
back.
absens, -entis [pres. part, of absiim],
adj., absent.
absolve, -solvere, -solvi, -soliitus
[ab -|- solvo], acquit, set free.
R 24 I
abstinentia, -ae [abstineo, hold
back], f., self-restraint, honesty,
integrity.
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus [ab
4- sum], be away, be absent; be
distant, be far from; not belong
to.
ac, conj., see atque.
Acarnanus, -a, -um, adj., Acarna-
nian, of Acarnania, the westernmost
division of Greece.
accido, -cidere, -cidi [ad -f cado],
befa.ll, happen.
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ad
accumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cubitus,
lie do-wn.
accurate [accuratus, part, of accuro,
attend to], adv., carefully, exactly.
accusator, -oris [acciiso], m., accuser.
accuse, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -1causa],
accuse, impeach, indict.
acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp; energetic;
-uiolent, hasty, fierce,

242 VOCABULARY
acerbitas, -atis [acerbus], f., harshness.
adfinis, -e [ad -f finis], adj., related
by marriage,
acerbus,-a,-um [acer], adj., bitter, adfinitas, -atis [adfinis], f., rela­
harsh, keenly felt,
tionship by marriage, marriage-
Acheriins, -untis ['Ax^pwp], m., the alliance,
lower world, the dead.
adfirmo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -f
acies, -ei, f., line of battle, battle. firmo, make firm], aver, assert,
acriter [acer], z,&v.,sharply, actively. declare,
acta, -ae [d/cr^], f., the sea-shore. adflictus, -a, -um [part, of adfllgo,
aciimen, -inis [acuo, sharpen], n., strike against], adj., shattered;
keenness.
ruined, unfortunate,
acutus, -a, -um [part, of acuo, adfluentia, -ae [ad -|- Auo, fiow], {,,
sJiarpen], keen, acute, intelligent, profusion,
shre-wd.
adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad -f
ad, prep. w. acc.,^/ towards, in the di­ habeo], invite; employ, use, rerection
of, up to ; for ; at, to the point sort to.
of,near; until; according to; about. adhuc [ad -|- hiic], adv., hitherto,
adamo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -f- up to this time, to this day.
amo], fall in love with; admire adicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ad 4-
exceedingly.
iacio], throw to ; add to.
addo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [ad -|- Adimantus, -i, m., Adimantus, an
-do, pull], add.
Athenian general.
addubito, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -f adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus [ad
dubito], be in doubt about.
-j- emo, take], take away.
addiico, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus [ad adipiscor, -ipisci, -eptus sum [ad
-|- diico], bring to, bring up ; per­ -t- apiscor, reach after], obtain,
suade, prevail upon.
win.
adeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [ad -|-eo], go aditus, -us [adeo, o-o to], xa,, access,
to ; face, undergo.
right of approach,
adeo [ad -I- adv. eo], adv., to such a adiungo, -iungere, -iiinxi, -iunc-
degree, so.
tus [ad 4- iungo], join to, n'in
adeptus, -a, -um, part, of adipiscor. over, add, form an alliance -with,
adfabilis, -e [adfor, speak to], adj., adiiitor,-oris [adiuvo], m.,assistant,
courteous, affable.
lieutenant.
adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatus adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iiitus [ad -(-
[ad -f- fero], bring to, bring; bring iuvo], help, aid, assist.
word or message, report; offer; Admetus, -i, m., Admetus, king of
introduce, add; cause.
the Molossians in Epirus.
adficio, -flcere, -feci, -fectus [ad -f administro, -are, -avi, -atus [ad +
facio], affect; visit with, inflict ministro, serve], manage, ad­
upon ; present.
minister.

VOCABi
admirabilis, -e [admiror], adj., admirable,
astonishing.
admirandus, -a, -um [ger. of ad­
miror], adj., wonderful, surprising,
admirable.
admiratio, -onis [admiror], f., admiration.
admiror, -ari, -atus sum [ad -f
miror], -wonder at, be surprised,
admire.
Ui.AKY 243
advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus
[ad -f- venio], arrive, come.
advento, -are [freq. of advenio],
approach rapidly, arrive.
adventus, -iis [advenio], m., arrival.
adversarius, -a, -um [adversus], adj.,
opposing, enemy's, antagonistic.
As subst., adversarius, -i, m., adversary,
opponent.
admitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus adverser, -ari, -atus sum [ad­
[ad -f mitl5], admit, commit. versus], be opposed, be an enemy.
admodum [ad -|- modus], adv., to adversum, -i [adversus],n., calamity.
some or any extent; pretty, rather, adversus, -a, -um [adverts], adj., un­
vety,
favorable, adverse, disastrous.
admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itus [ad -)- adversus and adversum [adversus],
moneo], warn, admonish.
(l) 2.Ay., opposite io, against, totu-
admonitus, only in abl. admonitii ard; (2) prep. w. ace, opposite to,
[admoneo], m., advice, warn­ facing, against.
ing.
adverto, -vertere, -verti, -versus
adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum [ad -|- [ad 4- verto], turn to. animum
orior], assail, attempt, attack. adverto, see animadverto.
adqiiiesco, -quiescere, -quievi [ad adveco, -are, -avi, -atus [ad -h
-I- quiesco], rest, die.
voco], summon.
adripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [ad aedes, -is, f., see aedis.
-I- rapio, seize], catch up, seize, aedificator, -oris [aedificS], m.,
snatch up, take up.
builder.
adsiduus, -a, -um [adsideo, sit by], aedificium, -i [aedificS], u., build­
adj., continual, incessant.
ing.
adsum, -esse, -fui [ad -f- sum], aedifico, -are, -avi, -atus [aedis -|-
be present, assist.
faciS], build.
adulescens, -entis [adolesco, gro-w aedllis, -is [aedis], m., aedile,
up], m. and i.,youth, young man Roman official who superintended
or woman, from al^out the fifteenth buildings, public worlss, the police,
year to the thirtieth, sometimes etc.
Sven later.
aedis or aedes, -is, f., temple (when a
adulescentia, -ae [adulescens], f., single room) ; in pi. house, dwell­
youth, young manhood.
ing (i.e. a. collection of rooms).
adulescentulus, -i [adulescens], m., Aegates, -ium, f., the Aegates Isl­
very young man, tnere youth, ands, three islands west of Sicily.
stripling.
aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick.

244
VOCABULARY
Aegos flOmen {Alybs •n-oTa.fwt, "Goat
Rivers"], u., Aegospotami, a
town and river in the Thracian
Chersonese.
Aegyptius, -a, -um, adj., Egyptian,
Aegyptus, -i, f., Egypt,
Aemilius, -i, the name of a Roman
gens. The following individuals
are mentioned in this book: (l)
L. Aemilius Paulus, consul B.C.
216; and (2) another of the
same name, consul B.C. 182.
Agamemnon, -onis, m., Agamemnon,
son of Atreus; king of Mycenae
in Greece, and leader of the Greeks
in the Trojan war.
agellus, -i [ager], small estate.
ager, agri, m., field, land, territory.
Agesilaus, -i, m., Agesilaus, a king
of Sparta.
aggredior, -gredi, -gressus sum
[ad -h gradior,
assail,
step], attack,
aemulor, -ari, -atus sum, strive to Agis, -idis, m., Agis, a king of
equal, emulate, rival,
Sparta.
aeneiis, -a, -um [aes, bronze], adj., agito, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
bronze,
ago], set in violent motion; move
Aeolla, -ae, f., Aeolia, and
back and forth, exercise, disturb;
Aeolis, -idis, f., Aeolis, names applied consider,
to the collection of Greek cities Agn5n, -onis, m., Agnon, an Athe­
on the northern part of the westnian orator.
ern coast of Asia Minor.
agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus [ad
aequalis, -e [aequus], adj., of the -t-(g)nosco], recognize; acknowl­
same age, contemporary,
edge, own.
aeque [aequus], adv., equally, just as, ago, agere, egi, actus, lead, drive;
aequipero, -are, -avi, -atus [aequus conduct, do, carry out, negotiate,
-{- paro], equal, come up to, act; confer, treat -with,
aequitas,-atis \y.e(^us],i,,fairness, agrestis, -e [ager], adj., rustic, -wild,
justice.
agricola, -ae [ager -f colo], m.,
aequus, -a, -um, adj., equal; even, farmer,
fair, just; advantageous; undis­ Agrippa, -ae, m., M. Vipsanius
turbed.
Agrippa, a Roman general.
aerarium, -i [aes, bronze], u., treas­ aio, say, affirm,
ury.
alacer, -cris, -ere, adj., quick, eager,
aestas, -atis, f., summer.
active,
aestimo, -are, -avi, -atus, assess, Alcibiades, -is, m., Alcibiades, an
estimate.
Athenian.
aetas, -atis, f., age, time of life, Alcmaeon, -onis, m., Alcmaeon, son
time.
of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. He
Afar, Afra, Afrum, adj., African, killed his mother at his father's
Africa, -ae, f., Africa.
command, and was pursued by
Africanus, -i, m., see Scipio. I the Furies in punishment.

Alexander, -dri, m., Alexander, a
tyrant of Pherae in Thessaly.
alias [alius], adv., at other times,
alieno, -are, -avi, -atus [alienus],
estrange.
VOCAB ULARY 245
alienus,-a,-um [alius], another's; altitiido, -inis [altus], f., height.
foreign, out of place, disadvan­ altus, -a, -um [part, of alo], adj.,
tageous.
high, deep.
alio [alius], adv., to another place, amator, -oris [ama], m., lover.
in a different direction.
ambitio, -onis [ambio, go round],
aliquamdiii, adv., for some time. i.,flattery.
aliquando, adv., at some time, at
any time, ever.
aliquanto [abl. of aliquantum], adv., amicitia,-ae \y.xm.cu%],i.,friendship,
a little, somewhat.
amiculum, -i [amicis, throw round],
aliquantum, -i [aliquantus], n., a lit­ n., mantle, cloak,
tle, some.
aliquantum [ace. of aUquantum],
adv., some-what, in some degree,
considerably, not a little.
aliquantus, -a, -um, adj., some,
considerable, moderate.
aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, indef. adj., Amphipolis, -is, f., Amphipolis, a
some, any.
city in Macedonia.
aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, indef. amphora, -ae \_aiut>opebs], f., am­
prou., some one, something, any phora, jar, made of earthenware
one, anything.
and having two handles.
aliquot, indecl. adj., several, a amplius [n. ace. comp. of amplus],
few.
adv., more, in addition.
aliquotiens, adv., at different times. amplus, -a, -um, s.ii).,great, splendid.
aliter [alius], adv., otherwise, differAmyntas,
-ae, m., Amyntas, a king
ently.
of Macedonia.
alius, -a, -ud, adj., other, another. an, conj., or (in double questions);
alius . . . alius, one . . . another; whether.
alii . . . alii, some . . . others.
alo, alere, alui, altus, nourish,
support.
Alpes, -ium, m. pi., the Alps.
Alpicus, -a, -um, adj., of ox inhabiting
the Alps, Alpine.
alte [altus], adv., highly, loftily.
alter, altera, alterum, adj., one or
tlie other {of two), second, alter
. . . alter, one . . . the other.
alteruter, -utra, -utrum, adj., one
or the other, one of the two.
amice [amicus], adv., in a friendly
manner, as a friend.
amicus, -a, -um [amS], ai],, friendly.
As subst., amicus, -i, m., friend.
amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[a -|- mitts], lose.
amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love.
amor, -oris [amo], m., love.
anceps, -cipitis [ambi-, around +
caput], double, on both sides ; doubt­
ful, dangerous.
ancora, -ae \_S.'^Kvpd\, {., anchor.
Andocides, -is or -i, m., Andocides,
an Athenian orator.
ango, -ere, dra-w close; distress.

246 VOCABULARY
angustiae, -arum [angustus], f. pi., antiquitas, -atis [antiquus], f., age,
strait, defile, narro-w pass. antiquity, ancient times.
angustus, -a, -um [angS], adj., antiquus, -a, -um [ante], adj.,
narro-w, cramped, confined. ancient, old.
anima, -ae [animus], f., breath, life, antistes, -itis [antesto], m. and f.,
animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -ver­ high priest.
sus [animus -|- adverto], notice, aperio, -ire, -ui, -rtus, open; dis­
observe, perceive; punish,
close, reveal, show.
animatus, -a, -um [part, of animS, apertus, -a, -um [part, of aperio],
breathe into], adj., disposed, i7i- adj., open, clear.
clined,
Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo, son of
animus, -i, m., mind, spirit, courage,
soul, animum adverto, see animadverto.
annalis, -is [annus], m., generally
in pi., chronicle, annals,
annus, -i, m., year,
annuus, -a, -um [annus], adj., of a
year, a year's,
ante, adv. and prep. w. ace, before.
antea [ante], adv., before this,
before.
antecedo, -cedere, -cessi [ante -|-
Zeus and Latona and twin brother
of Artemis (Diana),god of prophecy,
healing, and music.
Apollocrates, -is, m., Apollocrates,
son of Dionysius II of Syracuse.
apparatus, -iis [apparS], m., equipment;
magnificence, state.
appareo, -parere, -parui, -paritflrus
[ad 4- pareo], appear, be
clear; attend, serve.
apparo, -are, -avi, -atus [ad 4paro],
make ready, prepare for.
appello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [ad
c.e(ib], have precedence of, surpass. 4- pells], drive towards, con­
anteeo, -ire, -ii [ante -\- eS], surduct.pass, excel, precede.
appello, -are, -avi, -atus, call, re­
antefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latns [ante quest.
-|- ie.xb],place before, hold superior, Appenriinus, -i, m., the Apennines, a
give the preference.
range of mountains in Italy.
antepono, -ponere, -posui, -positus appeto, -ere, -ivi, -itus [ad4-peto],
[ante -|- pono], hold superior,pre­ strive after, try to get.
fer.
applico, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus [ad
antequam [ante -f quam], conj., -^ '^XQ.'b, fold], join io, -unite.
before.
appono, -ponere, -posui, -positus
antesto, -stare, -steti [ante 4- sto], [ad + pSnS], appoint.
stand before, be superior to. apporto, -are, -avi, -atus [ad 4-
Antiochus, -i, m., Antiochus, a Icing porto], bring.
of Syria.
appropinquo,-are, -avi,-atus [ad 4-
Antipater, -tri, m., Antipater, a propinquo, approach], draw near,
general of Alexander the Great. approach.

aptus, -a, -um, adj., fit, adapted.
apiid, prep. w. ace, with, among, at,
near, before, in the presence of;
often of an author, ?'», in the works
or writings of.
Apiilia, -ae, f., Apulia, a district in
the southeastern part of Italy.
aquilo, -onis, m., the north -wind.
ara, -ae, f., altar.
arbitrium, -i [arbiter, judge], n.,
judgment; decision, will; authority
; management.
arbitror, -ari, -atus .sum [arbiter,
judge], think, consider.
arbor, -oris, f., tree.
Arcadia, -ae, i., Arcadia, the central
VOCABULARY 247
arma, -orum, n. pi., -weapons, arms.
armati, -orum [part, of armS], m.
pi., armed men,
armo, -are, -avi, -atus [arma], arm,
equip with weapons.
ars, artis, f., art, skill, occupation,
study,
Artabazus, -i, m., Artabazus, a
satrap of Phrygia.
Artaphemes, -is, m., Artaphernes,
a Persian commander.
Artaxerxes, -is, m., Artaxerxes, the
name of two kings of Persia.
Artemisium, -i, n., Artemisium,
promontory at the northern end of
the island of Euboea.
artifex, -icis [ars 4- facio], m. and
f., artificer, artist, expert.
arx, arcis, f., citadel.
region of southern Greece.
Areas, -adis, m., an Arcadian.
arcesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus [accedo],
send for.
ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scen-
Archias, -ae, m., Archias, (i) a sus [ad -f scandS, climb], ascend,
priest of the Eleusinian mysteries; embark; attain io.
(2) a Theban official.
Asia, -ae, f., Asia.
Arete, -es, f.. Arete, daughter of aspectus, -Us [aspicio], m., sight,
Dionysius I of Syracuse.
appeat'ance, presence.
argentum, -i, n., silver, money. aspergo, -spergere, -spersi, -sper-
Argi, -orum, m., see Argos.
sus [ad4-spargo, stre-w], sprinkle,
Argilius, -a, -um, adj., of Argilus (a stain.
city in Thrace), Argilian.
aspemor, -ari, -atus sum [ab 4-
Argivus, -a, -um, adj., of Argos, spernor, despise], disdain, re­
Argive.
ject.
Argos, nom. and ace. n., also Argi, aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus
-orum, m. pi., Argos, city of [ad 4- specio, look], look at.
Argolis in southern Greece. astu [(Scrru], 11. indecl., city.
arguo, -ere, -ui, -iitus, assert, de­ at, conj., but, yet, moreover, now.
clare.
Athenae, -arum, f., Athens, the
Aristides, -is, m., Aristides, ^ fa­ chief city of Attica, in central
mous Athenian of the fifth cen­ Greece.
tury B.C.
Atheniensis, -is, adj., Athenian.
Aristomache, -es, f., Aristomache, athleta, -ae [dSX-ijTiJs], m., athlete,
sister of Dion.
wrestler, prize-fighter.

248 VOCABULARY
atque and ac (ac only before con­ aut, conj., or, aut . . . aut, eidier
sonants ; atque may stand before . . . or.
both vowels and consonants), autem, conj., but, moreover, however,
conj., and, and also; after com­ furthermore, on the other hand.
paratives, as, than.
Automatia, -ae [ASTo^aria], f.,
attends, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus Automatia, goddess of luck.
[ad 4- tends], direct, apply, auxilium, -i [augeo], n., /lelp, aid,
Attica, -ae, f., Attica, a division of assistance.
central Greece.
avare [avarus, greedy], adv., greed­
Atticus, -a, -um, adj., of Attica, ily, avariciously.
Athenian, Attic,
avaritia, -ae [avarus], f., greed,
Atticus, -i, m,, T, Pomponius At­ avarice.
ticus, a learned Roman, the friend averto, -vertere, -verti, -versus [a
of Cicero and Nepos.
4-verts], turn away.
attingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus avoco, -are, -avi, -atus [a4-voco],
[ad 4- tangS, touch], touch upon; call away, dissuade.
attempt, touch, lay hands on, avus, -i, m., grandfather.
auctor, -oris [augeo], m., authority,
leader, originator,
B
auctoritas, -atis [auctor], f., influ­ Baebius, -i, m., the name of a Roman
ence; counsel, advice ; authority. gens. Nepos mentions (i) Cn.
audacter [audax], adv., boldly, dar­ Baebius Tamphilus, consul 182
ingly.
B.C.; and (2) M. Baebius Tam­
audax, -acis [audeo], adj., bold, darphilus, consul 181 B.C.
ing, insolent,
Bagaeus, -i, m., Bagaeus, a Persian.
audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare, barbarus, -a, -um, adj., barbarian,
venture.
foreign (from the Greek stand­
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear, hear of, point) .
listen, audiens dicto, obedient. Barca, -ae, m., Barca, surname of
aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus Hamilcar.
[ab-|-fero], take a-way, steal. beatus, -a, -um [part, of beS, bless],
aufugio, -fugere, -fugi [ab4-fugiS], adj., prosperous, rich.
flee away, escape.
bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], adj.,
augeo, augere, auxi, auctus, in­ luarlike.
crease, strengthen, augment. bellicus, -a, -um [bellum], adj., of
Aurelius, -i, m., C. Auretius Cotta, war, military,
consul 200 B.C.
bello, -are, -avi, -atus [bellum],
aureus, -a, -um [aurum], adj., make -war,
golden, of gold.
bellum, -i, u., war,
auris, -is, f., eerr,
bene, comp. melius, sup. optime
aurum, -i, n., gold, money.
[bonus], adv., well.

VOCABI ULARY 249
benevolentia, -ae [bene 4- vols], cado, cadere, cecidi, casQrus, fall,
f., good will; mark of good will, be k'llled; befall, happen.
kindness, favor.
Caduceus, -i, m., herald's staff.
bi-, inseparable prefix meaning twice, caedes, -is [caedo, cut], f., massacre,
biduum, -i [bi- 4- dies], 11., two murder.
days, space of i-wo days, caelum, -i, u., sky, heaven.
bini, -ae, -a [bi-], num. adj., two at caerimonia, -ae, f., awe, veneration.
a time, a pair of,
calamitas, -atis, f., disaster, loss,
bis [bi-], num. adv., twice,
injury.
Bithynia, -ae, f., Bithynia, a coun­ Calidus, -i, m., L. Julius Calidus, a
try in northern Asia Minor.
Roman poet.
Bithynus, -a, -um, adj., of Bithynia, Callias, -ae, m., Callias, an Athenian.
Bithynian.
Callicrates, -is, m., Callicrates, an
Bizanthe, -es, f., Bizanthe, a town Athenian.
and stronghold in the Thracian callide [callidus], adv., cleverly,
Chersonese.
acutely.
blandus, -a, -um, adj., persuasive, callidus, -a, -um [calleo, be -wise by
winning.
experience], adj., clever, skilful,
Blitho, -onis, m., see Sulpicius. shrewd; crafty, calculating.
Boeotus, -a, -um, adj., Boeotian, of Calliphron, -onis, m., Calliphron,
Boeotia, division of central a dancing-master.
Greece.
Callistratus, -i, m., Callistratus, an
bonitas, -atis [bonus], i., goodness. Athenian.
bonum, -i [bonus], n., good thing, campus, -i, m., plain, open.
advantage. In pi., property. canis, -is, m. and f, dog.
bonus, -a, -um, adj., good. Cannensis, -e, adj., of Cannae, a
boreas, -ae [^op^as], m., the north village of Apulia in southern
wind.
Italy.
brevi (abl. of brevis), adv., in a canto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of cano,
short time.
sing], sing, sound, play.
brevis, -e, adj., short.
capesso, -ere, -ivi, -iturus [capiS],
brevitas, -atis [brevis], f., brevity, undertake, enter upon.
terseness.
capio, capere, cepi, captus, take,
Byzantium, -i, n., Byzantium, mod­ catch, capture ; captivate ; receive.
ern Constantinople.
capitulatim [caput], adv., by heads,
summarily.
C
captivus, -a, -um [capiS], adj.,
captive. As subst., captivus, -1,
C, the abbre-viation for Gdius. m., prisoner.
Cadmea, -ae, f., the Cadmea, the captus, -i [part, of capio], m.,
citadel of Thebes.
prisoner, captive.

250
VOCABULARY
Capua, -ae, f., Capua, a city of Campania
in Italy.
celebritas, -atis [celeber, frequented],
{,, concourse; society,
caput, -itis, n., head, life, capital celebro, -are, -avi, -atus [celeber,
charge.
frequented], frequent, come in
Car, Carls, m., a Carian, inhabitant large numbers, throng; celebrate.
of Caria in Asia Minor.
celer, -eris, -ere, adj., quick, swift.
careo, -ere, -ui, -itiirus, lack, be celeritas, -atis [celer], f., swiftness,
free from, do without.
celeriter [celer], adv., quickly,
Caria, -ae, f., Caria, a country in the celo, -are, -avi, -atus, conceal, keep
southwestern part of Asia Minor. secret, hide from,
caritas, -atis [carus], f., love, affeccena,
-ae, f., dinner, banquet,
tion, regard,
ceno, -are, -avi, -atus [cena], dine,
carus, -a, -um, adj., dear.
censeo, censere, censui, census,
casa, -ae, f., hut, cabin.
estimate ; think, hold,
Cassandrus, -i, m., Cassander, a censor, -oris [censeS], m., censor, a
general of Alexander the Great. Roman magistrate in charge of
castellum, -i [castrum], n., fort, public morals and the census of
stronghold.
citizens for purposes of assess­
castrum, -i, u., fort, fortified place. ment.
In pi., castra, -orum, camp, mili­ censorius, -a, -um [censor], adj., of
tary service, castra movere, break a censor. As subst., censorius, -i,
or strike camp, castra ponere, m., ex-censor.
pitch u camp, encamp.
censHra, -ae [censor], f., censorship.
casus, -iis [cado], m., fall; chance, Centenius, -i, C, Centenius, praetor
accident, calamity ; fate, lot. 216 B.C.
caterva, -ae, f., cro-wd, troop. centum, num. adj., indecl., a hun­
Cato, -onis, m., family name of the dred.
gens Porcia, Nepos mentions cera, -ae, f., wax.
(i) M, Porcius Cato Censorius, cerno, cemere, crevi, cretus, dis­
censor 184 B.C.; and (2) M, Portinguish, perceive.
cius Cato Uticensis, who committed certamen, -inis [cerno], n., decisive
suicide at Utica in Africa 46 B.C. contest, struggle.
Catulus, -i, see Lutatius.
certus, -a, -um [cernS], adj., sure,
causa, -ae, f., cause ; reason, excuse ; certain, trustworthy. certiorem
case (in court). Abl. causa, follow­ facere, inform.
ing .- gen., on account of, for the ceterus, -a, -um, adj., die other, all
sake of,
other,tile remaining, the rest (of).
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, beware ; CethegUS, -i, m., P. Cornelius Ce-
be un o-)ie's guard, take heed. t/iegus, consul 181 B.C.
cedo, cedere, cessi, cessus, g-o away; Chabrias, -ae, m., Chabrias, an
yield, submit; result, turn out. \ Athenian commander.

VOCABI ULARY 251
Chalcioicos, -i [XaXxioiKos], f., prop­ circumvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus
erly of the bronze house, applied to [circum 4- venio], surround,
Athena (Minerva); but in Pau­ citerior, -ius, adj., nearer, on this
sanias V it apparently is name side,
of the temple itself, meaning House citharizo, -are [KiSapffw], play on
of Bronze,
the cithara or lyre,
Chares, -etis, m., Chares, an Citium, -i, n., Citium, a town of
Athenian general.
Cyprus.
Charon, -onis, m., Charon, a Theban cito, -are, -avi, -atus, rouse, excite;
patriot.
announce, proclaim,
Chersonesus, -i, f., the (Thracian) civilis, -e [cTvis], adj., citizen's, civil,
Chersonese, The name may prop­ civic.
erly be applied to any peninsula, civis, -is, m. and f., citizen ; with a
but when unmodified is to be un­ possessive {suits, etc.), fellowderstood
as above.
citizen,
chiliarchus, -i [xiXfapx

252
claudo, claudere, clausi, clausus,
close ; hem in, shut in,
claudus, -a, -um, adj., lame
clava, -ae, f., club, staff.
Clemens, -entis, adj., kind, gentle.
dementia, -ae [clemens], f., kindness,
gentleness.
Cleon, -onis, m., Cleon, an orator
who lived at Halicarnassus.
Clinias, -ae, m., Clinias, father of
Alcibiades.
VOCAB ULARY
clipeus, -i, m., shield, round and
made of bronze, or of hide or
wicker covered with plates of
metal.
Cn., the abbreviation for Gnaeus.
Cnidus, -i, f., Cnidus, a city of Caria
in Asia Minor.
CO-, see com-.
coarguo, -arguere, -argui [co- 4arguo],
convict, expose.
coeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [co- 4-eS], come
together, join ; form (by joining).
(coepio, coepere), coepi, coeptus
(rare, except in the perf. tenses),
begin.
coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus
[co- -f arceS, confine], compel.
nize ; read; investigate, try (a
case). In perf. tenses, know.
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus [co-
4- ago], compel, force.
cohortatio, -onis [cohortor, encour­
age], f., exhortation, harangue,
colo, colere, colui, cultus, cultivate,
till; reverence, care for, cherish,
regard,
Colonae, -arum, f., Colonae, a town
in the Troad.
colonia, -ae [colSnus], f., colony,
colonus, -i [cols], m., husbandman,
colonist,
com- or CO-, inseparable prefix, a
form of cum, meaning together,
-with ; or simply as an intensive, altogether,
completely, very, up, etc.
comes, -itis [com- 4- eo], m. and f.,
companion.
comis, -e, adj., courteous, obliging.
comitium, -i [com-4-eS], n., assem­
bly, place of assembly, comitium.
commeatus, -iis [conimeS, pass to
and fro], going to and fi'o ; provisions,
commemoro, -are, -avi, -atus [com-
4-memorS, mention], call to mind;
cogitatio, -onis [cogitS], f., medita­ relate, mention, tell,
tion.
commendatio, -onis [commends],
cogitatum, -i [cogitS], u., thought, f., recommendation, persuasive­
idea, purpose.
ness, excellence,
cogito, -are, -avi, -atus [co- 4- commends, -are, -avi, -atus [comagito],
think, ponder, have in 4-mando, intrust], intrust, rec­
mind, pla.n.
ommend,
cognatio, -onis [cSgnatus, related], comminiscor, -minisci, -mentus
[,, blood-relationship, kinship, sum, devise, invent, contrive.
cognomen, -inis [cSgnoscS], n., comminus [com- -f- manus], adv.,
name, surname.
hand to hand, at close quarters,
cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gnitus commiseror, -ari, -atus sum [com-
[co- 4-(g)nSsco], learn of; recog­ 4- miseror, lament], bejoail.

5ULARY 253
commissura, -i [committo], u., compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletus
secret,
\coxa- + -'^^b,fiU],flllup,maIieup.
committo, -mittere, -misi, -missus complexus, -a, -um, part, of com­
[com-4- mitto], join; . intrust, plector.
commit; commit an offense, do complures, -a or -ia, gen. com-
-wrong.
plurium [com- 4- pliis], adj.,
commode [commodus, in due meas­ several, very many.
ure], adv., well, skilfully, compSno, -pSnere, -posui, -positus
commodum, -i [commodus, in due [com- 4- ponS], bring together;
measure], n., advantage, interest, bring to an end,
commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motus comprehends, -prehendere, -pre-
[com- 4- moveo], agitate, disturb, hendi, -prehensus [com- 4- pre­
se commovere, make a move. bends, grasp], seize, arrest.
commSnio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [com- 4- comprobS, -are, -avi, -atus [commimio],
fortify.
-f-probS], approve, ratify.
commiinis, -e, adj., common, uni­ cSnatus, -iis [cSnor], m., attempt.
ted.
concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
commiinitas, -atis [commiinis], f., [com- 4- cedS], withdraw ; yield,
affability, courtesy.
grant, allow.
communiter [communis], adv., in concido, -cidere, -cidi, [com- 4-
common.
cado],/«//, be slain.
commiitatio, -onis [commCto], f., concido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [comchange.
4- caedS, cut], cut down, slay, cut
commute, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4- to pieces,
muto], change.
conciliS, -are, -avi, -atus [con­
compares, -parere, -parui [com--Jcilium], unite, make friendly,
pareS], appear.
bring about, procure, win, gain,
comparS, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4- concilium, -i, u., meeting,
parS], make ready, prepare for, concinnus, -a, -um, adj., neat, aft,
prepare.
elegant,
comparS, -are, -avi, -atus [compar, concito, -are, -avi, -atus [com- -}-
like], compare, count equal. cits], excite, rouse, incite; drive at
compello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus full speed, spur on,
[com- 4- pells], drive, force. conclave, -is [com- 4- clavis, key],
compello, -are, -avi, -atus [com- n., room, chamber,
pello above], accost; arraign, concludS, -clridere, -clusi, -clusus,
chide.
[com- 4- Clauds], include,
comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertus, concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi, -cu-
find out, ascertain, learn. pitus [com- 4- inceptive form of
complector, -plecti, -plexus sum, cupiS], desire, be eager for, aspire
embrace, grip, tackle.
to, strive after.

254 VOCABULARY
concurro, -currere, -cucurri or -cur- cSnfiteor, -flteri, -fessus sum [comri,
-cursus [com- 4- curro], run 4- fateor], acknowledge, admit,
together, gather, combine; rush to­ conflicts, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
gether, attack,
confligS], strike violently; torment,
concursus, -us [concurro], m., on­ afflict,
slaught, attack, charge, shock; cSnflictor, -ari, -atus sum [freq.
gathering, cro-wd, host,
of conffigo], struggle, contend.
concutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus confligS, -fligere, -flixi, -flictus
[com- 4- quatiS, shake], shake, im­ [com- -f ffigo, strike], fight, join
pair,
battle.
conflo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- + flo,
blow], stir up.
cSnfluS, -fluere, -fluxi [com- 4- fluo,
fio7d], stream together, press together.
condicio, -onis [condico], f., terms,
condition,
condico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus
[com- 4- dico], agree upon, arrange,
condiscipulus, -i [com- 4- discipulus,
pupil], m., fellow-pupil,
conditor, -oris [condS], xa,, founder.
condo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [com- 4-
-dS, put], found, establish,
conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus
[com- 4- diicS], hire,
conducticius, -a, -um [conduco],
adj., hired, mercenary,
confers, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [com-
4-fero], gather; bestow, contribute;
cSnfodiS, -fodere, -fSdi, -fossus
[com- 4- fodiS, dig], dig up ; stab,
transfix.
confugiS, -fugere, -fiigi [com- 4fugio],
fiee.
congero, -gerere, -gessi, -gestus
[com- 4- gerS], bring togetlier,
gather.
congredior, -gredi, -gressus sum
[com- -f gradior, step], meet, join
battle, attack.
turn to, concentrate ; carry; com­ congnio, -gruere, -grui, agree with,
pare, se conferre, betake oneself, correspond with.
go, arma wai^xrt, fight, engage. coniciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [comconfestim
[com- and the same root 4- iaciS], throw, cast, hurl; guess,
as in festino, hasten], adv., im­ conjecture.
mediately, without delay.
coniectus, -iis [conicio], m., thro-w-
cSniiciS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [com- ing, hurling.
4-facio], accomplish, do; compose; coniugium, -i [coniungo], u., mar­
complete, fin ish ; destroy.
riage,
cSnfido, -fidere, -fisus sum [com- coniunctiS, -Snis [coniungS], f, al­
-f fids], trust, be confident. liance.
cSnfirmo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- coniungo, -iungere, -iiinxi, -iflnctus
4- firmo, make firm], esta-btish, [com- 4- iuxigb], join, connect.
strengthen; assure, confirm, cor­ COniiiratiS, -onis [coniurS, conspire],
roborate.
f., s'wearing together, conspiracy.

conlabefio, -fieri, -factus sum [com-
4- pass, of labefacio, shake], be
ruined or overthro-wn,
conlaudS, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4laudo],
highly commend, praise.
conlega, -ae [com- 4- legS], m.,
associate, colleague.
conligS,- -ligere, -legi, -Iectus [com-
VOCABI ULARY 255
cSnsensus, -iis [cSnsentiS], m., consent,
agreement.
consentiS, -sentire, -sensi, -sensus
[com- 4- sentiS], agree, unite.
consequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum
[com-4-sequor], follow; arrive;
reach, catch up with, attain, obtain,
gain, get, a-ccomplisli.
+ l^g°]) 'collect, gatlier. consero, -serere, -semi, -sertus
conligo, -are, -avi, -atus [com- -f [com- 4- serS], intertwine, join.
ligo, tie], bind together.
manum cSnserere, come to close
conloco, -are, -avi, -atus [com- -f quarters, join battle.
loco, place], place, settle, station; cSnservo, -are, -avi, -atus [comgive
in marriage.
4- servS], preserve, save, keep,
conloquium, -i [conloquor], n., con­ cherish.
ference, parley, conversation. considers, -are, -avi, -atus, reflect,
conloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum consider.
[com- 4- loquor], speak with, con­ cSnsidS, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus
verse ^ confer, treat.
[com—h sidS], sit do-wn, take a
Conon, -Snis, m., Conon, an Athenian seat.
admiral.
cSnsilium, -i, n., advice, counsel;
cSnor, -ari, -atus sum, try, at­ plan, purpose; -wisdom, sense,
tempt,
judgment; council, hSc (or eS)
conquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qni- cSnsiliS ut, with the intention of,
situs [com- 4- quaero], seek for the purpose of,
out,
cSnspectus, -iis [cSnspiciS], m.,
cSnscius, -a, -um [com- -f scio], sight, presence,
adj., knowing -with; pri-jy to, -wit­ cSnspiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus
ness to. As subst., conscius, -i, [com- 4- specio, look], see, be­
m., accessory, witness, accomplice, hold.
cSnscribS, -scribere, -scrips!, scrip- constans, -antis [part, of constS],
tus [com- 4- scribS], write, com­ adj., unvarying, steadfast.
pose; enroll, patres conscripti cSnstantia, -ae [constans], f., stead­
(for patres et conscripti, referring fastness, firmness, steadiness.
to the two classes of senators), a cSnstituS, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitus
name applied to the Roman %tn- [com- 4- statuo], set up ; establish,
ate., fathers (and) elect.
plant, draw up, station; settle,
consector, -ari, -atus sum [freq. of decide ; create,
cSnsequor], /«rj««.
cSnstS, -stare, -stiti, -staturus
consensiS, -onis [consentio], f., [com- 4- stS], consist, Impers.,
agreement, conspiracy.
constat, it is agreed.

256 VOCAB
consuescS, -suescere, -suevi, -suetus continentia, -ae [contineo], f., self-
[com- 4- suesco, become used], berestraint,come accustomed. In perf. tenses, contineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tentus
as pres., be accustomed, be used, [com- 4- teneo], hold together,
consuetudS, -inis [consuescS], f., hold, bind; contain,
custom, habit; character.
contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus
cSnsul, -ulis, m., consul, the title of [com- 4- tango, touch], happen
the two chief magistrates in repub­ to, befall,
lican Rome.
contio, -Snis [for conventiS, from
considaris, -e [cSnsul], adj., of a convenio], f., assembly.
consul. As subst., cSnsularis, -is, contra, (i) adv., opposite, on the con­
m., one of consular rank, extrary; (2) prep. w. ace, opposite
consul,
to, contrary to, against.
consulatus, -iis [cSnsul], m., con­ contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
sulship.
[com- 4- traho], collect, bring to­
consuls, -ere, -ui, -tus, consult, ask gether.
the advice of; take care for, have contrarius, -a, -um [contra], adj.,
regard J'or,
opposite, contrary.
cSnsidtum, -i [part, of cSnsulo], u., contrarium, -i [contrarius], n., the
decree,
contrary.
cSnsiimS, -sumere, -siimpsi, -sump­ contrSversia, -ae [contro = contra
tus [com-4-siin'i5], consume, use; 4- verts], f., quarrel, bickering,
destroy, spend,
contueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum [comcontego,
-tegere, -texi, -tectus 4- tueor], look on, observe,
[com- 4- tegS], cover ; conceal, contumaciter [contumax, insolent],
contemns, -temnere, -tempsi, adv., obstinately, stubbornly,
-temptus [com- 4- temnS, scorn], contumelia, -ae, f, affront, insult.
despise, look do-wn upon,
conveniS, -venire, -veni, -ventus
contends, -tendere, -tendi, -tentus [com- 4- veniS], come together,
[com- 4- tends], strive, contend; meet with, go to; agree with, be
be bound, hasten ; maintain, assert, agreed upon, centre upon'; befit.
plead,
conventus, -us [conveniS], m., meet­
COntentiS, -Snis [contends], f., coning, assembly.
tention, strife, struggle, converts, -vertere, -verti, -versus
contentus, -a, -um [part, of con- [com-4-vert6],/'?/r« round; direct.
tineS], adj., satisfied, content, convivium, -i [com- 4- vivo], enter­
continens, -entis [part, of contineS], tainment, banquet,
adj., moderate, self-restrained; con­ convoco, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4tinuous,
continens terra, mainvoco], call together,
land. As subst., continens, -entis, coorior, -oriri, -ortus sum [co- 4-
f., mainland.
orior], arise, come forth.

cSpia, -ae [co- -h ops], f., abundance.
In T^\., forces, army.
coquS, coquere, coxl, coctus, cook.
coram [co- -f os], adv. and prep. w.
abl., in the presence of.
Corcyra, -ae, f., Corcyra, an island
to the west of Greece.
VOCABULARY 257
Creta, -ae, f., Crete, an island south
Corcyraeus, -a, -um, adj., of Corcyra, of Greece.
Corcyraean,
Cretensis, -e, adj., Cretan, of Crete.
Corinthius, -a, -um, adj., of Corinth, crimen, -inis [for cemimen, from
Corinthian,
cernS], n., charge, accusation;
Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth, a city on crime,
the isthmus of Corinth, between Crimisus, -i, m., the Crimisus, a
central Greece and the Pelopon­ river of Sicily.
nese.
Critias, -ae, m., Critias, one of the
Cornelius, -i, m., the name of a fa­ " Thirty Tyrants " who adminismous
Roman gens. For individuals, tered the government of Athens
see under CethegUS and ScipiS. during the Spartan supremacy.
cornii, -us, n., horn, -wing of an criidelis, -e, adj., cruel.
army.
crudelitas, -atis [crudelis], f.,
corona, -ae, f., crown, ivreath, cruelty,
Coronea, -ae, f., Coronea, a town in criideliter [crudelis], adv., cruelly,
Boeotia.
cruentS, -are, -avi, -atus [cruentus,
corpus, -oris, n., body, appearance, bloody], stain{with blood), imbrue.
presence,
cubS, -are, -ui, -itus, lie, recline.
corrumpS, -rumpere, -riipi, -ruptus culpa, -ae, i., fault, blame.
[com- -f rumpS, break], destroy; cultus, -us [cols], m., manner of
corrupt, bribe.
life ; style of dress, clothing.
cottidianus, -a, -um [cottidie], adj., cum, prep. w. abl., with, together
daily.
with, in company -with; at the
cottidie [quot, as many as 4- dies], same time with,
adv., daily.
cum, conj., when, while, whenever;
Cotus, -i, m., Cotus, a king of the since; although, cum turn,
Thracians.
as -well as, both . . and; not
crastinus, -a, -um [eras, to-morrow], only but also.
adj., ofto-morro-w. in crastinum, cunctusj -a, -um [for coniijnctus,
until to-morroiv.
from coniungS], all together, the
creber, -bra, -brum, aA],, frequent, -whole of, all,
credS, -dere, -didi, -ditus, intrust; CHpide [cupidus], adv., eagerly,
trust, have confidence in ; believe cupiditas, ; -atis [cupidus], f., eager-
think, suppose,
ness,desire,passion; avarice,greed.
S
cremS, -are, -avi, -atus, bum, cremate,
creS, -are, -avi, -atus, create, make ;
appoint, elect,
crescS, crescere, crevi, cretus, increase,
grow,

258 VOCABULARY
cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], adj., desirous,
covetous, fond of,
cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus, desire,
wish, be anxious to,
ciir, adv., (l) interr., why, wherefore;
(2) rei., on account of which,
custodiS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [custSs],
guard.
Custos,- -odis, m., guard, keeper,
Cyclades, -um [Ku/cXdSes from
Greeks, which forms tlie subject
of Xenophon's Anabasis.
Cyzicenus, -a -um, adj., of Cyzicus,
ci city on the south shore of the
Propontus.
cura, -ae, f., care, anxiety, carefulness;
administration, '
D
curS, -are, -avi, -atus [cura], care D., the abbreviation for Decimus,
for, be anxious for ; provide, carry damnatiS, -onis [damns], f., con­
out. With ace and gerundive, demnation.
cause something to be done, have damns, -are, -avi, -atus [damnum,
done, etc.
penalty], condemn.
currS, currere, cucurri, cursus, run. DamSn, -Snis, m., Damon, an
cursor, -oris [curro], m., runner, Athenian poet and musician.
courier.
Dareus, -i, m., Darius I and //,
cursus, -lis [currS], m., course, -way, kings of the Persians.
journey.
Datis, -idis, m., Datis, Persian
CUstSdia, -ae [custSs], f., guard; commander.
confinement, prison ; charge, de, prep. w. abl., do-wn front, from ;
-ward.
concerning, about, of,
debeS, -ere, -ui, -itus [de 4- habeo],
owe, ought,
debilito, -are, -avi, -atus [debilis,
-weak], weaken, unnei've,
KIJKXOS, circle], f. pL, die Cyclades, decedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [de
a group of islands in the Aegaean 4- cedS], depart; die,
sea, lying in a ring about Delos. Decelea, -ae, f., Decelea, a town in
Cyme, -es, f.. Cyme, a city of Aeolia the north of Attica.
in Asia Minor.
decern, indecl. num. adj., ten,
Cyprius, -a, -um, adj., of Cyprus, decomplex, -icis [decem 4- pHco,
Cyprian,
fold], adj., tenfold, ten times,
Cyprus, -i, f., Cyprus, an island off decemviralis, -e [decem4-vir], adj.,
the coast of Syria.
of ten men, decemviral,
Cyrenae, -arum, f., Cyrene, a city of decerns, -cemere, -crevi, -cretus [de
northern Africa.
4-

26o VOCABULARY
demolior, -iri, -itus sum [de +
molior], tear down, destroy,
Demosthenes, -is, m., Demosthenes,
a great Athenian orator.
desertus, -a, -um [part, of desero],
adj., desert, wild, uninhabited,
desiderium,-i[desiderS],n.,&;/^«>i!f,
desire,
demum [de], adv., at last, at length, desiderS, -are, -avi, -atus, miss, feel
not till then.
the want of; require,
denique, adv., and then ; finally, at desino, -sinere, -sii, -situs [de -|-
list, in short,
sinS, let], cease, leave off,
denuntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4- desists, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus [de
niintiS], proclaim.
4- sisto, set], cease,
depellS, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [de desperatis, -Snis [despero], f.,
4-pello], drive away, dislodge; desperation, despair.
avert, foil.
desperatus, -a, -um [part, of de-
depingo, -pingere, -pinxi, -pictus sperS], adj., desperate.
[de 4- ^m^,paint],paint, repre­ desperS, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4sent.spero],
lose hope, despair, despair
depSno, -pSnere, -posui, -positus of
[de -f- pSnS], lay down, deposit. despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus
depopulor, -ari, -atus sum [de 4- [de4-speciS, look], look down on;
populor, lay waste], ravage,
despise, disregard.
deports, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4- destituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitus
portS], carry away, bring off, [de 4- statuo], desert, leave in die
deprimS, -primere, -pressi, -pressus lurch.
[de-fpremo], press down ; sink; desum, -esse, -fui [de 4- sum], be
suppress, silence,
wanting, fail, give out,
depiignS, -are, -avi, -atus [de 4- detego, -tegere, -texi, -tectus [de 4piignS],
fight out, fight to the tegS], uncover, dismantle, unroof,
end,
deterreo, -terrere, -tenrui, -territus
Dercylus, -i, m., Dercylus, an [de 4- terreS, frighten], frighten
Athenian general.
off, deter, prevent,
derigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [de 4- detestor, -ari, -atus sum [de 4regS],
direct, steer, aim,,
testor], curse, execrate,
descends, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
sus [de 4- scando, climb], de­ [de 4-trahS], take off, remove;
scend,
detract, be to one's disadvantage;
descisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitus disparage.
[de 4- scisco, assent], withdraw, detrimentum, -i [deterS, rub off],
desert,
n., loss, damage.
deserS, -serere, -semi, -sertus [de deus, -i, m., god, divinity.
4- sero], abandon, desert, leave deveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [de
in the lurch.
-f veho], carry away, convey.

devertS, -vertere, -verti [de 4verto],
turn aside to, turn in at.
devincio, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinctus
[de4-vincio, bind], bind fast, put
under obligation.
devincS, -vincere, -vici, -victus [de
4- vinco], vanquish, conquer (utterly)
.
devStio, -onis [devoveS], f., a curse.
devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -vStus [de
-t-voveS, devote], curse.
dexter, -tera (-tra), -teram (-trum),
adj., right. As subst., dextra, -ae,
f. (sc. manus), the right hand.
Diana, -ae, f., Diana, the goddess
of the moon, identified by the
Romans with the Greek Artemis.
VOCABULARY 261
dilabor, -labi, -lapsus sum [di- 4labor,
glide], fall awa.y, desert;
disperse.
dnSctus, -iis [diligS], m., levy.
diligens, -entis [part, of dlligo],
adj., careful, watchful, regardful,
diligenter [diligens], adv., carefully,
assiduously, diligently.
diligentia, -ae [diligens], f., carefulness,
dUigo, -ligere, -lexi, -Iectus [di- -f
lego], choose, love,esteem, be fond of,
dilucide [dilCcidus, clear], adv.,
clearly, transparently,
dimicS, -are, -avi, -atus, figkt,
struggle, contend,
dimidius, -a, -um [di- 4- medius,
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, say, speak, middle], adj., half,
tell.
dimittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus
dictator, -oris [diets, dictate], m., [di--h mitts], dismiss; let go, re­
dictator.
linquish ; lose,
dictitS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of Dinon, -onis, m., Dinon, a Greek
diets, dictate], maintain, declare. historian.
dictum, -i [part, of dico], n., %aord, DiomedSn, -ontis, m., Diomedon, a
promise; command,
man of Cyzicus.
dies, -ei, m. and f., day ; time,period. DiSn, -Snis, m., Dion, tyrant of
in iies, from day to day.
Syracuse, died B.C. 353.
differs, -ferre, distuli, dilatus [dis- Dionysius, -i, m., Dionysius, the
-\- ie.xb], put off; spread abroad; name of two tyrants of Syracuse;
differ.
and of a Theban who taught
difficilis, -e [dis- 4- facilis], adj., Epaminondas music.
hard, difficult; captious. diripiS, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [didiffidS,
-fidere, -fisus sum [dis- 4- 4- rapiS, seize], plunder,
fidS], distrust, not believe. dirao, -mere, -rui, -rutus [di- 4-
dignitas, -atis [dignus], f., worth, ruo, rush down], demolish.
dignity, greatness, importance, dis, ditis, adj., rich.
rank.
dis- or di-, inseparable prefix mean­
dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, deserving apart, in different directions.
ing, befitting.
discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [disdigredior,
-gredi, -gressus sum 4- z^Ab], go away, depart, become
[di- 4- gradior, step], go away. separated.

26a VOCABULARY
discepto, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- 4- dissocio, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- -fcapto,
lay Jiold of], decide, dispute. socio, unite], disunite, estrange.
discerns, -cemere, -crevi, -cretus dissoliitus, -a, -um [part, of dis­
[dis- 4- cernS], distinguish.
solve], adj., dissolute, loose.
disciplina, -ae [disco], f., training, dissolvS, -solvere, -solvi, -soliitus
discipline, study.
[dis- -t- solvS], dissol-oe, destroy,
discs, discere, didici, learn.
break up.
discrimen, -inis [discerns], n., distringo, -stringere, -strinxi,
crisis, danger.
-strictus [di- 4- strings, drauo
diserte [disertus], adv., eloquently. tight], occupy, engage.
disertus, -a, -um [disserS, discuss], diu, comp. diutius, sup. difltissime,
adj., eloquent.
adv., long, for a long time,
disiciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [dis- 4- diiitinus, -a, -um [diu], adj., lastiaciS],
scatter; break down, shatter. ing,
dispalatus, -a, -um [part, of dis- diuturnitas, -atis [diiiturnus], f.,
palor, wa-nder], adj., straggling, length,
dispersed,
diutumus, -a, -um [diii], adj., long,
dispensS, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- 4- prolonged,
pensS, weigh], pay out, distribute, diversus, -a, -um [part, of diverts,
dispergo, -spergere, -spersi, -sper- turn a-way], adj., contrary, con-
SUS [dl- 4- spargS, scatter], scatter, fiicting, in different directions,
dispertiS, -pertire, -pertivi, -per- dives, -itis, adj., rich,
titus [dis- 4- partis, cf. partior], dividS, -videre, -visi, -visus, divide,
distribute.
distribute,
displiceS, -plicere, -plicui, -plicitus divinatiS, -onis [divinS], f., fore­
[dis- 4- places], displease.
sight, divination, miraculous
dispSnS, -ponere, -posui, -positus kno-wledge,
[dis- 4- ponS], arrange, array. divinS, -are, -avi, -atus [divinus],
disputS, -are, -avi, -atus [dis- 4- foresee, divine,
puto], discuss, dispute.
divinus, -a, -um [divus, divine],
dissensiS, -Snis [dissentiS], f., dis­ adj., godlike, divine,
agreement.
divitiae, -arum [dives], f. pi.,
dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sensus riches, wealth,
[dis- 4- sentiS], differ, disagree. divum, -i [dIvus, divine], n,, open
dissideS, -sidere, -sedi [dis- 4- sky,
s&diQb], differ, disagree, be at varidS,
dare, dedi, datus, give, appoint,
ance.
doceS, docere, docui, doctus, teach,
dissimilis, -e [dis- 4- similis], adj., show, tell,
unlike.
docilis, -e [doceS], adj., teachahh,
dissimilitiidS, -inis [dissimilis], f., docile.
unlikeness, iufonsistenty. doctor, -Sris [doceo], m., teacher.

doctrina, -ae [doceo], f, learning,
study, branch of learning.
DSdSnaeus, -a, -um, adj., of Dodona,
the seat of an oracle of Zeus in
Epirus.
VOCABI ULARY 263
Dolopes, -um, m. pi., the Dolopes, a duplies, -are, -avi, -atus [duplex],
people of Epirus.
double.
dolor, -Sris \&o\e.b, suffer],xa.,,pain, duritia, -ae [cKrus], f., hardiness.
grief, chagrin.
dums, -a, -um, adj., hard, stern,
dolus, -i, m., craft, deceit, treachery. severe.
domesticus, -a, -um [domus], adj., dux, duels [ducS], m., leader,
of the house; of or in one's own general,
country ; private ; domestic. dynastes, -ae \fivv&,(!Ti]i], m., ruler,
domieilium, -i [domus], n., d-well- prince,
ing, abode.
dominatiS, -onis [dominor, rule],
E
{., rule, dominion, absolute power.
dominus, -i, m., master, lord.
domus, -us, f., house, home.
donee [shortened from donicum],
conj., until.
donicum, see donee, of which it is
an older form.
donS, -are, -avi, -atus [dSnum],
present, give.
dSnum, -i [do], n., gift.
dSs, dStis [dS], f., marriage portion,
dowry.
dubito, -are, -avi, -atus [dubius],
doubt, hesitate.
dubium, -i [dubius], n., doubt,
dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful,
ducenti, -ae, -a [duo 4- centum],
num. adj., tivo hundred,
diicS, diieere, diixi, ductus, lead,
take, conduct;prolong; consider;
influence; marry (for ducere in
matrimSnium).
ductus, -us [ducS], m., leadership,
dum, conj., while, as long as ; until;
provided that, if only.
duo, duae, duo, num. adj., trwo.
duodecim [duo 4- decem], indecl.
num. adj., twelve.
duplex, -icis [duo 4- plicS, fold],
adj., double.
e, prep. w. abl., see ex.
ea [is], adv., by that -way, there,
eadem [idem], adv., by the same
way.
edictum [edico, publish], n., ordinance.
editus, -a, -um [part, of edo], adj.,
elevated.
edo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [e 4- -dS,
put], give out, issue, publish;
raise; cause.
edSeo, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus [e4diicS],
lead out, disembark.
educS, -are, -avi, -atus [ediicS],
bring up, rear, educate,
efferS, efferre, extuli, elatus [ex 4ferS],
carry outox away;publish;
bury; extol, raise up. With se or
in pass., be puffed up, be haughty,
efacio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [ex -^
{acib], carry out, do, bring to pass,
accomplish, cause, make,
efflS, -flare, -flavi, -flatus [ex 4- flS,
blow], breathe out.

264 VOCABULARY
effringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractus emittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus [e
[ex-|-frango], break do-wn, shatter. 4- mitts], let out.
effugio, -fugere, -fugi, [ex-ffugiS], enarrS, -are, -avi, -atus [e4-narro],
escape,
tell, narrate.
effiisus, -a, -um [part, of eflundS, enim, conj. postpositive, y»;-.
pour out], adj., lavish.
Ennius, -i, m., Q. Ennius, a Roman
ego, mei, pers. pron., /.
poet, died 169 B.C.
egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [e-l- enumerS, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4gradior,
step], come out, go forth; numerS], recount, enumerate.
disembark, land.
enSntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [e +
egregius, -a, -um [e 4- grex, herd], nunWb], publish abroad, disclose.
adj., extraordinary, eminent. eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, go.
eieio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [e 4- eo [is], adv., thither, to that place;
iaciS], cast out, exile.
on this account, for this reason,
eius modi [gen. of is modus], of that therefore.
kind, of such a kind, such. eodem [idem], adv., to the same
elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum [e 4-labor, place.
glide], escape.
EpaminSndas, -ae, m., Epaminon­
elate [elatus], adv., arrogantly. das, a famous Theban patriot and
elatus, -a, -um [part, of efferS], commander.
a^]., puffed up, arrogant,
ephebus, -i [c^ij^os], m., youth, in
elephantus, -i, m., elephant,
Greece, from sixteen to twenty
eligS, -ligere, -legi, -Iectus [e 4- years of age.
legS], choose, select,
Ephesus, -i, f., Ephesus, a Greek
Elis, -idis, f., Elis, a district and city of Ionia in Asia Minor.
city of the Peloponnese.
ephoms, -i \i^opo^ from ec^opdu],
eloquentia, -ae [e 4- loquor], f., m., ephor (that is, overseer), one
eloquence, oratory.
of a board of five magistrates who
Elpinice, -es, f., Elpinice, wife of supervised the Spartan govern­
Cimon.
ment.
eliiceS, -liieere, -liixi' [e 4- luceo, epigramma, -atis \iTxlypa.iiixa], n.,
shine], shine out, be eminent. inscription, legend.
emends, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4- epistula-ae [fTricrroXij], f., letter.
mendum, fault], correct, com­ epulae, -arum, f. pi., feast, banpensate.quet.
emineS, -ere, -ui, stand out, be epulor, -ari, -atus sum [epulae],
prominent.
feast.
eminiscor, -minisci, -mentus sum, eques, -itis [equus], m., horseman,
de-oise, contrive.
knight; in jjl., ca-Mlry,
eminus [e -f- manus], adv., from a equitatus, -iis [equito, ride], m.,
distance.
cavalry.

equus, -i, m., horse.
Eretria, -ae, f., Eretria, a city of
Euboea.
Eretriensis, -e, adj., of Eretria,
Eretrian.
erga, prep. w. ace, toward.
ergS, (i) abl. following gen., on ac­
ULARY 265
island on the eastern coast of
Greece.
Eumenes, -is, m., Eumenes, a king
of Pergamum.
Eumolpidae, -arum, m., the Eumolpidae,
hereditary priests of the
Eleusinian mysteries at Athens.
count of. (2) adv., therefore, ac­ Euphiletus, -i, m., Euphiletus, an
cordingly, and so.
Athenian.
erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [e 4- Europa, -ae, f., Europe.
regS], set up, arouse.
Eurybiades, -is, m., Eurybiades, a
eripiS, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus [e 4- Spartan king.
rapiS], seize from, rend from, take Eurydice, -es, f., Eurydice, mother
by force.
of Philip II of Macedon.
error, -oris [errS, wander], xa., mis­ Eurysthenes, -is, m., Eurysthenes,
take, blundering, error.
son of Aristodemus, king of Sparta.
emdiS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [e 4- rudis], evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasus [e 4-
instruct, educate, train.
vad5, ^0], escape.
eruS, -mere, -mi, -retus [e 4- ru5, evenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus [e -f-
throw], disinter, exhume.
venio], turn out, befall.
emptio, -Snis \y.xuxa-po, break forth], evito, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4- vits,
f., sally, sortie.
shuri], shun, avoid, escape.
Eryx, Erycis, m., Eryx, a mountain evoco, -are, -avi, -atus [e 4- vocS],
of Sicily.
call away, summon.
escendS, -scendere, -scendi, -scen- ex and e (before a vowel or h the
sus [e 4- scandS, climb], embark. form ex is always used), prep. w.
et, conj., and, also, et. . . et, both abl., out of, from, of; in accord­
. . . and.
ance with ; after.
etenim [et 4- enim], conj., and {tkiif, exacuS, -acuere, -acui, -aciitus [ex
is so, etc.) for; generally best -f- acuS, sharpen], sharpen ; in-
translated simply yi;?-.
fiame, incite.
etiam, conj., and also, also, even. exadversum [ex 4- adversum], adv.
etiamnum [etiam 4- num, now], and prep. w. ace, opposite, over
adv., even yet, even at this time. against.
Etruria, -ae, f., Etruria, division exagitS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4-
of ancient Italy, west of the agitS], drive out,
Tiber.
exanimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4-
etsi [et 4- si], even if, although. anima], deprive of life, kill. In
Euagoras, -ae, m., Euagoras, king pass., die,
of Salamis in Cyprus.
exardesco, -ardeseere, -arsi, -arsus
Euboea, -ae, f., Euboea, a large [ex 4- ardesco, take fire], blaze up.

266 VOCABULARY
exaudiS, -audire, -audivi, -auditus
[ex 4- audiS], overhear.
excedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus [ex
-t- cedo], withdraw.
excellens, -entis [part, of excellS],
distinguished, excellent.
excellS, -cellere, -celsus, surpass,
excel.
excio, -eire, -civi, -citus or -citus
[ex 4- cieo, move], rouse, excite.
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [ex
exheredS, -are, -avi, -atus [exheres,
disinherited ], disinherit,
exiguus, -a, -um [exigS, -weigh out],
adj., small, slender, slight.
eximie [eximius, extraordinary],
adv., exceedingly, uncommonly,
existimatiS, -Snis [existimo], f,
estimation, reputation.
existimo, -are, -avi, -atus [ex
4- aestimS], think, suppose, estimate.
4- capiS], take out, except; under­ exitus, -iis [exeS], m., end, exit.
take ; receive, take in, -welcome, exordior, -Srdiri, -orsus sum [ex 4-
excitS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of exordior], begin.
cio], rouse,
expediS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [ex 4-
exclude, -cludere, -clusi, -clusus p^s], extricate, gel a-way ; be prof­
[ex -f elands], shut out, cut off, itable.
excSgitS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4- expeditus, -a, -um [part, of expecdgitS],
think out, devise, invent, diS], adj., unencumbered, free.
excursiS, -onis [excurrS, run out], expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus [ex
{,, raid, sortie,
4- pells], drive out, exile.
excUsS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4- experior," -perire, -pertus sum, try,
causa], excuse, plead in excuse, prove, measure strength -with, con­
exemplum, -i [eximS, take out], n., tend -with.
sample, instance, copy, example, expers, -tis [ex 4- pars], adj., -with­
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [ex 4- eS], go out share in, devoid of, -without,
out, leave, depart, escape,
ignorant of.
exerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -ercitus [ex explicS, -plicare, -plicavi or -plicui,
4- arceo, confine], exercise, -plieatus or -plicitus [ex 4- pUco,
exereitatio, -Snis [exercitS, exercise fold], unfold, disentangle; set
diligently], f., exercise, training, forth, explain, describe.
discipline,
exploro, -are, -avi, -atus, search out,
exercitatus, -a, -um [part, of exer­ investigate.
citS, exercise diligently], adj., -well- expono, -ponere, -posui, -positus
trained or disciplined, practised. [ex 4- ponS], set forth, set do-wn,
exercitus, -iis [exerceo], m., army exposes, -poseere, -popSsci, [ex
(considered as disciplined -|- pSscS], demand, ask to have
force).
given up,
exhaurio, haurire, -hausi, -haustus exprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres­
[ex 4- haurio, dra-w], exhaust, sus [ex 4- premS], press out: for, i/i,
wear out, 1 portray; elicit.

exprobrS, -are, -avi, -atus [ex
4- probrum, base act], find fault
-with, reproach,
expugno, -are, -avi, -atus [ex 4piignS],
take by storm, capture,
subdue, reduce,
expulsor, -Sris [expellS], m., expelter,
exsculpo, -sculpere.-sculpsi, -sculptus
[ex 4- sculpo, carve], cut out,
erase,
exsilium, -i [exsul], n., exile, banishment,
exsistS, -sistere, -stiti, [ex 4- sists,
set], appear, exist, be.
exspectatiS, -onis [exspecto], f.,
eagerness, anticipation.
exspectS, -are, avi, -atus [ex 4specto,
gaze at], wait for, wait.
VOCABULARY 267
P
extremo [extremus], aA\',, finally, at
the last,
extremus, -a -um [sup. of exterus],
adj., outermost, fai-thest, end of.
Fabianus, -a, -um, adj., of Fabius.
Fabius, -i, m., the name of a famous
Roman gens, Nepos mentions
(i) Q, Fabius Maximus, dictator
217 B.C. ; and (2) Q, Fabius
Labeo, consul 183 B.C.
facies, ace -em, abl. -e, nom. and
ace plur. -es, f., appearance, countenance,
face,
facile [facilis], adv., easily,
facilis, -e [facio], adj., easy,
facinus,-oris [facis], n., deed; violent
deed, crime,
exstinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi,
-stinetus [ex 4- stinguo, extin­ facis, facere, feci, factus, make, do,
guish], put out, annihilate, -wipe act: cause; train. In pass., fiS,
out.
fieri, factus sum, be made or done,
exstS, -stare [ex 4- stS], stand out; become ; happen, come to pass,
exist, abide.
factis, -Snis [faciS], f., party, fac­
exstmo, -struere, -striixi, -striictus tion.
[ex-f- struS] ,place together,build up. factiosus, -a, -um [factis], adj.,
exsul, -ulis, m., exile, refugee, partisan, re-oolutionary, seditious.
exter, see exterus.
factum, -i [part, of facis], u., deed.
exteraus, -a, -um [exter], adj., outer, facultas, -atis [facilis], f., po-wer,
foreign.
opportunity. In pi., riches, means,
exterus or exter, -a, -um, adj., outer, resources,
foreign.
Falernus, -a, -um, adj., Falernian,
extimesco, -timescere, -timui [ex applied to a district of Campania
4- inceptive form of timeS], be in Italy.
very much afraid of.
falls, fallere, fefelli, falsus, de­
extra, adv. and prep. w. ace, outceive, disappoint,
side, outside of.
falsS [falsus], adv., falsely, errone­
extrahS, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus ously,
[ex 4- trahS], draw out, lead out, falsus, -a, -um [part, of falls], adj.,
bring out.
false, lying.

268 VOCABULARY
fama, -ae [for, speak], f., rumor, re­ fictilis, -e [fingS], adj., earthen,
port; notoriety, reputation, fame, fidelis, -e [fides], adj., faithful,
fames, -is, f., hunger.
trustworthy,
familia, -ae [famulus, servant], [., fideliter [fidelis], aAsi,, faithfully,
household ; family. With pater, fidens, -entis [part, of fids], adj.,
mater, filius, anifilia, the archaic confident,
gen. smg. familias is usual. fides, fidei, f., faith, faithfulness,
familiaris, -e [familia], adj., of a sense of honor; confidence, trust,
family or household. As subst., belief, credit; pledge,protection,
familiaris, -is, m., intimate fids, fidere, fisus sum, trust, confide,
friend, res familiaris, see res. fidiieia, -ae [fidus, faithful], I,,
familiaritas, -atis [familiaris], f., trust, confidence, assurance,
intimacy, intercourse.
filia, -ae [filius], f., daughter,
familiariter [familiaris], adv., fa­ filius, -i, m., son,
miliarly, intimately.
fingo, fingere, finxi, fictus, touch;
fanum, -i [for, speak], u., consecrated mould, form, shape; devise, in-jent,
place, temple.
finis, -is, m., end, limit, border,
fateor, fateri, fassus sum [for, fio, fieri, factus sum, see faciS.
speak], acknowledge, confess, firmitas, -atis [firmus], f., strength,
fautor, -Sris [faveS], m., favorer, firmness,
patron, -friend, partisan, firmus, -a, -um, adj., steadfast,
fautrix, -icis [fem. form of fautor], powerful,
patroness, protectress,
Flaeeus, -i, m., L, 'Falerius Ftaccus,
faveS, favere, favi, fautiirus, favor, consul 199 B.C.,and censor 184 B.C.
side with, sympathize with, flagitium, -i, u., disgrace, shameful
felicitas, -atis \i%\m, favo7-able], {., deed,
good fortune, good luck.
flagito, -are, -avi, -atus, demand,
fenestra, -ae, f., -windo-w.
ask for eagerly,
fere, adv., nearly, almost, for the flagro, -are, -avi, -atiirus, burn,
most part, about, principally. blaze, be infiamed,
ferS, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry; Flamininus, -i, m., see Quinctius.
suffer; mo-ue,propose{a\ayi)', rush, Flaminius, -i, m., C. Flaminius,
hasten; say, report; bring to pass. consul 217 B.C.
ferScia, -ae [ferSx], i., fierceness. flamma, -ae [flagrS], f., blaze, fiame.
ferSx, -ocis, adj., bold, fierce, savage. fleS, -ere, -evi, -etus, -weep, shed
fermm, -i, n., iron; iron point ox tears, lament.
head (of a spear); sword, -weapon. flSreS, -ere, -ui \&bs, fiower], flour­
ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, sa-oage. ish, be eminent or prosperous.
festinatiS, -Snis [festlnS, hasten], fliimen, -inis [fluS, flow], n., river.
{., haste.
foederatus, -a, -um [foedus], adj.,
festus, -a, -um, adj., solemn, festal. joined ly treaty, allied.

foedus, -eris, u., treaty, league.
fore, forem, alternative forms of
fut. inf. and impf. subj. of sum.
VOCAB ULARY 269
forensis, -a [forum], adj., of the fuga, -ae, i., flight
forum, forensic, legal.
fugio, fugere, fiigi, fugitiirus, flee,
foris, -is, f., door.
escape.
foris [foris], adv., out of doors, without,
from without, outside.
fSrma, -ae, f., form, appearance,
figure; beauty.
formosus, -a, -um [fSrma], beautiful,
handsome.
fors, fortis, f., chance, accident.
forte [abl. of fors], adv., by chance.
fortis, -e, adj., brave, bold.
frustra, adv., in vain, to no purpose,
friistror, -ari, -atus sum [frustra],
frustrate.
fugo, -are, -avi, -atus \iuga],putto
flight, defeat, rout.
fui, perf. of sum.
fundamentum, -i [funds, found],
n., foundation.
funds, fundere, fiidi, fusus, pour,
scatter, rout.
funestus, -a, -um [ftinus, funeral],
adj., calamitous, disastrous.
fortiter [fortis], a&v., bravely, boldly. fungor, fungi, fSnctus sum, per­
fortitudS, -inis [fortis], f., bravery, form, administer.
boldness.
Furius, -i, m., L, Furius, consul
fortuitS [fortuitus, accidental], adv., 196 B.C.
by accident.
futiirus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum.
fortuna, -ae [fors], f., luck, fate, fortune
; good or bad luck ; possessions.
6
forum, -i, n., market-place, public
square, forum.
Galba, -ae, m., see Sulpicius.
frangS, frangere, fregi, fractus, galea, -ae, f., helmet (of leather).
break, crush.
gaudeS, gaudere, gavisus sum,
frater, -tris, m., brother.
rejoice,
frateraus, -a, -um [frater], adj., Geminus, -i, m., see ServHius.
brother's, fraternal,
gener, -eri, m., son-in-law,
fratricida, -ae [frater 4- caedo, cut], generS, -are, -avi, -atus [genus], be­
m , fratricide,
get, produce,
fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, trickery, generosus, -a, -um [genus], adj., of
Fregellae, -amm, f. pi., Fregellae, a noble birth, noble, high-born,
city of Latium in Italy.
gens, gentis, f., gens, race, clan,
frequens, -entis, ai],, frequent, nu­ tribe ; na ion, people,
merous,
genii, -us, a,, knee,
fretiis, -a, -um, adj., depending on, genus, -eris, n., race, family; sort,
relying on,
kind, class, description,
friictus, -iis \ixuox],xa,,fruit,prod­ germanus, -a, -um, adj., full, own
uce ; enjoyment, reward.
(of brothers and sisters).
fruor, frei, fruetus sum, enjoy. gerS, gerere, gessi, gestus, bear.

270
VOCABULARY
carry ; carry on, conduct, manage,
wage; wear, se gerere, act,
behave.
gesta, -orum [part, of gerS], u. pi.,
deeds, achie-oeme-nls,
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus, be­
get, produce, cause,
gladius, -i, m., sword,
glSria, -ae, I,, fame, renown,
glSriSsus, -a -um [gloria], adj.,/«

ULARY 27I
Helvius, -i, m., C, Helvius, Cato's Hispania, -ae, f., Spain.
colleague in the aedileship. Hister, -tri, m., Hister, a name ap­
hemerodromus, -i [Gk. iiiiepodpbiMs, plied to the lower course of the
(all) day-runner], m., courier, Danube.
Heraclides, -is, m., Heraclides, a historia, -ae [io-Topk], f., history.
Syracusan.
historicus,-! [historia], m.,/«'rfo?-Mra.
Hercules, -is, xa,,Hercules, a mythical hodie [hSc die], adv., to-day.
hero, and the god of physical force. Homerus, -i, m., Homer.
hereditas, -atis [heres], f., inheri­ homS, -inis, m. and f., man, human
tance, legacy.
being.
heredium, -i [heres], n., hereditary honestas,-atis [honestus], i.,honor,
estate.
repute, respectability.
heres, -edis, m., heir.
honestus, -a, -um [honos], adj.,
Hermes, -ae, m., image of Hermes, honorable, noble,
a square pillar surmounted by the honSratus, -a, -um [part, of honSro,
head of the god.
honor], adj., honored.
Hestiaeus, -i, m., Histiaeus, tyrant honos or honor, -Sris, m., tion or,_
of Miletus.
distinction.
hibemacula, -Srum [hibernus, of hoplltes, -ae [6XX/T»JS], m., hoplite,
-winter], u. pi., -winter, quarters. heavy-armed soldier,
hic, haec, hSc, dem. pron. and adj., hortatus, -us [hortor], m., exhorta­
this, this one ; the latter ; he, she, it. tion, advice,
hic [hic, pron.], adv.. Here.
hortor, -ari, -atus sum, urge, en­
Hicetas, -ae, m., Hicetas, tyrant of courage,
Leontini in Sicily.
hortus, -i, xa.,garden,
hiemo, -are, -avi, -atiirus [hiems, hospes, -itis [hostis], m., stranger;
winter], spend the winter, winter. host, guest, friend,
hilaritas, -atis [hilaris, cheerful], {., hospitium, -i [hospes], n., bond of
merriment.
hospitality, friendship,
HilStae, -arum [EiXurai], m.. He­ hostia, -ae, f., sacrifice, victim,
lots, the slave class among the hostis, -is, m., usually in pi., enemy
Spartans.
(public).
hinc [liic], adv., hence, from this hSc [bic], aA\,, hither, to this place ;
place.
upon this,
Hipparinus, -i, m., Hipparinus, humanitas, -atis [hiimanus], f.,
(i) father of Dion; (2) son of humanity; refinement, culture,
Diohysius I, tyrant of Syracuse. agreeable manners,
HippS, -onis, m.. Hippo, a. town of humanus, -a, -um [homo], adj.,
northern Africa.
human.
Hipponicus, -i, m., Hipponicus, humilis, -a [humus, ground], adj.,
father-in-law of Alcibiades.
low, small; humble, mean, base.

272 VOCAI
I
iaceS, -era, -ui, tie, lie dead, have
fallen.
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, throw,
cast.
iam, adv., now, already ; even,
ianua, -aa, f., door,
ibi [is], adv., there, in that place,
ibidem [ibi 4- dem. suffix -dem], in
the same place,
idem, eadam, idem [is 4- dem. suffix
-dem], dem. pron. and adj., the
immerens, -entis [in- 4- part, of
mereo], adj., undeserving, innocent.
imminaS, -minera, threaten, impend,
immittS, -mittara, -misi, -missus
in 4- mitts], send against, let
loose,
immoderatas, -a, -um [in- +
moderatus, within bounds], unrestrained,
unbridled,
immodestia, -ae [in- 4- modestia],
f., lack of restraint, lack of discipline.
same; often to be rendered he, immolo, -are, -avi, -atus [in -f
she, etc., also,
mola, sacred meal], offer, sacrifice.
ideS [id eo, this for this purpose], immortalis, -e [in- 4- mortalis],
adv., therefore, on that or this everlasting, immortal.
account,
imparatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of
idoneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable. parS], adj., unprepared.
igitur, conj., therefore, accordingly, impedimantum, -i [impediS], n.,
ignis, -is, xxx,,fire,
hindrance; in pi., ba^age.
ignSrantia, -ae [ignoro], f., igno­ impadio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [in- 4rance,pes],
entangle, hinder.
ignSrS, -are, -avi, -atus [ignarus, impellB, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus
ignorant], not know, be un­ [in 4- '^€Ab],drive, urge,persuade,
acquainted with.
infiuence.
ignSscS, -gnoscere, -gnSvi, -gnStus impendeo, -pendere [in 4- pendeS,
[in- 4- (g)n6scS], overlook,pardon. hang], hang over, threaten, im­
ignotus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of pend.
(g)n5scS], adj., unkno-wn, un­ impensa, -ae [part, of impends,
familiar; unacquainted xuith, expend], f., expense.
ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron. and imperator, -Sris [impero], m., com­
adj., that; he, she, it; the former; mander, general.
the well knozun, the famous, the imperatorius, -a, -um [imperator],
great,
adj., commanding, stately.
ills [ille], adv., to that place, thither, imperite [imperltus], adv., un­
illuc [ille], adv., to that place, wisely.
thither,
imperitus, -a, -um [in- -f peritus],
imagS, -inis, f., likeness, portrait, adj., unskilled.
imbuS, -are, -ui, -iitus, fill, imbue. imperium, -i [imperS], command,
imitor, -ari, -atus s\aa.,copy, imitate. power, authority.

impero, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4parS],
command, order; govern;
demand.
impetrS, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4patrS,
bring to pass], obtain, ac­
complish.
impetus, -iis [in 4- pets], m.,
attack.
ULARY 273
incendium, -i [incendo], n., burning,
fire,
incendS, -candere, -candi, -census,
set on fire; infiame, rouse, incense,
incaptum, -i [part, of incipiS], u.,
beginning, undertaking, attempt.
incidS, -cidere, -cidi [in 4- cadS],
impius, -a, -um [in- 4- plus], adj., fall into, happen.
wicked, accursed.
incidS, -cidare, -cidi, -cisus [in 4-
implies, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus or caedo, cut], cut in, engrave.
-itus [in -(- '^Xicb, fold], entangle, incipiS, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus [in -f
involve, disable.
capio], take in hand, begin.
impSnS, -ponere, -posui, -positus inclino, -ara, -avi, -atus, repulse,
[in -}- ^bnb], place in, load upon ; drive back.
put in charge, put over ; put upon, incSgnitus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of
deceive, impose.
cSgnSscS], adj., unknown, not
impotens, -entis [in- 4- potens], understood,
adj., feeble.
incola, -aa [incolS], m., inhabit­
impraesentiarum [for in praesentia ant,
rerum], ai^.,for the present. incolS, -colore, -colui [in 4- cols],
impriidens, -entis [in- 4- priidens], inhabit,
adj., unj'oreseeing, unknowing, off incolumis, -e, adj., safe, unhurt,
one's guard.
incSnsideratus, -a, -um [in- -\-
impriidenter [impriidens],adv., M«consideratus, circumspect], adj.,
wisely.
thoughtless, heedless.
imprudantia, -aa [impriidens], f., incredibilis, -e [in-4-credibilis, cred­
imprudence.
ible], adj., incredible, astonish­
impSgnS, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4- ing.
Tfu^ab], fight against, attack. incurro, -currere, -eurri or cucurri,
impulsus, -us [impeUS], m., insti­ -eursiims [in 4- curro], rush at,
gation.
charge.
impune [imprinis, unpunished],a&v., inde, adv., thence, from that place ;
without punishment, safely, thereafter, afier that.
in, prep., (i) w. ace, into, on, to, index, -icis, m., informer.
at, against, towards ; for, (2) w. indicium, -i [index], n., sign, proof,
abl., in, among, -within, on; dur­ evidence.
ing, at,
indicS, -ara, -avi, -atus [index],
in-, inseparable prefix meaning show, reveal, betray.
not,
indico, -dicera, -dixi, -dictus [in 4-
inanis, -e, adj., empty,
T
dicS], declare against.

274 VOCAB
indidem [inde 4- dem. suffix -dem], infodio, -fodera, -fSdi, -fossus [in
adv., frotn the same place, also 4- fodiS, dig], bury.
from.
ingenium, -i [in4-gignS], nature,
indigeS, -ere, -ui [in 4- egeS, lack], disposition; natural ability, tal­
be in need of.
ents, genius.
indignor, -ari, -atus sum [in- 4- dig- ingratiis [in-4-gratia], adv., against
nor, deem -wordiy], be indignant one's will.
at.
ingratus, -a, -um [in- 4- gratus],
indignus, -a, -um [in- 4- dignus], adj., thankless, ungrateful, witliout
adj.; unworthy, undeserved.
gratitude.
indiicS, -diieera, -duxi, -ductus [in inieio, -icara, -ieci, -iectus [in 4-
4- diicS], lead into, bring in, iniaciS], thro-w upon; strike into,
troduce; infiuence, induce. cause in.
indulges, indulgere, 'xsAniA, yield, inimicitia, -ae [inimicus], f., hos­
concede ; give rein, favor, indulge. tility, enmity.
industria, -ae, f., diligence, industry. inimicus, -a, -um [in- 4- amicus],
indutiae, -arum, f. pi., armistice. adj., hostile. As subst., inimicus,
inaS, -ire, -ii, -itus [in+eS], enter, -i, m., enemy (personal).
begin, come into.
initium, -i [ineS], u., beginning.
inermis, -e [in- 4- arma], adj., un- iniSria, -ae [in- 4- iiis], f., -wrong,
armed.
injury.
infamia, -ae [infamis], f., dishonor, iniiiste [iniiistiis, unjust], adv., un­
disgrace, ill repute.
justly,
infamis, -e [in-4-fama], adj., of ill inlacrimS, -are, -avi, -atus [in 4-
repute, disreputable.
lacrimo], weep at ox over.
infamS, -ara, -avi, -atus [infamis], inludS, -liidare, -lusi, -lusus [in 4
defame.
liido, play], make sport of, de­
infectus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of ceive.
facis], adj., undone, unaccom­ inliistris, -e [in 4- KstrS, illumiplished.nate],
adj., distinguished, famous,
infero, -farre, -tuli, -latus [in -{• important, note-worthy.
ferS], carry to; bring upon or inlustrS, -are, -avi, -atus [inliistris],
against, make against; advance. •make famous.
infestus, -a, -um, adj., hostile. innocens, -entis [in- 4- part, of
infirmus, -a, -um [in- 4- firmus], noceS], adj., innocent,
adj., -weak, helpless.
innocentia, -ae [innocens], f., in­
infitiaa, -amm [in- 4- fateor], f. tegrity, "jirtue, uprightness,
pi., denial; only in ace, infitias innoxius, -a, -um [in- 4- noxius],
ire, deny.
harmless, innocent,
infitior, -ari, -atus sum [infitiae], inopia, -ae [inops], insufficiency,
deny.
lack, -want, poverty, need.

inopinatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part.
of opinor, suppose], adj., unexpected,
inops, -opis [in-4-ops], adj., needy,
indigent.
inquam, inquis, inquit, say, used
parenthetically with the exact
words of the quotation instead of
the indirect discourse.
inrideo, -ridera, -risi, -risus [in 4-
rideS, laugh], laugh at, make sport
of, ridicule.
VOCABI ULARY 275
[in 4-statuo], decide, determine;
establish, adopt; begin.
institutum, -i [instituS], n., purpose;
custom, habit; ordinance,
law.
insto, -stare, -stiti, -stitams [in 4stS],
be at hand, press upon,
instruo, -struera, -struxi, -structus
[in-|-struS], arrange, draw up,
insuetus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of
suesco, become used], adj., unaccustomed,
insciens, -entis [in- 4- sciens], adj., insula, -aa, f., island,
unknowing, una-ware.
insum, -esse,fui [in 4- sum], be in.
inscitia, -ae [inscitus, ignorant], f.. integritas, -atis [integer, un­
Ignorance.
touched], f., uprightness, probity,
inscius, -a, -um [in- 4- sciS], adj., intellegS, -legara, -lexi, -Iectus
not kno-wing, ignorant.
[inter-f lego], understand, know,
inscribS, -scribere, -scrips!, -serip- intemperans, -antis [in- 4- tempetus
[in 4- scribS], write on, inxaas>,self-restrained],aA],, without
scribe.
self-restraint; immoderate, given
inserviS, -servire, -servitus [in 4- to excess,
serviS], give attention to, devote intemperantia, -aa [intemperans],
oneself to.
f., lack of self-restraint, arrogance,
insidiae, -aram [insideS], f. pi., am­ inter [in], prep. w. ace, between;
bush, snare, plot.
among, in the midst of,
insidior, -ari, -atus sum [insidiae], intercedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
lie in ambush, watch for, plot [inter 4- cedS], come between, in­
against.
terfere ; occur.
insido, -sidare, -sedi, -sassus [in interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus
4- sedeo], occupy.
[inter 4- Siob], forbid.
insigniter [insignis, notable], adv., interdiu [inter 4- dies], adv., by
notably, remarkably.
day.
insolens, -antis [in- -\- part, of interdum [inter 4- dum], adv., some­
soleo], adj., arrogant, insolent. times, no-w and then.
insolentia, -ae [insolens], f., arro­ interea [inter], adv., meanwhile, in
gance.
the meantime.
instans, -antis [part, of Tnsto], adj., intareS, -ira, -ii, -itiirus [inter 4-
at hand, present, impending, eS], go among; perish, be wasted.
threatening.
interfeetor, -Sris [interficiS], m.,
instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitiitus slayer, assassin.

276 VOCABULARY
interficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus
[inter4-facis], kill, put to death.
interim [inter], adv., meanwhile, in
the meantime.
interims, -imere, -ami, -emptus [inter
4- emS, take], destroy, murder.
interior, -ius [comp. from inter],
adj., inner.
intaritus, -Ss [intereS], m., ruin,
destruction, death.
internuntius, -i [inter 4- nuntius],
m., messen.ger, go-bet-ween.
interpSno, -pSnere, -posui, -positus
[inter4- •pbnb],interpose; put
for-ward, allege; interpolate, say
in parenthesis, se interpSnere,
interfere,
interpreter, -ari, -atus sum [inter-
intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum [in 4tueor],
look at, regard, consider,
inutilis, -a [in- -f- iitilis], adj., disadvantageous,
invadS, -vadera, -vasi, -vasus [in4ya&b,go],
enter, invade, attack,
invehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus [in-fvehS],
carry in, bring to. Pass.,
inveigh against,
invaniS, -venire, -veni, -vantus [in
4- veniS], come upon, find, discover,
invantum, -i [part, of inveniS], u.,
invention, device,
invetaratus, -a, -um [part, of invetero,
give age to], adj., long-
invietus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of
pres, explainer], explain, expound, vinco], adj., unconquered,
interrogS, -are, -avi, -atus [inter 4- invidaS, -videre, -vidi, -visus [in4rogo],
ask, question,
videS], look askance at, envy,
interserS, -serere [inter 4- sero], invidia, -ae [invidus, envious], f.,
interpose; allege,
envy, jealousy, ill--will; disfavor,
intersum, -assa, -fui, -futiims [in­ unpopularity,
ter 4- sum], be between, be at, be inviolatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of
present, take part in; differ, be viols], adj., unhurt, inviolate,
a difference between.
invisus, -a, -um [part, of invideS],
intastinus, -a, -um [intus, within], adj., hated.
adj., internal, intestine, civil, invitus, -a, -um, adj., un-willing,
intimus, -a, -um [sup. from inter], against the will.
adj., inmost, most intimate. invocatus, -a, -um [in- 4- part, of
intra [inter], adv., on the inside, vocS], adj., unbidden, unin­
within,
vited.
intrS, -are, -avi, -atus [inter], enter, iocose [iocSsus, humorous], adv.,
introeS. -ire, -ii [intro, to the in­ jestingly.
side 4- eS], enter into,
iocus, -i, at., jest,
introitus, -iis [introeo], m., en­ ISnes, -um, m. pi., inhabitants of
trance,
Ionia, lonians.
intromitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus Ionia, -ae, f., Ionia, the central
[intrS, to the inside 4- mittS], ad­ part of the western coast of Asia
mit -within, let in.
Minor, occupied by Greek cities.

VOCABULARY 277
iphicratensis, -a, adj., of Iphi­ iudice, -are, -avi, -atus [iudex],
crates,
judge, pass judgment; think, con­
Iphicrates, -is, m., Iphicrates, an sider, come to the conclusion, sup­
Athenian commander.
pose,
ipsa, ipsa, ipsum, intensive and iugerum, -i, gen. pi. iugerum, u.,
distinctive pron., self; livmself juger, acre (more exactly, 28,000
herself, itself; often to be ren­ sq.ft., about two-thirds of an acre).
dered by own, just, mere, pre­ iumentum, -i [iungS], u., draught
cisely, very, etc.
animal, beast of burden; horse.
ira, -ae, f., anger,
iungo, iungare, iiinxi, iunetus,
iraseor, irasci, iratus sum [ira], join, unite.
be angry.
luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, king
iratus, -a, -um [part, of iraseor], of the gods.
adj., angry.
iurS, -are, -avi, -atus [iiis], s-wear.
is, aa, id, dem. pron. and adj., that, iiiris cSnsultus, -i [gen. of ius 4-
this, the ; he, she, it; such.
part. of consuls], m., tazvyer.
Ismenias, -ae, m., Ismenias, a ius, iiiris, n., right, la-w, iSre, justly,
Theban ambassador.
ius iurandum, iuris iurandi [iiis
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that 4- gerundive of iiirS], n., oath,
(of yours), that -which you ask, iiissum, -i [part, of iubeo], n.,
say, etc.; that, in contempt, or of order, direction, command,
an opponent.
(iussus), only found in abl. sing.
ita, adv., so, thus, in this manner, in iiissii [iubeS], m., command,
such a way; very (in expressions order.
like non ita multS post, res nSn iustitia, -aa [iiistus], justice, fair­
ita magnae, etc.
ness.
Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
iiistus, -a, -um [ius], adj., just, up­
italieus, -a, -um, adj., of Italy, right.
Italian.
iuvencus, -i [iuvenis, youiig], xa,,
itaque [ita 4- que], conj., and so, (young) bullock,
therefore, accordingly.
iuvB, iuvare, iuvi, iiitus, help,
item, adv., in like manner, likewise. aid,
iter, itineris [eo], u., journey, iiixta, adv. and prep. w. ace, near,
march; route.
near by,
iteram, adv., again, a second time.
iubeo, inhere, iussi, iussus, bid,
K
command, order.
Karthaginiensis, -e, adj., of Car­
iudax, -icis [itis 4- dic5], m., judge, thage, Carthaginian,
juror.
Karthago, -inis, f., Carthage, a city
iiidicium, -i [iiidex], n., judgment, on the northern coast of Africa,
trial, sentence.
Rome's greatest rival.

278 VOCABULARY
L., the abbreviation for Lucius,
LabeS, -onis, m., see Fabius.
laudatiS, -Snis [lauds], f., prune,
commendation,
laudo, -are, -avi, -atus [laus],
praise, commend,
labor, -Sris, m., labor, effort, difficulty, laureus, -a, -um [laurus, laurel-tree],
toil,
adj., of laurel, laurel,
laboriSsus, -a, -um [labor], adj., laus, -dis, f., praise, merit,
laborious; toilsome, industrious, laute [lautus, neat], adv., elegantly,
labors, -are, -avi, -atus [labor], sumptuously,
work, labor, take pains,
laxo, -are, -avi, -atus [laxus, loose],
Laeedaamon, -onis, f., Lacedaemon undo.
or Sparta, the chief city of La- lactiea, -ae [Iectus], f., litter.
conia in southern Greece.
lector, -Sris [lego], m., reader.
Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, adj.. Spar­ Iectus, -i, m., couch, bed.
tan, Lacedaemonian,
legatiS, -onis [legatus], f., embassy.
laeesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, provoke, legatus, -i [lego, depute], xa., am­
harass, injure.
bassador, lieutenant,
LacS, -Snis, m., Laconian, Lacedae­ legitimus, -a, -um [lex], a6],,lawfid.
monian, Spartan.
laerimS, -ara, -avi, -atus [lacrima, legs, lagare, legi, Iectus, choose,
tear], shed tears, weep.
pick, select; read,
laedo, laedere, laasi, laesus, injure, Lemnius, -a, -um, adj., of Lemnos,
violate.
Lemnian.
laatitia, -ae \\.a&tus, joyful], i., joy, Lemnos, -i, f., Lemnos, an island in
rejoicing.
the Aegaean Sea.
Lamachus, -i, m., Lamachus, a leniS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [lenis, soft],
general of the Athenians in the soften, calm, mitigate,
expedition against Syracuse. LeSnidas, -ae, m., Leonidas, the
Lamprus, -i, m., Lamprus, an Spartan king who fell at Ther­
Athenian musician.
mopylae.
Lampsacus, -i, f., Lampsacus, a city LeStyehides, -ae, m., Leotychides, a
of Asia Minor.
Spartan prince.
Laphystius, -i, m., Laphystius, a Lesbos, -i, f., Lesbos, an island in
Syracusan.
the Aegaean Sea, near the coast of
lapideus, -a, -um [lapis], adj., stone. Asia Minor.
lapis, -idis, m., stone, milestone. Leuctra, -Smm, n. pi., Leuctra, a
largitio, -onis [largior, give bounti­ town of Boeotia in central Greece.
fully], f., dole, bountiful giving, Lauetrieus, -a, -um, adj., of Leuctra,
money grant, largess, bribery. levis, -e, adj., light, trivial, frivolous,
lataS, -ere, -ui, lie hidden, be con­ leve, -are, -avi, -atus [levis], lighten,
cealed.
relieve.

VOCABI
ULARY 279
lex, legis, f., law. In pi., some­ liman, -inis, n., threshold, doortimes
terms, conditions,
way,
libanter \X\h^xxs, glad], a&v., gladly, lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language,
with pleasure, willingly,
linteus, -a, -um, {finxasx, fiax], adj.,
libar, -era, -erum, adj., free, un­ linen,
restrained, liberi, -Smm, m. pi., lis, litis, f., quarrel, lawsuit; dam­
children.
ages, fine,
liber, -bri, m., book.
littera,-ae, i,,letter(oit'at alphabet);
libaralis, -a [liber], adj., liberal, in pi., literature, letter (epistle).
noble.
Iitus, -oris, n., shore, beach,
libaralitas, -atis [llberalis], i.,liberlocuples,
-etis [locus 4- plenus],
ality, generosity.
adj., rich,
llberaliter [llberalis], adv., freely. locupletS, -are, -avi, -atus [locu­
liberator, -oris [libero], m., liberaples], enrich,
tor.
locus, -i, xa., place; position, station,
libere [fiber], adv., freely, with­ point; opportunity, Nom. and
out reserve; licentiously.
ace. ij. pi., loca, connected places,
liberi, -Srum, m. pi., see liber.
region, while loci, m., means
liberS,-are,-avi, -atus {fA^a], free, separate places.
set free, liberate.
longe, [longus], adv., far, widely.
libertas, -atis [liber], f., freedom, longinquus, -a, -um [longus], adj.,
liberty.
long.
libet, -era, libuit or libitum est, it longus, -a, -um, adj., long.
is pleasing, it pleases.
Longus, -i, m., 7'i. Sempronius
libidinSsus, -a, -um, [libido, pleas­ Longus, consul 218 B.C.
ure], adj., sensual, licentious, loquor, loqui, locutus sum, speak,
wanton.
talk.
licenter [licens, free], adv., freely, ISrica, -aa [ISrum, strap], f,, cuirass
without restraint,
(of leather), corselet.
licentia, -aa \\vx^as,free], f., license, Liicanus, -a, -um, adj., Lucanian,
wantonness, presumption,
of Lucania, a district in southern
licet, licera, licuit or licitum est, Italy.
it is permitted or allowed; often lucrum, -i, n., gain, ad-oantage,
best translated by the English luetor, -ari, -atus sum, -wrestle,
personal may,
lucus, -i [luceo, shine], m., ope}^
lignaus, -a, -um, [lignum], adj., wood; grove, sacred grove,
zvooden,
lumen, -inis \\uofxs,shine],n,, light,
lignum, -i, n., wood, firewood. LUsitanus, -a, -um, adj., Lusitan-
Ligus, -uris, m., a Ligurian, inhabian, of Lusitania (Portugal).
itant of Liguria, on the northwest Lutatius, -i, m., C, Lutatius Catu­
coast of Italy.
lus, consul 242 B.C.

2 8o VOCAE
luxuria, -ae [luxus, excess], [., riot­ magnS opera or magnopere [abl.
ous living, excess, luxury, extrav­ of magnum opus], adv., greatly,
agance,
very much,
liixuriSse [liixuriosus], adv., luxuri­ magnus, -a, -um, adj., large, great,
ously, voluptuously, extravagantly, Comp. maior, greater, maior
liixuriSsus, -a, -um [Kixuria], adj., (natu), older. As subst., maiSres,
self-indulgent, given to pleasure, -um, m. pi., ancestors, forefatliers.
LyeS, -Snis, m., Lyco, a Syracusan. Sup. maximus, greatest; eldest
Lycus, -i, m., Lycus, father of (with or without natii).
Thrasybulus.
MagS, -onis, m., Mago, brother of
Lydia, -aa, f., Lydia, a country of Hannibal.
Asia Minor.
maiestas, -atis [maior], f., great­
Lysander, -dri, m., Lysander, a ness,
Spartan general.
maior, -ius, comp. of magnus.
Lysimachus, -i, m., Lysimachus, the mala [mains], adv., badly, ill, -wick­
father of Aristides.
edly; unsuccessfully,
Lysis, -is, m.. Lysis, a Tarentiue maledicus, -a, -um, comp. maledi-
philosopher.
cantior, sup. maladicentissimus
[maledicS, abuse], adj., abusive,
M
slanderous.
maleficus, -a, -um [male 4- faciS],
M., the abbreviation for Marcus. adj., evil-doing, inimical,
W, the abbreviation for Mdnius. malitiSse [malitiSsus, malicious],
Macedo, -onis, m., a Macedonian. maliciously, with evil intent,
maculS, -are, -avi, -atus [macula, malo, malle, malui [magis 4- vols],
spot], spot, stain.
would rather, prefer,
magis [magnus], adv. in comp., no malum, -i, [mains], n., misfortune.
pos., more, rather.
mains, -a, -um, adj., bad, wicked,
magister, -tri [magis], m., master. Mamercus, -i, m., Mamercus, tyrant
magistratus, -Us [magister], m., ma­ of Catana in Sicily.
gistrate, public official; civil office, mandatum, -i [part, of mando,
office; body of magistrates, govern­ commit], a,, commission, order,
ment.
maneo, manere, mansi, mansus,
Magnesia, -ae, f, Magnesia, a Greek stay, remain, abide,
city of Asia Minor.
Manlius, -i, m., Cn. Manlius Volso,
magnificus, -a, -um, comp. magni- consul 189 B.C.
fieentior, sup. magnificentissi- Mantinea, -ae, f., Mantinea, a town
mus [magnus 4- facio], adj., noble, of Arcadia in southern Greece.
eminent; splendid, magnificent. manubiaa, -arum [manus], f. pi.,
magnitude, -inis [magnus], f., size, money received for booty,
greatness.
manus, -us, f., hand; bravery.

fighting; band, company, manSs
dare, surrender,
MarathSn, -onis, ace Marathona,
f., Marathon, a town and plain on
the northeast coast of Attica.
MarathSnius -a, -um, adj., of Mara­
ULARY 281
memer, -oris, adj., mindful, remembering,
memoria, -aa [memor], f., memory,
recollection ; narration, tradition,
memoriae prodere, hand down to
posterity, record,
thon.
Meneclides, -is, m., Meneclides, a
Marcellus, -i, m., see Claudius. Theban politician.
Mardonius, -i, m., Mardonius, » Menelaus, -i, m., Menelaus, king of
Persian general.
Sparta, brother of Agamemnon,
mare, -is, u., sea.
and husband of Helen of Troy.
maritimus, -a, -um [mare], of the Menelai Portus, the name of a
sea, sea-, naval, marine, seaside, port of northern Africa.
mater, -tris, f., mother, mater Manastheus, -i, ace Menesthea,
familias (see familia), f., mistress m., Menestheus, son of Iphicrates.
of 3 household, married woman, mens, mentis, f., mind, feeling,
matricida, -ae [mater-l-caedS, cut], mensa, -ae, f., table, secunda
xa,, matricide,
mensa, dessert.
matrimSnium, -i [mater], n., mar­ mensis, -is, m., month.
riage, in matrimSnium dUcere, mensQra, -ae [metior, measure],
marry (said of the man). {,, measure,
matSrS, -are, -avi, -atus [matiirus, mentis, -Snis, f., mention.
ripe], make ripe; hasten, hurry, mantior, -iri, -itus sum, lie.
maxime [maximus], adv., sup. of marcannarius, -a, -um [merces],
magis, very greatly, especially, adj., hired, mercenary. As subst.,
exceedingly, very, most of all, marcannarius, in
-i, m., hireling,
the highest degree,
merces, -edis [merx, wares], pay,
maximus, -a, -um, sup. of magnus. hire, fee, reward; subscription.
Maximus, -i, m., see Fabius. Mercurius, -i, m.. Mercury, son of
medeor, -eri, remedy, provide against, Jupiter and Maia, herald of the
medicus, -i [medeor], m., physician. gods, and god of streets, traffic,
Medicus, -a, -um, adj., of the Medes and thieves.
or of Media, Median, Persian. mereS, -ere, ui, -itus and meraor,
meditor, -ari, -atus sum, think, pur­ -eri, -itus sum, deserve, earn.
pose, intend.
maridies, ace -em, abl. -a [medius
Medus, -i, m., inhabitant of Media, 4- dies], m., noon, south.
Mede, Sometimes loosely applied merits [meritum], adv., justly, as
to the Persians.
the case deserves, deservedly.
mel, mollis, n., honey.
meritum, -i [part, of mereS], n.,
malier,-ius [comp. of bonus], adj., desert, merit, service, favor.
better.
Messena, -aa, or Messene, -es, f.,

2 82 VOCABULARY
Messene, the principal city of
Messenia in southern Greece.
-met, an emphatic suffix attached to
pers. pronouns.
metallum, -i, n., mine.
matuo, matuera, metui [metus,
fear], fear, dread, be afraid of.
mens, -a, -um [me], poss. adj., of
me, my, mine, my own.
Micythus, -i, m., Micythus, a Theban
youth.
mihi, dat. of ego.
miles, -itis, m., soldier.
Milesius, -a, -um, adj., Milesian,
Taixabi\is,-e[xn\xox],ad].,-wonderful
mirabiliter [mirabilis], adv., wonderfully.
miror, -ari,-atus sum \xxAxus], wonder
at, be surprised.
mirus, -a, -um, adj., -wonderful.
misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus,
mix, thro-tu into confusion.
miserandus, -a, -um [ger. of
misexox,pity], ad]., pitiable.
misereor, -eri, miseritus sum
[miser], pity.
misericordia, -ae [misericors, piti­
of Miletus, a city of Ionia.
ful], f., pity, compassion.
(missus), only in abl. sing., missu
militaris, -a [miles], adj., pertain­ [mitts], m., a sending, despatching
to a soldier, military, of war. ing.
res militaris, art of war,
mitto, mittara, misi, missus, send,
mille, in sing, indecl. adj., thousand; despatch, dismiss.
in pi. subst., milia, milium, mili­ mSbUitas, -atis [mobilis, easily
bus, thousands,
moved], f., changeableness, fickle­
Miltiades, -is, m., Miltiades, disness.tinguished Athenian commander. moderate [moderatus, moderate],
Minerva, -aa, f., Minerva, goddess adv., moderately, calmly, with res­
of war and practical wisdom. ignation.
minime [minimus], adv., sup. of modestia, -ae \xaoA^stus],i.,moder-
minus, least, not at all,
ation, unassuming conduct, mod­
minimus, -a, -um, sup. of parvus. esty.
minor, -us, comp. of parvus. modestus, -a, -um [modus], adj.,
Minucius, -i, m., the name of a moderate, unassuming.
Roman gens, Nepos mentions mode [abl. of modus], adv., only.
(i) 31, Minucius Rufus, Fabius' modo . . . modo, no-w . . . now.
master of the horse ; and (2) Q. medus, -i, m., measure, limit, extent;
Minucius Thermus, consul 193 manner, kind.
B.C.
moenia, -ium, n. pi., defensive -walls,
minuo, minuera, minui, minutus ramparts, city -walls.
[minor], lessen, diminish, mSlior, -iri, -itus sum [mSles,
minus [minor], adv., less, too little, heavy -weight], labor at, attempt.
not very,
Molossi, -Srum or iim, m. pi., Molos­
minutus, -a, -um [part, of minus], sians, a people of Epirus, north of
adj., small.
Greece.

VOCABULARY 283
mSmentum, -i [for movimentum, multo, -are, -avi, -atus {xaxAta,fine],
from moves], n., weight, impor­ fine, sentence.
tance.
multo [abl. of multum], adv., much,
monao, -ere, -ui, -itus, ad-uise, warn, by far, far.
mens, mentis, m., mountain, multum [ace of multus], adv.,
monumantum, -i [moneS], n., me­ niucJi.
morial, monument, tomb, sepul­ miiltus, -a, -um, adj., much, many.
chre,
miinicipium, -i [municeps, burgher],
mora, -aa, f, delay, hindrance, IX,, free to-wn,
mora, -aa [/aipo], i,,-mora, regiment, munis, -ire, -ivi, -itus [moenia],
a division of the Spartan army fortify, defend (with wall);
consisting of from four to nine build up,
hundred men.
munitiS, -Snis [muniS], f., fortify­
morbus, -i, m., disease, sickness, ing, work of building -walls, forti­
morior, mori, mortuus sum, fut. part. fications.
meriturus [mors], die,
munus, -eris, n., reward, favor,
merer, -ari, -atus sum [mora], gift; service, duty.
delay, linger,
Munychia, -aa, f., Munychia, a
mors, mortis, f., death.
harbor and peninsula near
mortalis, -is [mors], adj., mortal. Athens.
As subst., mortalis, -is, m. and f., miirus, -i, m., wall, city wall, gen­
man, human being,
erally in pi.
mortifer, -fera, -famm [mors 4- musica, -aa, and miisice, -es
fero], adj., mortal, deadly,
\jwv

284 VOCABULARY
N
adv., not, ne quidem, not
nam, coxi].,for,
even,
namque [nam -f que], conj., and -ne, enclitic particle affixed to the
(this is so, etc.), for; best ren­ first or principal word of a quesdered
simply y»r.
tion, to serve as an interrogation
naneiscor, naneisci, nactus or nanc- mark, and not translatable; also in
tus sum, get, obtain, find.
alternative questions, whether; or.
narrS, -are, -avi, -atus, *//, relate, nee, see neque.
narrate,
necessariS [abl. of necessarius],
nascor, nasci, natus sum, be born, adv., of necessity, -necessarily.
natalis, -e [nascor], adj., of one's necessarius, -a, -um [necesse], adj.,
birth, natal,
necessary ; closely connected, near.
natiS, -Snis [nascor], f., birth; race, necesse, indecl. adj., necessary.
nation,
necessitas, -atis [necesse], f., ne­
natS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of nS], cessity.
swim, float,
neeessitiidS, -inis [necesse], f.,
natUra, -ae [nascor], f., nature, close connection, relationstiip.
character,
neene [nee 4- -ne], or not.
naturalis, -e [natiira],adj., natural, Nectanabis, -idis, m., A^ectenebis, an
native, inborn,
Egyptian prince.
natus, -a, -um [part, of nascor], adj., nefas [ne 4- fas], n., indecl., some­
in expre.5sions of age, so many thing contrary to divine law, sin.,
years old.
crime.
(natus), only in abl. sing, natu neglagenter [neglegens, careless],
[nascor], m., birth, age. maior adv., carelessly.
natii, minor natii, etc., see mag­ neglegS, -legara, -lexi, -Iectus [nee
nus and parvus.
4- legs], neglect, take no care of,
naufragium, -i [navis 4- frangS], n., overlook.
shipwreck, disaster, destruction. negS, -are, -avi, -atus, deny, refuse .-
nauta, -ae [for navita, from navis], say that. . . not (regularly used
xa., sailor.
instead of dicS . . . non).
nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], adj., negStium, -i [nee 4- otium], n., oc­
of sailors, -naval.
cupation, business affair; task,
navalis, -a [navis], adj., na-oal. charge; trouble, pains, difficulty.
navis, -is, f., ship, navis longa, nemS, -inis [ne -f homS], m. and f.,
warship, navis onararia, trans­ nobody, no one.
port.
Neocles, -is or -i, m., Neocles, father
Naxos, -i, f., Naxos, an island in the of Themistocles.
Aegaean Sea.
Neontichos, n., Neontichos, one of
ne, (l) conj., lest, that, , . not, not to the strongholds of Alcibiades in
(in neg. clauses of purpose). (2) the Thracian Chersonese.

VOCABULARY 285
Neptiinus, -i, m., Neptune, god of nocturnus,-a, -um [nox], aS].,ofthe
the sea.
niglit, night,
neque and nac, conj., and not, also nSlo, nSUa, nSlui [ne 4- vols], not
not. nequa (nac) naque wish, be unwilling,
(nee), neither . . . nor. nSman, -inis [nSsco], n., name,
Nero, -onis, m., see Claudius. nSminatim [nSminS], aAv,,by name,
nescio, -ire, -ivi [ne 4- sciS], not definitely,
kno-w. nescio quis = aliquis, nSminS, -are, -avi, -atus [nSmen],
some one, some.
name, call, mention by name.
neve or neu [ne 4- -ve], adv., intro­ non, adv., not.
ducing a second (negative) clause nSndum [nSn 4- dum], adv., not yet.
of purpose, command, or prohibi­ nSn nemo, some, some one.
tion after ut, ne, etc., and not, nSnnihil [non 4-nihil], n., indecl.,
nor, and that not, and lest, something, not a little.
NieanSr, -oris, m., Nicanor, an offi­ nSnnSllus, -a, -um [nSn 4- niillus],
cer under Cassander.
adj., some, quite a number.
Nicias, -ae, m., Nicias, an Athenian nSnus, -a, -um, num. adj., ninth.
general.
nSs, pi. of ago, we.
nihil or nil, n., indecl., nothing. nSscS, nSseera, novi, notus, find
nihilS [abl. of nihilum, nothing], adv., out, ascertain. In perfect tenses,
none the ... , not at all, no. know.
nimis, adv., too.
nosmat, see nSs and -met.
nimius, -a, -um [nimis], adj., too nestar, -tra, -trum [nSs], poss.
much, too great, too high. pron., our, our own, ours; often
NIsaeus, -i, m., Nisaeus, son of Dio­ equivalent to my, mine.
nysius I of Syracuse.
notitia, -aa [noscS], f., a being
nisi [ne 4- si], conj., if not, unless, known ; knowledge,
except.
nets, -aje, -avi, -atus [nota, mark],
niter, niti, nixus or nisus sum, mark, record,
strive, contend; be supported notus, by, -a, -um [part, of nSscS], adj..
depend on.
well-known,
nS, nara, navi, swim, float. novem, indecl. num. adj., nine.
nobilis, -e [nSscS], adj., noteworthy, novus, -a, -um, adj., new, recent.
famous; noble, high-born. In sup., often last, latest.
nSbilitas, -atis [nSbiUs], f., fame, nox, noetis, f., night,
celebrity,
noxius, -a, -um [noxa, hurt], adj.,
nSbilito, -are, -avi, -atus [nSbilis], hurtful, guilty,
make famous,
nubilis, -e [nubS], adj., marriage­
noceS, -era, -ui, harm, injure, able,
noctii [nox], adv., by night, at nubS, niibera, nupsi, niiptus, marry
night.
(said of the woman).

286 VOCAI
nullus, -a, -um [ne 4-Cllus], adj.,
no, none,
num, interr. adv., (i) introducing a
direct question, so framed as apparently
to expect negative
answer, or expressing indignation;
(2) introducing an indirect ques­
obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [ob +
iacio], throw before; throw out
against, taunt, se obieara, meet,
attack; present oneself, appear,
obitus, -us [obeo], m., death,
Oblivio, -Snis [obli-viscor], {,, forgetfulness.tion,
-wliether, if, in which case obliviscor, it oblivisci, oblitus sum,
loses its peculiar force.
forget, be forgetful,
numen, -inis [-nuS, nod], n., divine obnitor, -niti, -nixus sum [ob 4-
will, divine po-wer,
xixtox],press against, brace against.
numerS, -are, -avi, -atus [numerus], oboadiS, -ire, -ivi, -itus [ob 4-
number, count out,
audio], give ear to, obey,
numerus, -i, m., number; rank, posi­ obruo, -mere, -mi, -rutus [ob 4tion,ruo,
thrmd], over-whelm, bring to
Numida, -ae, m., a Numidian, destruction, ruin; cover, bury,
Numidia was a region lying south­ obsecro, -are, -avi, -atus [ob4-sacro,
west of Carthage.
render sacred], beseech, entreat,
nummus, -i, xa,, piece of money, coin, obsequium, -i [obsequor, yield], n.,
money,
compliance, indulgence,
numquam [ne 4- umquam], adv., obserS, -are, -avi, -atus [ob 4- sera,
never,
bolt], fasten, bar,
nunc, adv., now, as it is,
obses, -idis [ob 4- sedeS], m. and
nuntiS, -ara, -avi, -atus [niintius], f, hostage, pledge, surety,
announce, tell,
obsideS, -sidera, -sedi, -sessus [ob
nuntius, -i, m., messenger ; message, 4- sedeS], besiege, beset,
ne-ws, report,
obsidiS, -Snis [obsideo], f., siege,
nusquam [ne 4- iisquam], .adv., no- state of siege,
-where,
obsistS, -sistere, -stiti, -stitus [ob
nutus, abl. -ii [-nuS, nod], xa,, nod, -H sists, set], oppose, witlistand,
beck, will,
resist.
0
obsoletus, -a, -um [part, of obsolesco,
wear out], adj., worn out,
old; witliout value.
0, interjection, oh 1 O !
obsSnium, -i {6-^iivLov], u., that
ob, prej^. w. ace, on account of; which is eaten with bread, relish
to-wards, in the way of,
(especially fish); meat, food,
obdiico, -ducere, -diixi, -ductus [ob obstS, -stare, -stiti [ob -f sto], re­
4- diicS], dra-w over, overcast. sist, oppose,
obeS, -ire, -ii, -itus [ob 4- eS],_fo to obstruS, -stmere, -struxi, -structus
meet, meet; attend to.
[ob 4- struo], block up.

obsum, -esse, -fui [ob 4- sum], be
against; harm, injure,
pbterS, -terere, -trivi, -tritus [ob4terS,
rub], disparage.
VOCABULARY 287
odiSsus, -a,-um [odium], adj.,/^a^ifful,
abominable,
odium, -i [odi, hate], a., hatred,
Oadipus, -i, m., Oedipus, son of
ObtestatiS, -onis [obtestor, beseech], Laius and Jo casta, king and queen
I., entreaty, adjuration.
of Thebes.
obtineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tantus offends, -fendere, -fendi, -fensus,
[ob 4- teneS], hold, possess, occupy; strike against, come upon ; offend,
obtain.
render hostile.
obtingS, -tingere, -tigi [ob 4- tango, OffensiS, -Snis [offends], f., dis­
touch], fall to the tot of,
pleasure, offense,
obtrectatiS, -Snis [obtrecto], f., offensus, -a, -um [part, of offends],
envious detraction, disparagement, adj., offensive, odious ; hostile,
obtrectator, -oris [obtrectS], m., offers, efferre, obtuli, oblatus [ob
rival, hostile critic,
-f fero], offer, expose.
ObtrectS, -are, -avi, -atus [ob -f- offlcina, -ae [opus 4- facio], f.,
tractS], disparage, be opposed to, be -workshop, manufactory.
a rival,
ofdeium, -i [opus 4- facio], n., ser­
Obviam [ob -f via], adv., in the way vice, kindness, favor; duty, alle­
of. obviam ire, w. dat., go to giance, loyalty.
meet.
oleaginus, -a, -um [olea, olive], adj.,
obvius, -a, -um [obviam], adj., in of the olive tree, olive.
the way, to ?neet.
olim, adv., at some time, once, for­
occasiS, -onis [occido, fall], f., merly.
favorable moment, opportunity, Olympia, -ae, f., Olympia, place
occidS, -cidere, -cidi, -cisus [ob 4- in Elis in southern Greece, where
caedo, cut], cut do-wn, kill. games in honor of Zeus were held
occulo, -cidere, -cului, -cultus, cover, every four years. The period be­
conceal.
tween the celebrations was called
occults, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of an Olympiad.
occulS], keep concealed,
OlympiodSrus, -i, m., Olympiodorus,
occupo, -ara, -avi, -atus [ob 4- a Greek musician.
capiS], seize, occupy, take possesOlynthus,
-i, f., Olynthus, town
sion of,
of Chalcidice.
oecurrS, -currere, -curri, -cursus [ob omitto, -mittara, -misi, -missus
4 currS], run against, attempt, [ob 4- mitto], leave out, not men­
OctSgesimus, -a, -um [octSginta], tion; give up.
num. adj., eightieth,
omninS [omnis], adv., altogether, in
octSginta [octS], num. adj., indecl., all, at all.
eighty,
omnis, -a, adj., all, every, every one,
OCUlus, -i, m., eye.
everything.

288 VOCABULARY
onerarius, -a, -um [onus, burden],
adj., of burden, transport.
onustus, -a, -um [onus, burden],
adj., laden,
opera, -ae [opus], f., work, service,
aid; care, pains; means, agency,
operam dare, take care or pains,
give attention, exert oneself.
operiS, operire, oparui, opertus,
cover.
opes, see ops.
opinio, -onis [opinor, suppose], f.,
opinion, belief, expectation,
oportet, -era, -nit, it behooves, it is
necessary ox fitting.
opperior, epperiri, oppertus sum,
wait, wait for.
oppidanus, -a, -um [oppidum], adj.,
of a town. As subst., oppidanus,
-i, m., townsman, citizen.
oppidum, -i, n., toiun, seldom applied
to Rome, which was commonly
called urbs.
opplaS, -plera, -plevi, -pletus [ob
4- -pleS, fill], fill up, fill.
oppSnS, -ponere, -posui, -positus
[ob -f- ponS], oppose.
opportunus, -a, -um, adj., fa-oor-
able.
epprimo, -primera, -prassi, -pressus
In pi., -wealth, means, resources;
forces; power, greatness.
optimas, -atis [optimus], m., noble,
aristocrat.
optime [optimus], adv., sup. of
bene, very -well, excellently.
optimus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of bonus.
opulentia, -ae [opulentus], f., wealth,
riches.
opulentus, -a, -um [ops], adj.,
wealthy, rich; splendid.
opus, -eris, n., -work, service. In pi.,
military works, lines of siege. In
nom. and ace sing, with the verb
sum, need. magnS opere, tantS
opere, see under their initial letters.
Sra, -ae, f., coast,
oraculum, -i [orS], u., divine response,
oracle.
SratiS, -Snis [SrS], f., speaking,
speech, eloquence,
orbis, -is, m., circle, orbis terrarmn,
the whole world,
Orchomanius, -a, -um, adj., of Orchomenus,
a city iri Boeotia.
ordinS, -are, -avi, -atus [SrdS], draw
up (in order of battle) ; narrate,
Srdior, Srdiri, Srsus sum, begin,
ordo, -inis, m., order, position,
Orestes, -is, m., Orestes, son of
[ob 4 premS], over-whelm, over­ Agamemnon. He avenged his
throw, subdue ; kill, destroy; op­ father's murder by slaying his
press.
mother, and for this sin he was
opprobrium, -i [ob 4- probrum, pursued by the Furies.
stiame], ii., reproacji,
origS, -inis [orior], f., origin, source,
oppugnator, -oris [oppiignS], m., Origines, pi., the title of a work
besieger.
by Cato the Censor.
oppiigno, -are, -avi, -atus [ob 4- orior, oriri, ortus sum, rise, spring,
pugnS], besiege.
be born,
(ops), opis (nom. sing, not found; omamentum, -i [Srno], n., /lonor,
dat. sing, rare), f., aid, assistance. distinction.

ornatus, -a, -um [part, of ornS],
adj., equipped; embellished, elaborate,
ornate.
ornatus, -us [SrnS], m., splendid
attire, apparel.
Omi, -Smm, m. pi., Orni, one of the
strongholds of Alcibiades in the
Thracian Chersonese.
Srno, -are, -avi, -atus, provide with,
equip, adorn, honor,
orS, -are, -avi, -atus [Ss], beg, be­
VOCABULARY 289
phytian, applied to the eastern
part of the Mediterranean Sea,
near Pamphylia in southwestern
Asia Minor.
panis, -is, m., bread,
par, paris, adj., equal, a match for;
duplicate ; indecisive ; fair.
paratus, -a, -um [part, of parS], adj.,
prepared, ready.
pares, pareera, peparci and parsi,
seech, entreat,
parsus, spare.
parens, -entis [paris], m. and f.,
Ss, Sris, n., mouth, countenance, parent, father or mother.
OS, ossis, n., bone,
pareo, -ere, -ui, obey, have regard
Ssculor, -ari, -atus sum [Ssculum, to.
dim. of Ss, mouth], kiss,
pario, parere, peperi, partus, bring
ostendS, -tendara, -tandi, -tantus forth; crea-te, produce, cause;
[ob -{- tends], show, declare, tell, gain, win.
otium, -i, n., leisure, quiet, peace, Parius, -a, -um, adj., Parian, concerning
Paros,
P
parma, -ae, f., small circular shield,
P., the abbreviation for Publius, about three feet in diameter.
pactio, -onis [paciscor, agree], f., pars, -are, -avi, -atus, prepare for,
agreement, terms,
m.ake ready ; acquire.
pactum, -i [paciscSr, agree], n., Pares, -i, f., Paros, an island in the
agreement,
Aegaean Sea.
Pactye, -es, f., Pactye, town in pars, partis, I,, part, share, portion ;
Thrace.
party. In pi., part, character,
Padus, -i, m., the Po, a river of Cis­ office ; faction, side,
alpine Gaul.
parsi, see pareo.
paene, adv., almost, nearly, parsimSnia, -ae [pareo], f., fru­
paanitaS, -ere, -ui, make sorry, cause gality,
to repent; generally used imper­ particeps, -cipis [pars 4- capiS],
sonally w. ace. of the person and adj., sharing in, privy to,
gen. of that which he repents of partim [pars], adv,, partly,
or is sorry for.
partior, -iri, -itus sum [pars],
palaestra, -ae [TraXaio-rpa], f., divide, share,
-wrestling-school, wrestling, parum, adv., and indecl. subst., u.,
palam, adv., openly, palam facara, too little, not enoug/i.
to make known,
parvulus, -a, -um [parvus], adj.,
Pamphylius, -a, -um, adj., Pamu
very small, infant.

290 VOCABULARY
parvus, -a, -um, adj., small, Comp.
minor, smaller, minor (natu),
younger. Sup. minimus, smallest,
minimus {n3.txi), youngest.
passus, -us, m., pace (five Roman
feet), mille passuum, mile (4854
English feet).
patefaciS, -facere, -feci, -factus
[pateS 4- facio], lay open, expose, peeSnia, -aa [peciTi, cattle], f.,
disclose, display,
wealth, money,
pateS, -ere, -ui, be or lie open, paciiniosus, -a, -um [peciinia], adj.,
pater, -tris, xa,, father,
rich,
paternus, -a, -um [pater], adj., of a pedes, -itis [pes], m., foot-soldier.
father, father's,
In pi., infantry,
patiens, -entis [part, of patior], adj.,
patient,
Spartan general, victor at Plataea;
(2) a king of Sparta.
pax, pacis, f., peace,
peccans, -antis [part, of pecco],
adj., sinful. As subst., peccans,
-antis, m. and f., offender,
paces, -are, -avi, -atus, sin, transgress,
offend,
pedester, -tris, -tre [pedes], adj.,
of a foot-soldier, infantry; on land,
patientia, -aa \j>atKe.as],{,,patience, land.
endurance.
pedisequus, -i [pes 4- sequor], m.,
patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, footman, attendant,
allow.
peius, adv., comp. of male, worse,
patria, -ae [for patria terra, from pelliciS, -licere, -lexi, -Iectus, in­
patrius], f., native land, country. veigle, -win over,
patrius, -a, -um [pater], adj., of pellis, -is, f., skin,
one's father or forefathers, ancespello,
pellere, pepuli, pulsus, drive
tral, native.
out, exile, put to fiight.
patrocinium, -i [patrocinor, be a Pelopidas, -ae, m., Pelopidas, a
patron], n., patronage, protection. Theban patriot.
patruus, -i [pater], m., father's Paloponnasius, -a, -um, adj., of the
brother, uncle.
Peloponnese, Peloponnesian,
paucitas, -atis [paucus], i., fewness; Peloponnesus, -i [IleXoiriccijiros,
small number, handful.
Island of Pelops], {., the Pelopon­
paucus, -a, -um, adj., fe-w, but fe-w. nese, the modern Morea, that part
paulo [abl. of paulum], adv., by a of Greece south of the Isthmus of
little ; a little, a little while, Corinth.
paulum [ace n. of paulus, little], palta, -ae [XATT;], f., light shield,
adv., a little, somewhat,
target, made of wood or wicker-
Paulus, see Aemilius.
work covered with leather.
pauper, -eris, adj., poor. As subst., peltasta, -ae [TreXracrTTis], m., pel­
pauper, -eris, m,, a poor man, tast, light-armed soldier,
paupertas, -atis [pauper], i.,poverty. penates, -ium, m. pi., penates, house­
Pausanias,-ae, m.,/'rt«w«»w, (i) a hold gods.

VOCABULARY 291
pendS, pendere, pepandi, pensus, Pergamenus, -a, -um, adj., of Perga­
hang; weigh, pay.
mum, a city of Mysia in Asia Minor.
penes, prep. w. ace, in the power of. Pericles, -is or -i, m., Pericles,
penetro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter. famous Athenian statesman of the
penitus, adv., deeply, far within. fifth century B.C.
per, prep. w. ace, through, across; by periculum, -i, n., danger, peril
means of, through the agency of. peritus, -a, -um, adj., skiUed, expe­
per se, of or by himself, 'itself, etc. rienced.
In compounds often merely em­ pariiirium, -i [periurus, perjured],
phatic.
a., perjury, false oath.
peragS, -agere, -egi, actus [per 4- permittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus
agS], cairy out, complete,
[per4-mitts], intrust; allow,per­
percellS, -cellere, -euli, -culsus, mit.
strike, overthrow ; dishearten, parmoveS, -movere, -mSvi, -mStus
percutiS, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus [per 4- moves], disquiet, disturb,
[per 4- quatiS, shake], strike, alarm.
Perdiecas, -ae, m., Perdiccas, a pemicies, -ei [pernecS, kill out­
brother of Philip II of Macedon. right], f., destruction, ruin,
perditus, -a, -um [part, of perdS], parniciSsus, -a, -um [pernicies],
adj., lost, desperate, profligate, adj., destructive, ruinous,
vicious,
perSrS, -are, -avi, -atus [per 4-
perdS, -dere, -didi, -ditus [per 4--do, Sro], speak to the end, finish one's
put], lose, ruin,
remarks,
perdiicS, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus Perpenna, -ae, m., M. Perpenna,
[per 4- diico], lead through ; bring, censor B.C. 86.
bring over, win over, induce, perpatior, -peti, -pessus sum [per
pereo, -ire, -ii, -itiirus [per 4- eo], 4- patior], go through with, en­
go through; perish,
dure, suffer.
perferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [per 4- perpetuo [perpetuus], adv., confero],
bring over, carry to one's stantly, uninterruptedly, always,
destination, deliver, bring; suffer perpetuus, -a, -um, continuous, per­
to the end, endure; report,
manent; entire, unlimited,
perficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [per Persae, -arum, m. pi., see Perses.
4- facis], accomplish, bring about, perscribS, -scribere, -scrips!, -scrip-
perfidia, -ae \_-^

292 VOCAI BULARY
persevere, -are, -avi, -atus [persepetulans,
-antis, adj., impudent.
verus, very strict], persist, perse­ phalanx, -angis \jp6,\a-i'^, f., men
vere.
in order of battle, phalanx.
Persicus, -a, -um, adj., Persian. Phalereus, -i, adj., of Phalerum,
Persis, -idis, f., Persia (properly referring to the Athenian Deme­
only o, province of the Persian trius of Phalerum (see Deme­
empire, but often used loosely of trius).
the whole).
Phalericus, -a, -um, adj., of Pha­
persSna, -aa, f., mask; character, lerum, Phaleric, Phalerian, refer­
personage.
ring to one of the harbors of
persuades, -suadere, -suasi, -suasus Athens.
[per 4- suadeS], persuade, con­ Pharnabazus, -i, m., Pharnabazus,
vince.
satrap of northwestern Asia Minor.
perterreS, -tarrera, -territus [per Pherae, -arum, f. pi., Pherae, the
4- terreo], frighten thoroughly, name of two Greek towns, one in
alarm, terrify.
Thessaly and the other in Mes­
pertimesco, -timescere, -timui [per senia.
4- freq. of timeo], be frightened, Pheraeus, -a, -um, adj., of Pherae.
be veiy much afraid.
Phidippus, -i, m., Phidippus, an
partinacia,-ae [pertinax, stubborn], Athenian courier.
f., stubbornness, obstinacy. Philippus, -i, m., Philip, (1)
pertineS, -tinere, -tinui [per -^ Philip II of Macedon, father of
teneo], extend; pertain, have refer­ Alexander the Great; (2) Philip
ence to, belong to.
III, called Arrhidaeus, son of
perturbs, -are, -avi, -atus [per 4- Philip II; (3) Philip V, an enemy
turbS, disturb], confuse; disturb, of the Romans.
disquiet, make anxious; vex. Philistus, -i, m., Philistus, his­
pervehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus torian of Syracuse.
[per 4- vehS], convey, bring. Philocles, -is, m., Philocles, an Athe­
perveniS, -venire, -veni, -ventus nian general.
[per 4- veniS], come to, arrive at, philosophia, -ae [0iXoo-o0ia], f.,
reach.
philosophy, learning.
perverts, -vertere, -varti, -versus philosophus, -i [0iX6

VOCABULARY 293
Phoenices, -um, m. pi., Phoenicians, plenus, -a, -um [-pleo, fill], adj.,
inJiabitants of PJioenicia, a strip of full,
coast-country south of Asia Minor. plerumque [ace. n. of plerusque],
Phrygia, -ae, f., Phrygia, a country adv., for the most part,
of Asia Minor.
plerusque, -aqua, -umque [-pleS,
Phyle, -es, f., Phyle, fortress in fill], adj., very many,
Attica.
plumbum, -i, n., lead,
pietas, -atis [pins], f., piety, dutipliirimum
[pliirimus], adv., sup. of
fulness, affection; patriotism. multum, most, very much, espe­
pila, -aa, f., pillai-.
cially,
Piraeus, -i, m., Piraeus, the princi­ plurimus, -a, -um [plus], adj., sup.
pal harbor used by Athens; also of multus, most, very -many,
the name of the town close to the pliis, pliiris, comp. of multus, in
harbor.
sing. n. subst., in pi. adj., more,
Pisander, -dri, m., Pisander, (i) an plus [ace ii. of plus], adv., comp. of
Athenian general; (2) a Spartan multum, more,
general.
Poecile, -as \iroiKl\i]], {,, the Painted
Pisistratus, -i, m., Pisistratus, ty­ Portico, a building in Athens.
rant of Athens 560-527 B.C. poena, -ae, f., punishment, poenam
Pittacus, -i, m., Pittacus, of Myti­ dare, pay the penalty, suffer punlene,
one of the Seven Wise Men ishment.
of Greece.
Poenus, -i, m., Carthaginians.
plus, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, good; poeta, -ae \Txoa]r-qi], xa., poet.
patriotic,
polliceor, poUieeri, pollicitus sum
placed, placere, plaeui, placitus, [por (= prS) 4- liceor, offer],
please; often used impersonally in promise.
the sense seem best.
Polybius, -i, m., Polybius, a Greek
placS, -are, -avi, -atus, appease, rec­ historian.
oncile,
Polymnis, -idis, m., Polymnis, father
Plataeae, -arum, f. pi., Plataea, a of Epaminondas.
town of Boeotia near the Athenian PolyperehSn, -ontis, m., Polyper-
border.
chon, a general of Alexander the
Plataeenses, -ium, m. pi., inhabit­ Great.
ants of Plataea, Plataeans, PompSnius, -i, m., see Atticus.
Plats, -Snis, m., Plato, a famous ponders, -are, -avi, -atus [pondus],
Athenian philosopher.
weigh, consider.
plebs, -is, and
pondus, -aris [pendo], n., weight.
plebes, -ei, f., common people, com­ pSnS, pSnere, posuj, positus,//««/
mons, plebeians,
set up, make a votive offering of;
plecto,. -ere (only in pass.), beat; lay down ; esteem, consider; state.
punish.
castra ponere, pitch a camp.

294 VOCABULARY
pSns, pontis, m., bridge.
postridie [posterus -t- dies], adv., on
Pontus, -i, m., Ponius, \ country of the folto-wing day.
Asia Minor on the south shore of postulatum, -i [part, of postulS], n.,
the Euxine Sea.
request,
popularis, -a [populus], adj., of tJie postulS, -ara, -avi, -atus, ask, de­
people, democratic.
mand., request,
populus, -i, XXI,, people, nation, potens, -entis [pres. part, of possum],
Porcius, -i, m., the name of a Roman a&],, powerful,
gens; see CatS.
potentia, -aa [possum], f., power,
porrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectus [por might, political influence,
.(= prS) 4- xtgb], put forth, potestas, -atis [potis, able], power,
portions, -iis [porta, gate], i., col­ dominion, rule; office, command;
onnade, porch, portico,
opportunity, cliance.
ports, -are, -avi, -atus, carry, potior, -ius [comp. of potis, able],
portus, -iis, m., harbor, port.
adj., better, preferable,
posco, poscare, poposci, ask, de­ potior, -iri, -itus sum [potis, able],
mand.
gain possession of, become master of,
possessiS, -Snis [possidS], f., estate, potissimum [sup. of potis, able],
property, possession.
adv., chiefly ; preferably, in prefer­
possessor, -Sris [possidS], m., posence to all others,
sessor.
potius [comp. of potis, aile], adv.,
pessidS, -sidare, -sedi, -sessus [por rather,
(=pr5) 4-sidS], take possession prae, adv. and prep. w. abl., before,
of, occupy, seize.
in comparison with,
possum, posse, potui [potis, able -f praebeS, -era, -ui, -itus [prae 4-
sum], be able, can.
habeS], afford, furnish, give;
post, (l) adv., behind; after, after­ show; produce,
wards. (2) prep. w. ace, after, praaceptor, -Sris [praecipio], m.,
since, beneath.
instructor, teacher.
postea [post], adv., after this, after­ praeceptum, -i [praecipiS], n., direcwards,
postea quam, after. tion, command, precept, ma.xim,
posterius [posterus], adv., comp. of praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus
post, later,
[prae 4- capio], take beforehand;
(posterus),-a,-um [post], ad],, fol­ inform, enjoin, direct, instruct,
lowing, next, later.
command.
postquam [post 4- quam], conj., after. praeeipito, -are, -avi, -atus [prae-
Often separated, pest . . . quam. ceps, headlong], cast, hurl, throw,
postremS [postremus], adv., sup. of praecipue [praecipuus], adv., es­
pest, last of all, finally.
pecially.
postremus, -a, -um, adj., sup. of praecipuuf!, -a, -um [praecipio],
posterus, last; worst, lowest. adj., especial, particular.

praaclams, -a, -um [prae 4- clarus],
adj., very noteworthy, remarkable,
noble, splendid, glorious.
praecurrS, -currere, -cucurri [prae
4- currS], excel, surpass, outstrip.
praeda, -aa, f., booty.
praedico, -are, -avi, -atus [prae 4dicS,
proclaim], proclaim, say,
assert.
praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictus
[prae 4- dicS], tell beforehand;
command.
praedium, -i, a., farm, estate.
praedS, -Snis [praeda], m., robber.
praedS ra.3.ritira\x&, f-'irate.
praeder, -ari, -atus sum [praeda],
plunder, forage.
praafatiS, -Snis [praefor, say beforehand],
f., foreword, preface.
praefectus, -i [praeficio], m., over­
VOCABULARY 295
seer, superintendent; commander, praeterea [praeter], adv., besides, in
governor, prefect, officer.
addition,
praeferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [prae praetereS, -ire, -ii, -itus [praeter
4- fero], put before, prefer.
4- eo], pass over, pass by.
praeficiS, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [prae
4- iaab], place in command of.
praafiniS, -finira, -finivi, -finitus
praesertim [prae 4- sero], adv., especially.
praesidium, -i [praeses, guard], n.,
guard, protection; forces, garrison,
camp, post.
praestans, -antis [part, of praestS],
adj., surpassing, excellent, extraordinary,
eminent.
praestituS, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutus
[prae 4- statuo], appoint beforehand,
praestS, -stare, -stiti, -stitus [prae
-}- stS], surpass, be superior to,
perform, fulfil,
praesum, -assa, -fui [prae 4- sum],
be in command of, command; discharge,
administer.
praatar [prae], (i) adv., besides,
further, (2) prep. w. ace, beyond,
contrary to, besides, except,
praatermittS, -mittere, -misi, -missus
[praeter 4- mittS], pass over,
omit.
[prae 4- finiS, limit], fix before­ praetarquam [praeter4-quam], adv.,
hand, prescribe.
except that, besides.
praemium, -i [prae 4- emS, gain], praetor, -Sris [for prae-itor, from
n., re-ward.
praeeS,^o before],xa., commander,
praeoccupo, -are, -avi, -atus [prae 4- general; praetor.
occupS], seize beforehand, take unpraetura,
-ae [praetor], f., praetorawares
; supplant.
ship.
praepSnS, -pSnare, -posui, -positus pracor, -ari, -atus sum [pxeK],pray,
[prae 4- -^bno], place in command of. beg.
praesens, -entis [pres. part, of premS, premere, pressi, pressus,
praesum], adj., present.
press, drive, pursue ; affiict.
praesentia, -ae [praesens], f., pres­ (prex, -cis), i., prayer, entreaty.
ence, in praesentia, at die time, primS [abl. of primum], adv., at
at hand.
first.

296 VOCAB lULARY
primum [ace of primus], adv.,first. procul, adv., far, at a distance.
primus, -a, -um [sup. of prior], prociiratiS, -Snis [prSciirS], f.,
a&],,first, chief,
management, administration.
princeps, -cipis [primus 4- capio], prScurS, -are, -avi, -atiis [pro 4-
adj., first. As subst., princeps, cQrS], take care of, manage.
-cipis, m., great man, leading prodeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [prS 4- eS],
man, chief,
go forth; go on, appear.
principatus, -us [princeps], m., proditiS, -Snis [prSdS], f., treachery,
sovereignty, leadership.
betrayal.
prior, prius, adj. in comp. (no pos.),
former, first (of two).
pristinus, -a, -um [prius], adj.,
former, olden, old-time.
prius [prior], adv., before.
priusquam [prius4-quam], conj., be­
fore. Often separated, prius . . .
quam.
privatus, -a, -um [part, of privS],
adj., without office, without a commission
or command, private. As
prSdS, -dare, -didi, -ditus [prS 4dS],
gi-oe up, betray; put forth,
relate, memoriae prSdara, leave
on record.
producS, -ducare, -duxi, -ductus
[prS 4- diicS], lead forth, entice
out; prolong,
proelium, -i, n., battle, conflict,
prof anus, -a, -um [pro-f fanum],
out of the temple ; not sacred, profane,
unholy,
subst., privatus, -i, m., private prof actio, -Snis [proficiscor], f.,
citizen, mere citizen.
setting out, departure.
privignus, -i, m., step-son,
prefects [ = prS facts], adv.,actually,
privo, -are, -avi,-atus, deprive, cutoff, indeed, really, truly, assuredly,
pro, prep. w. abl., before, in front of; prSferS, -ferre, -tuli, -latus [prS 4-
for, in beJialf of; in accordance fero], bring forward; bring up,
with, as, in proportion to; instead mention.
of, in place of,
prSficio, -ficere, -feci, -factus [pro
probabilis, -a [probS], adj., admira­ 4- facis], make progress, gain adble,
pleasing,
vantage,
probS, -are, -avi, -atus [probus, proficiscor, -ficisci, -factus sum
good], approve,
[inceptive form of prSficiS], make
precacitas, -atis [procax, bold], {,, off, set out, go, depart, proceed,
impudence,
profitior, -fiteri, -fessus sum [prS 4-
prScedS, -cedere, -eassi [prS 4- fateor], declare, acknototedge,
Q.i.Ab],go before, advance; pass, profligS, -ara, -avi, -atus [pro 4-
Procles, -is or -i, m., Procles, twin fligS, strike], rout, defeat,
brother of Eurysthenes, and with profugiS, -fugere, -fiigi [pro -\-
him joint king of Sparta.
fugiS], /?

VOCABULARY 297
prSgenitor, -Sris [progigno, beget], prSpositum, -i [part, of prSponS],
xa,, ancestor, progenitor, n., task, plan, purpose.
prSgredior, -gredi, -gressus sum proprius, -a, -um, adj., own,peculiar
[prS 4- gradior, step], ad-uance, to, belonging to; permanent.
prSgressus, -iis [prSgredior], m., propter [prope], prep. w. ace, near;
progress, advancement,
on account of, for the sake of,
prohibeS, -hibere, -hibui, -hibitus through.
[prS 4- habeS], hold back, pre­ propugnaculum, -i [propiigno, fight
vent,
before], a., outwork, defense, bul­
prSiciS, -icere, -ieci, -iectus [prS 4wark.iaciS], throw for-ward, level prSpugnator, (a
-Sris [prSpugnS, fight
spear).
before], xa., champion.
proinde [pro 4- inde], just, even, prSrampS, -rumpere, -riipi, -ruptus
ae or atque after this word is ren­ [prS 4- rumpS, brealz], break forth.
dered as,
prSscribS, -scribere, -seripsi, -scrip-
prSmptus, -a, -um [part, of prSmS, tus [prS 4- scx^b], proscribe, out­
bring out], adj., ready, prepared, law.
pronuntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [prS prSscriptiS, -Snis [proscribS], f.,
4- ntintiS], announce, recite. proscription, outlawry.
propago, -are, -avi, -atus, set for-prSscriptus,
-i [part, of prSscribS],
-ward, extend; beget.
m., outla-w.
propago (of persons, propagS), prosequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum
-inis [prSpagS, above], f., descend­ [prS 4- sequor], follo-w, escort;
ants, posterity.
pursue.
prSpatulum, -i, [propatulus, open in Proserpina, -ae, f., Proserpine,
fi'ont], n., open court.
daughter of Ceres (Demeter) and
propa, (i) adv., nearly. (2) prep. wife of Pluto.
w. ace, near.
prSspere [prosperus], adv., success­
propere [properus, quick], adv., fully.
quickly, in haste, speedily. prSspems, -a, -um [prS 4- spes],
propinquitas, -atis [propinquus], adj., agreeable to one's -wishes;
f., nearness, near relationship. prosperous, lucky, fortunate.
propinquus, -a, -um [prope], adj., prSspiciS, -spicera, -spexi, -spectus
near. As subst., propinquus, -i, [prS 4- specio, look], look out,
m., kinsman, relative.
provide for.
propius, comp. of prope.
prSstarnS, -sternere, -stravi, -stra­
propSnS, -pSnara, -posui, -positus tus [prS 4- sternS, strew], lay tow,
[pro 4- pSnS], set before; offer, utterly vanquish.
propose, prescribe,
prosum, prSdasse, profui [prS 4-
Propontis, -idis,.f., the Propontis, sum], be for ; help, be of service,
now called the Sea of Marmora. do good.

298 VOCABULARY
prStinus [pro4-tenus], aAv.,straight puUulS, -are, -avi, -atus [puUulus,
on.
sprout], sprout; spread.
prSvehS, -vehere, -vexi, -vectus pulvinus, -i, m., cushion.
[pro 4- vehS], carry forward, ad­ Piinicus, -a, -um, ad]., Punic ; of ox
vance.
with Cartilage.
prSvideS, -videra, -vidi, -visus [prS puppis, -is, f., stern ; helm.
4- v\A?^b], foresee ; make provision, puts, -are, -avi, -atus, reckon,
take -measures,
think, suppose, believe.
provincia, -aa, f., pro-uince, charge, Pydna, -ae, f., Pydna, a, coast-town
office,
of Macedonia.
proximus, -a, -um [sup. of prope], Pyrenaaus, -a, -um, adj., of the Pyr­
adj., nearest, next, neighboidng; enees, a range of mountains be­
last (preceding).
tween Gaul and Spain.
prudens, -entis [for prS-ridens, from Pythagoreus, -a, -um, adj., Pythago­
provides], adj., sagacious, wise, rean. As subst., Pythagoreus, -i,
prudent,
m., follower of Pythagoras, a Gre ek
priidentia, -aa [prudens], f., sagac­ philosopher.
ity, good sense, shre-wdness. Pythia, -ae, f., Pythia, the name
PrSsias, -ae, m., Prusias, king of applied to the priestess of Apollo
Bithynia in Asia Minor.
at Delphi.
pubes, -eris, adj., adult, full-gro-wn.
pSbliee [piiblicus], adv., publicly;
officially, in the name of the state Q ;
at the public expense.
Q., the abbreviation for QuTnctus.
piiblico, -are, -avi, -atus [piiblicus], qua [qui], rei. adv., by -which way,
confiscate.
over or along which, where.
piiblieum, -i [publicus], u.., public quacumque [quicumque], adv., by
place; public treasury.
-whateve-r way, wtierever.
piiblicus,-a, -um [populus], adj., of quadraginta [quattuor], num. adj.,
the state,public, res pUblica, see res. indecl., forty.
pudeS, -ere, pudui or puditum est, quadringeni, -ae, -a [quadringenti],
make or be ashamed. Usually im­ distrib. num. adj., four hundred
personal, with ace of person and each.
gen. of thing, it makes ashamed, quadringenti, -ae, -a [quattuor 4-
puer, pueri, m., boy, slave. In pi., centum], num. adj., four hun­
children,
dred.
puerulus, -i [puer], m., small boy, quaerS, quaerere, quaesivi, quaasi-
little child,
tus, seek, ask, inquire,
piigna, -aa, f., battle, fight, quaestiS, -onis [quaero], f., inquiry,
piignS, -are, -avi, -atus [ptigna], in-oesligation; trial, court; ijues-
fight.
tion, problem.

VOCABULARY 299
quaestor, -Sris [quaerS], m., quaes­ qui [old abl. of qui and quis], adv.,
tor, one of a class of Roman mag­ liow, where^vit/i.
istrates who had charge of public quia, conj., because.
finances.
quicumque, quaacumque, quod-
qualis, -e, rei. and interr. adj., what cumque, indef. rtl. pron., -whoever,
sort of. After talis, translated wiiatever, whosoever,
as; or with talis understood, such quid [ace. n. of quis], interr. adv.,
as.
how? why? what?
quam, rei. and interr. adv., hoiv ; as. quidam, quaedam, quiddam and
With superlatives, as possible. Af­ (adj.) quoddam [qui 4-dem. suffix
ter comparatives, tlian. quam diii, -dam], indef. pron., certain, a cer­
as long as.
tain, some.
quamquam,«onj., and yet, albeit, al­ quidem, adv., indeed, yet, often
though.
merely a means of emphasis, ne
quants [abl. of quantum], adv., by . . . quidem, see ne.
how much, how much, how far. quiescS, quiescere, quievi, quietus
quantum [ace. u. of quantus], adv., [quies, rest], keep quiet, take no
to what extent, how far, how action ; rest, sleep,
much.
quietus, -a, -um [part, of quiesco],
quantus, -a, -um, rei. and interr. adj., peaceful, taking no part in
adj., ho-w great, how much. After war.
tantus, translated as; or with tan­ quilibet, quaelibat, quidlibet and
tus understood, as great as, as (adj.) quodlibet [qui 4- libet],
mucli as.
indef. pron., any one you please,
qua re, see res.
any whatsoever, any at all.
quartus, -a, -um [quattuor], num. quin [qui 4- ne], (i) adv., how not,
adj., fourth.
why not. quin etiam, nay even.
quaterni, -ae,.-a [quattuor], distrib. (2) conj., but that, but -what, that
num. adj., four at a time.
. . . not; often rendered from,
quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four. quingenti, -ae, -a [quinque 4- cen­
-que, enclitic conj., and.
tum], num. adj., five hundred,
quem ad modum, in what manner, quinquageni,-ae,-a [quinquaginta],
how; as.
distrib. num. adj., fifty each,
querer, queri, quastus sum, com­ quinquaginta [quinc[ue], indecl.
plain.
num. adj., fifty,
qui, quae, quod, rei. pron., who, quinque, indecl. num. aA],,five,
which, what, tliat.
quinquiens [quinque], num. adv.,
qui, quae, quod, interr. adj., which ? five times,
what ?
Quinctius, -i, m., the name of
qui, quae, quod, indef. adj., used Romanes«j. Individuals are (i) C
after si, nisi, ne, num, any. Quinctius Flamininus, consul 192

300 VOCABULARY
B.C.; and (2) T, Quinctius Flami­ all the time that, as long as, while;
ninus, who conquered Philip V of until.
Macedon, and was one of the em­ quod [ace n. of qui], conj., in that,
bassy sent to procure the extradi­ that, as to the fact dial; inasmuch as,
tion of Hannibal from the kingdom because, quod si, but if, and so if,
of Prusias.
quS minus, see quS.
quintus, -a, -um [quinque], num. quS mods, i.bl. of qui medus, in
adj., fifth,
what manner, hoiv,
quippe, (I) adv., surely, of course, quondam [quom (= cum) -t- dem.
certainly, to be sure, by all means; suffix -dam], once, formerly,
as you see, indeed, in fact, (2) quoniam [quom (= cum) 4-iam],
conj., for, inasmuch as, since,
quis, (Juid, interr. jjron., wlio?
whicli ? iv/iai ?
quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used
after si, nisi, ne, num, any, any
one, anything,
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, interr.
pron., who? which? what?
who pray ? who in the world ?
quisquam, quicquam [quis 4-
quam], indef. pron,, any one, any­ radix, -icis, f., root; foot (of
thing,
mountain).
quisque, quaaqua, quidque and rams, -a, -um, adj., scattered, infre­
(adj.) quodque, indef. pron., each, quent, here and there,
each one, every. With adj. in sup.
sing., all the,
quisquis, quiequid (quidquid), indef
pron., whoever, whatever.
quivis, quaevis, quidvis and (adj.)
quedvis [qui 4- 2 sing. pres. ind.
of vols], indef. pron., any one you
please, any whatever, any.
quS [qui], (i) rei. and interr. adv.,
since, seeing that, inasmuch as,
quoque, conj., also, as well,
quSrsum and quSrsus [quo 4- part.
of verts], interr. adv., whither, to
what place or in what direction,
quotannis [quot, as many as -f annus]
, adv., yearly, every year,
quotienscumque, adv., as often as,
R
ratiS, -Snis [reor], f., idea ; reason,
judgment, consideration; plan,
method, scheme, way, course,
ratus, -a, -um [part, of reor], adj.,
fixed, sure, permanent,
re- or red-, inseparable prefix meaning
again, back,
racedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cassus [re-
4- cedS], depart from, desist,
io what place, whither; on which racidS, recidera, reccidi or recidi,
account, wherefore. With com­ recasiirus [re- + cado], fall back,
paratives, the. quo minus, by how fall again,
much the less, that not; often renrecipiS,
-cipare, -cepi, -ceptus [redered
_^ro;«. (2) conj., that there­ 4- capio], take back, get back, reby,
that, in order that.
cover; recei-c-e, admit, se recipere,
quoad [quo 4- »d], adv., as far as. retreat, -return.

VOCABI
ULARY 301
racencilio, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- regis,-Snis [regS], f, tract,territory,
conciliS], win over again, recover, region, portion of country, locality,
re'establish,
district,
recreo, -are, -avi, -atus [re- -f creS], regius, -a, -um [rex], adj., of the king
revive, resuscitate, restore, or kings, kingly, royal. As subst.,
rectus, -a, -um [part, of rego], adj., regii, -Srum, m. pi., royal troops ;
straight; right, correct, proper; satraps of the king, nobles of the
upright.
court.
racumbS, -cumbara, -cubui [re- 4- regnS, -are, -avi, -atus
cumbS, lie], lie back, lie down, re­ reign.
[regnum],
cline.
regnum, -i [rex], n., kingly govern­
reeupero, -are, -avi, -atus, rement, rule, kingdom,
cover.
regS, ragere, rexi, rectus, direct,
racusS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- + guide; rule, govern,
causa], object, refuse.
religlS, -Snis, f., obligation ; consci­
raddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus [red- 4entiousness, piety, scrupulousness;
dS], give back, return, repay ; de­ veneration ; religious ceremony,
liver, render.
relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lictus
redeS, -ira, -ii, -itus [red- 4- eo], re­ [re- -f linquS, leave], leave behind,
turn, go back ; accrue.
leave, abandon,
radigS, -igare, -egi, -actus [red- 4- raliquiaa, -arum [reliquus], f. pi.,
agS], bring back, bring; reduce. remnant, remainder, rest,
radimS, -imere, -ami, -emptus [red- reliquus, -a, -um [rehnquS], adj.,
-\- emo, buy], buy back, redeem, remaining, rest of.
ransom,
remaneo, -manere, -mansi [re- 4-
reditus, -Ss [redeo], m., return, maneo], remain,
retreat; revenue, income,
remex, -igis [remus, oar 4- ago],
rediicS, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus [re- m., rower,
4- duco], lead or bring back, take raminiscor, -i, remember, call to
again,
mind, recollect,
refers, -ferre, rettuli, ralatus [re- remissus, -a, -um [part, of remittS],
4- ferS], bringback, return, render; adj., lax, careless,
relate, report, refer, recite, tell, remittS, say; -mittere, -misi, -missus
compare,
[re- 4- mitts], send back; let go,
reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus [re- 4- relax,
faciS], repair, rebuild; recruit, remStus,-a,-um [part, of removes],
refresh, restore,
adj., distant, far from,
refringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractus removes, -movere, -movi, -mStus
[re- 4- frangS], break up, crush, re- 4- moves], remove, take away;
refugio, -fugere, -fugi [re-4-fugio], put out of the -way, kill; drive
flee back, retreat, escape.
back.

302 VOCABULARY
renovS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- res, rei, f., thing, matter, affair, fact;
novS, make neiv], renew,
undertaking; condition; power;
renuntiS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- success; fortunes, possessions; cause,
niintiS], send or bring back -word, means, res ta,rriili3.ris, property.
report; disclaim, renounce, re­ res gestae, deeds, exploits, res
pudiate,
piiblica, commonwealth, state, pub-
reor, reri, ratus sum, reckon, think, tic interests or welfare, political
suppose, imagine.
life, re vera, in reality, as an
repellS, repellere, reppuli, repulsus actual fact,
[re—hpells], drive back, repel, de­ resacro, -are [re- 4- sacrS, render
feat.
sacred], release from a curse,
rapante [repens, sudden], adv., sud­ rescinds, -era, -scidi, -scissus [redenly,
unexpectedly.
4- scindS, cleave], cut down,
repentinus, -a, -um [repens, sud­ rescisco, -sciscere, -scivi or -scii,
den], adj., sudden, unexpected, -scitus [re- 4- sciscS, learn], find
unsuspected.
out, learn,
reperiS, -ire, repperi, repertus [re- resists, -sistere, -stiti [re- 4- sistS,
4-paris], find again; find, dis­ set], resist, oppose,
cover.
respiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus
repS, repara, repsi, reptus, creep. [re- 4- specio, look], regard, look
repono, -pSnere, -posui, -positus at, observe,
[re--t-pSnS], put back; lay up, raspondeo, -spondera, -spondi,
deposit.
-sponsus [re-i-spondeo], answer,
reprehends, -prehendere, -prahandi, respond, reply, retort, meet a charge,
-prehensus [re- -f prebends, respSnsum, -i [part, of respondeS],
grasp], blame, censure,
n., ans-wer reply, response (of an
reprimS, -primere, -pressi, -pres­ oracle).
sus [re- 4- premS], check, suppress,
stop, curb,
repudiS, -are, -avi, -atus, reject,
spurn,
repugns, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4pugnS],
resist, oppose,
repulsa, -ae [repellS], I,, rejection, rete, -is, u., iwi,
denial, refusal,
retineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tantus [rereputS,
-are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- 4- teneS], tiold, keep, retain,
puto], think over, ponder, medi­ retrahS, -trahere, -traxi, -tractus
tate,
[re- 4- trahS], draw back; rescue,
require, -quirere, -quisivi, -quisi- reus, -a, -um [res], adj., accused;
tus [re- -1- quaero], ask, request,
inquire.
res publica, see res.
rastituS, -stituara, -stitui, -stitiitus
[re- 4- status], restore, reinstate,
retards, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4tardS,
make slo-w], hinder, impede,
keep back,
bound, responsible. As subst.,
reus, -i, in., prisoner.

VOCABULARY 303
re vera, see res.
sacellum, -i [sacrum, sacred place],
reverts, -ere, -ti, and
li., shrine.
reverter, -i, -versus sum [re- 4- sacer, -era, -crum, adj., sacred, convextb],
return. The active form is secrated, Jioly.
rare except in the perfect tenses. sacerdSs, -etis [sacer 4- do], m. and
revocS, -are, -avi, -atus [re- 4- vo- f., priest, priestess,
co], recall,
sacrarium, -i [sacer], u., shrine,
rex, regis [regS], m., king,
chapel (" locus in quS sacra repS-
rhapsSdia, -ae [pai/'ifiSia], f., rhapnuntur").sody ; book (of the lUad).
sacrificS, -are, -avi, -atus [sacer
rhetor, -oris [/5-^TWfi], m., orator, -\- facis], sacrifice.
speechifier,
sacrilegium, -i [sacrilegus], u., sac­
Rhedanus, -i, m., the Rhone.
rilege.
Rhodius, -a, -um, adj., Rhodian, of sacrilegus, -a, -um [sacer 4- legs],
Rhodes, an island on the southwest adj., sacrilegious, impious,profane.
coast of Asia Minor.
saepe, adv., often, frequently, Comp.
risus, -iis [rideS, laugK], m.,laughter. saepius, very often, again and
robur, -oris, n., oak ; strength, po-wer. again,
rSbustus, -a, -um [rSbur], adj., vigorous,
strong, hardy.
(rogatus), only in abl. sing, rogatil
[rogS], m., request.
rogS, -ara, -avi, -atus, inquire, ask; shrewdness,
request.
Saguntum, -i, n., Saguntum, a town
RSma, -aa, f., Rome.
in Spain.
RSmanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman, Salaminius, -a, -um, adj., of Sala­
rostrum, -i [rSdo, gnaw], n., beak, mis,
ram, prow.
Salamis, -inis, ace Salamina, f.,
ruber, -bra, -brum, adj., red.
Salamis, an island in the Saronic
rudis, -e, adj., rough; uneducated, Gulf, near Athens.
ignorant.
salts, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
Riifus, -i, m., see Minucius.
saliS, leap], dance,
riimor, -Sris, m., report, rumor, ne-ws, saltus, -iis, m., pass, ravine.
rursus or rUrsum [for reversus, salum, -i, n., open sea,
part, of reverts], adv., back, again. salus, -litis, f., safety, means of
S
S., the abbreviation for Sextus.
Sabinus, -a, -um, adj., Sabine, of
the Sabines, a people of central
Italy.
saepiS, saepire, saepsi, saeptus
[saepes, hedge], enclose, fence in,
surround,
sagacitas, -atis [sagax, shrewd], f.,
safety ; health,
salvus, -a, -um, adj., safe,
Samos, -i, f., Samos, a large island
off the coast of Asia Minor, at one
time an Athenian naval headquar­
ters.

304 VOCABULARY
sancte [sanctus], adv., sacredly, -with scapha, -ae {aK.6.4n]], f., boat, skiff,
veneration,
scalaratus, -a, -um [part, of scelerS,
sanctitas, -atis [sanctus], f., sanc­ pollute], adj., criminal,
tity; honor, scrupulousness. scelus, -eris, n., crime, wickedness.
sanctus, -a, -um [part, of sanciS, sceptrum, -i [aK^irrpoi'], •..,
make sacred], adj., sacred.
sceptre.
sanguis, -inis, m., blood.
sciens, -antis [part', of sciS], adj.,
sano, -ara, -avi, -atus [sanus], kno-wing; skilled, expert,
make sound, restore to health. scienter [sciens], adv., skilfully,
sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound; discreet, cleverly, expertly,
sane.
scilicet [for scire licet], adv., at
sapiens, -entis [part, of sapio, have least, that is to say, no doubt, of
sense], adj., wise, discreet, judi­ course,
cious,
sciS, -ire, -ivi, -itus, kno-w.
sapienter [sapiens], adv., wisely, Scipio, -Snis, m., family name in
prudently.
the gens Cornelia. In this book
Sardis or Sardes, -ium, f. pi., Sar­ are mentioned (l) P. Cornelius
dis, a city of Lydia in Asia Scipio, consul 218 B.C., and father of
Minor.
(2) P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
Sardinia, -aa, f., Sardinia, a large Maior, victor over Hannibal at
island west of Italy.
Zama, 202 B.C.; (3) L. Cornelius
Sardiniensis, -e, adj., of or in Sar­ Scipio Asiaticus, consul 190 B.a
dinia, Sardinian.
scitum, -i [part, of scisco, ratify],
sarmentum, -i [sarpo, prune], n., n., decree.
twigs, brush-wood.
scribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptus,
satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant, write.
body-guard; in pi., often retinue. scriptor, -oris [scrlbS], m., writer,
satietas, -atis [satis], f., satiety, author.
satis, (i) indecl. adj., enough, suffi­ scriptiira, -ae [scribo], f., -writing,
cient. (2) 11. subst., enough, a composition.
sufficiency. (3) adv., enough, suffi­ sciitum, -i, n., shield (large, oblong,
ciently, somewhat.
made of boards covered with skins
satius [comp. of satis], adj., better, and coarse cloth).
preferable,
Seyms, -i, f., Scyros, an island of
satrapes,-is, or satrapa, -ae [o-ar/xi- the Aegaean Sea.
TTT/s], m., satrap, governor of one Scythes, -ae, adj., Scyttiian. of
of the provinces of the Persian Scytliia, a tract of country in the
empire.
north of Europe and Asia, beyond
saucius, -a, -um, adj., wounded, the Euxine (Black Sea), partly
scaana, -ae \_

VOCABULARY 305
se- or sed-, inseparable prefix de­ senatus, -Ss [senex], m., senate.
noting separation.
senactus, -utis [senex], f., old
secundus, -a, -um [sequor], follow­ age.
ing, second ; favorable,prosperous, senesco, senescere, senui [incept.
lucky.
form of seneS, be old], grow feeble,
secums, -a, -um [se- 4- cura], adj., wane.
free from anxiety, untroubled. senex, senis, adj., old. As subst.,
secus, n., indecl., sex, generally in senex, -is, m., old man.
the ace. of specilicalion with senior, -Sris [comp. of senex],
virile or muliebre.
adj., elderly, advanced in years.
secus, adv., comp. setius, other­ sensus, -us [sentiS], m., feeling,
wise. nihilS setius, none the less. opinion, sentiment.
sed, conj., but,yet, albeit, nevertheless. sententia, -ae [sentiS], f., opinion,
sedeS, sedera, sedi, sessus, sit, judgment, idea; oracle; sentence,
remain.
vote; liking.
sedS, -are, -avi, -atus [sedeo], re­ sentiS, santire, sensi, sensus, perpress,
end, allay.
ceive, realize, kno-w; feel, be minded,
segnis, -a, adj., slo-w, sluggish. sympathize.
segniter [segnis], adv., slo-wly. separatim [separatus, separate],
nihilS segnius, with the same adv., separately, apart.
activity.
sepalio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultus,
segregS, -are, -avi, -atus [se- 4- bury, inter.
grex, herd], exclude.
septem, indecl. num. adj., seven,
seiiinctus, -a, -um [part, of seiungS], saptemtriSnes, -um, m. pi., the seven
adj., apart, remote.
plough-oxen, referring to the stars
seiungS, -iungere, -iiinxi, -iiinctus in the constellation of Ursa Major,
[se- 4- iungS], separate.
commonly called "The Dipper" ;
semel, adv., once.
hence, the north,
semi-, inseparable prefix meaning septingenti, -ae, -a [septem 4- cen­
half
tum], num. adj., seven hundred.
semianimis, -e [semi- 4- anima], septuagesimus, -a, -um [septua­
adj., half-dead.
ginta], num. adj., seventieth,
semper, adv., always.
septuaginta [septem], indecl. num.
SemprSnius, -i, m., the name of a adj., seventy,
Roman gens. Nepos mentions sepulcrum, -i [sepelio], n., tomb,
(i) Ti. Sempronius Longus, con- sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow,
SU12I8B.C.; and (2) Ti. Sempro­ seek; agree with,
nius Gracchus, consul 215 and Sar., the abbreviation for Servius,
213 B.C.
serins, -a, -um, adj., serious.
Sena, -ae, f., Sena, a town of Umbria, sermS, -onis [sero], m., speech, con­
in the northeastern part of Italy.
X
versation; language, diction.

3o6 VOCABULARY
sero, comp. serins [serus,/«^c],adv,, sicut [sic 4- ut], adv., just as, J'or
tate, too late.
instance.
serS, serere, sertus, interweave, sidS, -ere, settle, sink.
link,
Sigeum, -i, u., Sigeum, town and
serpens, -entis [part, of serpS, promontory in northwestern Asia
creep], {,, snake,
Minor, near the site of Troy.
sertus, -a, -um, part, of sero. signifies, -are, -avi, -atus [signum
Servnius, -i. m., Cn, ServHius Ge­ 4- facis], point out; mean, sigminus,
consul 217 B.C.
nify.
servis, -ire, -ivi, -itus [servus], signs, -are, -avi, -atus [signum],
serve ; have regard to,pay attention seal.
to ; aim at,
signum, -i, n., sign, signal; seal;
servitus, -litis [servus], f., slavery, standard.
bondage,
Silenus, -i, m., Silenus, a Greek
servS, -are, -avi, -atus, save, pre­ historian.
serve, keep,
similis, -a, adj., like, resembling,
servulus, -i \y,txv\is],xD.,, young slave, similar.
servant-lad,
similitudo, -inis [similis], f., like­
servus, -i, xa., slave,
ness, resemblance.
sese, see sui.
simplex, -icis, adj., simple, un­
setius, comp. of secus.
mixed.
seu, see sive.
simul, adv., at the same time, to­
Seuthes, -is, m., Seuthes, a Thracian getlier. simul atque or ac, -when
king.
once, just as soon as.
severe [severus], adv., severely, simulacrum, -i [simulo], 11., image,
strictly,
simulS, -are, -avi, -atus [similis],
severus, -a, -um, adj., stern, severe. feign, pretend.
sex, indecl. num. adj., six.
simultas,-atis [similis], i., quarrel.
sexageni,-aa, -a [sexaginta], distrib. sin [si 4- ne], conj., but if, if on
num. adi-, sixty each.
the contrary.
sexaginta [sex], indecl. num. adj., sine, prep. w. abl., -without.
sixty.
singularis, -e [singuli], adj., sole,
sextus, -a, -um [sex], num. adj., despotic; unusual, singular, emi­
sixth.
nent.
si, conj., if. quod si, see quod. singuli, -aa, -a, adj., one at a time ;
sibi, dat. of sui.
individual, separate.
sic, adv., so, thus, in this way or situs, -a, -um [part, of sinS,/»/],
manner.
situated.
Sicilia, -ae, f, Sicily.
sive or seu [si -f -ve], conj., or if,
Siculus, -a, -um., adj., of Sicily, whether, or. sive (seu) . . . siva
Sicilian.
(seu), -wliether . . . or.

sSbrius, -a, -um [se- 4- ebrius,
drunk], adj., sober.
socer, -ari, m., father-in-law.
secialis, -a [socius], adj., with or of
allies, social.
seciatas, -atis [socius], f., share,
part; association, alliance.
socius, -i, m., ally,
Socrates, -is, m., Socrates, a famous
VOCABULARY 307
Sparta, -ae, f., Sparta, also called
Lacedaemon, the chief city of Laconia
in the Peloponnese.
Spartanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sparta,
Spartan,
sparus, -i, m., hunting-spear,
species, ace. -em, abl. -e [speciS,
took], f., appearance;
ideal
kind, sort;
Athenian philosopher, died 399 B.C. spectaculum, -i [spectS], n., sight,
SScraticus, -a, -um, adj., of Socrates. spectacle, show,
As subst., SScraticus, -i, m., dis­ spactS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
ciple or follower of Socrates. speciS, took], took, see; face,
soleo, solere, solitus sum, be accus­ point,
tomed, be wont, be used.
speculator, -oris [speculor, took at],
sSlitudo, -inis [solus], f., loneliness. xa,, scout,
sellers, -ertis, adj., skilful, expert. spero, -are, -avi, -atus [spes], hope,
sellicitS, -are, -avi, -atus [soUici- expect,
tus, agitated], stir, rouse, rouse to spes, spei, f., hope, expectation,
revolt, tempt.
spiritus, -us [spTro, breathe], m.,
sSlum [ace. n. of sSlus], adv., only. breath; spirit, pride, arrogance,
sSlUS, -a, -um, adj., alone, solitary, splendidus, -a, -um [splendeS,
deserted.
shine], adj., brilliant, magnificent,
solvS, -era, solvi, solutus [se- -1- splendor, -Sris [splendeS, shine],
luS, loose], loose, unseal,open; pay. xa,, magnificence,
navam solvere, weigh anchor. spolio, -are, -avi, -atus [spolium,
sonitus, -lis [sonS, make a sound], plunder], rob, despoil,
xa., sound, noise.
spondaS, spendere, spependi, spSnsonus,
-i, m., sound.
SUS, promise, undertake,
SSphrosyne, -as, f., Sophrosyne, (spons), spontis, f., free will, ac­
daughter of Dionjsius I of Syracord; regularly in abl. sponte
cuse, and wife of Dionysius II. (joined with mea, tua, sua, etc.),
sSpio, -ire, -ivi, -itus [sopor], put to of one's own accord, voluntarily,
steep.
statim [stS], adv., at once, immedi­
sopor, -Sris, m., sleep; sleepingately,draught. statua, -ae [status, set], \., statue.
soror, -Sris, f, sister.
status, -ere, -ui, -iitus [status, set],
sors, sertis, f., lot, duty assigned by set up ; come to the conclusion, de­
lot,
cide,
SSsilus, -i. 111., Sosilus, a Greek his­ statura, -ae [status, set], f., height,
torian, I stature.

3o8 VOCABULARY
status, -us [stS], m., position, pose, suadeS, suadere, suasi, suasus,
condition,
urge, persuade.
Stesagoras, -aa, m., Stesagoras, sub, prep. w. ace and abl., under, at
brother of Miltiades.
the foot of, beneath.
stipendium, -i [stips, contribution subalaris, -a [sub 4- ala, armpit],
4- pendS], n., tax; salary; mili­ adj., carried under the arm.
tary service, stipendium mereri, subdiieS, -diieere, -diixi, -ductus
perform military service (lit., earn [sub 4- diicS], take from under,
pay).
take away by stealth.
stirps, -is, f., stock, offspring, family, subeS, -ire, -ii, -itus [sub 4- eS],
origin,
undergo, suffer.
stS, stare, stati, status, stand. subiciS, -icare, -ieci, -iectus [sub 4-
With ab, be on the side of, mihi iaciS], thrust under, substitute.
stat, / am determined,
subigS, -igere, -egi, -actus [sub 4-
stolidus, -a, -um, adj., stupid,
ago], subdue.
stramentum, -i [sterno, strew], n., subitS [abl. of subitus], adv., sud­
straw,
denly.
stratum, -i [part, of sternS, strew], subitus, -a, -um [part, of subeS],
n., covering; couch.
adj., sudden.
strenuus, -a, -um, adj., active, vig­ sublatus, -a, -um, part, of telle.
orous, earnest.
sublevS, -are, -avi, -atus [sub 4-
strepitus, -us [strepS, make a noise], levS], support, assist.
xa., din, noise, uproar.
submoveo, -movere, -mSvi, -mStus
struo, struere, struxi, structus, [sub 4- moveo], remove, send
build, construct.
a-way.
Strymon, -onis, ace Strymona, m, subSrnS, -are, -avi, -atus [sub 4-
the Strymon, a river of Thrace. Srno], support secretly.
studeo, -era, -ui, desire ; be eager or subsidium, -i [sub 4- sedeo], rein­
anxious, strive; favor.
forcement, aid.
studiSse [studiSsus], adv., zeal­ substituB, -stituara, -stitui, -stituously.tus
[sub4-status], substitute.
studiosus, -a, -um [studium], adj., subsum, -esse [sub 4- sum], be
zealous, eager, assiduous ; fond of, underneath, be at hand.
interested in.
succedS, -cedere, -cessi, -cessus
studium, -i [studeS], n., zeal, en­ [sub 4- xx.^], follo-w, succeed, take
thusiasm, eagerness, interest; pur­ the place of.
suit, occupation, study.
succendS, -candere, -cendi, -census,
stulte [stultus, foolish], adv., fool­ set on fire (from beneath).
ishly.
succumbs, -cumbere, -cubui [sub
stultitia, -ae [stultus, foolish], {., 4- -cumbS, lie], yield, succumb,
folly.
give up.

VOCABULARY 309
succurro, -currere, -curri, -cursus superior, -ius [comp. of superus],
[sub 4- curro], come to the rescue adj., upper, former; superior, vic­
or assistance of, help.
torious.
sufdciS, -ficere, -feci, -factus [sub supers, -are, -avi, -atus [superus],
4- facis], put or appoint in place go over, sail past; overcome, sur­
of
pass.
suffragium, -i [sufiragor], n., ballot, superstes, -itis [super 4- st5], adj.,
vote, decision.
surviving.
suffragor, -ari, -atus sum, vote for,
recommend.
sui (gen.), dat. sibi, ace. and abl.
se or sese, reflex, pron., himself
herself, itself, themselves, etc.
supersum, -esse, -fui [super 4sum],
be over, remain, survive.
superus,-a, -um [super], adj., above,
upper. As subst., superi, -Srum,
m. pi., the gods (above).
Often to be rendered by a pers. suppeditS, -are, -avi, -'a.tus, furnish,
pron,, he she, it, they.
supply.
Sulpicius, -i, m., the name of a Ro­ suppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitus
man gens. In this book are men­ [sub 4- pets], be at hand, be
tioned (i) P. Sulpicius Galba, present, be available.
consul 200 B.C.; (2) Sulpicius supplex, -icis [sub 4- plicS, fold],
Blitho, a Roman historian; (3) adj., kneeling. As subst., sup­
Ser. Sulpicius Galba, praetor plex, -icis, m., suppliant, suppli­
151 B.C.
cant.
sum, esse, fui, futiirus, be, exist; supplicium, -i [supplex], u.,punish­
stay, live.
ment, death-penalty.
summa, -ae [summus], f., top, main supra [superus], (i) adv., above, in
point; sum, amount, whole; chief addition. (2) prep. w. ace, above,
part, chief command.
beyond.
summus, -a, -um [sup. of superus], supremus, -a, -um [sup. of superus],
adj., highest,greatest, utmost; great, aS].,final, last.
distinguished.
surgS, surgere, surrexi, surrectus
sums, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus [sub 4- rego], rise, get up.
[sub 4- emS, take], take, get, choose. Susamithres, -is, m., Susaniithres,
sSmptus, -us [sOmo], m., expense, a Persian.
outlay.
suscipio, -cipera, -cepi, -ceptus [sub
super, (l) adv., over, besides, left. 4-capiS], undertake, conceive; in­
(2) prep. w. ace, over, upon. (3) cur.
prep. w. abl., concerning.
suspicio, -spicara, -spexi, -spectus
superbe [superbus, haughty], adv., [sub 4- speciS, look], look up at,
haughtily.
respect, esteem.
suparbia, -ae [superbus, haughty], suspicio, -Snis [suspicio], f, sus­
f., pride.
picion.

310 VOCABULARY
suspicor,-ari,-atus sum [suspicio], tanto opera, see opus.
suspect.
tantum [ace n. of tantus], adv., so
sustineS, -tinere, -tinui, -tantus mucJi, to such an extent; only so
[sub 4- teneS], withstand,
much, only, tantum mode, only
sustuli, perf of tolls.
and no m.ore, only.
suus, -a, -um, poss. adj., his, her, tantus, -a, -um, adj., so much, so
hers, its, their, theirs ; his own, etc. great, *such,
Syracusae, -arum, f. pi., Syracuse, a tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, in­
Greek city on the east coast of active,
Sicily.
Tarentinus, -a, -um, adj., of Taren­
Syraciisanus, -a, -um, adj., of Sytum, Tarentiue,
racuse, Syracusan.
Tarentum, -i, n., Tarentum, a city
Syria, -ae, f., Syria, a country of of Magna Graecia, in southern
Asia on the east coast of the Italy.
Mediterranean Sea.
Taurus, -i, m., the Taurus Moun­
T
tains, a range in southeastern Asia
Minor.
T., the abbreviation for Titus. tectum, -i [tego], n., covering, roof.
tabellarius, -i [tabella, -writing-tabtegS,
tegere, texi, tectus, co-oer, prolet],
xa., letter-carrier, messenger. tect, clothe.
tabernaculum, -i [taberna, hut], a., telum, -i, n., missile, weapon.
tent.
temerarius, -a, -um [temere, rashly],
taceS, -ere, -ui, -itus, be silent, keep adj., rasti, audacious.
quiet about.
tempastas,-atis [tempus], i.,time;
Tachus, -i, m., Tachos, a king of weather, storm, tempest.
Egypt.
templum, -i, ^., temple.
Taenarum, -i, n., Taenarum, a city tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, try, make
and promontory in the southern trial of, attempt.
part of Laconia.
tempus, -eris, n., time ; occasion, op­
taenia, -ae {jaivla.], f., fillet. portunity; crisis.
talentum, -i \ri.\avTov], n., talent, tends, tendere, tetendi, tentus
a sum equal to about J1200.
[teneS], stretch, aim; be bound.
talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind, teneS, -ere, -ui, hold, occupy; blow
tam, adv., so, as much,
(of the direction of a wind).
tamen, adv., however, nevertheless, tenuis, -e, adj., thin, slight, small.
yet,
tenus, prep. w. abl., as far as, up to,
Tamphilus, -i, m., see Baebius. Terentius,-i,ni., C. Terentius Tar-
tamquam [tam 4- quam], adv., just ro, consul B.C. 216.
as, as if,
tarra, -ae, f., land, country,
tanto [abl. of tantus], adv., by so terrestris, -e [terra], adj., land, on
much, so much, so.
land.

VOCABULARY 311
terror,-oris [texxeb],xa,, fear,dread, Thassalia, -ae, f., Thessaly, a dis­
terror.
trict of northern Greece.
tartiS [abl. of tertius], adv., a third Thracia, -aa, f., Thrace,
time,
Thraessa, -ae, f., Thracian wo­
tertius, -a, -um [tres], num. adj., man.
third,
Thrax, Thracis, m., a Thracian.
testa, -ae, f., tile, potsherd, used Thrasybiilus, in
-i, m., Thrasybulus,
voting.
an Athenian general.
testatus, -a, -um [part, of tester], Thucydides, -is, m., Thucydides,
adj., manifest.
Greek historian.
testimSnium, -i [testis], u., evi­ Thurii, -Srum, m. pi., Thurii, a town
dence, proof.
in southern Italy.
testis, -is, m., witness.
Ti., the abbreviation for Tiberius,
tastor, -ari, -atus sum [testis], Tiberis, -is, m., tlie Tiber, a river of
call as a witness; invoke; de­ Italy.
clare.
tibia, -ae, f., sJiin-bone; fiute,
tastudS, -inis [testa], f., tortoise, pipe,
military shed, either of wood or Timaeus, -i, m., Timaeus, Greek
made by the soldiers lapping their historian.
shields above their heads.
times, -ere, -ui, fear, be afraid,
testula, -ae [testa], f., potsherd; dread,
voting-tablet.
timidus, -a, -um [timeS], adj., timid,
Thasius, -a, -um, adj., of Thasos. cowardly,
Thasos, -i, f., Thasos, an island in TimoleSn, -ontis, m., Timoleon,
the Aegaean Sea, near the coast of Corinthian general.
Thrace.
Timoleonteus, -a, -um, adj., of
thaatrum, -i [diarpov], n., theatre. Timoleon, Timoleon's,
Thebaa, -arum, f. pi., Thebes, the Timophanes -is, m., Timophanes,
principal city of Boeotia.
brother of Timoleon.
Thebanus, -a, -um, adj., of Thebes, timor, -Sris [timeo], xa,,fear, dread,
Theban.
anxiety,
Themistocles, -is or -i, Themistocles, Timotheus, -i, m., Timotheus, an
a famous Athenian.
Athenian general.
Theopompus, -i, m., Theopompus, a Tiribazus, -i, m., Tiribazus, „ Per­
Greek historian.
sian satrap.
Theramenes, -is, m., Theramenes, Tissaphemes, -is, m., Tissaphemes,
an Athenian general.
satrap of Lydia and Caria in Asia
Thermopylae, -amm {Qippja-rliKai, Minor.
"Hot Gates"], f. pi., Thermopylae, Tithraustes, -is, m., Tithraustes,
narrow pass on the coast of a Persian general, who succeeded
Thessaly.
Tissaphemes in his satrapy.

312 VOCABULARY
tolls, -ere, sustuli, sublatus, raise ; tres, tria, num. adj., three,
remove, take away ; put out of die tribiinus, -i [tribus, tribe], xa,, trib­
way, kill.
une,
tot, indecl. adj., so many.
tribuS, -ara, -ui, -utus [tribus, tribe],
totidam [tot], indecl. adj., just as allot, contribute, besto-w ; attribute.
many,
triannium, -i [tres 4- annus], u.,
tStus, -a, -um, adj., the wliole, all, period of three years.
tracts, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of triginta [tres], indecl. num. adj.,
trahS], treat,
thirty,
tractus, -us [traho], m., course, trimestris, -a [tres -f mensis], adj.,
region, tra.ct,
of three months,
trade, -dere, -didi, -ditus [trans 4- triplex, -icis [tres 4- plicS, fold],
dS], give over, hand over, sur­ adj., threefold, triple,
render ; ha.nd down, teach, tripus, -odis \Tplirovf], xa,, tripod,
traducS, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus triremis, -a [tres 4- remus, oar],
[trans 4- diico], lead across or over, adj., with three banks of oars. As
trahS, trahere, traxi, tractus, draw, subst., triremis, -is, f., trireme, a
traiciS, -icara, -ieci, -iectus [trans ship propelled by three banks of
-f iaciS], throw across, bring over, oars.
transfer.
tristis, -a, adj., gloomy, sad.
transeo, -ire, -ii, -itus [trans 4- eo], triumphus, -i, m., triumph.
go ox pass over, cross.
TrSas, -adis, adj., Trojan. As
transfers, -farra, -tuli, -latus [trans subst., TrSas, -adis, f., tlie Troad,
-f ferS], take over, hand over, that part of Asia Minor in the
transfer.
neighborhood of Troy.
transfugio, -fugere, -fugi [trans 4- Troazen, -enis, ace. Troezena, f.,
fugiS], fiee, desert.
Troezen, a city of Argolis in
transigS, -igera, -egi, -actus [trans Greece, across the Saronic Gulf
4- agS], transfix ; complete, spend, from Athens.
pass.
tropaeum, -i [Tp67ra(op], n., trophy;
transitus, -us [transeS], m., cross­ victory,
ing.
tii, tui, pers. pron., thou, you.
transports, -are, -avi, -atus [trans tuba, -ae, f., trumpet.
4- ports], take over.
tuaor, tueri, tutus (rarely tuitus)
Trasumenus, -i, m., Trasumenus, a sum, took at, oversee ; defend, pro­
lake in Etruria.
tect, guard, care for.
Trebia, -ae, m., the Trebia, a tribu­ tum, adv., then, tliereupon, at that
tary of the river Po in Cisalpine time, cum . . . tum, see cum.
Gaul.
tumultus, -us [tumeS, swell], ni.,
tracenti, -ae, -a [tres 4- centum], uprising; disturbance, impending
num. adj., three Iiundred,
danger, civil war.

VOCABULARY 3^3
turbidus, -a, -um [turba, turmoil], universus, -a, -um [unus -|- verto],
adj., will, disordered,
adj., the whole of, as a whole,
turpis, -a, adj., foul, base, disgrace­ without exception.
ful
unus, -a, -um, num. adj., one; alone,
turpiter [turpis], adv., disgrace­ single, only.
fully,
urbanus, -a, -um [urbs], adj., of, in,
turpitudS, -inis [turpis], f., dis­ or belonging to a or the city.
grace.
urbs, urbis, f., city.
Tusculum, -i, n., Tusculum, a town usquam, adv., anywhere.
of Latium in central Italy. usque, adv., up to, all the way.
tuts [abl. of tiitus], adv., safely, in usura, -ae [ator], f., use; interest,
safety.
usury.
tutum, -i [tatus], II., safety. Ssus, -Ss [ator], m., use, experi­
tatus, -a, -um [part, of tueor], adj., ence.
safe.
ut or uti, (i) adv., as. (2) conj.,
tuus, -a, -um [tii], poss. adj., thy, when; that, in order that, so that.
your (of one person).
uter, utra, utmm, interr. and rei.
tyrannis, -idis [Tvpanvh], {., tyr­ pron., -which of the two, which.
anny.
uterque, ntraqua, utrumque [uter],
tyrannus, -i [Tii/savyos], m., tyrant, pron., each (of two), both.
unconstitutional or despotic ruler. Utica, -ae, f., Utica, a
northern Africa.
city of
U
Stilis, -a [utor], adj., useful, advan­
ubi, adv. and conj., -where, when. tageous, profitable.
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, avenge, Stilitas, -atis [utilis], f., usefulness,
punish.
advantage.
uUus, -a, -um [anus], adj., any. utinam [ut 4- nam], adv., O that,
ultus, -a, -um, part, of ulciscor. would that, L luish that.
umquam, adv., ever.
utique [ut], adv., at least.
iina [iinus], adv., together, at the uter, Sti, Ssus sum, use, employ;
same time, in the same place. co-nform to; enjoy, experience;
undo, adv., whence, from -which. have intercourse with, live with.
Undacimviri, -oram [lindecim, ele-oen utpote [ut4-pote, able], adv., name­
4- vir], m. pi., the Eleven, who ly, as being.
had charge of prisons, police, and utrobique [uter 4- ubique, every­
punishment at Athens.
where], adv., on both sides, in
undique [unde], adv., from or on either respect.
alt sides, from every direction or utmm [ace n. of uter], interr.
source.
adv., used in double questions,
unguantum, -i [unguo, smear], n., whether ?
ointment, perfume.
uxor, -Sris, f., wife.

314 VOCABULARY
V
vanenum, -i, u., poison,
veneror, -ari, -atus sum, reverence,
vacuefaciS, -facara, -feci, -factus worship,
[vacuus, empty 4- faciS], make venia, -ae, I,, favor, indulgence,
empty.
vaniS, venire, veni, ventus, come,
vadimSnium, -i [vas, bail], n., bail, venor, -ari, -atus sum, hunt.
security, recognizance,
ventus, -i, m., -wind.
valens, -entis [part, of valeS], adj., venumdS, -dare, -dedi, -datus
strong, powerful, influential, [venum, sale 4- do], sell.
valeS, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be strong; Venusia, -ae, f., Venusia, a town in
have weight or influence; prevail, southern Italy.
be effectual.
varbum, -i, n., word, saying, verba
Valerius, -i, m., see Flaccus.
dare, deceive, trick.
valetSdo, -inis [valeS], f., health, vera [verus], adv., truly.
state of health (good or bad); illvereor,
vereri, varitus sum, fear.
health, infirmity.
vergS, vargere, incline.
vallum, -i [vallus, stake], a., ram­ Veritas, -atis [verus], f., truth.
part, palisaded wall.
vero [abk of verum], adv., in ti-uth,
valvae, -arum, f. pi., (double) doors. truly; while, yet, but, however,
varius, -a, -um, adj., various, fickle, no-w.
inconsistent.
versS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
VarrS, -Snis, m., see Terentius. verts], turn often or -oiolently.
vas, vasis, a,, vessel, jar.
In pass., move, live, dwell, be,, be
-ve, enclitic conj., or.
situated; engage in, have experi­
vectigal, -alls [veho], n., tax, ence, act.
revenue,
versus, -Ss [verts], m., line (of
vahiculum, -i [vehS], u., carriage, writing), verse.
vehS, vehere, vexi, vectus, carry; verts, vertere, verti, versus, turn,
in passive, often sail, drive, etc. re-oolve.
vel [vols], (i) conj,, or. vel . . . varum [ace. n. of verus], conj., but.
vel, either . . . or, (2) adv., the varus,-a, -um, adj., true.
very (with SUJD.).
vesparasco, -are [vesper, evening],
velScitas, -atis [velSx, stvift], {„ grow towards evening.
swiftness, nimbleness, agility, vaster, -tra, -trum [vSs], poss. pron.,
velum, -i, u., sail,
your, yours, your own (of more
velut or veluti [vel 4- ut], adv., just than one person).
as if,
vestigium, -i [vestigo, trace out],
venaticus, -a, -um [venor], adj., u., trace, track.
hunting,
vestimentum, -i [vestis], u., clothing.
venenatus,-a,-um [part. ofvenenS, vestiS, -ira, -ivi, -itus [vestis], clodte.
poison], ad],, poisofious.
vestis, -is, f., clothes.

vastitus, -us [vestio], m., clothing,
attire,
vats, -are, -ui, -iXns, forbid,
Vettones, -um, m. pi., the Vettones,
a people of Spain.
vetus, -aris, adj., old, ancient,
vetustus, -a, -um [vetus], adj.,
ancient,
vexS, -ara, -avi, -atus [freq. of
vehS], molest, harass, distress.
vicesimus, -a, -um [viginti], num.
adj., twentieth,
vicinitas, -atis [vicinus, neighbor­
ing], f., neighborhood,
(vicis), -is, f., change, vicissitude.
victor, -Sris [-vinco], m., victor,
winner, conqueror. Often used as
adj., victorious,
victSria, -ae [victor], f., victory.
victus, -Ss [vivo], m., food; manner
of life, style of living, life.
victus, -a, -um, part, of vincS.
videS, videra, vidi, visus, see. In
pass., often seem, seem best,
think.
vidua, -ae [viduus, bereft], I., -widow;
unmarried woman.
vigeS, -ere, -ui, thrive, fiourish.
vigilantia, -aa [-vigilans, watchful],
{., watchfulness, vigilance.
VOCABULARY 3i5
vigilia, -aa [vigil, awake], f., %iiatch, vita, -ae [vivo], f., life, conduct of
guard.
life.
viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty. vitium, -i, n., fault, vice.
vilis, -a, adj., cheap, worthless. vits, -are, -avi, -atus, avoid.
vinco, vincara, vici, victus, conquer, vitulinus, -a, -um [vitulus, calf],
overcome.
adj., of a calf. As subst., vitulina,
vinculum or vinclum, -i [vinciS, -ae, f., veal.
bind], n., bonds, chain, fastening.
In pi., prison,
vindico, -are, -avi, -atus [vindex,
defender], claim, place in free
condition, in libertatem vindicare,
liberate.
vinea, -ae [vlnurn], f., military shed
(built like an arbor, for sheltering
an attacking party).
vinolentus, -a, -um [vinum], adj.,
full of -wine, flushed with wine,
vinum, -i, n., wine,
viplentus, -a, -um [vis], adj., violent,
impetuous,
viols, -are, -avi, -atus, violate,
profane, desecrate, do violence to,
wrong,
vir, viri, m., man, hero,
virgS, -inis, f., maiden, girl,
virgula, -ae [virga, bough], {,, twig.
virHis, -a [vir], adj., male.
viritim [vir], adv., man by man.
virtSs, -utis [vir], f., manliness;
valor, courage ; worth, virtue. In
pi., points of excellence.
vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, other singular
cases rare, f., force, violence;
attack, onset. PI., vires, -ium,
strength, powers.
viso, visere, visi, visus [freq. of
video], look at attentively, survey;
go to see, visit.
visus,-Ss [videS],m., sight, apparition.
vivS, vivere, vixi, victus, live, be
alive or living.
vivus, -a, -um [vivo], adj., alive,
living.

316 VOCAB SULARY
vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with vulgus, -i, n., crowd, common people;
difficulty.
rank-and-file, common soldiery.
vocitS, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of vulnerS, -are, -avi, -atus [vulnus],
vocS], call.
wound.
vocS, -are, -avi, -atus [vSx], call, vulnus, -eris, n., wound.
summon, invite.
vultus, -us, m., expression, face,
volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish, countenance.
desire.
VolsS, -Snis, m., see Manlius. X
voluman, -inis [volvo, roll], roll, Xenophon, -ontis, m., Xenophon,
book, volume.
an Athenian historian and general.
voluntas, -atis [vols], i.,-will,wish, Xerxes, -is, m., Xerxes, king of
desire; good -will; attitude, feel­ Persia from B.C. 485 to 465.
ing, purpose.
vSs, pk of tu.
Z
vStum, -i [voveS, vow], n., vow, Zaeynthius, -a, -um, adj., Zacyn-
prayer. vSti damnari, be liable thian, of Zacynthos, an island off
for one's vo-w, attain one's wish, the west coast of Greece.
VUlgS [abl. of vulgus], adv., com­ Zama, -ae, f., Zama, a town of
monly, publicly, everywhere. Numidia in Africa.

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