Allelopathic Effects of Aqueous Extract from Salvia officinalis L. on ...

International Journal <strong>of</strong> Agriculture and Crop Sciences.
Available online at www.ijagcs.com
IJACS/2013/5-7/802-805
ISSN 2227-670X ©2013 IJACS Journal
<strong>Allelopathic</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aqueous</strong> <strong>Extract</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong>
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. on Seed Germination <strong>of</strong> Barley and
Purslane
Iman Bajalan 1 , Masoumeh Zand 2 , Shahram Rezaee 2
1. Young Researchers Club, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran.
2. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd Branch, Borujerd, Iran.
Corresponding Author email: Bajalan_Iman@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT: This study reports on the effect <strong>of</strong> aqueous extract taken <strong>from</strong> the aerial parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong>
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis L., on seeds germination <strong>of</strong> barley (Hordeum vulgare.) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
experimentally and in a quiet accidentally frame <strong>of</strong> 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments <strong>of</strong>
the experiment included aqueous extract <strong>of</strong> S. <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. (in concentrations <strong>of</strong> 6, 12, 25 and 50
percent) and distilled water (control). The results showed the strong allopathic effect <strong>of</strong> the extract <strong>of</strong>
S.<strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. on germination <strong>of</strong> barley and Portulaca oleracea seeds in such a way that the statistical
comparison indicates the reduction <strong>of</strong> germination percentage <strong>of</strong> seeds in treating the aqueous
extracts in comparison with control in the level <strong>of</strong> 5 percent.
Key words: Allelopathy, barley, germination, purslane, <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.
INTRODUCTION
Invasive plant species are responsible for disrupting ecosystems and are <strong>of</strong> concern to conservationists
worldwide. Once an invader enters a recipient community, it has the potential to occupy large areas, posing
numerous problems for native flora and fauna. Because <strong>of</strong> these problems, the determinants <strong>of</strong> species
invasiveness and the invasibility <strong>of</strong> communities are vital for understanding the ecology <strong>of</strong> non-native species
(Pisula and Meiners, 2010). Allelopathy is an interference mechanism by which plants release chemicals which
affect other plants; while it has <strong>of</strong>ten been proposed as a mechanism for influencing plant populations and
communities (Gholami, 2011). Increasing attention has been given to the role and potential <strong>of</strong> allelopathy as a
management strategy for crop protection against weeds and other pests. Incorporating allelopathy into natural
and agricultural management systems may reduce the use <strong>of</strong> herbicides, insecticides, and other pesticides,
reducing environment/soil pollution and diminish auto-toxicity hazards. There is a great demand for compounds
with selective toxicity that can be readily degraded by either the plant or by the soil microorganisms which
provide new strategies for maintaining and increasing agricultural production in the future (Inderjit and Mukerji,
2006). Secondary metabolites are present in all higher plants, usually in high structural diversity. In nature,
many secondary metabolites play an important role in the protection <strong>of</strong> the plants as antibacterial, antiviral,
antifungal, insecticides and also against herbivores by reducing their appetite for such plants. They also may
attract some insects to favor the dispersion <strong>of</strong> pollens and seeds, or repel undesirable predators (Bakkali et al.
2008).Using the extracts <strong>of</strong> different Concentration <strong>of</strong> Prosopsis juliflora leads to significant decreasing <strong>of</strong>
germination and yield <strong>of</strong> Barley (Siddiqui et al. 2009). In other experiments the extracts <strong>of</strong> Capparis spinosa,
Herttia angustifolia and Peganum harmala plants (Sodaeizadeh and Maybodi. 2008) shoot and corm <strong>of</strong> saffron
residues (Eghbali et al. 2008) and Convolvulus arvensis L. (Yarnia et al. 2008) were tried on barley plant and all
<strong>of</strong> them indicated the reduction <strong>of</strong> germinating speed <strong>of</strong> barley.
<strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. is an important plant <strong>of</strong> Lamiaceaes family. IT has been used for centuries as an
herbal remedy. Lavender yields a highly effective essential oil with very sweet overtones, and can be used in
balms, salves, perfumes, cosmetics, and topical applications. Internally, <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. essential oil is
believed to be <strong>of</strong> benefit for a multitude <strong>of</strong> problems, including stress, exhaustion, headaches, insomnia,
depression, colds, digestion, flatulence, upset stomach, liver and gallbladder problems, nervousness and e.t.c.
(Omidbaigi, 2009).

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (7), ( 802-805, , 201 2013
This This This research research research was was was done done done in in order order order to to compare compare compare and and analyze analyze the the allelopathic allelopathic allelopathic effect effect effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the aqueous aqueous aqueous extracts
extracts
extracts
<strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. L. in in different different different concentrations concentrations concentrations o
on o n germination's germination's characteristics characteristics <strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong> barley and purslane
(Portulaca Portulaca oleracea). oleracea
In In order order to to study the allelopathic effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>
aqueous extracts extracts <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. L. on on germination germination <strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
barley and purslane an an experiment experiment experiment was was was conducted conducted conducted in in in a a a completely completely completely accidental accidental accidental plan plan with with with 5 5 treatments treatments and and 4
4
replications. replications. replications. The The The The experimented experimented experimented treatments treatments treatments treatments contained contained contained concentrations concentrations concentrations concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> 0, 0, 0, 6, 6, 6, 12, 12, 12, 25 25 25 and and and 50 50 50 percent percent percent <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the
the
the
extract extract <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.. L.. L.. Harvested Harvested Harvested aerial aerial part part (leaves, (leaves, s sstems
s
tems and and flowers) flowers) flowers) were were dried dried dried at at room room temperature
temperature
for for 1 1 1 1 week. week. week. week. (Hafedh (Hafedh (Hafedh (Hafedh Hajlaoui Hajlaoui Hajlaoui Hajlaoui Hajlaoui et et al. al. al. al. 2009). 2009). 2009). 2009). Out Out Out <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> each each each each plants plants plants plants ten ten ten percent percent percent strong strong strong weight weight extract extract
– a mass (50g
with with 500ml 500ml 500ml water) water) water) water) was was was was prepared prepared prepared prepared by by by by putting putting putting it it it it on on on on the the the the Shaker Shaker Shaker for for for for 24 24 24 hours hours hours (Ghorbani (Ghorbani (Ghorbani et et et al. al. al. 2008).
2008). 2008).
Four our layers <strong>of</strong>
cotton cotton cotton fabric fabric fabric have have have have been been been been used used used to to to to separate separate separate separate the the the the plant's plant's plant's plant's tissues tissues tissues tissues and and and and solid solid solid organs organs organs <strong>from</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>from</strong> the the the extract extract extract extract (Shahrokhi (Shahrokhi (Shahrokhi (Shahrokhi et et et et al.
al.
al.
2011). 2011). 2011). Then Then Then it it it was was was was centrifuged centrifuged centrifuged centrifuged centrifuged with with the the the speed speed speed <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> 2000 2000 2000 round round round round per per per per minute minute minute minute and and and and for for for for 15 15 15 15 minutes. minutes. minutes. minutes. In In In In the the the the next next next next step,
step,
step,
step,
by adding distilled water water to to to these these these these strong strong strong extracts, extracts, extracts, aqueous aqueous aqueous extracts extracts extracts with with with the the concentrations concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> zero zero (control) (control) 6,
6,
12, 12, 25 25 and and 50 50 percent percent were were were made. made. made. 30 30 barley and purslane seeds seeds were placed placed placed in every every Petri Petri dish dish containing
containing
filter filter paper paper paper and and and for for each each treatment treatment four four replications replications replications we
were we
we re applied. According According to to the plan, plan, 7ml 7ml <strong>from</strong> <strong>from</strong> the the prepared
prepared
aqueous aqueous aqueous extract extract extract extract <strong>from</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>from</strong> <strong>from</strong> every every every every part part part part with with with with various various various various concentrations concentrations concentrations was was was was added added added to to to to the the the Petri Petri Petri dishes dishes dishes containing containing containing containing containing seeds.
seeds.
seeds.
The The Petri Petri Petri dishes dishes dishes were were were were placed placed placed inside inside inside the the the germinators germinators germinators and and in in temperature temperature temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> 20 20 degrees. degrees. The The f
f
first f
f
irst count <strong>of</strong>
germinated germinated germinated seeds seeds seeds seeds was was was was done done done done 48 48 48 hours hours hours hours later. later. later. later. The The The The seeds seeds seeds seeds which which which which were were were germinated germinated germinated germinated for for for 2ml 2ml 2ml 2ml were were were were considered considered considered considered as
as
as
grown grown grown seeds. seeds. seeds. At At At At the the the the the end end end end <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the the experiment, experiment, experiment, experiment, the the the the percentage percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination, germination, the the the length length length <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the root, root, root, the the the stem stem stem and
and
and
and
fresh fresh and and dry dry weight weight <strong>of</strong> the seedling se
se edling were were measured. measured. In In this this experiment, experiment, the the total total weight weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the seedling seedling seedling has
has
been been been considered considered considered considered considered as as as as the the the the seedling seedling seedling seedling weight. weight. weight. weight. To To To measure measure measure the the the dry dry dry weight, weight, weight, weight, the the the the samples samples samples samples were were were were kept kept kept in in in the the the oven oven oven for for for for 24
24
24
hours hours in in in the the the temperature temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> 75 75 75 degrees. degrees. degrees. The The The data data data analysis analysis analysis was was done done done by by
by
a piece <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> s<strong>of</strong>tware s<strong>of</strong>tware called called MSTATC.
MSTATC.
Moreover, Moreover, Moreover, the the the the average average average average <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the the data data data data was was was was compared compared compared compared by by by by use use use use use <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> Duncan Duncan Duncan technique technique and and and with with with the the probability probability level level level <strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
5%.
The The percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> germination
The The Results Results <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination germination <strong>of</strong> barley and purslane shows shows the the significant significant reduction <strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
percentage percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination germination germination germination germination <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> all all all all plants plants plants plants in in in in extracts extracts extracts extracts extracts <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. L. L. L. the the the most most most percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination
germination
germination
germination
after after control control treatment treatment belonged belonged to to barley and in in treatment treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> %6. %6. In In total total the the the extract extract <strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinali <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.
caused caused caused the the the the more more more more reduction reduction reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> percentage percentage percentage percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination germination germination in in in all all all all numbers, numbers, numbers, numbers, and and and all all extracts. extracts. The The The most most most reduction reduction reduction <strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
the the percentage percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination germination germination among among among treatments treatments treatments <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> % %50 %
% belongs to to treatment <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. on
purslane (%.9). ). (Fig 1).
Percentage <strong>of</strong> germination
MATERIALS AND AND METHODS
METHODS
RESULTS
Figure1. Th The e percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination <strong>of</strong> barley barley and and purslane purslane purslane in in various various various concentrations concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.
L.
L.
The The length length <strong>of</strong> the root root and and the the stem
stem
The The The length length length <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the root root root root <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> all all all numbers numbers numbers was was was reduced reduced reduced as as as the the percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the concentration concentration <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the extract
extract
extract
was was was increased. increased. increased. increased. All All All treatments treatments treatments treatments had had had had a a a significant significant significant difference difference difference with with with control. control. control. After After After control control control treatment treatment treatment treatment the the the the longest longest longest longest root
root
root
root
belonged purslane with concentration o<strong>of</strong>
f %6 (Fig 2). The length length <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the stem stem after after the the control control treatment treatment belongs
belongs
to treatment <strong>of</strong> %6 <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. on purslane and and the the least least amount amount amount <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination germination germination in in in concentration concentration <strong>of</strong>
<strong>of</strong>
%50 belongs to barley (Fig 3).

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (7), ( 802-805, , 201 2013
Length (cm)
Figure ure 2. 2. The The length length length <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the root root root <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> barley barley and and purslane purslane purslane in in various various concentrations concentrations concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.
L.
L.
Fresh Fresh and and dry weight weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> plants
plants
The The least least influence influence in in extracts extracts <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> %6 %6 belonged belonged to to the influence influence <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>
purslane (.7gr) gr) and for barley it was .9 .9gr
(Fig 4). The dry dry dry weight weight weight weight weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> plant plant plant under under under the the influence influence <strong>of</strong> various various concentrations concentrations was was was reduced reduced reduced in in in a a a significant significant way
way
way
(Fig (Fig 5). 5). 5). The The amount amount amount <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> reduction reduction in in concentration concentration <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> %5
%50 %5
<strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. on barley and purslane were 00gr
Figure Figure 3. 3. The The length <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the stem stem <strong>of</strong> barley and a
nd nd purslane purslane in in various various concentrations concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.
L.
weight (g)
Length (cm)
Figure 4. 4. The The The average average average <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> fresh fresh fresh fresh weight weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> barley barley and and and purslane purslane in in various various concentrations concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.
CONCLUSION AND AND RECOMMENDATION
RECOMMENDATION
According According to to to the the the Results Results <strong>of</strong> this this research <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L. L. has has has strengthened strengthened strengthened allelopathic allelopathic on
on
germination germination germination <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> barley barley barley barley and and and and purslane. purslane. purslane. Also Also Also Also different different different cultivars cultivars cultivars indicated indicated indicated indicated different different different different sensitivity. sensitivity. sensitivity. With With With studying studying studying different
different
different
cultivars cultivars <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> barley barley barley and and purslane purslane purslane and and analyzing analyzing analyzing the the degree degree <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> their their sensitivity sensitivity towa
towa toward towa
rd the effective effective combination <strong>of</strong>

Intl J Agri Crop Sci. Vol., 5 (7), ( 802-805, , 201 2013
<strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L L L L we we we we we can can can can produce produce produce produce resistant resistant resistant cultivars cultivars cultivars for for for them. them. them. We We can can can also also also use use use the the characteristics characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong>
<strong>Salvia</strong>
<strong>Salvia</strong>
<strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L L L L in in in in producing producing producing producing natural natural natural natural herbicides herbicides herbicides herbicides and and and pesticides. pesticides. pesticides. pesticides. We We We We need need need more more more research research research about about about about this this this subject subject subject to to to to get
get
get
get
mo more re information.
weight (g)
Figure 5. 5. 5. The The The average average average <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> dry dry weight weight weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> barley barley and and and purslane purslane purslane in in various concentrations <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>Salvia</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficinalis <strong>of</strong>ficinalis L.
L.
The The Results Results <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> this this this research research indicates indicates the allelopatic effe effects effe
cts cts not not only only lead lead the reduction
reduction <strong>of</strong> the
percentage percentage percentage <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> germination germination germination but but but but also also also it it it cause cause cause a a a delay delay delay delay in in in germination germination germination reduction reduction in in in length length length <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> root root root and and and stem stem stem and and and and also
also
also
reduction reduction reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the plant plant plant weight. weight. Delay Delay Delay in in germination germination germination germination germination can can can have have have have negative negative negative effects effects effects in in in competition competition whit whit whit other other other other plants
plants
plants
and and this can exacerbate exacerbate the t
he allelophatic allelophatic allelophatic effects effects and and and weaken weaken weaken the the the plant. plant. A A A plant plant with weak weak roots roots in in bad
bad
environmental environmental environmental condition condition condition condition like like like low low low low dampness dampness dampness <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the the the soil soil soil soil or or or nutritional nutritional nutritional tensions tensions with with with other other plants, plants, plants, will will will will be be be be overcome. overcome.
overcome.
overcome.
Also Also allelopatic allelopatic allelopatic constitutes constitutes constitutes can can can influence influence influence the the roots roots and and and other other r
roots r
oots oots <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> the the plant plant and and it it the the reduction reduction <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong> water
water
absorption absorption in in the the the plant plant plant (Chon (Chon et et et al. al. al. 2005).
2005).
2005).
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