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SOME TESTATXVE EFFECTS OF tUM DISCOVERY
AKD USE OF MEHTAL TESTS OM
EDUCATIONAL THEORY
hMJj PRACTICE
Thesis C^aaittea
duate CosnULttes'
~uAl^;iS^ ^tt^aST U^
cioncca

SOBS TBBTATIVB EFFECTS OF THS DXSCOVMY
ASD mU OP MEUTAL TESTS OH
MDUGATI02IAL THfiOHY
AMX> FRACTICI
A Thesis
by
Ada Louis« Wolfe, B. A
Smteittsd la partial fulfillmsnt of the
raquiremints for the dsgrsS of
Master of Arts
of tha Oimduat© School of the
Texas Ts^nological College
Juns, 1954
TEXAS TECHNOLOGICAL COLLEGE
LUBBOCK, TEXAS
LIBRARY
.: ..• .:l

AC
>.,/*
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**A11 classaa of intellasts, the weakeat as
vail as the strongest, will profit by the appli*
cation of thsir talents to tasks which are consonant
with their ability* Whwi we have learned
the lessons which intallig^afics tests have to
teach, we a ha 11 no Xcngar blaais mentally dofoctivo
workman for thsir industrial inafficisncy,
punish vsak

TABIE OF oiMTmrn
FO^int o f View *»»»»—••'«»—-'—•—•'»»''*»*

^hle of Contents
Chapter Fagea
Certain Obstacles to tha Advance
Certain Accoinplis^isiissints
The Kstabllstoaat and Use of
Metliod and Gyst.?..m of I^ea^sur*
ing M^it&llty
Ths Biract fe^msls on the Used
of Blffereritlsl Bdtooaticai
1^0 Improv6!?i0tit in Institutional
Mfs
A St inula t Ion of Activity in Other
Lines of Hcsearch and St\»iy
in. *Btm ^ture Field «^d Aims of
Mental Testing -**•—«.• ^-«^—.-^ 95-103
de^eral Ata^a
Spacifie ifetties of 3c0lati.fi0 Alms
speelfie IXitie© of Society a©
Collaborator In the Field
WtZt Ccmeluslons —.^*—.-—••^*-^*^^**—«.^^«^ 104-12
V1IX« Salectjed Bihllogx»aj^-x;,

Point of Yisv
The growth of the mormamnt to establish men­
tal measureaisnts of individuals is one of the most
significant of tmnds viewed from the standpoint
of the |»*esent and future of educational theory
and praotiee. The movesisnt is very young* That
it was prematurely accepted as a panacea for
educatimisl problems is regrettable; since the
limitations of the method are apparent.
^0 following questions have arisen: Should
the capacity of the few toe limited in Uieir
development and sacrificed In order to maintain
the staz3dard of the middle average n.vd make it
supreme? Is it IncJimbent that s ojue method of
establishing an instrux^nt of measuring ability
be utilised? Must the activation of all latent
and potential powers of individuals be attex-apted?
In considering this nubject the writer has
zoade no effort to represent either side of a
bilateral opposition, but rather to suggest a "will
to reapproachment." For this roason pert one of
the thesis has been given over to a brief histori­
cal approach to mental tests, chapters one and two
dealing with the examples of differentiations made
in early society and chapter three covering the
£ii0d0rn history of the tests. Chapter four gives a
brief suflimary of material covered in part one.

Bart tve of tho ttesls tes hmma dovotod to
mmm tentative effeota of mantel tests fm eduea-
tlimal thmry and praetlee. Captain oliiHi^aclas
to tte advanee of tte im^mmmt moTO tmmm& In ehsp
t«? five fellowred by a dlaeuaslon of the four
1^1 jar fields of mooompXitthmmiti A« t^a astablish-
mant and uss of a systasn of mental massugremimts,
B, the dix^et mmjfimmtm for the nm^ of differen­
tial edueatlon, C, the i^povi^ts^dt in the insti­
tutional life, and D« the stiiiul&tion of activity
in other lines of ras^trch study, Ths futuro field
m&4 aims of s^ntal tasting teve teen pointed out
ia ehsptar si;K vhil© tw^aty-^tl^ee t^atativ© ccm-
clusions have hmma listed In i^^ptsr saviHn.
Mental tasters or, as sc^e have possibly cor­
rectly ssidy ths '^allagsd n^ntal testers" at their
worst, tev© tm sch^^a of utilising an "Instrument
of cruelty•** From a close association with test­
ers and the litarattir© of testing und the ppac-
tiees of testing, one ftr^n no unsocial or anti­
social i^tives, but rmther, a dsop, sincere appre-
ciatiiHi of the individi*al»s worth and value.
Ttmt the test results hsve been poorly uti­
lised, oft®i boing exploited by unscrupulous and
rsnkly ign€»*ant individuals; tlmt thoy often re­
present a mere waste of time and ©norgy because
they ere given merely as a mattor of farm, ono
cannot doubt» Thsy are facts reoognizod and
JkJ

egretted as keenly by the instigators of the
tests as by the educators« Bat if ths test re-
eults give a pradictlori, even tbo^o^i a cru^
measiu^e 00 mm^m of possible adjustm^:its, then at
least they i^e w

••:-f^,%, ;
FAI^ I
A mXMW HISTOEICAL
4FFB0ACH TO MMTAL TESTS

WAPTBH I
BARx;r SJCAXFLBS Of m^wmfiAttm
OF BTTFraiOB PSRSOHS
la Primitive Life
• ' . € . • • • - . ^ : - •
fte eadi^inics of ineiiUAlity mssmim i^oprle is
re^^gnisad and has slimys teen reco^ised, so far
as we Imov, among all peoples* The Idas that
•nature pecplss** live in a stats of ©quality with
'•-'•

tt nay te alleged by these vte are IcMith te
telieve tte teaeMni^ ot dijtf^rential payetelegy,
ttet tte eupmiority thas rmegnised anmig our bar-
baria anaeatera vas mt brawn only (far nearly every­
one ateita ttet there are snpei^i^ritias and inferi«»
oritiea mt pl^eifue), Kroeter vould saessi to teva
little faith tn the idea of advanea thsma^i innate
ability ef aartain individ^iAls,^
Bl^ caste in terterlc soeisty was, however,
vory prete^ly vcm by all around supi»E»lority«
FIbQfSieal aupenerity undoubtedly played a part,
but ttet this ims the only or mrmn tte priaisry
fa©t0r ss^ui ^Ktrmisly ijspE^otebl©.^
fter© 800ms to te s lar^^ numbsr of porsons
in 0vi^>y gansz^tion who paraaive ths value of th©
©mepti^ial mind in cont^nporary dealings. Msn
faol tte need of gifted thlnk0rs wh©nev0r porsonsl
or ^i»!sanity ©mari^ncias sriss. Advice is telng
0am©stly snd s^mstsntly sought. Bspselally for
purposes of gi^vemmsnt, dsf^asa, r0ligious intsr-
oessiont and rsHof trcm pain, men nemA and sook
with all tteir might for good thinkors. Fowsr comes
^A* L, Ki»o0ter, **0n th© Prinoipl© of Ordor in CiviU-
ESticn as Exemplified by (Hiangea in J^shion,** in
,/»m^^ totm^polofi^sts, XXI, 1919, p. 268.
^'^A porillA has groat superiority of bravn, but mon do
net look to hla leadership in timea of strsss and
peril* Tte capacity to gr&ap tte alim«ite of a
aituatien, to aim effeetivelv at aolution of a prob>
laiB^ to ferass© sad to ilnvsni, must tevs te©n of
lOdnary io^K^tsno© to our terbario snoostors, as
with tta«
^

to thoss vho 0sn act ably snd give general sst-
iafSetiim in sueh msttsrs. tn oldsr countries,
those vho asm© to b© id©ntifi©d as sbl© in th©
triala and difflcultias of life were given par-
tiaular designations, known as titlas, with ao-
aosipanying mmoXmmntu* Thm JSto^iissdsy Book, for
instsasa, eimvoys a definite id©a of th© ©aisting
slassifiaatiim of men at the time records were
©stablishad in madisvsl &^snd«^
It is not altogethsr elsar just how titl©©
tecast© hsreditsry, Th© ouatcm ©rigiaated of course
in hiaasn psychology. It may have be^i due pri-
»ftrily to par^atsl prid© and affection, to poT-'
ccption o& the part of the populace that lite
begets likSt or s isixture of various paycholo-
gical factors. ,
Bcwsvsr it may have come about, we know that
tte irincipl© of hereditary title is fotmd even
saiong tribes which are still too savage to have
written archives* When ths eiiieftain dies, his
son bfsomss chieftain. Inheritance of royal and
nobl© titles, by blood kin, in line of direct
descent or ascent,^and then in line of collateral
descant or ascent, in a strict sequence of proba­
bility according to relationship and sex, becam©
firmly ©stablishad as a human institution, snd
mmmmm m l i m n n • <

pereisted in Buroj>e, Asis, snd other parts of tte
world for himdrads of years unshaken.
In Contes^porsry Civilisatii»©nt.
»,y., 19215 L. Igrd.'^^pplicd Sociology. Bost

teeir IMlevet mod mkm translate tteir under a tending
ft
nere f^ymatly with tongna or hand.
Wasf mmm thia recognition inevitably com©
abeatt Wtet d^emiines test p©rfoinii»mes? What sr©
tte faatora ot abiding latiinenca or the lack of it?
Suparstiticm about 0

mark. Men ef av^»aga ability, constituting tte
grttt BAjerity ot siankindt viev m«isbers of the
Speeies as aj^HUPt from themselves in nature vhm
they are bom to a eartsin dmg^m ot inferiority
or aupariority la any respect • So vsry great is
tte range of differences among the intslliganca of
man that, *Tho typical m».n o&n hardly oompr©h 3.924.
^^Lota S* Hollingworth, Oifted Children. N.Y.,
1926, p. 3.
"^"^J. H. Boblason, Th© Mind in the Making. N.Y..
1921; W* F. Ogbumt, gocIsT'dEan^e, I^.Y.. 1922.

The test intellects find sieaning in subtle
©l«m©nts of situations which ar© far too abstrsst
to teve a»saing for th© aversga mind. Sv«n whon
ttes© BMsnings are pointed out, thsy may not b©
aomi^shended by ths majority. Thus th© intollacit;
which first rsspondsd to those subtle signs which
toll that th© earth is round was psrs0cut©d and
mo0k©d by those of less intelligence i th© teachings
'f. • * r ••
Of Jsstis, St. Paul, mxxd Socrates were far ahead of
*5-.
.r-. •'
their time, and in each case the leader paid the
supr«Bi0 price for his id^ts.
Bow, th^n, can we know when the mind of an-
otl^ really comprehends a situation which to us
is incomprehensible? This is the riddle of the
relsticmship between the ^ftsd individual and th©
people of his day, Xt is little wonder that geni\is
3ms bean regarded with superstition, benevolent or
malevol^it, acooi^dlng to circumstances.
larly Soi^atlfic Study of the ]^nin0nt
^* 0*>lton*s Studjs The most Important early at-
ti^spts to proceed by taking nothing for granted,
and in this frame of mind actually to colloct and
sttidy data about superior persons, war© those of
Oslton in Bngland, teginning about 1365. Oslton
amassed facts about adults who had attained no­
table distincticn in the world's work and plsy—
judges, writers, statesmen, musicians, scholars,
snd vrestlsrs. H© studisd th©8e facts vith a vi©v

to dvteraining degr©©s of asainsncs, th© fr©qu«i0y
of p©rsens in various degrees, and why simi© per-
12
sens beeene sninent vhil© othara do not.
Aa a reault of his stiidies, Oaltcm coneludad
ttet tte proportion of possible great mmi in a
given population is limited by nature snd can te
approaisiataly forotold trma generation te gen©ra-
tic«i| that there sr© numaroua degr©©© of ©minonc©,
tte fr©qu©n0y of para^ia vho attain each degree
decreasing »ark©dly as the de^e© boeomes gr©at©r;
and that only a vary few can achieve the highest
status which w© call ''illustrious,**
Thes© facts were rslatad by Oslton in his
thinking to th© ^©qm^ay tables shich matheeisti-
cians tevs shown to result whan a Isrge number of
causes or faetcrs act together in countl

Oalteai fartter concluded ttet th© anin©nt have
a greater mmhmv ot aminant relatives than vould
te eaqpeeted by ehance* Be regarded thia aa avi-
denee ttet mental ability is inheritad, coiKiitionod
by aaemtryt aa phyaiaal traita rather obviously
are. Ha realised that his data were ambiguous,
for it eould be ccmt«aded that th© eminenae of a
man with aminant ralativea might b© a result merely
ef their aoclsl iaflis^^nca. Be, therefore, resaenad
ttet if this were so and if emin©nt parformsnccs
war© du« primarily to opportunityi th© adopted sons
of superior j^rsoas should eqiial in aacc^plishmant
the childr^a produced by psr«ats squally well placed
Bf studying ths adopted sons of th© popes, te
dissoverad ttet these adopted childnm, even neph­
ews, by no means equal the real sons of superior
men, in respect to ^ninenae attained.
^* Ctttsll»s Studj^s Cattell, a pupil of Oalton,
lu sacking to study superior ability, chos© i^si©ri-
can men of science living between the yesu:*© of
1900*191§« He selected for his special sttuiy ths
thousand mmx of science, most aminent according to
IS
th© judgment of their contemporsriss.
Ha found that these intellectual workers c(m-
stitute s very small proportion of th© total popu­
lation, snd that various sections of tte country
J, «• Cattell, American Men of Science. N.Y.,
1921; J. M. Oattoll, ^'A Sl^tTstical Study of
aninont M©n,'* Popular Soionc© Monthly. May, 1903.

eentribute very laieqiially* Th© most sbl© Amarlesn
men of acianoe ar© derived largely from fsthara in
tte popefeasiona« Lstersr^a children are almost
nsvar feund among them* ^0i«%tists originate larg0ly
in cities, not on fsn^, as has bs^i popularly sup-
14
posed,
3* ^ mSBMsML& ^^•^ ^« (todolle, a Fr^chman,
studied on© hundr^ man disti^^tguished &s f orei^
associates of the Paris A#adeiiy ef Sci^^c©. He
foui^ that fc3?ty*one mmm tT

partmts ©ngs^^ in consaarc©, six percent fr

Few women ranking as eminent for mental gifts
have been numbered in these early statistical studiss
In his stia^ of the thousand moat famous p^E*sons in
the history of ht^isn endeavor, Csttell was able to
ineludo only a few women. Ivan of those to ia*iom
sufficl^3it apace was given in historical accounts,
many were diet ingui shed only by a kind of '*bad
eminance."
Oast la, uSio later made a study of the wor Id •s
moat «08iiaeiit women, could find cora:paratively few
who reached top rank through exerclae of their
19
own g^iiue.
Lat«^ lafermati^m ^aeei^ing Oanius
^» Vi^srys St,iidy of Bi^rthplaoes t Rec^itly, in­
formation has been compiled regarding the origin
ot p^?s©ns listed in the 1922-1923 edition of
fs Who in America, ^slnent Americans of the
Ii iliiiiili II iiiillii^ wifMiHiin II •JiiiiiiiM* iiiiwl,ii|»iiiiiiiiiiiiiiir»iiiII-IIIII
^mmmmut day seem to be VQTJ similar in derivations
to the ^fcrainent of other timss &ad places. Replies
obtained from atxjut four-fifths of thoae still
living whan requests for information were sent
showed that tw^ity-five and nine-tenths per cent
"•" • ' - ,
w^*© bom on fai»ms, twenty^fotir and five-tenths
per cent in vill&ges, twenty-four and eight-tenths
II I miiiiiii II 11 "•" " ~ ' " • '•"'• - ^ ^ — — — - ' ' J
C* 3. Castle, Statistical Study of Bmijjient Women,
Archives of Psycil^oiogy, floiumbla"lTniversi'ty,
1915.

per cent in small cities, twenty and six-tenths
per esnt in larg© cities, and four and on©-t©nth
per cant in suburbs. In proportion to tho poi^ils*
tion as distributed in 1870, when thes© p©ople were
boing born, cities contributed nearly six tim©s as
many as did farms, while villages contributed nine
times as many, and suburbs eleven timos as many.
As Tmm^&TdB paternal occupation whan the off­
spring subsequently wainent were bom, s©v©nty p©r
omit of the fathers belonged to the professional
or businsss class, thirty-foijr and three-tenths
per Cffifit snd thirty-five and tJiree-tenths per
cent, respeotively. The fathers were farmers in
twanty-thre© and four-tenths per cent of the cases,
and unskilled laborers in foiir-tenths per cent of
*,v 20
tho cases*
Basing oomparlson on the distribution of
frequency in various occupations as existing in
1870, fatJ^rs in the j^ofesslons had a value of
•a.Wj«iiwMiiw»«

1400 ia Idle production ef thes© ^ninsnt in our own
timet fetters in business, a imhim of 600{ in famdngt
of TOf in skillad and s^si-aikllad i^mnaal later,
of 30| mnd in unskilled labor, oi 1. Fathers vte
bad Tom^md th0 professions w^rc 19400 tis^s as litely
to have mtt»pTis3kgB of distinction as ware fathers in
u:rmkill0d labor. The cl^gymwn of 2BTO hi^ a very
speeial ihkhm as lathers of notables, teving fsth«^ed
2400 times us many of those at prasi^at s^iae^t as
did ^0 unskilled ismis^xsl laborers of thdlr time.
Summary of A^seii^nt as to the Fasts
Investigators ef ©leliisnce a^as, therefore,
upo£orG tarn Califo3?nla
I^\v.crit.lonxil Ro3€;^i*cI Assocliitlon ia i:>an Joae,
Californl'^i, >lay 13, 1927, egraes perfectly with
these flnuJjmgs.

InterpretsticanLS ef th© Data
j£ Mi^£SS^SSSh* ^ ^ fsets as teva be^Ei etsted^
i^aadlag alone t ebviot?sly admit of conflicting in-*
terj^atations, ^o thst'thay do not advanea far
tmmrd miaqni'tocal ks^vl©%e mi mm.t^l mxpmTtmTtMf*
Hu^t Bovertht Bsglay, Watson, and i^may ether e^*
astors, iMlsathmpists, snd sociolc^ists interpret
th#s0 facts as ac^clusivt pr«>»WI«S«H*»MMM**» «|IMIM» IMBIHIIllliHIHW IP 11—H—^ '
^This ta^^arpretation app

2« Innate gatttr© as fet Pi*toe Dstonainsnt of Achieve-
2j^j Oeltfm, Feareioa, i^oods, Davi^partt TkmnsM^sm,
n< Tmrmm, eaad others have inter^ctM the facts tlsuei
If cMl^^fi inherit tl^eir iri^ntal ahilitias is^snm^
their parents, imd if inherited tiblllty la the
|a?lm0 dstormlrxaut of aclilev^ment; th®3. we i^all ©ie*
pact to find All ©min^t pBT^miB to hav# beasi
tern 0^ i^re:its above average In the iioelal sta­
tus. Through cifeitisri0s cf caiipet:ltiv0 mifort, tte
most able will In the lo-ng n^n, have oomm to oc­
cupy' the imBt comfof^tabls plaooa. Tli^lr oMldren
will be superior hatjauoe of the aett^r tob#ritsncea
p?«vid®d th©is by their su^^ior ancestry, iu^ediat©
or rifeaots. Thsy iBtsrp^'st the olose c eiEinent, ex­
cept imo» 'Mommi ftimisii X^O-T parscsis of great em­
inenc®, jct, Asters of f^^eat m^jn uro equally of
tho same ancestry m$ tlieli' ax^ofhoi'B , Their failure
imist ho axplainod on soino otli©::'-^ hf-ais,
3. Oround Midway hatwacn tte above Interpretation© i
Oattoll pr©s

tte taet pmftmmmlf cited. Ha feels ttet it is
evident that wtet a smn can do dmpoT.dm on his ee«i»
gsstital equi|iiient* How far ^m.t ha dmm do dmpmmdm
mm hia anvircivsient and hew far on his eimpmital
eq:uiptent, or how far his congenital aquipm^it de*
^«ids t:; concsming ina:ividiial dlffei^enoes, clearly
indicates many inherent dof ccta of both matai»ial
anc'- method.
.^•(iKaiiwiMWKltO'. i»n"

first t esiln©n00 and supericir mantel aMlity
sr© not idsntiesl* Sociolo^sts «aid i^yehel^ista
beth agree with Cattail that what a pm^mon can do
depimds «ai his cong^^t&l equip i^nt; tet they ^ist
also agree tJmt we do not, frcin studies of emiiieiBt
adults, know ham far what he notuall/ docs ^ do*
l>an^ on his environineiit ^ ^A Darwin hc^m in China
in 1009 could not have hecoiae a Bar^arin, nor cmiM
a Lincoln bom her© on tha SSM# ,o lecstt, that pma?^
son^l quslltlea other than intellect or tal^it act
strongly as d^terssd^nsnts of aac

affect, ISf tho liiotbods available ' t the eai'liar
date these ^aiablgulties oouM not be clarified, te-
aau«© thmz**» was no pepoof OA g&nXu^ except emin^n#s«
^^0 two st^idia.^, tcfidlnr; r^orJ: ^ff f.r^tlvely t^ima^d
real toowled-z^e of: tha true sotirce c';r p^s^taammnoo
are th.os?o of 0slton of adoptov^ sor.s of pop^s, and
of Wood of royal fasdli^s. In tbfoe. oases, as. has
t!^0B stagge^'ted, oppoptimit:.' 1*-. rou^Ij kept cortSimnt,
aM yet aaooiaplishrter^.t varies seconding to ancastji^*
A Ste^ of the Childhood of Oiftad MSKI
In oTdm^ to clarii*y ths subjeet ai^ ipsin in*
X'ox^ation landing toward prediction of ©ducatiotml
o^portisaitles. It would ba nacssssrj to study tte
chlldl^od of glft€Ki individuals, ^itil very re­
cently, tte^^ hag been i^ metJ^Jd of Identifying
SU|I€I^NM^ chil42r^i. Yoder isade a careful atteisiiit
to study tte ehildhood of great msn thapeugh bio-
graphi^il data I his results far*© inter^B'ting, thea^i
ent^jeet to all the sourci^ of mTT^^ already cited* ^
Wrmi a systea^tic survey of Mograpl^ea of
tte great, he traced outcaartaln unifaam facts about
tte ©hildteod of fifty t^e^t persons and was sble
to srrive at the following genay^li^'.ationst
1, Tte child who will bacemts great :^ay be bom at
aay time, ovoi* prsctleally th® whole rang© ef the
l^nproduoti^^ psj^ioil. In tJio lives of th© parents*
S3"""
. F- ^SMler, 'A Suu^ly oT the 3oyiiaod of Great
Ran sn.^ FyisftOKicsX Seminary. .3lmc, 1894,

116X0 matters of th© fifty studied, range in age trom
ailJ^taea to fort;^^-fotii» ^nra vhai the great mm^ was
horn, iTith a median at twoiity-aix^ and 0i^t-t«gcttte
;j^^rs. 1^0 fathers rai3tged in age from twanty-three
to sixty fmmTB, v/ith a riadian at thirty^s^v^a si^
S0V0n-t^:iths yimrs*
2, The avea^^ge mmhm^ of i3lhlln.ss of these p^^nmiB
was fi^e plus {not includiij^ Imlf brotl^s said
sisters)*
3, la faiailies of more tl*an on© child, a strong
Zfmdmioj was foimd (chancas at>0ut two to fTon*
7, T;ba mother's place seer^od very oft:cn to be fillod
hj anothsr psraon having to do with the educatiim
of -»*ho £p»oat r.an: in rn,D:2t aaac3 axmt-S played th©
proLiinent rola*
8, i'hosa great poraonu WCI'G, in th

vera **seir«siad0«'' iiost of thori wore jr^'iy^itolf cd-
mmted by tut^r?!,^*^
Child Study and Mautal Tests
In the daeadas during whic^ t^km sttHdies ot

of mental testing' x:t.B largely nade Imotm and dovol-
op©d la AsTiarica hf Cattail, i^ofossop of ?syclK>logy
in the l^iversity ot }^*ennsylvania ond later in
OolumMa Ifeiversity. Cattell's aet»v^lc0 in the field
of iTtental testing is well stated, hy his siost dis-
tin0ilshe*'5 IKi'pll "^otesBov B* L.. *^.omdik^.
Such Investl^tioa^ boian with asking qttostlons
such es> ''HO^T quio>t:l:' can a persoe. react to a stian-
ulus?*^ imd pj»ocoed*lo£!oal Hevleiy. Vol. Ill, 1896,
pp. 62a-G4d.t t. i;, dattoil and S, liryaat. "Monts:
Aisocl;^.tiari Investigation by ^-xperlment," rind.
Vol. Ill, 10^, pp, 230-250. ^
l^ht

(BApfm tt
SARLT BTwAMFLBs OF mwmmwpnhTtm
w HTF^M^oH wmmm
The litermtm^a on the ipabjeet of the sub"»
neraail iatelliganaa is rm^ ©a&ti^aiv©, s^oa^Uig 1^^^
tte early period in vliich ^aitelly iMmttor childr^i
ware a^^isidarad *

A More telereat attitude gradsmlly aBi«rged«
lateeiles teaa»a ohimmtm ot div^^rsi^u and assuie-
meat, pertiMlarly among i^te teaaoia, Siiue^^a vife
tei^piag a Ultod teteeila (lUtaa) for thia purpose*
^msm mmmam to te no real evidenee ttet K^ro,
CteBEBiodus, BiiMpitelas, or ^ligula^^fc^op m^nm in
pad.mM^'^^mm f eelile miieyli^ altte»i#i ^ay stiay tev©
hmmn mentally mhnmrmml^ d^^es^ged, prefH^tet
- • • 1 •
laaaNLlly pervi^psa, mt mmmXXf vindietive*
C9fa?ietii^ Wrm
Thm ss^a ef tte feeble sOjnded, as well as tte
^^esieniae'',^ tte j^fideaUy infira m? aflOicted, and
tte poor ^imm msk^t^mtd hf lariat, 0

Christian )y vtio ware supposed to b© special favor­
ites of Ood^ m3£id whose senseless jmbberings were
harkanad to and regarded as hesvmly ooassunicatiQna,
even hf th© laamad Tyoho :^aka. Houses in ^ich
feebls-stinded children w^re b^m were thou^t to te
divinely blesaea.. iXjtrlns this period of sup^^sti--
tiotis rev^^cncc, tho feabla-mlndsd l:c mwopQ were
accorded apetsisl privilege a and allowed to Tomn
unBolcstsd, In Tiirkey they have baen giv^i speaisl
privil©f©3 as weird, m^oT&d h^ings. luring the
roign of mwmrd tt (1307-* 27) hkiglmd placM "nat­
ural fools'' tmdar regal protect i^i, requiri'^ the
king to adarinister theii* eats tes In their interests.
But p

mamory of Saint I^ipns*), by ^int Vinoant d© fmol,
137^1600, and hisj "Sistera ox" Or^a-rlty*' vho ^thOT^
togfi»th

ef tte first te^B^eaa a^beola for ^e blind v^^e
private, fte first piblie sateol class fc»r tte blind
in the Iftiited Stetea vaa ep«aed in Chicai^ in 1900 •
JHBiiassassiaatlisss nrfm^xmrn), wrm^
etelei^att phyaieimi te an inatitutii^ for tte
d^af in Baria mad a phileao^er, fi^iliar with
fmrtmapm^m adn0ati^:ial method sM HOUSSIN^U*S theoriss,
sad i^ereated in Wio aeluticm of the cc^troversy
hm^wmm> tha ffi^irieists and nativists r^^irding tte
origin of idi^s, was the ti^rmt to undi^r^sk© th©
aysteiistio trainijig of a lew**grada msantal dsfactiv©,
the eo«>eall©d ss^^mg© of Aveyr^Ei, Itard perhaps
«a^y8 th© distinetion of being the first aduimtor
te apply thia»eu|^ly the Ij^ividiml or clinical
method te ati»dy imd obsi^vatiim of th© pu|^l* Tte
nee^Masity of s^eh a method had ^rlier boon pointed
0^ hf J^Sm. Loete 11632-1704}, fdio had ©isptesised
that pu^ls steuld b© individually dXm^s^mmd in
school b^iaus© ^%^T MiMs differ just as their
bc^ULes do*
Itsrd*s method was ©edifiad, syatsiaatisad, and
elaborated by his sbl© pupil snd f©ll^ir eoimtrymsn,
E^sin Seipin {1S]US*»1B80), iftio was on© of th© firat
l^iiyaieUQeis to defina idiocy as a ccaadition of ar­
rested develeiai^iit mnd tmt a disease* Seg^dn,
first a teacher, and thoa a physician and psycholo­
gist, devoted tha teat of forty-two years of hia
life te tha study and training of th© feebloMninded,

«aad bettatt in truth th^ inspiriia^ p^ephet of t^
h^&t v^rk doom nXnm his dfey for «.?i saaliox^tioi
of 1^6 lot of tl'io fo^sbl^^-.^dndod* He p?^p@sed ^
dev^I^ th^ **l!?!p0rfcct smee or^ns" of tha do-
festiv-es by axm^eiMn^i the.-* H-d^ a.lifted "to lead
the ehild from th© 6dxie.s.ti^^ of th-e i^isctilar systi^.
to that of thS' nirvon-s syste^m a;:^^ the senses-^ and
*ft^o?ii the- 'D^iucMtton of th© tmMm's to g^s-srs-l ^ti^as,
tmm feaaaral tJ^tions to ethstritct thmx^t, tr^m
»bstr-^Ct tlmti#tt ta morality." .^-er-iln, at the
time of th^ tav^inticm (1846), ^ni.c^mt^ to As^riea
vlisrc he assists in the ot*.'^aT:igrsticn of the first
Mum'-'lmn institutitm'fcr the f^c^'bla-i^tofied*
^-Oi^s ^i^ng Seg^iin^s eontamp^mries
abuhl End Bmm[mrt* •cii.xr--'.,'jr;cyxhl, the
«IMiiHM«i>n>.>.iii I am w wi» 1»T»«J limi' i ii11 i'lW '^^' "" *
"patron arilnt* to tbt cr-ctiJi^, cpoiDcxi ^ colony
th^lr 0du#ati€m and car# 1^-: 1042 tt B^rmc, Swit-
s^sriand, paa^tit^^^ tl:-? f-lr-3t insti^^^ti^n conntructad
ati the -eott^.ge plan, riDicb repi-'Mj' i^.ttainad fame
it]f^ ws® vlBlted -by m^^:" seicntiit©, physicians,
klri£^s s^d giHi*>t ph.ilt.i'thro.pists,. "mit trhlch came to
Ln ingloricKis, nxiti?-el^ ^^-ad,,
Sa6ge2:*t, In Ocj^^reny, «.>:pei'in>f5/:l5'i with th©
iaeth^d of 'Nyiy^lolosical e=5u-^.tioA'' 'oa a few lev
grad© ment^nl defectives ,:Ln th© asi^l---, for Doaf
Irutea iii Berlin, ^nd in 1842 raundod a privnte
Inr'tltutlon ..''or* the C/IT^'-; ?'-.r.-^ !¥iic.fttlOT^ of Idiots,
thr firr- r^chool in CJc-y.^'-a'.y f:.r f. ft feebl©-mind©d,
33^

idilali attvaeteA aanoqr ^sitors* Aeoerdiag to repcrtt
'• . ^ ••• . - - i . . • •
tSsie mmUm^iX etiU e^itinues as a dmpms^mmt ot a
teei^tal far tiie »«xtally dia^rdio^*
The eutatanding modmn disciple of Itard and
Septin is Maris Monteasori, vho beeiaiie interested
in tte eda^ition of tte fseble«^Ln^ied i^la ^m-
neeted vith the payehiatric clinic ef tha tfeivarsity
ef Berne and vte, in conss^uence of th© cmivietien
reaslied in 1897 ttet Msntal defiid^mey presented
chiefly a pe^it^^iaal rsth^r* than a^inly a m^ical
probl«^,** m&dm s painstaking study of the i^irte of
Itard «nd Begndn* The "M^itessori m^^mm^ is, in
pmrt, an ads^atiim ef tte syst^n ^ ^^bi^iol^ical
edmeatiim of Itard snd Saguin, but she goes teyend
Eeguin in aetually applying the method to nonsal
ehildrea^* She tes, moreover, resstiphssised a master

idiieh at varioiis hiet

(MAfTm in
f HB HISTOHY OF MIMTAL TI^TS
History of Binet Sesles
In 1004 tea FSp#nch psychologist, Alfrsd Binet,
with his eellsborator, Simon, annotmcad a s^^ios of
mimtal tests by means of which ^ey ted hm&n able
to separate inc^mpet^it children fro^ ttes© of
avarsg© ability* This schiavemcnt crowned Icmg*
mistainad efforts of more than fifteen years, toring
vhich Mnat had bean a d#vot0d st^Mant of child
payaholi^y and of mmatml tasts,'^
Bin^ was the firat actually to apply a work­
able series of tests for tSie practical purpose of
classifying school ^jildrsn on the basis of intsl-
ligtmce* His success was, hof^vcr, fouo^ed not
om^ upon his own pfsvious researches, but upon
those of many other j^ychologists as well. For
over telf a ce^tuxy psychologists have been thinking,
writingt ^t^ ees:piM*imenting upon the nature of in-
telligsi^©* They teve been sacking to define in-
taHigenc©, to anslys© it into its ©laments, to
3mmmmmmm>'>mii'mim>'»0*»mmmmmit.aii iiiwj»wiinwi»*«wiiii|i-ri

^leeever bov pwrfcrmane^ are rslatad to eac^
otteTt te find out h^r ability ©an te tested, mA
'• • ' e •
lAiy |»e4B^© differ so widely in capaeity to ii^st
a test. Thes© efforts, psrti^Oarly those which are
expariiai^tal^ had yielded mk^i infc^'iamtifai by the
time Mnet ^mdtictad th© first practlesl tests,
iy.s tests ware iadividual, not group tests.
Mnat was a wm^^ct ot m aonmi^lssion giv^i tha
specific t^sk of identifying ^illdren of inferior
iatellsct in ^tris. In 1904, th^n, Binet, a
ptt;3^te3U»gist, and Sii3K>n, a ^^sician, collaborated
at the ri^ueat of, and in th© scrvic© of, the ^MIU-
astional mithcrlties of Barls in the concreto work
of applying a new instrumeEnt for astin^ting levels
of intalllswics»
Hevisions of Binet»s Scales
^jsr
Th© muterlal corxsisted of -flirty tests. Binet »s
ti^smt scale appeared in 1905; it included thirty
tests Mid was roughly standard!sied, Th© seal© of
a^i^r is ad fifty-six tests, arranged for th©
es from three to thijptaen. This seal© was re-
Visad mii repxhlislied in 1911* In this final r©-
vision hf Biiiat, there were five tests arraiigad
fsa? ©v^ry y^^ar, except one, froii tliree to ten.
Tests for th© sges of t^volvo «ad fift©©n were also
ineltided.
Ooddard, t^en ^t '^.In'rlan'', used Binet's
SCSle in dealing vith his subnormal children. H©

alee measured BOOO nort^l children vith t^ese teste*
Tha Haet tests have hmmm ©xt^fisivaly uaad in
teeriea for a ^omdm^ and in the cours© ot thia tlmm
th«y have been extended and revised. Ooddard mad©
SGSEC slight r0visi

teate ftea et^sier eeareea* There is the Hi»:*ring He-
viaien ef tte Binet* Otiat s pupil of Termaa^s,
tes vfox^ced out a standardi^tion of an absolute peii^
SMle en tha baais of th« Binet Testa*
Of t^0 various ravisioiaa of the Binet teats,
ttet by T^raMua swims to be the wmmt important*
Methods Used to Xndisat©
Child*s Intelliganse
Bir^st «Kpresses tte child*a mai^tsXity hf^
givl^ Us s^i^aJL Mpi in ralaticm to his .ehr^iolo**
gi4^1 s(^« Yi^*tes in his poiat-a^tl© shews the
i^iise facts hf giving the total ^iats stored by
mo^pmmX

fte bdUtsdpy ef eduitetien reveals m^ itaiitel
teats eere urgently needed hff edu^t^fs at tte
beginning ef this eentaryt and i^ ^e firat mm^'
vlees read«red in this Tmmpmmit by p^yctelogists bad
te do with the least able ehil^an* In past tIjNi
©duimtiim vas privately conducted snd had to be
paid fi^ direotly 1^ those vho wiahed te tev© it#
Obter th^0 circi^^tsnces only those children wars
eduest^ vtes© i^rents had ^ausu^l forasi^t, love
of leax^ng, mx^ ability to aecismlatc funds beyond
the l^^ediatc ©saantisls for keeping slivs. This
grimp of

•wr
eaq^eyed in fsreing thouiMmda ef ^lildran tetve^n
eix and aixtaen years of ag© to i^ter^ eebaol, A
large nanbttS" of ttese truanta are teLsv average
mental ability," tm past iM^tnriss ^bildran like
theae aeldora earn© to scteei and ©^icstera did net
have to aeoouant for thaei,
Wmm ahildrtm, re^rdlaes of their inclinatic^
or abilityt ^ff^^ eoiipallsd to go to si^beol on the
theory that aH wo*© bom eqiml, ©ducmtcrs found
t^iftt i^a^ig th^n vera tm&f who did net ©van sp«
pti^xi^ate the rat© of lesj^iag expects of aU,
Theae ^illdr^i gave tmch trouble arsi triad so oftim
to mmmnpOp ttet there arose a prmmBting nmmd for
sei^itific iafi^'s^Btticn regarding tteir msntal ^»t^
dition* maXMrmii wte Immmmd ^isily and lovsd
leamingt on th© other hmnd, ^v© ao trouble; so
ttet m^ i^essia^ nmmd was felt to know more about
th^. Their ©xeellanae was tak«i for granted, at-
trib«^t^ to diligeno© and **vill power." It was
i^st a teacher had a "right" to axpeot.
Timm for years after tha first technical sue-
cess of m«^tsl tests, psycOiologists used them only
to at«^ the children wte occupy low places on tte
seal© of intellect* It was supposed at first by
educators that once th® incc^petaat were id^itifisd
and sagragatod, some form of 0ducati

B
would "briag tten v^ te nor»ial«" This hope has
gredually deelined with th© passing cf the tee de-
eates,^
The (^owth of

Vith tte adv^it ef th© group intslligenc© test
it hfiS bee® possibl© to utilise tests on a large
seals. The Binet tests, i^iil© more sociirst© as
a maeaura of th© ability ot the individtial child
uader twelve or thirteen, dmrnM^s a imch gra&tar
outlay of time mid expense as it sails t^ ^^mtm^
m^pmrt tasting mnd hemrs of tlma In giving ms-d
mmoTir^ the test. It ia mm over ttttomm. years ^nc©
the $^ffmp intslligenc© testa began to give i^opla
i^t occasics^al n^^nm^OB ot intelligence to be
treastsrsd m%d aouated apart but millions of them to
b® counted together on sMlng Ka^chines and with com*
Iftiting tables, to be tt Misted, av-armi:*ad, trans-
^aitad into age nooTBS and Intelligence quotients,
sand used f^r various ©dminiatratlve and classifica-
ti^fi jmr^ses*
Ifhat do the meittal test^. neasure? sVhan th©
tmm "geii^ral intelligence** is used, ona is is^^di-
ately confronted with the lack of on/ daflnite,
el^rly c^siesived, generally s.cc®ptv;^fl neanir^ of
^m term. However, Int-ellig^ioe testing is con-
ommmd in datsi^inini: vdiat psychologists have
termed "general ilntelll^enoe.'' {Of course there
ttgmmmmi » nwnn MIM iil. ii'iii».'i»w*»««i»—•.•WHIM iii 9mmMimmmt»mmmmmmmmmmmmHmmmmmmmmKm.ii • • iii——MM—••»—
%h0 ff 0t that one doao not kiK>w whai a term
means is no rsason, however, for not studying
th© (Sbject or the pomor called by the term.
For eaaa^^©* if man had waited until he knew
sftmt ©Isetricity was snd all the "whip" about
it, h© oertaialy would not have b©en able to
utilise it today.

are teste fe# epeeial aptitudes and tte like, tet
thia Tmtmrm to th© averag© mental teat*) At tha
present writing there is s fair, though by no mesas
a |»©rfeet, agre«iB«at in rm^pd to th© signifi^nce
of th© term, Ify th© word ^gimeral" is eox^imly
understeoa an innate ability or gr^p ef abilitiss
that lis at th© tesis of ths aequired intslliganc©
of aa iiKiividual* jntrnXlX^moo i>ts©lf J^s ^t in*
^S£&0 ^J^ m& mmmi M ^^^

a eingle intern eapaeity te teeome intolligesit In
ell aitaationai others that tte term "g^aieral"
zaaana nothing mere tSama. ttet a parson is beam with
a large mes^mat ot apoaific eapacitias, mere or lee a
z^lated, v^ch enable him to a^i^2ir0 intelligent
betevior in aany different activities,
S^mmm the imppertars of th© first view, tte
Siagliah Soteel of Fi^retelegy headed by %earman,
Bart, Fyteg^ aiul Burt is notmmi^W* In contrast
IRT
we have ^ui imm^tomn i^ihool, led hj Thomdik©, Oat as,
IMp^a, and otters vho ui^s^cld th© ides of "related
"lo
laipaeitias* B^^^kin^aaa mLps^m&mm th© sfmttar of
intalliganee tests and tte nature of intelliganea
in a telpfal mmj whan h© says that, n^mtevsr our
views may be in regard to the nature of intslligi^aa
Xn the atetr©^, w© sr© justified, from an a^im-
tional point of vi^ir, in regaining it as ability to
liM&m, and ss a measure to th© ecsLtent to which
learning has trnkwa ^Jikom or mmf take pLse©*-^*^
B@v can general ii^elligenc© be meastxradt If
an individual war© bom with s vary high eapaeity
to lasm, h© would possess no intelligence. There
tes teen much argument in recast years as to wh©th©r
nature (inherited oapsoity) or nurture (training of
• 4"
m0mmmmm>-^'"*"' iiiWi"*«w '• "•» ' •"' ' "•*"»'i •ii.wiwi— I.I.I • III •!••—•—
^^mm ;^0umsl ef Hducstional Fayohelogy. March, April,
and May, ISSi for a symposium on tho subject of
''lat©llig©no© and Its M©aaur©m©nt." contributed by
fetartean peyehologists, authorities on mental
tasting.
llJdamal of Sdnsstional Fsychology. Vol. XII, No* 5,
pTBWr '

envlre^Reat) ia the marm iiaportant. Much of tte
discussion is besid© the point snd quit© i^sl^ding
beoaus© car© has not been tste^n to dofin© lecactly
th© positions taken by the d^wttsrs. A porsca's
innate ability is a limit beyond which h© csimot go*
TT
On th© other hand, the greatest potential intelli^ac©
will navor bscort© higjily intelligent in an «avir?m-
mmsit that affords scant opportisiity to learn. "What­
ever the native ability of a d^f isute, tliSt indi­
vidual ji^st actually grow up as rotarded unless
special methods of Instruct Ion are ^nployed to
XP
To&oh his native ability and develop it.
Capacities ar© measured indirectly throix^ what
has bean Issmsd, t^irough acquired traits, not in
their native parity. Thess capacities ar© indirectly
mi^sursd suceassfully only when those testod have
lisd coa^non experiencea in th© ©lamentr> to bo tested.
Not only is a valid mental test 'oase

to th© abeolut© or r©lstiV0 intelll^ne© of the in­
dividuals in a group or in various groups whan the
©xparii^aas msd interests of rasmbers of tte group
or groups hav^ we

Intclligcnc© aM Charsctcr Tosts
It has already becsi pointed out in this dis­
cussion that intslliganca tests m0a:5ur0 i^t only
intallactuaX t.^llitj, but also opportijaity to
l©arti, &nd interest In learning. Thar© ar© sav^nUL
other faetors involved in the ability to perform
thas© tests, One of the chief of these is idte
*wiil-t0-do", the oiljncity to !iold the miad down
to a task smd keep the attention alert sad ooacen-
trated In the fnce of outside interests mid dis­
tractions, Mt it is not only in the p^rfen^mic©
of th© tsst that "will-to-do" plays a part* It
playa an Important p^trt In the acquired ability
whioh ^aables th© p^i'son to s tod to ocmptohm^d tha
smteri&la prssmitcd, f«s*, sis hiis rvlready homn said,
an intelllgex^a tecit to a ccnsiderahl© degree
mommx;£*^B ability to leam by mo^iSiiXlng iihat hss
beer.! already leca^ned; ai-r! i.lds B.C-C-[XLTC6. knowledge
tms been ^-imxi not merely througlx intelllgeno©
imt tbroui^ li^lllngnoss to vovlz ^.j. v^cll as throu^
effort • A p^racm*s char act r-x' end t ^vnperament ar©
lik^^ls© important factors 1- Vils success or
failure. Consequently, th© ^-wlll-to-do" a task
rates large Xi\ th© total parformfmc©, end xt
m0p I *r'• 111 itiii.

teuld iMSBi ttet tte praseat so-oallsd iateUigsnee
teste are ia a measure ehsr^cter tests, as well,
in a iBaall degri^,^
^. t^€^\
. ^ ' . ' ' . ^ ' ' . ^ ^ ^ • ^
i^i^ ir-nfi..'-''^
• v , •••:....-.
jlii tiiiiii. i-iwtf iiiTii'li

C^EEAIfEE Xf
A BRIEF .SUMMARY. AND mpHASrS OP THE ^ ^
flBU) 00VB3»Pil^ IB FABT IWt
tte taatae^^ ef ismkind te reeogaise dif«»
fwai^iateA abilitiee even in 1^ very earliest
ttMS tea teen reeeiN£^^* Bes^ tiie ata^iMi mate
©^ sadMH^ peo^^ mre rs^triewed te mmm ^totaii,
fte MatiKPieal btel^ppeuaad ot m» ppmmm ear© in
md^amMm^ xseateliy Inf^a^er pi^mcsis tee been
bs^efiy eiatllnei*
la tteee at^yiea tes hmmo, f eaad tte m^^ nf
tmMmrmit iM.©^ te ttm^ atiimljited tte resaareh
iea^Lag to dmtiMMo ^^laiqaiMi of messur^iffifit * We
tew paaeed mtmt tte Mrth of tte rn^m^m mm^tml
teats ai^ teve analysed ^am aoi^evh&t, ia thidr
iafanii^ m^ as they have bs^ei^anad ia nosig© and
m
te have seim ttet no on© mm. or group of ^an
tea b^m rei^p^cMiibl© to^ tte In-^nticm, discovery,
lap vmm ot tte varimis skills, tecteiques, snd
aeMt^s mikdM^ pr^^^ed tha tests,^
Osae i^euld rmm^^^mr ttet th© idea of stii^lying
imtnre m^d tte rel&tioani^i^ of si»itel funetiems is
for a popular versicm ot the idea of and emeeptioa
of the isevement aa a veawa of tte ariatoerata, see
Ottia :kSmmm.. "Tte Hlghbrova Revan^se,* 'fhm Hev
^flttblie, Vel. XXXI, p, 270.
48

net aaar« iSmmpiLm teve been mi^gmmmd mm.^
mmmSimm tSmm ever i^laee ref leetive mm hmm re«*
eiaNML th44r epemlatiima* FUite ia tte RegBOil^e
eotttea^^ted tte impenrt«nae ^ fo^ailedga in thia
neMt
*We aiiat wmtmih t^mm trms^ tb^^ youth
- ' " • • " - •ji- . ' ' . - • - .
ly^aarda, imd laate the^ pmrtmrm aetiima
in v^eh i^ey are meet Mlgaly te forget
m^ to be d^ceiiNiidt *^ b© fd^ reii^^l^^s
imd ia not ds^aivi^ is to te sel^M^^i and
te vte fails in the tsi^l is -to be re-
,'.-•»- •••'•
JlNrted* 'Wmt viH te the lisy*"
fte flbrst aMiital tests war© i^riginally mm*
strneted te aid in Wm d

aayat if f^^ mx^ reaaen aoeiety ted been moTm in^
tereeted iM tim diecov^^ c^ aapis^icd^ intellig^iee,
tte early Matery ef s^mtal testing vould i^ve hmmn
very diff^i^mtt end it vould have hmfa Tm^ia^md
differently*
BoareveTt vith i^km war pmMI^ and the us© of
tte teats te aegra^t© ^ffia^rs, ttere teve baiai
varieaa inti»»pretatiens ef t^t remits, and t^te
aio'^vaiist tea ©merg^, momm^mt alesnsed of ita
etipiis, and in th© 9^m ot th© public is being
aeeepted «i^ li^s heMitility ms^d mvmp$,mtom* Today,
teat rtealta are b^ng used sbo^t aa i»ieh for tte
diaee^pt^y ef superior iateUigsnee as far tha dia-
aovi^e^y of subnef^sality, and tte study of "super"
9T gifted ii^Ulviduala is teing ai^phasised*
mL^ wm^ hm to^md in eurr^at litez^tt^sre of
i^ln^^tional m^isur^nants as to tha vmlidity,
f^mga, reliability, m:od standardisation of various
teste* It does not s^m nacesiNary to anumarat©
thea tere* Ci^ainly, me^al tasting is being
used widely in th© educational s^rld today snd
tn eertain oth«^ fields to memo extant*

FAHf II
mmM fm^hftm mwEms of THE macov^Y
mt> OSB OF MMTAL TiSIB (M IDUCATIOIAL
THmjRY AND mACTICl

OBAFTSB ?
mmm mmAtim mmm OF
•im..:i-
AOCC^PUSHMBIITB IN
Otetaeles te the Advasi^e
mhmt has aetually beim aee^^plii^ed iM mi^tal
testing neete te te cc^usid^rad t^sthi^ with tte
mmmf obataeles ^bst steedt sM te a great ^itt^it
still stan^, in the imy of its dmfm^mpmmt and
fmitfy;! inveati#tti^a«
1. M^ JE ^^^mm^-Sl ^^%§ ^^^m^m^ Th© iia*
< » •
pmtmt state ef ai^temi^ilt ^ysiolegieiilt payi^N»«»
Xmi^mml^ mmd seeiologicml k^ic^ladg© has been a
severe hiOQ^esp* Md a thoj^u^ basis ot p^rsiolo-
^^il i^^ pmpB^Xmmi^mil messur^fimits be^:i p^rfacted,
mi^ntal mmi«VETmmis^M ot intalligsnca or ability
eouM have been imdm nor© raj^dly snd pi^isibly xrH^re
aiKiiirataly* As it is, this new la^an^ of psychology
ba^m^ differ^itisted, vhil© gmnmrml psycholi^y is
itself very yotu^ mnd still i^arf©ctly tmdarstood.
trne^ little is kno^m dafinitaly about the laws of
her^ityt aboiit th© "oatcssl Actors" within the
life ef ^e individiMil—th© l^tmad and unlearned
refl«BBes, the jprepotent "drives," tte indoiMPlmal
seeretiei^t ^o interactiv© ^schanii^s, and tha like*
Ss^andid biK»te on tha eobjeet giv© little more
than geaeralitieat nn^ nre laarkad by sauiy omiaaiona

Tir
and isipB'feel4enet In special traatisss and periodi-
tete tte UtMpatpare is lemoh rie^ar, hx^ in tte stmt tar
ef deteila thme^m are imnnaKrebla laeunae^ Yatt de-
teila are the ©sseatials of all ^owladg©, md ttey
are indtepsnsable for aempsrative mmimX tasting.
It veuLld alsieet mmm ttet tte movamisat bad begun
pvSBiatarely in its Mrth, and had not th© urg©n0y
ef its ne©^ tmv h^Bsanity hmmi so alter, this mi^t
teve bewa true*
2*^'|ia0k ofllstjgrials, j^ta.* $^^ ^%»nd^vdmi Th© lack
of aelleetions cf re^pttisit© ^ttarisls in th© way ef
aaores and'^^te ©orrsct standsrdisstixms of them on
the vh#la

sod earrr on dili^mtiy and a^ttlnsially to thia end
in mmnmVlsdxig ef th© mmnar ^vhleh tte ©dueaticmal
"W
iaatitutiena tevot mental tmmihi&m nan teNULy reaeh
ite pMiaibility as a science.
^* Jaafe M Iffltefl^ W^m' Th© dearth ©f properly
trained vorloaen has been keenly fait* Tte work of
mflidLng snd ateinistering tests and mmtT r©sults
pi^parly raquirsa ©xt©nsiv© prspsration snd arduous
appiieati^n for utiich only a i^dsrst© pacimisry c

partiaularly mim©rous in th© paths of measurss of
illiterates, vhil© fears of dotaction of con0©sl©d
d©f©ct8 curiously ar© met ssaong the otherwise «ft-
lightimed psopls*
Certain A0C€siiplia3:x^^mts Wmdm
Begsrdless cf th© obstacles, including thos©
l^aed in the way of th© ili-fitt©d trsvdiler, the
inecmpetent investigator, and th© self-assumed
authority axtsnding trom othar bi:>anch©s of sci^ace,
TOT
mental tasting has wfi^dm certain t^ai stive accomplish-
A. Sstablisteent of a Method snd Byst^i
It has stte(mpt©d to establish a method mad
syst«» cf maasuring mants msntal capacitids—to b©
sure not a precis© meastiremsnt^-so very difficult
is th© task of ©liMinating other factors and of
isolating a i^barscteristic known as pm?m Simon
intslligsnce, but certain n©©d©d instrtiments for
messuring have been fumish©d and considerable
advance mad© in th© application of quantitative
matheds*
^ * O^atroversy of Hatur:©. versus Nujpture; On th©
wtels, bdfore the time of mental testing, sociolo-
giasl tenets have favored th© theory that mental
mGdommmnt origixmtes in the ©nvironmont. Man has
found the theory more to his liking. H© pr©fers
to COTisider that he can himself determine what he
will do sad be. This doctrine will not be tenable

.( ••..y* •
if It is adaitted ttet talenta aod i^fiaianci©© ar©
dateraiasd ia th© mitwrn^plmmm from #iich tte
ergaaUa spriags} "ttet man can only us©, not
«teees©, his airatsl ©adovaaat." Th© tentative
results ef quantitative iiwsatiistioa have lad
toward th© adoption of this Isttsr interpr©tstion
by G©rtaln groups of^vsociety.^ .,
62
^* Bubstantiation of t^ "^© Typ©^ Th©ory; Th©
application of ^quantitative methods to the study
of jsental fuacti

ttey de in sueh ibfsiaal tt^ita as hsight and
waii^t, "Ail shew the ssm© kinds of functions;
but they show all dmspc'mmm of parforz^sno© in th©s0
funetionst within limits vhich sr© extr«a©ly wid©,
with th© Bsiltitudinous pessibilitiss of eosibins^
tions of function in diffsrsnt amounts."
"Typical imrvss" plottsd trom psychological
m^ftsurssssnts hav© been msd© by 3©aahor© snd re­
cently by htmdrods of other investigators, showing
th© rang© in variation by d©gr©es. Th© typical
persiim, in,practically all cases maasursd, has
b0©n Tmprmmmitmd by th© great m©disn mass.
The distribution of individuals in a singl©
1
kind of perf^pmansst shd in r©sp©ot to th© c

ttet the tepid teemi»* loses his learning aere
rapidly i*r readily than th© slow X9^vnmt$ that te
wte exeela in aritteatic is likely to be surpaaaed
at spallingi that th© besutiful are d^taabt sM tha
intoUigftnt ar© ugly; has bean refuted 1^ th©
investi|S^ti4ms wmdmm As for the (^igin of talonta
aad dafi^ts psyctelogicsl tasting taa^aes ttet
3ir
m^ital

i* ,fi^^M>^g^ mi. lnh©rlt©d as a Sn^t Ctersctcr:
Tha eld«?' theory ttet intalldct is inh^itad as
a wiit chsraetsr, subjsct to but on© d©t©rmin©r
in th© gorm-plasms, would identify m«atality as
an "all or non©" capacity in its appcsrsno© sn»ng
offspring of given matings. Childrsn should b©
separabl© into distinct groups, ©ach having a
diff©rent m«disn with respect to intellect; for
^lan^le, thos© who have intellect and those who"
laok it.^ '^
Th© latsr methods of msntal imiasurem^nt
tes^ plainly that Intellect is not inherited
6
in this way*
Possibly, each of the indefinitely nxanerous
functions which tJms appear to act together as
man*s intellect, may be a unit character, in-
hi«»it©d according to Mendel»8 formula. Such a
possibility is at ppes^it purely speculative,
S» P^^iction Values: Such investigations have
4«*iiitiMtmMiNMiiii.iiMiw*M> mmmimmimtmmmm ^^
1««1 to the conclusion that, although much further
research Is required before one can Identify all
th© mental functions which are inconsistent with
«»M..M;»Wi—»-ll. Mil I • MW^ajMlliaM—>'WI»M«l^«lWII.»

gasieral intelligence, certain knovladg© of th©
natter, uaeful for th© w©lfara of school ohildron
tes been gained,
Buecoas in music and in rsp^ss^tstiv© drawing
is "vm^ slightly correlstsd with success in other
scheol subjects, SpslUng is far frt«n psrfeotly
l^*adi0tsble from ^ades in school generally.
Machsnics is relatively independent (not skillsd
mechanical ability but just meehsnicsl actions re­
quiring little thinking); whereas, ability in
reading and in arithmetic is hi^ly, but not
perfectly correlstsd with gen

67
^^?.
the aolving of aoeial problems, if shown to b©
seaavbst ind©pendent tslftsts. '^''
'^ fte attempt to measure^speeial ability and
def©cts has b©©n th© att«apt,^ first, to scale total
psrformaac© in ai© function, "and 8©«^nd, to scale
porformsne© in nie various coordinating Ihnotions
f^ntributing to total results.
Measurement, moipe or less sdeqoste, can nov
b© mad© ot aMlity to read, spell, drav, write,
put medianieal ccntrivanccs togel^ier, and calcu­
late, ^is list does net by sny means exhaust the
possibilities ^of ^©asurejaent in particular functions
at present, but ©xempllfies them. Slovly, the
appreacti is being made to thei point cf being in
p^iiticm to tell not only how a child stands in
general intelligence, but a3so to indicate his
status in regard to special abilities and defects.
Th© **picture" of the total relationship among a
person*8 abilities is called a psychograpl-i. The
pay#i0graph thus gives a type of a picture of
individuality.^
^* ApprecistiQgw of ^le Appearance of IMlvidusl
Diffarenees Mad© Bsrly; In keeping with the in-
t©rpr©tation of individual differences being in­
nate, smntsl testers believe that special talents
'^For ©xaaples of psyo^iographs se© L. S. Bollingworth,
Sa©cial falant© sad D©f©cte, N.Y., 1923, pp. 38,

tad Aefieieaties bseom© evident vory sarly in the
life of graving individuals. They would say as
ReiliagvcMPth, Oessll, and othars have ©aid, "Wa
know al^e^st beyond any doubt that th© dagraa of
g«si»rsl intslliganee is manifested from the te­
ginning of life, and could be measured then if
our instrumsnts of precision were fin© enough.
With p*©sant methods on© cannot undertake vith
Scnfidsnce th© measurement ©f general intelligenc©
imich before schocl age. Extreme deviations wkf
b© reliably identified ss early as three years of
age, or earlier, but slight amotmts of devistimi
cannot be reliably detexifnined by available
methods before the age of four or five; however
gr-eat mdrune^ is being inad© in r.aasurement of
the pr©-school age.
As •early as six years, however, even by pre­
sent methods. It is pos^^iblo to determine objectively
the individual's status in general Intelligence.
Th© indications are that when measurement of spe­
cial talent has mSde similar progress, w© shall
find that these become evident just as early as
general ability does. If special talents are
innate in the organism and manifested from the
beginning of life, just as general intelligence,
8
they should be measurable at the same age.
immmHmmmmmmimimmtmmmmmmmmmmmmfmm»mmmmmmmm^''^^''^»''t-' «* i ••• i ———._.i ^ .—~ .—^ — -, • ' —
®Sie inadequacy of th© method with very young
children arises, partly because It is so difficult
to obtain non«»aelect childron und©r school
ag© for purposes of ijtandardization, partly

7. Mm nm^ptmi Th© N©w Stanford Reviaion affords
tve c^^plat© scales, each ©xtsndM to msssur© in*
t©lligen0© as low as the twenty-four month l©v©l.
8* ^mB^ In tht Mental Farsonnel of Institutions
for Jh©^ Dof©otiv©s J The last twenty y©ars certainly
hav© witnessed a marked change in the ohsracter of
the admissions msde to the institutions for ths
care of the defectives priTmrtly because of the
widiaspread ^nployment of the Blnet-Slmon measta!»ing
scale of intelligence, the adoption of very liberal
standards for the ol^gnosis o:? feeble-rrindedness
by means of this scale, the extension of th© con­
cept of fe6ble-srdnde

Society, now more th&n ever, is vitally con*'
cerned in th© control of inontal defectives or
other types of defeotlvGa who tlireaten to become
a social menace.
^' .ih^r^ss© In Oases of Montal lialedjuatments^
•n,i.riW.,ii.lWIWii|l.l limn '•"•"'" .»'"» '• mi- i""* nnnr.iir.i i'iiniiiOrtiiiiiii,.i»Mw

tafitig t^ Sftetietiaal isethod, and aoneludod tbat
the posnilatien of that state is growls lees in-
telleattml generation by gsriamtic^.
^^» ^^'^Qg l^d© of Dafectivj^ fbr Prediction JOuoi
'*"*'—***——"—* «MMWMM« «MMM «!MM«IH«MMHM«l«M|M*l»iMM. JUMMWH* «W«nMiP«aifiMMMMH«MHW> MilMNM«WMM»
Beeaus© of tha extant of mmtmX diseas© 9md die*
ability* the possiblliti^ in treatment and ptmmmm^
tion ef m€«ntal il-^-haslth, snd the hi^ly individual
i^tura

edaeatian as a tital la^ctioet partin t^-zo basic ord^^a
of dcKsonstrsblo faet.-3t first, the fact that larg©
Indlvldcts^l dlffor@nc©B r^iiat in the -arigia^ml and
acquired nature of children and in the rate of
^o'.^rVu. and de'^elopuarit of t]^.^lr vartouii traita
and capacities 1^^ second, tha fa::' l^ccaui^e It doeo not fuvi.lsh miffiolant
oi^ortiriiity fox t':\o :;o:-o ]x>Glti-.'0 do\-^lop^:ont of
jmtAjt'Ww^MiMfci^lMP«wiiiiiin^>iM>i lit III iiwiiiiiiwunniiKi iii>wnii."tii.wi'"»iTi >n-r'"''rT r i ••-—ITI—•• •--—• ^•. ...- >_... • — ., ^i...—..^^^M.———>—^_^fc——a.^,^^—^
^%. M* Huch, The Oblsctlve or NC-*7«TTI:)O Examination.
xi.Y., l9:^iJ|. p. 12, ^'- - •" ulifcr'o.^caa in pupals^
msiital iKimpment, tho nost ir.portant single
f&cto;;.' aoriti-oli.:..:-;^ 'Ci.G rat© ^J.: l-.r^.-ning j@t found,"
results found tn tue studies of special groups.

th© ohildrsn* s speclsl o-^pfioltles. Tnere are edu­
cators of distinction "fl-io accept the firat of th©
abov^ preiTiises^ 'o-at .not If-vs 3aco:.id, They accept
the fact of individual differences but not the ©du-
4. '''
catlonal oonaequences ded-icrscl t>!o:"6from . They arc
of th6 opijilon that tna difforcnce.^ ar© in large
measuro oradloable, and can bo leveled or att^ixisted
by a coamion prcc4s3 of educational treatment, l^ey
believe ths.t th© best intoiosts of a democracy de­
mand thjptt at least all of the eblldr^i In the grades
(excepting only the irost e-'^.trc^-.c sub-normal deviates)
should be raculred to pursue a co^-rr-r.e of study which
i3 unifornx in Its ciilt'ural and literary ingredients,
and that only thiis /ill it bo o'osr::ihla to elevate
the cultural BDXJ intelloot'i''?.! level of the mass of
peoTilo of tho nation—f^ result o-aroh-^tically to be
desired in .a country i;a which tho r&nk and file
Tmist be trai:ced to cooper.ite ectivcly and partici­
pate in the proceeds OS and .fhinotlons of government.
There Is irxicl: to ba so.id in fovo:£^ o:" such a view
•,.f •"• •
\#iich has been eloqvo;:tlr coo.^;iplonod by 7/. G. Bagley,
12
L, Ward, 1, Ccar^dy, H. Townseud, ar-.'. others.
!,aQst authorities, irich:-din£ sooiolo£;iats such
as H. S. Bogardus, G. H, .Davis, Todd, Giddlngs, and
•«lmlMIIIMMMMk«ll*.»WMlilW*'>

th© majority of ©due©tors €uid leaders of clinics
and institutions, aeeir^ convinced that the ©duos-
tionsl n©eds of oMldreu \uio»^ deviations or ab-
normalitiea exceed a certain point cannot b©
adequately met by tho meulioas aad contents of th©
regular ©lem^itary curriculum, and that they cannot
receive th© amount of attention they require fnaa
th© regular teacher a axid procedures,
H# IambiIjty of TeaohJAg md i#earnlng in Heterogeneous
Group Asai^mcntss To att^npt to provide a uniform
-«MtM«M«MMRw jw««wi)»wi>»>.i|irii.iiiiiii)ii a ill III * ""^
course of study In the regular olaases for cliildr^i
wiK» amy vary tr^m Imboclllty to potontial genius is
like using a plov/ horse as a stimulus horse in
training for a race, or like hltorang a draft horse
to a race horse and expecting him to win the ccmtest*
The query has been raised as to what la th©
hi^sst obligation of society. Th© sociologist has
considered 'the greatest good to DUG greatest numbsr"
to toe his slogan, and now, as of old, we are striving
toward th© goal ox society,
is not "uht; groatest social obligation due th©
grei^it mass of norraal'and particularly the smaller
per cent of very bright, gifted, and "'genius"
childrsn, who arc destined to become the leaders
or or^nizers or tho groat balancing or leveling
force of society? Is it not ohllgatory tiiat society
determine as soon as it can and activate the latent
and potential powora of Qvory individual? Hence,
64

the eteeational tdmX is amning to be interpreted
thus—"To i»H>vid© eqasLlltar of opportunities to all
ki grogortion to their oai^oity." ©quality in th©
ehanc© to beome all that his nature partrdts him to
bscaa©. In the words of some of the leaders in
mental t©sting the perspective is expressed,
S, L, Thorndiket
Vlows of the i'sycliologists
''Tho race of clvlllaatlun und ./cilfaro is not
run to soo who can ^jo the farthest, hut to irake all
go as far os oan bu.'^ and;
"Tiio influoiioea of th© onvirnooiciat are differ­
ential, t.l;o product vai-ying not only in accord with
tho onvii^orw:iental fo.rce li^seif, but ctlao in accord
with the original nature which. 11 opex-ates. V^e may
eve:.i expoct that educo.tlou ^111 b.j doubly ©ffoctlve,
oncG society r€co^:,i2]ca tr

the m-©ntal sbility of unselectad school children,
and o•
"'•^L. M, Terman, Intelligence Tests and School Reorpcaniy,atjLon,
xu f., 1922, p. o.
®M* M, V/entworth, J^^i^^MAa^ Differenoea in tlio
Intelllgeno© of Goho'bT'Olxlldr'on. Cumbridee, Mass,,
igsS, p 40.

mmjimcL mommmw%msr*
"All W0 ean do is to develop tha individaal
to the highest possible standard, vrnioh standard
amit be deteraiaad ixi tha ^x^cass amd tmt dmitm^tmd
upen befare."
B, R, Bu«Mn|^5ten!
"Ia it net beeimaa of ititelligenea ratJ^r thsm
because of fl^ysioal rissmtmkm that i^n is stip«*i0r te
th© brute ^E^aation" l^eith^ir in str^igth n^p fleel^eii
nor kd^einr of ^m mon^B hi$>m ao an mdvwatsg© over
the higher forms of ania^l life. It is his e^ Wi4.cu his braiu .^c^het* pS3ibl© tlist
he imiibits or redirects his own tendesicles to
reapondg Xt ia by t;>iii in©*^-o t,mr i:r, csakes plans
for the futurfs, c:m.v im bal^nce^ ou^ ^lurse of act lea
against anat^ier, a-at. chooses ilie 0 colon which is to
take plac

i^eoifi far ihs ©xercise of good judj^ant*"*^^
"^h© greatest ja:*es6nt danger in th© testiig
" '"' L' . —I"*'*" •" • • • ii»..« rt > irii,aji„i iiiM I I .mill I iii I t im II «MMm,» MMMMMMMMMMT
movan^^t is, ssemin^ly. the danger in th© making of
iM ^^tB to cover £ll the ground and do itll ^lo vcrk.
?eopl© vho are ready enough to weigii ©vid©nc© snd
• « . •
to tske thought of conditioning circumstances un-
accouxitably assume th« attitude in regard to testing
that results mxist bo vuaequivocal, aeo^Jirate to a
hair, and utterly reliable as a basis of action.
Such a -phiiWi im.m»mm

adwieet elaeses based upon i^vilage c^ fr^^s of
feirtune are a mmmo^ &xtd a drm^ weight*
"But the socifti wastes th.x»oir/i inMMted
talent and produirtivity, through ©xploitstir, Koo3 h^'o snia, ''Ah-iost ^.11 tho writers
urge the recogirition of individual dlfforeiioes in
^A> J> Tedd> Theoriss 9f Social frogroaa. K.Y., 1924,
M^m
ov

ability, interests, and needs, Th© parformanc© of
this function beoomes an obligation as soon ag w©
make progress toward popularisation, since wider
diversity among the student oody will acccmipany any
significant increase in the proportion of young
people of given ages who enroll in the SC1K>O1S."^^
Billet stated, "If groups were formed on basis
of relatively unch*^*^«:'^abl© native abilities, homo­
geneity not only would be more enduring, but also
one of the objections of teachers, namely, that of
getting each pupil to aake the r^st of thos© ablH-
ties, would be moro easily attained."
Breed said, "There can be little doubt that
th© appearance of group intelligence tests explains
in large measure the rapid dovolopment of the move­
ment of homogeneous grouping. The two events were
not only ooineidental; they v/ej.ui probably related
causally, horeover, these tests have continued in
Close association v/ith the development up to the
present time. 9"f
, Improve;i iu.it in
Institutions 1 Life
Throu^^h the utilij^Jiiion of .?(ro-^:ol tests a
"4'W" '' * •»-———•"—-'—'—*'••'•-~*-'"—"'~~""'"• ""•- ^^^
A9L. V, Koos, The Axaericaia Secondary School, Boston,
^^ * * «r »-•

g«neral temleiMsy tcward th© Is^roven^it of css^&in
social institutiona Ijis been r.ade. Bdui«&tionftl
institutions hav© In mmn^ oose3 assumed the respon­
sibility of p»oviding differential training, a
training varyiiig both In quality mmd qmntitj to^
individual oap^.cltloa. :io othei' t.^--^^ of training
ia norc prord^lnc for n denocracy.
Thus far the studios nnde of toent&lly "axipar"
Children hairc sho-n r, hlg}i corrol-tiofi between in-
tolligj^cd nnd -t>rftlit:^, ?.nto'llicc---co and wide
interests, intetll{;;o :ee arid miporlor physical ccm-
•'r
dltions, Intolligcnco rind ?sn ability to apj^eciate
hro&d r;enornl conceptions, intelli^':once and incressod
power of fle.xiMllt.7 -rrd reflect!".'-^ thinking, mid
Intolllp-enco end high ^oholosotc ot->ndlng, altho^u^
in lienor0.1 tr^ occormlish-ieiit ratio, of the dull and
retarded In ustiolly '••.ls':or t^:r.n tho.t, of the io?mtally
4m»migmmi'mmmmiMmmmmmmmf JMMSMP-. mmmmmmmmmtwpniwHiar>y i • aitn • ^——••• •••• •• »•• — ^.i MMMMMMM. n • M I -m • . IM* • iJff
accelor-is.tcd«
bnny ottoTopts hoYc boon (ir\C. cvo being •:mcB to
provide mi crrichod cur:^boulu:: for t'iC superior
nindcd pupll:^ . Ittporinc:oto ooon to indicate tlmt
not onl7 i:nst vuriati'On l^o Ti-cido in the type of
• 1 .
subject natter offered,, bmt t.l-.r.t c different type
of taachin:^ io roquirod for s'lporlon pupils, Ueneralizod
f?aots. abst'i^oct tor-.o, ond Bv:.yll'-: o->o£:o:itl'>]:i3 oppear
stir!ult5tin.r; to ^: cr;^- brit;ht yra'^Alii who foijo/ "r©ading
betw0O:; t^o linen'' ond noo-o" b-^.^^ -^it now d:* scovorics.
Such ja*oo0dtirf5s Y^ould K'O'O cftcn tJmn not bo tragic
in olsssas of dull and retarded pupils.
TX

o> aai^^^ird to the rstsrdod and dull ohlldren
xaich has hmoxi aactaaplisacd In the way of bstter
methods aijd teohaaiques and ek ills In teaohing th©m.
It ia a^iggested that society may find a wealth of
tmknown resources in thia class^ once th©y are giv«i
all thsy omzi take*
Th© differentiation of teaehing procedure has
adv^anoad mxah tt^y^f^^v th6Si the differentiation cf
subject matter, Snmll schools are differentiating
teashing p^oeediKre within the class section mixch
more extensively th^n large schools. Schools using
homogeneous grouping are making extensive use of
plans characterized by the unit assigrmient. These
schools report the unit asslgmient to be more of-
fectiv© in ho!»ogeneou3 than in heterog©n©ous groups,
Oonsidersbl© moonomj in time, effort, and monsy
has been reallEod frooi tho use of mental teats for
classification and plaoement of pupils In schools.
Mental tests have iji some instances in Institutions
of hi^er learning been used as a Tueans of eli­
minating certain pupils, Leland Stanford and Coliisnbla
University both, have used mental tests in this manner
by reqiJiirlng that each person make a certain score
in order to remain. In some California schools
students Mist be able to make certain ratings.
Guch abteiiipLs lijA^icfit'j tb'Ot socialj has In these
*^'^R. 0. Billet, National Survey of Secondary iducation.
Bulletin No, 17, "f-i'ovisions for iiidividual bifferences,"
1932. p, 147.
^ i »

initaaeee refused te epead t^ni^ on hi|^«r edu-
eatisn tOT theae likely to fail in the pursuit of
TW
it* ^hmeAost eellegea, widened euvrieula, and diver*
aified ratings are other afi^rta of adjustmrnt.
la the poUtieal life tasting sj^arently has
done little* Itots are used as an aid in S0l©0ting
the Federal Service B^loyeesi in seleetiag certain
i»inii4pal officers sad tl:^ like, but no coasidarabl©
advene© has bean mads. The reel service is ex­
pected to b© dmrt'^md from th© use of th© oom-
pet^itly trained leadars and ti^ined followers
vhic^ the tasting ja^cass has helped to selsct*
Politieally, tha world at the prasmt time is far
behind its ©een^^c advances.
The gns^rth of da^o^iNiay with its ©v©r widening
opp

hereditary aitst©, there has novsr boon an applioa-
tion of biologiaal laws, but leroly an sxkward and
vsgu© attempt to apply tho general principlo that
like begets llk©.^'^
By the method of mental tests w© hsv© scwr
learned that th^re is r* sfliSll amount of overlapi^lng
^Fyy***—*——i*"***—*——wi« I • II «• Wi m'tii''tmmmmmmmtmmmmmmmm»immmmmmmmmt0mmmummmimm»mmti^
The offspring of a gifted par«\t vmrf Sfnong i^mm^
aelvas, and **^ *. groupi, regress toward th© wean
of the general po^mlatlon, ihe ehancas are few
that any ©yhild of a vsry i^rest man will ^usl tha
fathai"* In aaj:^clty, a. d :?iwor a iii 11 that a partieulsr
oaae, designated bafore birth, will be his
©',,,UJal, Jat h^;^0ditai»y tiiilea descfaid to th©
©Ideat s^a, if th^:»e is a son #^fo lives | and
faiii:.ig tha^ii, to kin iii a proacr-i.bad O^^OT, detarmlaed
hf factors irr©l©i^nt to mental ability*
H©rodltaiv office 'tA^it i.^vs oa^aa a socially
and politically successful davic©, if rasp^nsi*
blllt/ had d.©iieended not to hla i..i ssqueaee prm*^
scribed by irrelevant accidents, but in each
ca^e tbio i;i0©t Intelligent ono £i..iojig kin in th©
first degree, r^^gardless of order of birth mod
of ^^x^ lii pju;t oentu:-ic no sciontlflc ii^thods
of appriisins Immii faculty without trial by
lifo itfself 0^5 ste(". "a ]irl:':o-guniture and preferment
of males were set up for reasons unconnootcd
;7lth dloj)loy of ahiUtj, ia ignorance of
th© fact that such deteririnantQ, being biologiccill.'-
irrelevant to C':.:p£'oit;/ for selective
thlnlclng, would work .steadily to^v^aM intellectual
inediocrtty in n^.louo r.-o' £;_iidos, oven thougln
both parents were required to be of royal or
noble stmtns, ""h^ •'.00+ onr^ €,ronz offsparliigs
sOiould rationally hlvo^.>ean selects for the
horoditary office ^r"^ tl.-flo, Inoi ©od of the eldest
tmlo*
Ths seccmd T;e=o.tor?.ess of atto-^nts to conssrv©
tho i^lfttsd by nsran^ of cs^ute has bean that no
alloimnee t^as o;iicG for tlio overla^nii-.^ of r.oxjuity
between children of parents in different occupational
Irrvels, bo mxoh Rlh^T/.^nco could bo
iTiSd© for the reason that no scientific method
ot appraisal had beoop'O ava-'lobie.
Ini.Grojitiull;^, by vuii&tlon fnmi jr»Ar©ntal
average, a sir a 11 nor con tare o^ the c-.lldro i of
noblor in each gen Ji-at ion ySiOula fall automatically
out of th^ pi^ronto* cs.r?to; wlillo at the
same time u s.nall pureeatago of th© offsprings
of peasants should rise ir.to the noble caste.
r»

inrta titteeen effsjpring of dinars and lavyere^
t«e eeeapatietia ealling for mn dtttmrmt dsgreee
af lateUeetaal aMlity*
rhmm are the raaults of vi^rlfiable «i^*i«
stSEtta earried ©fut fer laere then tve di^dm indi-*
eating that we mn select tm? apeeial ^tuaational
w
i% ^^wmW mmdm in ^^imr te ba^tain a ^m
atan^ia^ of ability within a caste,) l&il^s mosm
iseans be previ^ad t# allew far ^is i^iuE^lati^m
mnd ev^lai^iag of effspring> mkmtm astablia^iad
origixmUy 0^ a ^aia of bielagieal m«rit ia
m^mm to dm&gqr ei^antmally, % r^reasioa to bielogiiNil
medieerll^*
In mmf mmmm thmsm t^m hmmm. i^i^^eit ^

opporttsiity ohildr0n vho are abl© to mak© us© of it,
• •" • • * ' . • ' ' • • '
W© can solsct children who can carry unusual rsspon*
sibility to the school. Present indications ar©
* < * *
vary strong that by mental tests it will ©ventually
b© possible to select indivldxials who hav© ©xtra-
ordmary capacity to lead, rule, and advis© jMinkind.
AltlK>ugh psychologically this seems possible,
it 'Is rather improbable that suoh methods will ©v«r
be put actually into operation. It is scarcely
cen00ivabl0 that human natiire will ever establish
^TA support 0 social-economic 9yf3t^nb''baaed upon ths
impersonal date of mental Sind physical tests. Th©
procedure would call for a clear rationality which
at present certainly seems superhuman.
Yet, society is definitely looking forward to
theae groups a a n r^'ood'paying investment* Society
is expecting a leadership of .Rervico and not ex­
ploitation fro:('> suoli groups,"^^
TTT-
Q^vsmxs: for ^jxaupio i^^iu rapui'ued public eduoational
^s^perlmST^tatlon wit.h hi3hl:r endowed children since
1918, at Berlin, Hamburg, iiresltiu, Mannheim,
Leipslo, Frankfort, Oiiarlottenbiu^g, and CJottongaa.
olnc© the war tiie selection of olaldren of promise
—"Bornungskinder^*—has gone on i»apidly and systematically,
i^o faj.' as may be .t. far red from
literature, Gennany today pelves more official re-
©o^tiitioii to sp«^olal odacatlon on the basis of
m^ital ^adowment as determined by objective tests
tlmn Aiiy othei- nation. In GorRmny there Is no
erabarrassment in acting openly upon th© facts of
biological nature, since the people have never
'biiow indoctrinated witii the theory that all are
born equal, hrigland haii limdo sou© advance in
spocinl tralninr;;, J^nd t'-^e Unitol :tates is betinning
to aoe differontiai ©ducaoion more v^idely.
arvard Tiniv o^^sity :'akes a practice of choosing
a certain nuinbcr of tho r.ioat procilnent boys fro^'
certain sections of tho United States, allowsj
each $1500 and a higlily stimulating cultural

Bey 0« ^Uett has nstde an extenaiva survey of
the aj^Ueationa of honftogmiaous gr^piags in th©
l^iitea Statea aine© 1910* Thia inveatigati^ pre­
ceded hia rei^rt giv^ in tha Kati

••**,• ^ *•. tarn vmpom of n^EIUied lOeaidUri^tion
er bsaieipaeoiie grea^^ is to rs^ve or sdniaise
eiOy t^ aeet eerieaa ^pediments te grwp learning
end groap im^m^im^ sinee it is absurd te th^Uik
that individual diffi^Nmees will be i^radi^ftted hf
m^ kind ef e:i^aaifleatiim."^ "Bi^«t»red to praetiee
it sen nmmT signJ^fy eemplet© hmm^^m^idMf but caily
Tmdxmmd h^^m^m^Ltj^^^^
Jkttmr diseiMNiiag v^sorious f esturas of plaiyi
ppovidiag tm^ differantistsd Isminii^, mch as the
i^priacii fXmHj^ the Dalton Plan^ and ^a Wiimatka
Plan^ ^« mist s^tess
"Probably no feature of a plan for tosiag^s^ma
grouping eti^ls in l^po^rta^i^© tha y^taricaa; n^idi
deterssinas the pup41*s plaea in the Totijsmd order
of elsai^0|tien*"^
•fit
"Cf an tl^ %B lM»mi ot souping e^loysd ia
th^e s^ioels (the 8,^4 m^^^ooXm used in his sur­
vey) the intelligsnse q^ctiant from a @roup mi^tal
test is the i^st widely msed. Since m«:ital age or
S0^*© frcei a gro^p i^ntal test is also widely usi^,
it fol2«iRi that results ot th© group m€©tal test
in ono towm or sii®tl^«p assume a position of out-
atimdlng iiaportanc© mmon^ oriteris for fiai'ming hoiao-
^movm groups."^^
tfi,i,Mmmimmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm0mmmmmmmmmmimmmii^^'^'''i^'''^ < 11

••v
in suBoaariaing a^sie of tha eeaitributiona of
mental teata, I^* Breed vritea;
*Intelligsnee teata are im^ving of great OOT--
viee in the elaaaifieatic^ of pupila at in^rtaat
«3twi]^ p

liaa IMmatmS *W Ufai tl?ie hath, more atelX be ginea"
te ^fmr taite vto^ieeviffr aa^ is gfvsai, ef M»
ehail %e mmA required, fer te vtscr. the ^HIS iNive
tmndttei 910^, of him they will a^ the mmrmm''
MTm aread eug^ets that both mmtml mmd a^aieve-
ment test a aid ia ^Nitersiining prebli^B aasiNit
"Bcr
*St iS|^ thiir(^Na»e, eaggestad that beth aehieve-
ment and Intellii^mee tests be used in a pregram
ef elJtssifieatimi-^the intslliganee t^Mits to S4»>ve
a diapteetie fte^ienp that is th© fuaeti

tlie fonelijaleae deftaecd. 1^ L« Steddard,
WkniftUe fPiOAt, ileuld, and osbom mmmm to be
tmmmd mm rseial eonsiderstions, vhic^ represfsits
a jtWfweiea ef the prmpm atreaa

phasir repflNwiBtatiw ef m advanea trend in fcmdng
e xsere ebjeetive pelitienl policy as eontrssted to
the sntagoaiatie eeleetions v^iah hav© been based
en pepijSiu* preJMiCM in th© past*^
:..ii.*.>*Ajt.
^ ladtaticm? Poaaibly, than, as hss been mg*
§mmmd^ the ipreatast mrnktrthatlmm the tasting
moveBgi«at hss glv^m in a social-politiimi way has
bean to eS^upify 00gr»tain aonoai^ionsi n^»sely, civi-
lii^ti^m t^rids to advance on mm tmo Xmw^ ot ^|n-
y^tion md jesitstion* Ihtellii^ee is required
te ai^preeiate intalligctiea, m^ idstcery is alras^S^
replete vitli eseampl© of mesa in sdvi^aa© of th^ir
tJ^e' or mm. 8^n!>rou3^0d h^ clods in^npabl© of dis-
^•ii^nstiv© irttatden.
1^0 e^^lexity of eulture, ©spiNSially in the
fon^s of social st^gsmisation snd ©conomic intsr-
dep^Qita^e, have davalopad hand in hsM with
Society, for better* or worse, is organised on
a damocratio basis mud tls*© diMitinias of s ©ivili-
s»ti^n infinitely eoii^lax mrm in the hands of th©
many* (^ahsm Wallas snd oth€a?s h*sv© clearly defined
this pradi^tes^at. Masses of people determin© peac©
or war mmd participation or n^-*parti0ipation in
m^mmm0mMitl»»mmm'm'^m.i»tlmmtmmi»mmmimmmtmmmi»mmfm.»»m»mimit
^C, larkpatriak. intelliKcnoc aj^ Ijabiigpatiw.
Baltljsera, 1926, contsins a vsdc*y ciaar perspeetiv©
of th© testing mcvsmaat along thia line
vith eertain implieations made.
^2^

mmM mtfrnam^ mtom rtmx elgaifieane© and im-
pliwitioa they are likely net to sppaniaiata*^
Bittoe the leaders i^re ohomrni, toe qrtislity ef
the iaailaaqiihip and ita ebjsctivss dei^nd on tha in-
telligsnee of the laany, fbr momt policies mrm tmmmd
with an mfm te "popular p^ejt^lce and «ui ear ©eokad
tt> hiair ths i«»srf9ari3rjs.t of ^e smss^i," Tha de-
psia^Niiioa «n public opinion givss rise to mam:f ©x-
sai^les'ef what Lin^uann would call, "a© cult of
the Strand best." In iMgland thar© was a pepolar
l^sssnre for a short sifted m.d iaf^asible i^c©
treaty nfeicfti was forc^ upon the i^crld a^inst tha
betti»? ja^^pent of the l^id^^s. Xdke^sa in the
IfeiitM States, in internal ©conmsdc policy mid in
th© matter of fori^gn debts, Issdars are forced to
give their ss^eid best in l^id^rship,
tmmmsmmf in fMo s«nse of control of pabli©
ofdnion dmpmsdm on e^sati^n ^.nd enlightsnfmsnt^ and
if it is #iovn that education depcfids on native in-
tellig^mea, theaa this mmt be taken into account,
fnt©Higgle© and the Products of it Bmm
tiSmmmtmmmmfi^mmimmmmiimim iiiiwinniWi wwniiiiinn wi.inw.iiiii.iw an.Oimiiii mn .fnw mmmm iiiwiii.iiiiiM
Bi^ly Valued by Societys Is not intaHigfanee r©mmmmiiimmm
m tmrn 'mwmmmm^ niili,. iniiiiiiniiLMiww««MMia» ***
quired tOT criticsl selection ^rvd appreciation of
the mmmd leadership which is so necessary in a
Hia,>»ali)il.WHfc^li»lilHlll. Illfiilr n,i lii|illll.n*lllpl.lWi.W.m»Kiiill»IW""in»l».W.WIIIWu»r' .i.«^^'Tir-^~^'TtrTTr~"'*T~" ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^
^3
course.
Th© importance of this entire ri0V©m«it, of
is baaed on the tw^itieth ccfitury conception of
the possibility of man's conscious progress. It
s©e?5ffl to bo an attcr.pt to utilise th© rjcntal
cspscity of msn for his advance. Withr^it suoh
an ideai, the triovcrsent would have little signifieana©*
^

eenftoc ««cia where tmXmm atepa may spell disaster?
Ia it not better to utilise a system, mrm. in a
atage of eJmdity, rather than leave tha mattTm proeass
ef aeleeting, educating, and appreciating talimts
and defects to a blind tri&l s^na ©rrca* H^thod of
having ^0 gift ad survive if they oanf II .mriiiaiiilii «HMiMMMMHiMWwwiMK»
of Both Sexes t Th© wid© us© of mesfttsl tests indi-
o&te poaitiwly that g^aersl intelligenc© is dis­
trict ad re^iHr*dl0ss of sex. Thtn discov€a»y raises
iat^NNiting questions of public policy in rsferanc©
to gifted girls and w

Certain value attaohas to the de^^^natration
by m©»tal tests, whi^ did not atta^ to th© dbB»*
'WT
onstration by scholastic tests, {Cirls hav© proved
to be ef mmml m«itslity wi^ mm in seholsstic
lines for ^omo tiir.©,) The mcntsl tests sr© known
by ^parts to b© mi^ mors precis© mxd objeetive
than ^0 si^olastic tests* Strictly c^aps^ativ©
.groups sr© im^m easily secure for mental tests*
The Qtmrmm. ^fo)mlo0.mtm ^ Pater and stern, have
called attanti^m to the fast cf equal ratings on
the tests snd have asked n^list im^liostions sre to
be ilpsim for ©ducatioa*
Ihviafse Emtio of Intelligence and Birth Ogm-
•mmmmmm laiiiiwwi.iin mimmmmmmi'ii iiiiniilt,' Miiiiiini«in»i.iiiiii..iiniiiiiii,i>1wiii, mw n imiiimiii iiinniiiii w UHIT mniiiwuii
ti^l WiH. Probably Cm.t%jmot Worn a gsf^r*! study
^•MMNMinMWMiaMnMMIIMI. il IHI .l[Hll» Wl II»I HI 'nil mwillBi n «lMM!|WMIInWMMt>M«MilM'> ^^ ^
of 4^us-#s mud effects of the differ^itisl birth
rate, all thin^ ^^sideTSd, it looks certainly very
difficult to .supply 0ffcctiv-s o^tivea for iacreassd
pro«n*«iition by the intelligent, unless ©ug^aics
^•l^t, pmvfm.pB, nmke an ef fectiv© pcrsimal appeal
to the very intelligant if a way could be found to
reader child b^tring bsn^ficial to health and
©cont^Lc ssciirity* (A.ald@ from statistical inquiry,
it ^ght be presupposed that w^taver would T^s^Smv
rs^^o^ction lass painful snd lesa ey.per^lvo would
render it also more freqt^nt air^cmg tho nost rational
»41
pmscm&an»)^'*
^mgmgmmmmmmmmmmimiie'^''mmmmmm^^^ ' "—"'" '
*^Th© following item "sras taken from the Uibbook,
>?*^-^».r/ Atraiflnf^im^Jot^rnal of Sunday, itey 6, 1934, p* 1,

It S00ms vsry probabl© that the pr©s©nt trend
of dlff©r©ntlstion will continue, of facing bsing
born in inverse proportion to the power which their
parents have of learning how to limit r©|a»oductioa*
This will lead to a slow shifting downward, th^:i,
of the intellectual norm of th© population. It
will, of course, be a slow process* Any shift in
the no3Pm of a larg© population requires t^h© passing
of g©n©rations.
Desire to lower the Reproduction of Mentally
«Mw,MMWWM|iii.i •mamm * ' •inmiMii -mummmm. ^iiiiiiiM..»liii»ii wni.i 11 HI I* i,ninii.,i *mmm titmitmmttimmmimmmm
Def©etives; The above conclusion has already
0r0at©d c©rtain desires on the part of interested
pf*oups to facilltat© a mov^nent for the decrease
of the reproduction of th© subnormsal groups and
mentally defectives. This is a grave social |£robl©m
ond one wiidch society, it would seem, must face
sooner or later, whether it is impleasant or not*
EoonomiG Phases: Th© ec

ead utiliMitien ef paver* Certainly as Ogbum and
other social thinkers have ccssmantcd, tl^r© is a
laok ef adjustm^ait in the lives of nwinf ]^oplOu
Jpop^^t^fif^^ ^Pyedi^ctioxis I Tast^ of general in-
telligenee indioata, without ©XGaptitm, tImt th©
duller child is Eior© Intaroat^ Xii routiri© work than
th© bri^iter child^ tImt a cliild with s va^^ hi|3^
I* Q* ia often dai\g©i^ua 'Wlimx giv©n too MscObtanically
hwfjd^ed occupations, that th© p00ple of IdL^ mentality
need a xmro mentally ^tiitiixl&tiaog field oi fis;pl0ratiim
while th© dull©!* type of iilads -aood to Ijav© clear,
definite, detailed ©xplaamti^n® and simple? tasks*
Tests tor individiisl aptitudes ms^ abilities
hSTs Ineraasad recently snd the field wm.j soon b©
covarsd with specific spaoialised tssts in industry
as w© have tha test© in tl^a ©ducatiorml world*
Teats as a means of placing the i'lght indivi-
dumX ia tho ri^t place would of coura© be a great
b^afit to mankind, r^ulting in saviiigs in time,
effort, mmm:^^ snd possibly greis^te^si, of all th©
pravaatioa of the trm^J of f^lHu-u which so ifsmy
find aeoc^pany their effort 3,
UMitm%lmB M .^Tmm^ IS^M M JM In^ui^l^l^^^.i
Hiatal tests ware rnaihs for acadsmlc purposea, for
eLaesifioiitimia, oapcclally in tb.e schools, Thsy
Imve been criticisf^d as not slvi^.g full justice in
th® m©asua?lns of the Indtistrial perspoctus, (Thia
critielSf.^' ses'^a well placcl, ITo^? tents w^ll need
«M||W II I •
• 11. H I II I
•*^Ba^cingbatn, j»g* ©it*, p. 306| Hugo BSunatorburg,
Payebelegy and Indoatrial iarfioienoy, N.Y*, 1913*

t# ia»ei»perst# SMWI ef tlie specific iniustrial
te^adtquyse before they form aesurst© meaaureminta*}
Mg4 i^ ienarsl Clsssifia^ti^onsa Aa a m^ns
ef elaeaifying lesdara in th© %oosmndo world, amttital
tests are proving of ^lue. Tha iB^lleatims of the
present tend teward n belief that very hi^ily ia-
talllg«it individuals with hi^ social idfmls are
going to be d«Bmnd©d to solve thap^eat 000m^d.c
probl^aa of th© war Id,
Aaaaredly s-eaiaty is already objecting to tha
inharitaac© laws vhi^ provid© for the maintmaanee
in Itixury of the imbecila, uz^er the guardianship
of tho cessipet^nt trust Bompsnf or seme other "moi^l"
being,^
Ci^rraspoada^e batwe^^ fiacoip an^ tn^fl^lj^^omt
llhst is and what sh^M be th© scen^dc reward of
intellect? i^bat is the ccrraspondenoe between in­
come and Intelligence tha world ov«p? Diraetly

the prebabie oorrelation,*^
» ^ • - • • • - • '
At the m^posite extreme of suffici^it incoms
w© hav© psup«rs, and her© we hia.v^ actual test
knowledge shewing a vm^f low standard of intslli'*
45
genee, only a few being above norsml,
P^otn ©videinc© such as w© have at present it
seeriis that there is a positive and fairly high cor­
relation b©tw##n intslloet snd econoi^c reward
whsyev^ cn for such r#ffard is free* o£
relatively fr:©o for all*
mmmmmmam ii n iii mm^mmmm- IIIIIIMII,II.IIIIII •iiwuim» .»|> .n. ni.w»
Factors liking for a Lew^sd Oorrelatlont
M.^.

«^» ^ifieial Eestraintiit Obtain artificial
ITVF
reetrainta eperato to re^c© th® smetatt of r/
eerrelation batwaen intelligenc© and ©cc«iomic
status* %ion wages, flxad salaries, as of
civil servants, and like devious for retraining
differentiations of r^vard trnid te ©qtmlis© tSia
• etmpid aj^ th0 intellig^t in tMs respect.
If, !^rsov«r, no liir^t is .;:mda in t^e oorr©s»
pimdi^C© to one se:?^, io one retce, or to on©
age, but Include parsona of both sexes and of
i^srieu;s rac^ and ages, the coir^clatlon will
be stiU. further T^^&omd becauae age, race
and sex ar© in tli0or.a#lv©s important In datar-
mining a person's eoont^tic value* For exampl©,
adulthood is an asset s so is rrmactillnity ia
eertain lines of work*
b« is?^ Intelligent Pi^'sons Prefer Interesting
mmmmmmm wmmmtmrntiiimmSti IUMWUI I- I IM tmftmmmm .1 • inmt jjinnOnmniiiiiiw m tmmmmmmam^miimmimmimmimml'
Work Bather Tkmn Pur sly Beimmerativ©; Mother
«IIMMMtMM, MBMHMlMMMiaM. Wathy. Very

prilbiekbl^ these traits wo^ld act as an influsnce
to r0st«>aia thmi trom the full ^^^reise of t&eir
advantage in ©concrdc riltu&tions whsr© ruthl^ts-
naas is likely to be e faot'Cr of success*
^omio M, Society Greater ^x^ t^ Int^^t.©.
S£. ^E lit,03,li|stmt es£ .^t^cttd: A »^^itiV0
soeial-economic systor-; fostering th© Intarssts of
the int03Lligent thr&o^ making it possibl© fox* thi^
to obtain ©con^jsiic ^o^ by the exercise of their
powers, thus secures t^ic full services of the gifted
for th© cossiaon good* Tbioso s^^vices probably could
not be secured in sny other way, human nature being
as it is. Intellect is not apt to work hard snd
losslbility of such ©cim^iic at-
tainismt. Th^^ uomm to be no minium ocoupatlonsl
1#^1 defining a lower limit for tbo ^-.antallg- best,
but there i£ a iwy^jroim .,cou,^tionga l0,v©l m£^m
M npp0r limit for s^ except the b^at* rhxm,
socially desired work that can b© learned by ninety-
five parsons out of a Jnmdred will probably be
f^^evsr cheaper thsn v^orh thsit crin bo learned by
only one or two in a hundrod.
^ *

m^%^ W m ^tfuregt Cgi^^actsr Cannot Be
Jduoated into Ffoglat IMs factor of "rarity" and
ita in^laenee upon income aiii

©• Stiiaulated Progress in Oth^* lines
As a general cooperative agciucy in prositi^
and facilitating furthor process in ci^sin otht^*
lines^ sisental testing l-ms proved t^eneflolal. It has
directly fidvaneed and stlBSxlated the study of social
causation axid social p:;t>gresfi, and has -emphasis^
the thsor;^' ot t^mltlplicity of catiacs ss opposed, to
th© idea of a single cauee* It has Instigated a
laor© detGllea stiedy of anaboaiy, pai^ticularlx that
of the S-kslstal systeios and tlie iKrain of wmt* aM
other pi^iinateE, aj^ t^ study -of g©n^*al biol^^
mS. sug^iios* Xt has also prm»t©d the- stt^y of
rao© psy^iolofy, etlmiol^©-, and sr-chseology. It
has given a smrkad iMpetus to searches for the
iseans of man's progreas in the past and has ftt-
tsisptad ^tmrn^'iM't to ©^Im^to the lAiysical, msntal,
S3^ social finds.
Xt h«.s brou^it about phy-slcal, social, and
m^ital investigations, and through t>-os© 1ms ©a-
hsaaoed @ool©ty»s kncwl^ge of school children and
-%r^sr-
th© school syst^is, orlBii:o.ala, delin^ents, defectives,
mkd dependent classoo, /uic has loo to certain directly
ppsctical systems ^.^f :or0Yo-ntini:^ certain iiml-ndjust-
!i©nts In the social and Indlvidut-i "ife.
It hac particip^'^ ted .5ai and Droeoted. stiidies in
"t^mm, heredity, dent^net'ut:ion, and hybridity. It iias
increased our knowle

ef the hamaa body and eapacially of the t^pain* It
baa furth»^ed th© accumulation and use of vital
atatiaties, &nd it hm& already oaken st©^ toward
siding oth^'- Wmioi^OB in d©t0r-,fl:ilnc tho bosls of
acquired knowledge *j.nd w&j^ toward aafagasrding sad
improving th© isimam ras©*
:f

^.- s
1. ....... .(?. ...-'^ ..t.TVt*... •
OHAPTBB 3n
TBS TOTBEl flBZJ^ Agp
bo ttirat-f?-^ ^«S 9F MS^AL fJ^TIBO
J^*!r!Jf<
'f^tur© Programa
^* y^tad of ji JEEffiS* ^^ * ppo^wtes could b©
perfeeted, it should itaalf mmn m importani step
forvtrd, it vould, of course, diffst* from place
te plac© and nati^ to nation but mi^t possaaa ea-
aisitially tha asm© funda^antals.
Ci»e»tainly th© future activitias of mental tasting
s^ist be directed to th© Improvsmesit of its dm or­
ganisation and Wans, as well ss in th© dirsetimi of
further research, a© imTo thoreu^ly snd ©fficidntly
tha form«» is affects, th© more importsnt and pr^apfe
will be the seiiimtific results*^
Th© msin needs which logically bacom© th© aii?^
not ontf of mental titters thisBselves but also of
seeiety whi^ furnishes th© subjects to be tested,
and r^ps the t^aafit or the loss, include iK^r©
rs^lar mnd extended recruiting of their ranks, and
a elosar gmnmt^l unity mid cooperation. This |s
very urg^t* It conditicms furth^* devsloisneiit
00Himmmt» tmmmmmimmm
and speeialisation of academic instruction with
ample opportunities at laboratory training; it
i^mmmmmmmmmmm •mm •• ' " —' —
^ e ^writer has personally int©rvi«w0d Dr. T,
Kelley, Dr« Biles, T^. Tsrman* Dr* Almack, Dr*
lHhippl©, "Dr. ^itacQuairra, 1>T» Thomdika, Dr* Da
Voaa, Dr, Ystaa, lir^ Hansen, Dr* Herring, Dr*
93

aiakea hii^ly daairabla ano extension of l©otur©s
on psychic phenomsns in ths msdieal celldg©s; it
neeeesitats8 pscuniary resources by means of which
seholarahips may be off©r©d to anabl© workmmi to
b© train©d in laboratory and fi©ld, with an im-
.• •'. L
prov©6i«at in th© pro»p©cts of their mmpXofmimit at
r©ssonAbl© ccmipcnsation aft©r th© n©c©asary pr©-
parstion. Dhtil ©ff©ctive i^ovisions are made to
cover these points, it can not be ©xpect©d that a
r©quisit© numb©r of students will be attracted by
what mental testing offers in a way of lif© work,
th© ©irportunities of ©n^loym^nt of w©ll-train©d
t©st©rs a a diagnosticians are not so few, and they
are bound to increase in the future. Th© principal
problem is to acquir© money commensi^rabl© with th©
r©quir©d preparation for the research and the service.
2, Cooperation of All In vestigia tors i A closer
unity and cooperation among th© testers' programs
throui^out th© world is a foremost and chcrishsd
aim, Tim© is ripe for a closer and more universal
union of workers in this field, Loosl and national
erganis^tic^s have their place and uses, but as the
S|^©r© of int©r©st of mental measurements e:mbraces
the idxole of irmnkind, and as the branch in its
broader aspect is minently one and "pan-human," so
we nmmd an institutional union of all investigators
in this line.
Staffl©baok, and T>T. Kldcr on this point, Th©y
Virtually sgr©© as do th© oth©r psychologists and
educators•
v^

w* T»w>t,M»ji^iati0n and P©rf©ction cif Methods;
Another aim of mental tasting is th© futur© stan­
dardisation snd par fact ion of th© testing m©thods
sad inatrumants. Iha progress toward th© wbliostion
* - ' • ' '.• .
of suitable bullatins, snd the supsrvisicfici of if not
th© control of, th© manufacture of standard instru­
ment a, adjtmats to psyohcmatric observations.
4* Bstabliahment of an International Board?
ll>i,l.lillll,|-||lili>i|ii[iM.lii>ln,iii,iijiiIII. Jill III .1 •ml 11.1,11 )iSiiwiii»i.,iiji in—III III IIIIIIIII mini ittmmmmimm
; V •'' ' • • " ' • .•? •'
Th© ultimate ©stablishment cf a p©rmsn©nt Int©r-
national Psychomstric Board might be one of th©
greatest stsps toward placing mental testing on a
thoroughly d©finit©, modmrn, and scientific basis.
At present, to a considerable ©xtent, ways of
handling mAt©rials are still largely individual
and empirical. The imperfections in old methods
must b© abolished, and the limitations of the new
n©©d to be found.
5* H©©d of Clear, Concis© Presentation of Results:
Although working largely with measurements and hence
with Emthematical units, on© is dealing with series
that ar© i3pregular, deficient in number, more or less
impure and hence complicated in composition. Mathe­
matically sufficient and radically pure series are
almost hopeless to expect. Th© task of the tester
will, therefore, always essentially be analytic and
analytic physiologically, psychologically, and socially
rather than in a math©matical way. ^lor©ov©r, it is
vary necessary that a superior, yet simple exposition
of facts, approachalle by every educated person be

P»*»**rt. tbia 1*, AKM * aeoi*! potaft *f rxm, ao
Ivnrteat wd smli an advantage that the mstt«r of
eotteaelve nee ef algebraie fos^mlae in publiiNiti^^
mmmt be paaeed over ligjbtly* Bat, mathaMtieal
i^paatioa ef ^e eurvea mt diatribu^iea, matoe-
aatieal treatment ef ^tm hmmt^^inm m variati^, and
the nice are «i^g«itly ealled tm mmd will nMeemrily
be ^ g^at le^iUty^ Tticawsn^ly praetieal, a^sible
n^pi^bi^tiiaie ef a^ aature i^ieald be mnm ot the
aala e^l^M^tivea ef the int^rsuitiCiial boaaNl referred
tm above* me *el© matt^» da^ai^a ^atrly and eare-
f^ atteatien*
^» S^blie^^yhieal KegKgdas The importance of
eaa^lete and oomttwm^ biblii^pmphi^l ro^^Tds of
tte results m€ a^tal t^ts are iMlf«evidaat, and
mmm m nmmd ealla tm' tbe esrlisst peasibla reali«
»iti0BE^» Certain begSJSodngs lmi% be«i^ made, bat the
meve^Siit respires dmtXs^to ot^pyaisstieii and ext^oaion*
1^^ ideal ia ^is direetiiHi is a ei^patantli; an-
n^et^ hthX^LmrmmSm univfr^l ^ sci^p© aiid l|>bfrel
ef inetoiici^#
7* ganeralisatii^ £10^ Im^ovemant of Isfc^-
tipHi tmpp^mmmit in and f^^N^lisstion of informa-
tien aene^mii^ eel lest ions of data, primary and
s^^adary, are hii^ly desirable* Such isifer^tioa,
f^iraiiti9ied ths^u^ pariodieally sapplam«atad r^iaters
of aievl^ aetnirad materials, would greatly proinot©
eellab^ratiens, aa will the extant ef roeearch.

xt ia requitlta, too« that large collacti^s 6f
data b© gsth0r©d and uniform Methods for th© study
ef gross, !faidium, snd sdnut© taristions in dsfinit©
gpaups of Imasnity b© mad©*
Bpeaific Sci©ntifi0 Ai^»
Thia l©ads us to the specific scientific aims
of msntal tsiting itiich ar© innum©rabl©, Th©y ©xt©nd
frcai qu©stions of pure scisnce and aattirsl philosophy
te thos© of high^p?acti©sl utility, and from problems
of local interest to those applying to all humanity.
Th©* discuss ion will now pass briefly over thos© of
a mor© gesiaral wmtMS^m sad conclud© with those of
mor© special American int©r©st.
. •«-- 1.J ..i.e., ... ,.^„
^* ^tu^. of MiSgs Th© paramount scientific
objective of mllftbpration with tlx© anatomist, anthropologist,
pSiQfsiologist, biologist, chemist, sociologist, snd
educator of th© study of man with a vi©w of pr©-
dicting possibilities of future conscious progrsss
sad rac© p©rp©tuation and welfare. The knowledge
must not extimd to th© average or mean condition
alone, but to th© complete range of variation and
to th© laws governing their relations (if there be
laws in such cases). The ia?oblem is trem«idous and
dap^ids up^n ]^h© valu© and the facility of all opm-
P^y^tlve gos^*
2, Primitive Racesi A continuous advance in
th© study ef th© more primitive huroan races and

their subdivisiim as to i^ysical, m^ital, and social
• i. »•' - -
trait eerralations vould be of great beclMfit.
g^ ^s&isi SisSs&i ¥mw^n SSL m Sfnmi^
Associated with th© racial studies should be in­
vestigations into th© i^yslcsl, social, and mental
©ff©cts of racial mixtures on their prog©ny. For
©IKSmpl©, careful s titles should be mad© in Am©riea
" • -> , *..0 . '.. i'.
of the white sad negro laixtures, th© whit© and
Indian, and the like. At th© pr©sent we have only
th© s©n©ral results of such miscegenations. The
subjsct calls urg^itly for mor® thorough investiga­
tion.
4* Study of Result a of Mixt\a*©s of fyhites of
HWii.iMinilii.nigli mUm IHTWIIIIII uni i,iiriiiiiii mmm mrwii,n mmmmmmmm m wrtMniMMMiiMtw. mmSf
Diffsrent |x^t^acation.s Th© question of immigration
of th© various whites of every extraction should be
a field for exploration, Hist do these diverse
strains bring in the way of physical and intellectual
endowmmits? Arid what in these respects, are results
of their mixture with the native population? These
questi

^*HdfflM iSSMf ^E'^^ise^^iM^ atiidiea ef t^ie
aewtelity ef tviaa, laentieal and ethimrieei ef the
fartetion in mentality ef the aexeaf of earlier
mnA later eMldrsas tl

the patholegieal groups of manldnd—the slac^^lics,
epilepties, InMne, idiots, perverts, and oth^:>
defeetivee and degiaias^tes and of the erindlnala*
.lAW
Q^oHtrn an advanea has already ba«ci mad© in this field,
bat cixaplet© informstion is far from availabla,
Th© realisation of such ecmditions dmpmdm to a
larg© extesit on a parfact understanding of th©
normal eentingtmay of th© Jmman fiSEmily.
^» ML '^^ ,4^4 ife PrMictiont Th© ultiii^t©
aim of mental t#sting--that it imy, on tho basis
of aeeumulatsd knowledge and together with other
bamachas of resaareh, show the tetidencias of th©
aetual and t^© future ©volution of msn, axid aid
ia its possible regulation aisa impepove^^at—would
suggest that intelligenc© tssts mi^t hmomio mn
essential tool for ai^liad birth control and regu­
lation* Progress in this direction stipulates,
besides other work, intensive studies in a human
h^dity mad tho principles geveamii^ modifications.
It also stipulatea the necessity of perceivii^
or foraaulating cet»tain goals of samkind, j^iysical
a lift intellectual, for tho t^o are ins@|»rable, and
th^i w^^king toward l^sir realimtion.
Speeific I^ties of Society
Bo tmr as it may lis within their power,
people ahoald contribute to knowladgo oone^ming
iadividoala, as to tast rssults and child growth^
partiealarly alee© attention snd oooporation boing

given te all Inveetigatiima iKiaeeming apeeial
envlrenniantal greupa, pat;hol0gi^l groui^, snd
gifted greupa of humanity. Of espaeial toportanee
ia it that detailed iafon^tioa of ahildran be
Of e

^HAPTSR VII
CONCLDSIOHS
^•ntsl T»stin^ nc$ a panacsai. In cmelusiw
the writer dees net offsr Hiatal testing as a psaacsa
for tha eur© of the social or individual suffering
of maladjuataiwats* Such iialadjustments ar© ind©©d
mmmmam mnd their ramifications ar© mmifold.* The
testing movement, as s^ilissd by the writer^ from
p©rs

*Viiatever the relative eontribiiticasta of nature
•1^ attiPtidPe te the eubjeet^a praseaat intellectual
atatae, tte det«%dnation of the prasaat atatua is
of the utmeat lapertanae* This is true for ehildr^
ef every age and of every laiNil of ability, for, un-
leea ve knom where th© ©hiid is in his dovalopment,
xuo
t}mm ©an be no possibility of directing his training
intelligently*"^
It is well te TOmmmh^it that mei^tal tssts aot as
thermaaaters to s^^sur© th« i».ffiut&l t^aporsture*
t^m Mtmon in mnmoTin^ mm quastiim, "l^sa th© I* Q.
give m fair and full indipc of the worth of an indi­
vidual to aooietyt" raitaratss the acc^gtsity of dis­
tinguishing between th© relsticmship which holds
with great masses of data, and that which exists in
a particular case, teim h© states, "Msntal tests
ar© aot mich go^ for sisijig up a total personality,"^
tm Is in agrea^ant with the mental testers* Csr-
tainJ^, there ar© factors other than intelligenc©
that eontribut© to actiisvem^it, At times these
m«itsl thsr^metsrs fail to register correctly| at
tiisas people m^Xmj too c^aap ones, but more often
thm diffi^alties arise because th© tests ar© not
**"!»• M* T#rmsii, "Editor's Hot©*" Ha

taken eei*reetly, tte reading is inaoewateXy dbme,
or the reanlti are pe^Ply, ac^iiatimaa ^

107
b© as im^riLctical as a bosMve exposed of que^ bees*
iSmi^iMii Si. mt mSSSmk^ Ttemlytepe
mental tasting telds, a*, tte writer viws it, ia la
giving ^ecisty a maasura of individual diffia^cmicee*
Tte maasur© is not always true and cans teat, but in
most cases it is m aid. If society will avail itself
of this aixilisry tool, then it mn possibly administer
ti^lning with less waste and reap a full^* terveet*
Testisig does not aim to ©ducatei it neither gives nor
takss! it measures iiidlvldujals*'^
fte ©valuations, tte app»eclati

xt is with much greater humility ttet 8tud©nt8
of th© subject approaoh th© field today. There is a
general greplag^^^a aaarohing for th© ©sswitials which
is oneouraging and full of hope*
ffntributipna j^f t^ ^o^SS^ Thus far th©
us© of maatM&l t©sts tes assisted in aiding society
to discard certain conceptions mnd to accept others.
1*

B« tO^ile »«QL ef hig^ intslligefic© can ap^us'ttitly
aueeeed at almeat imy

10» tm taoarel data prove that suparier atudenta
JULU
ere net suffieiently stisBOatad in the aehools,
ttet tte see^pliiO^imaiit ratio of th© brii^t
pupils ia li^s in proportion tteai is ttet of
the dull pui^s,
11, It is mar© teman© s»l economical to prevent
IMividual snd social disaster than te piaiiah
er cure« Basica, aeoietj mist provids p:'op0r
snvireiss^its for thos© vtem i^tur© tes vmdm
weak} care mast be givmx to tte d^sativcs,
12, There mmorm to be no law of compeisiaition;
thos© wte are beautiful ar© net ni^esi^upily
Hamb, and those wte are intelligent ar© fre-
ta^mtly beautiful*
13* Althot^ mental tests do not #iow la^eciaely
wtet students will accomplish xmdmr pres«at
^»&gaditions, it may fSirly be claimed to r©v©al
with reasonable acciiracy what could te ex­
pected trmn. ^©m If 3afflc0nt incentives, such
as effort, datermiBation, and the dsaire to
do vrmro present.
14, A strong teaai^^ncy to acoept the atatsEi^it,
^lifeiturc and nsjrtura are li:i20ptxrsbl©, ina«mich
as the iahca?itanco of s-xxf individual is not
alone what ho is bom with, but wtet h© can
m^ d

ligene© at a tima, and to r©gard th© t©ating
of general intslligenc© aa teving th«or©ti0al
lnt0r©at rath©r than so much practical sppli-
ostioa tepod for it in th© first flush of
its invention,
16* Th© f©©ling ttet th© pr©soteol period is
pr©«min©ntly th© period for Individual training
tea b©0n emj^asiaed by the psychologists and
©ducators. This fact has caused th© ©xp©i*ts
to insist ttet teachers of young childr©n
more than teachers at any other level, need
in
to be trained in methods of individual diagnosis
of abilities and personality, and be instructed
in th© adisiaistration and interpretation of
on© or mor© series of intelllgenoe tests so
ttet every child in the ntirsery acted and
kindergarten can be given an individual
examination«
17, It would seeiii ttet the present physical and
mental equipment of irion is in no wise super­
ior to that of th© ancients, but the environ­
ments have changed, being apparently more stimu­
lating, more oimritablo to some individuals
q
than to others,
i,(i,iiMM«'i'ii

ld# Besl pregraas seems to te mmdm, hiaterieally,
aee^E^dixig to th© nu^cr and th© q^lity of tte
leadwe in each of th© dif f«!-^t ages, si«i te
the extoait ttet they wer© seaepted by the «aaa
of la&nkind. This is ths conalusicm vMah tea
so interested adaptors in utilisix:^ tast re«
salts*
IJ^
19« Tte social Sacrists and tho ©ducational Xmmdmrm
are int^^restsd in making uss of wtet ^b© pe|^^i0l«
^^sts sell the "intsrsst motive" and tte
"satisJNiSti^a theory*" m.n is not intsrastad
in rsmoving tte "tejpa" of the iadividiisl, but
h© is iiiteraated in preventing th© diM^ssiing
effaet a of constant failure or tte stupefying
Tmmnltm ef subnitimlation. MeniNil tests teve
iMiaated ttet the lower maiitslities, espsaially,
mstm hsxidicappod by this rapatiti^i ef failure
!i^l0 tte.bi[^Lg^0r si^Monts fail to respond
to the average stimuli off©re«l to tham in ^le
scteols*
BO, If ti^ining and environment can b© ??mde to
adjipit tterns©Ives n^re benevolently to the
individuals early in Ufa, educators f©©1 ttet
sniah of tragic msladjustmant inay be ©liminat©d
ang a richer social life may result. Tte use
of mental tests tes pointed out problem osass
and in some instsnoss has augg©8t0d troatanwits.
flarraana snd Sdith Ga >^on 7er nme. Gharacter Eduostiai.
B.Y., 1929, for an ©xc©ll©nt tr©stm©nt of oteraotor
©duestion and a good bibliography on tha subjaot*

ai« The intalliganod testing of tte deaf $od blind
tea led to on increasad knowl4^0 anei appre-
* , & - •'••''
eiation of ^© exact i^rebleins to te ^msl^erad
ia th© ©dueati^m cif tli©^© cMldrsR*
22« The value of mmtol testa in tha salactiism ef
SBsi^i^rtes snd in tte c^ssifteati^ ef m^kmtm
with a vi@fr to ^sr^ignmsnt snd prc^noti^s hss
at l^nat be^i felt*
23* M«ital tests arc at least beginning to find
their plsee in ths larg^ field of vocational
selection and ^idsncs*
As tes been suggests, all thas© affc^!^© of
soeii^y are based u-j^m tha :^oposition ttet msakixi^
can eonsaiously improve his present status* In
lOJS
CSS© tliar© is no auoh mov0i8@nt of conscious projp^ass,
as education pre-supposes, thea at least man can
liv® his little day and probably livo it b©tt©r for
teving ^isisidarad his responsibility to ids past,
pressnt, and future.

•mm^ BIBUOimAfHY %
•'•- •• .. • i..-..^/ i .^
I* Ceaeemlng tte Barly Differwtiati^a ef
Saperiia^ Pera^ia •
1* Caatle, C* 8. Statiatieal study of mmmnt
geiaen. AreHivea ef ^syabologyl ^oitni^ia
TFnlv«rsity, 1913.
a, Oattell, J* MeK* "A statistieal Study of
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