GREEK, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE OBJECTS ... - Hellenic College
GREEK, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE OBJECTS ... - Hellenic College
GREEK, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE OBJECTS ... - Hellenic College
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18<br />
from the seventh century onwards until the Late Byzantine gold coins were<br />
wafer-thin, cup-shaped (also known as 'scyphate') and could be bent by hand.<br />
The major coin mints of the Byzantine period varied in number from<br />
fourteen under Justinian I (527-565) to Constantinople alone from the late ninth<br />
century until the late eleventh century when some of the provincial mints began<br />
to reappear. During the following two centuries, many mints were operated,<br />
both by the emperors and autonomous local rulers (Cyprus, Rhodes, Nicaea,<br />
Trebizond). The Constantinople and Trebizond mints survived until the<br />
conquest of the cities by the Turks.<br />
The imagery of the Byzantine coins continued the conventions of the Late<br />
Roman coins. On the obverse was the portrait of the emperor, now facing front,<br />
rather than in profile. On the reverse, various Christian symbols, primarily the<br />
Cross, but also Victory or an angel, which soon merged into one.<br />
The first significant departure from this practice were the gold coins of<br />
Justinian II (685-691 and 705-711), who placed the bust of Christ on the obverse<br />
and a half or full-length portrait of the Emperor on the reverse. The Iconoclast<br />
emperors removed the bust of Christ from their coins but this imagery was<br />
revived again after the end of Iconoclasm in the mid-ninth century and<br />
variations of the figure of Christ on the obverse of the coins became the norm<br />
until the end of the Byzantine Empire.<br />
Byzantine coin design and imagery influenced the style of the early<br />
Islamic coins and those of the first Western kingdoms.