Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...
Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...
Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...
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Compound tested<br />
Species<br />
Imidacloprid<br />
(Gaucho, 70% a.i.)<br />
Apis melliferea<br />
ligustica L. x A. m.<br />
caucasica L.<br />
Imidacloprid<br />
(Gaucho, 70% a.i.)<br />
‘Honeybees’<br />
Study type Test dose Test<br />
duration<br />
Semi-field/oral<br />
exposure/adults<br />
Semi-field/oral<br />
exposure/adults<br />
0, 0.35, 0.7 mg<br />
a.i./seed<br />
(in tunnels)<br />
0.35, 0.7, 1.05<br />
mg a.i./seed<br />
(in tunnels)<br />
0.7 mg<br />
a.i./seed (in<br />
field)<br />
20ppb spiked<br />
sugar solution<br />
(feeding<br />
experiments<br />
under field<br />
conditions)<br />
Endpoints Results Notes (reference<br />
to study numbers<br />
in figures 20 <strong>and</strong><br />
21)<br />
- Behaviour,<br />
activity, flower<br />
foraging,<br />
progress of<br />
pollination,<br />
collection of<br />
nectar.<br />
- Vitality, foraging<br />
activity,<br />
behaviour<br />
(control)<br />
No effects observed on<br />
any of the measures<br />
No effects observed on<br />
any of the measures.<br />
No residues of<br />
imidacloprid found in<br />
sunflower nectar (LOQ<br />
10ppb)<br />
<strong>Neonicotinoid</strong> pesticides <strong>and</strong> bees Page 80 of 133<br />
Report to Syngenta Ltd<br />
Reference<br />
In french Ambolet et al<br />
(1997)<br />
In french Ambolet et al<br />
(1999)<br />
Table 17: Overview of semi-field <strong>and</strong> field studies of the effects of sublethal <strong>and</strong> chronic exposure to clothianidin <strong>and</strong> thiamethoxam on Apis bees<br />
Compound tested Study type Test dose Test Endpoints Results Notes Reference<br />
Species<br />
duration<br />
Thiamethoxam Dosed in field 1.34ng in 20<br />
µl/bee<br />
Clothianidin<br />
(powder form)<br />
Dosed in field /<br />
oral exposure<br />
0.05, 0.5, 1,<br />
2ng/bee<br />
3 days after<br />
dosing<br />
Immediately<br />
after<br />
Return to hive Significant reduction in<br />
numbers of treated<br />
foragers returning<br />
particularly from<br />
Foraging<br />
behaviour:<br />
unfamiliar l<strong>and</strong>scapes<br />
At 1ng/bee 73.8%<br />
returned to the hive<br />
(5) Henry et al<br />
2012<br />
(6) Schneider et al<br />
(2012)