Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...

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equirements. There data can be used to identify possible RUDs but limited confidence can be held in these. There was insufficient data available to assess the exposure of solitary bee species. 2.6 Sublethal and chronic effects of neonicotinoids A large number of studies have been undertaken ion the sublethal and chronic effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on bees. These are summarised in Tables 37-47 and show the wide range of dosing approaches and endpoints reported in both Apis and non-Apis (primarily Bombus) species. Data for fipronil are included in the tables for completeness but as there are no data available for residues in nectar the data are not discussed further. 2.6.1 Honeybees The reported effects of neonicotinoids on honeybees under laboratory conditions is shown in Table 11 to Table 14. By far the majority of the reported literature relates to imidacloprid.. Table 15 to Table 18 summarise the semi-field and field studies reported with neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil again the majority of the studies relate to imidacloprid given the concerns about the limited dataset for the RUD the rates used have been compared in Figure 3 and Figure 4. These show that a large number of dosing studies have been conducted at dose rates and concentrations in excess of the reported maximum concentrations for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in nectar following use as seed treatments. Where effects were observed at or below rates close to this value (studies 4, 11,19 and 31 for imidacloprid) three were related to biomarkers such as acinus diameter in the hypopharangela gland, the proboscis extension reflex to sucrose, and one (Belien et al 2010 a short summary paper where detailed data were not available) was associated with an adverse colony level effect at 1 µg/Kg. There were far fewer studies with thiamethoxam and none reported effects at or below the maximum field nectar residue reported (5.2 µg/Kg) following seed treatment. 2.6.2 Bumblebees Table 19 to Table 21 summarise studies undertaken with non-Apis species. The vast majority have been undertaken with bumble bees and Figure 5 shows that in many imidacloprid was used at concentrations in excess of the maximum rate reported in nectar although the study by Whitehorn et al (2012) using colonies dosed in the laboratory and Laycock et al (2012) using worker only microcolonies does report effects following dosing at field realistic rates. Figure 6 highlights that only a small number of studies have been undertaken in bumble bees with clothianidin and thiamethoxam and they do not show effects at field realistic rates. 2.6.3 Conclusion A large number of studies have been undertaken on the sublethal and chronic effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on bees using a number of different exposure scenarios and endpoints and by far the majority of the reported literature relates to imidacloprid that a large number of dosing studies have been conducted at dose rates and concentrations in excess of the reported maximum concentrations for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in nectar following use as seed treatments. Where effects were observed at or below rates of imidaclorpid close to the maximum reported in nectar only one appears to be a nonbiomarker effect at the colony level. There were far fewer studies with thiamethoxam and Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 45 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
none reported effects at or below the maximum field nectar residue reported following seed treatment. The vast majority of studies with non-Apis species have been undertaken with bumble bees and again in the majority imidacloprid was used at concentrations in excess of the maximum rate reported in nectar although 2 studies report effects following continuous dosing at field realistic rates. Only a small number of studies have been undertaken in bumble bees with clothianidin and thiamethoxam and they have not been reported to show effects at field realistic rates. Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 46 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
Page 1 and 2: Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees R
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1. Executive Summary .....
Page 5 and 6: (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidac
Page 7 and 8: why some immune competence effects
Page 9 and 10: metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid a
Page 11 and 12: Nectar collected by foragers from p
Page 13 and 14: 2. Introduction This literature rev
Page 15 and 16: 4. Results 2.1 Mode of Action and M
Page 17 and 18: and O-demethlase activity which is
Page 19 and 20: toxicity similar to imidacloprid an
Page 21 and 22: Table 1: Oral and contact 48 LD50 v
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. It is particularly true fo
Page 25 and 26: Incidentally, (Suchail et al., 2001
Page 27 and 28: Table 5:Summary of toxicity of neon
Page 29 and 30: Table 8: Showing published acute to
Page 31 and 32: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 37 and 38: 2.3 Multiple exposure to pesticides
Page 39 and 40: Insecticide Clothianidin Imidaclopr
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Interactions between neonicotin
Page 43 and 44: 2.5 Exposure of bees to pesticides
Page 45: contaminated pollen and nectar brou
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4. Comparison of reported ef
Page 51 and 52: Table 11 Overview of laboratory stu
Page 53 and 54: Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
Page 55 and 56: Compound tested Species 5hydroxymid
Page 57 and 58: Compound tested Species (Gaucho) Ap
Page 61 and 62: Compound tested Species ligustica t
Page 63 and 64: Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 65 and 66: Compound tested Species Fipronil (9
Page 67 and 68: Compound tested Species Fipronil Ap
Page 69 and 70: Table 16 Overview of semi-field, do
Page 83 and 84: Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 85 and 86: Compound tested Species (analytical
Page 87 and 88: Table 20 Overview of studies of the
Page 89 and 90: Compound tested species/subspecies
Page 97 and 98:
Compound tested species/subspecies
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Clothianidin (99.75% TG) Bombus imp
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Bombus terrestris oral/adults Thiam
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5. References References in bold ar
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Bernadou A, Damares F, Couret-Fauve
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Colin M, Bonmatin J, Moineau I, Gai
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EFSA (2012b) Public consultation on
Page 111 and 112:
Gauthier, M. (2010). State of the A
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Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, et al. (200
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Liu, M. Y. and J. E. Casida (1993).
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Nakajima C, Sakogawa T, Okayama A,
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Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera:
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Tomizawa, M. and I. Yamamoto (1993)
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Wu JY, Anelli CM, and Sheppard WS,
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14. Apis mellifera.mp. [mp=ab, bc,
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SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 1
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S21 486 S11 AND S19 S22 500316 ROUT
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COBOMBUS OR CERATINA OR ZADONTOMERU
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DEFRA hereby excludes all liability
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