Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...

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Insecticide Concentration Range Bee Type Pre-treatment Reference 6-Chloronicotinic >1000 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al., acid 2001a) Urea >1000 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al., 2001a) LC50 – Oral (duration not stated) Thiamethoxam 0.047 ng/mL Worker bees Not stated (Hashimoto et al., (newly emerged) 2003) Thiamethoxam 0.074 ng/mL Worker bees ( 7 Not stated (Hashimoto et al., days old) 2003) Thiamethoxam 0.081 ng/mL Worker bees (14 Not stated (Hashimoto et al., days old) 2003) Thiamethoxam 0.101 ng/mL Worker bees (21 Not stated (Hashimoto et al., days old) 2003) LC50 – Contact (duration not stated) Thiamethoxam 3.21 mg/mL Worker bees Not stated (Hashimoto et al., (newly emerged) 2003) Thiamethoxam 3.50 mg/mL Worker bees ( 7 Not stated (Hashimoto et al., days old) 2003) Thiamethoxam 4.51 mg/mL Worker bees (14 Not stated (Hashimoto et al., days old) 2003) Thiamethoxam >5.0 mg/mL Worker bees (21 Not stated (Hashimoto et al., days old) 2003) Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 35 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
2.3 Multiple exposure to pesticides (including substances used in bee medication) and potential additive and cumulative effects. See EFSA 2012 http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/340e.htm. The effect of exposure on the scale of synergy is important as many of the laboratory studies have been undertaken with high doses of synergists, e.g. 3-10 µg/bee and at more realistic exposure levels such high increases of toxicity have not been observed even under laboratory conditions (Defra report PS2368). Contact and oral dosing with combinations of a range of EBI fungicides at more realistic exposure levels and neonicotinoid insecticides showed only low levels of synergy at these lower fungicide exposures (Table 9 and Table 10). This is confirmed by semi-field studies with field rates of thiacloprid and tebuconazole and of acetamiprid and triflumizole in which no increase in mortality was observed (Iwasa et al., 2004b; Schmuck, Stadler et al. 2003). Based on the exposure scenarios identified in http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/340e.htm. the 90 th percentile exposure for a forager bee from a spray application of 1 Kg/ha fungicide would be 1.53 µg/bee from spray application and 3.63 µg/bee/day from nectar therefore for many of the EBI fungicides the maximum EU application rate is 250 g ai/Ha resulting in a 90 th percentile exposure of 0.38 µg/bee from spray and potentially a total including oral exposure of 1.3 µg/bee on the day of application. Defra project PS2368 assessed the impact of joint contact:contact and oral:oral exposures to a range of neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and thiacloprid) and EBI fungicides (flusilazole, myclobutanil, propiconazole and tebuconazole) at realistic fungicide exposure rates (extrapolated from Koch and Weisser, 1997). This showed only lower order increases in the toxicity of the neonicotinoids (up to 3 fold) but differences between effects following contact and oral exposures (Table 9 and Table 10). Four other non-EBI fungicides have been assessed for their effects on the toxicity of thiacloprid (Schmuck, Stadler et al. 2003). Cyprodinil (an anilinopyrimidine fungicide) at 8 µg/bee and tolyfluanid (a phenylsulfamide fungicide) at 11 µg/bee slightly increased the mortality assocated with a contact dose of 2 µg thiacloprid /bee from 3 to 20% and 3 to 13% respectively. Mancozeb (a dithiocarbamate fungicide) at 8 µg/bee and azoxystrobin (a methoxyacrylate stobilurin fungicide) at 3 µg/bee had no effect on the toxicity of a contact dose of 2 µg thiacloprid /bee. Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 36 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
Page 1 and 2: Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees R
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1. Executive Summary .....
Page 5 and 6: (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidac
Page 7 and 8: why some immune competence effects
Page 9 and 10: metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid a
Page 11 and 12: Nectar collected by foragers from p
Page 13 and 14: 2. Introduction This literature rev
Page 15 and 16: 4. Results 2.1 Mode of Action and M
Page 17 and 18: and O-demethlase activity which is
Page 19 and 20: toxicity similar to imidacloprid an
Page 21 and 22: Table 1: Oral and contact 48 LD50 v
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. It is particularly true fo
Page 25 and 26: Incidentally, (Suchail et al., 2001
Page 27 and 28: Table 5:Summary of toxicity of neon
Page 29 and 30: Table 8: Showing published acute to
Page 31 and 32: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 33 and 34: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 35: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 39 and 40: Insecticide Clothianidin Imidaclopr
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Interactions between neonicotin
Page 43 and 44: 2.5 Exposure of bees to pesticides
Page 45 and 46: contaminated pollen and nectar brou
Page 47 and 48: none reported effects at or below t
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4. Comparison of reported ef
Page 51 and 52: Table 11 Overview of laboratory stu
Page 53 and 54: Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
Page 55 and 56: Compound tested Species 5hydroxymid
Page 57 and 58: Compound tested Species (Gaucho) Ap
Page 61 and 62: Compound tested Species ligustica t
Page 63 and 64: Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 65 and 66: Compound tested Species Fipronil (9
Page 67 and 68: Compound tested Species Fipronil Ap
Page 69 and 70: Table 16 Overview of semi-field, do
Page 83 and 84: Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 85 and 86: Compound tested Species (analytical
Page 87 and 88:
Table 20 Overview of studies of the
Page 89 and 90:
Compound tested species/subspecies
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Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Clothianidin (99.75% TG) Bombus imp
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Bombus terrestris oral/adults Thiam
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5. References References in bold ar
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Bernadou A, Damares F, Couret-Fauve
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Colin M, Bonmatin J, Moineau I, Gai
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EFSA (2012b) Public consultation on
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Gauthier, M. (2010). State of the A
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Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, et al. (200
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Liu, M. Y. and J. E. Casida (1993).
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Nakajima C, Sakogawa T, Okayama A,
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Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera:
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Tomizawa, M. and I. Yamamoto (1993)
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Wu JY, Anelli CM, and Sheppard WS,
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14. Apis mellifera.mp. [mp=ab, bc,
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SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 1
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S21 486 S11 AND S19 S22 500316 ROUT
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COBOMBUS OR CERATINA OR ZADONTOMERU
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DEFRA hereby excludes all liability
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