Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...

Insecticide Concentration Range Bee Type Pre-treatment Reference
Imidacloprid 81.0 ng/bee 55.0-119.0 (95% CI) Worker Bees (Schmuck et al.,
2001
Imidacloprid 230.3 ng/bee Worker Bees (Schmuck et al.,
Imidacloprid (as
formulation
WG70)
Imidacloprid (as
formulation
(SC200)
242.6 ng/bee 173.3-353.4 (95%
CI)
Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 33 of 133
Report to Syngenta Ltd
2001
Worker Bees (Schmuck et al.,
2001
59.7 ng/bee 39.1-92.7 (95% CI) Worker Bees (Schmuck et al.,
2001
LD50 – 48 hours Indirect Contact (contact with contaminated surface)
Clothianidin 2.967 ng/µl 2.398-3.467 (95% Forager Bee Not stated (Laurino et al.,
CI)
2011)
Thiamethoxam4 3.313 ng/µl 2.786-3.806 (95% Forager Bee Not stated (Laurino et al.,
CI)
2011)
LD50 – 72 hours – Oral
Imidacloprid 37 ng/bee ± 10 (SD) Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al.,
(1 - 1000 ng/bee)
2001a)
Imidacloprid 70 ng/bee Worker Bees Not stated (Suchail et al.,
(1 - 1000 ng/bee)
2001b)
Imidacloprid 72.94 ng/bee 49.5 – 95.1 (95% CI) Apis mellifera Not stated (Laurino et al.,
(0.15 – 150 ppm)
ligustica
2010)
5-OH-Imidacloprid 206 ng/bee ± 3 (SD) Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al.,
2001a)
Olefin 29 ng/bee ± 3 (SD) Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al.,
2001a)
4.5 Di-OH- >1000 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al.,
Imidacloprid
2001a)
6-Chloronicotinic >1000 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al.,
acid
2001a)