Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...

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Insecticide SC200) Concentration Range Bee Type Pre-treatment Reference Imidacloprid 104.12 ng/bee 99.5 – 109.0 (95% Apis mellifera Not stated (Laurino et al., (0.15 – 150 ppm) CI) ligustica 2010) Olefin 28 ng/bee ± 19 (SD) Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al., 2001a) Olefine >36 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation up to 2 (Nauen et al., 2001; hr Schmuck et al., 2003) 5-OH-Imidacloprid 159 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation up to 2 (Nauen et al., 2001; hr Schmuck et al., 2003) 5-OH-Imidacloprid 258 ng/bee ± 7 (SD) Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al., 2001a) 5-OH-imidacloprid 153.5 125.9-196.9 (95% Worker Bees (Decourtye et al., CI) 2003) Di-OH- >49 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation up to 2 (Nauen et al., 2001; Imidacloprid hr Schmuck et al., 2003) 4.5 Di-OH- >1000 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al., Imidacloprid 2001a) Urea metabolite >99500 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation up to 2 (Nauen et al., 2001; hr Schmuck et al., 2003) Urea metabolite >1000 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al., 2001a) 6-Chloronicotinic >121500 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation up to 2 (Nauen et al., 2001; acid hr Schmuck et al., 2003) 6-Chloronicotinic >1000 ng/bee Worker Bees Starvation 2 hours (Suchail et al., acid 2001a) Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 31 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
Insecticide Concentration Range Bee Type Pre-treatment Reference Clothianidin 2.689 ng/bee 1.749-3.679 (95% Forager Bee Not stated (Laurino et al., CI) 2011) Clothianidin 4.32 ng/bee 3.86 – 4.65 (95% CI) Apis mellifera Not stated (Laurino et al., ligustica 2010) Thiamethoxam 4.411 ng/bee 3.612-5.252 (95% Forager Bee Not stated (Laurino et al., CI) 2011) Thiamethoxam 3.34 ng/bee 2.7 – 4.2 (95% CI) Apis mellifera Not stated (Laurino et al., ligustica 2010) LD50 48 hours – Contact (applied directly to the bee) Imidacloprid 61.0 ng/bee 26.0-90.0 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Nauen et al., 2001; (40-154 ng/bee) Schmuck et al., 2003 Imidacloprid (40-154 ng/bee) 50.0 ng/bee 9.1-71.0 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Nauen et al., 2001; Schmuck et al., 2003 Imidacloprid 42.0 ng/bee 20.0–59.0 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Nauen et al., 2001; (40-154 ng/bee) Schmuck et al., 2003 Imidacloprid 42.9 ng/bee 34.6-53.2 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Nauen et al., 2001; (40-154 ng/bee) Schmuck et al., 2003 Imidacloprid 74.9 ng/bee 61.8-90.9 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Nauen et al., 2001; (40-154 ng/bee) Schmuck et al., 2003 Imidacloprid 6.7 ng/bee 4.4-9.0 (95% CI) Worker Bees (A. m. mellifera) CO2 anaesthesia (Suchail et al., 2000 Imidacloprid 24.3 ng/bee 22.0-26.6 (95% CI) Worker Bees (A. m. mellifera) CO2 anaesthesia (Suchail et al., 2000 Imidacloprid 12.8 ng/bee 9.7-15.9 (95% CI) Worker Bees (A. m. caucasica) CO2 anaesthesia (Suchail et al., 2000 Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 32 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
Page 1 and 2: Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees R
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1. Executive Summary .....
Page 5 and 6: (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidac
Page 7 and 8: why some immune competence effects
Page 9 and 10: metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid a
Page 11 and 12: Nectar collected by foragers from p
Page 13 and 14: 2. Introduction This literature rev
Page 15 and 16: 4. Results 2.1 Mode of Action and M
Page 17 and 18: and O-demethlase activity which is
Page 19 and 20: toxicity similar to imidacloprid an
Page 21 and 22: Table 1: Oral and contact 48 LD50 v
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. It is particularly true fo
Page 25 and 26: Incidentally, (Suchail et al., 2001
Page 27 and 28: Table 5:Summary of toxicity of neon
Page 29 and 30: Table 8: Showing published acute to
Page 31: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 35 and 36: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 37 and 38: 2.3 Multiple exposure to pesticides
Page 39 and 40: Insecticide Clothianidin Imidaclopr
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Interactions between neonicotin
Page 43 and 44: 2.5 Exposure of bees to pesticides
Page 45 and 46: contaminated pollen and nectar brou
Page 47 and 48: none reported effects at or below t
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4. Comparison of reported ef
Page 51 and 52: Table 11 Overview of laboratory stu
Page 53 and 54: Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
Page 55 and 56: Compound tested Species 5hydroxymid
Page 57 and 58: Compound tested Species (Gaucho) Ap
Page 61 and 62: Compound tested Species ligustica t
Page 63 and 64: Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 65 and 66: Compound tested Species Fipronil (9
Page 67 and 68: Compound tested Species Fipronil Ap
Page 69 and 70: Table 16 Overview of semi-field, do
Page 83 and 84:
Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 85 and 86:
Compound tested Species (analytical
Page 87 and 88:
Table 20 Overview of studies of the
Page 89 and 90:
Compound tested species/subspecies
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Clothianidin (99.75% TG) Bombus imp
Page 101 and 102:
Bombus terrestris oral/adults Thiam
Page 103 and 104:
5. References References in bold ar
Page 105 and 106:
Bernadou A, Damares F, Couret-Fauve
Page 107 and 108:
Colin M, Bonmatin J, Moineau I, Gai
Page 109 and 110:
EFSA (2012b) Public consultation on
Page 111 and 112:
Gauthier, M. (2010). State of the A
Page 113 and 114:
Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, et al. (200
Page 115 and 116:
Liu, M. Y. and J. E. Casida (1993).
Page 117 and 118:
Nakajima C, Sakogawa T, Okayama A,
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Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera:
Page 121 and 122:
Tomizawa, M. and I. Yamamoto (1993)
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Wu JY, Anelli CM, and Sheppard WS,
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14. Apis mellifera.mp. [mp=ab, bc,
Page 127 and 128:
SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 1
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S21 486 S11 AND S19 S22 500316 ROUT
Page 131 and 132:
COBOMBUS OR CERATINA OR ZADONTOMERU
Page 133:
DEFRA hereby excludes all liability
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