Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...

Insecticide Concentration Range Bee Type Pre-treatment Reference
Imidacloprid 6.7 ng/bee 5.2-8.2 (95% CI) Worker Bees (A. CO2 anaesthesia (Suchail et al.,
m. mellifera)
2000)
Imidacloprid 23.8 ng/bee 22.3-25.3 (95% CI) Worker Bees (A. CO2 anaesthesia (Suchail et al.,
m. mellifera)
2000)
Imidacloprid 15.1 ng/bee 11.9-18.3 (95% CI) Worker Bees (A.
m. caucasica)
CO2 anaesthesia (Suchail et al.,
2000)
Imidacloprid 27 ng/bee Apis cerana indica CO2 anaesthesia (Jeyalakshmi et al.,
17.8% SL (5 – 52
ng/bee)
2011)
Nitenpyram 0.138 µg/bee 0.0717-0.259 (95%
CI)
Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Iwasa et al., 2004)
Thiacloprid 14.6 µg/bee 9.53-25.4 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Iwasa et al., 2004)
Dinotefuran 75.0 ng/bee 62.8-89.6 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Iwasa et al., 2004)
Clothianidin 21.8 ng/bee 10.2-46.5 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Iwasa et al., 2004)
Clothianidin 50% 14 ng/bee Apis cerana indica CO2 anaesthesia (Jeyalakshmi et al.,
WDG
2011)
Thiamethoxam 29.9 ng/bee 20.8-42.9 (95% CI) Worker Bees CO2 anaesthesia (Iwasa et al., 2004)
Thiamethoxam 26 ng/bee Apis cerana indica CO2 anaesthesia (Jeyalakshmi et al.,
2011)
LD50 – 24 hours – Indirect Contact (contact with contaminated surface)
Clothianidin 4.485 ng/µl 3.820-5.167 (95% Forager Bee Not stated (Laurino et al.,
CI)
2011)
Imidacloprid 0.10 ppm 0.015-0.63 (Fiducial Worker bees Starvation 2 hours (Singh and
(dose range to
give 10-90%
mortality after 24
hrs)
Limits)
Karnatak, 2005)
Thiamethoxam 5.200 ng/µl 4.302-6.227 (95% Forager Bee Not stated (Laurino et al.,
CI)
2011)
Thiamethoxam 15.16 ppm 2.84-97.00 (Fiducial Worker bees Starvation 2 hours (Singh and
Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees
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