Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...

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Figure 1: Relationship between dose applied and residue after 4 hours in bees dosed by contact and oral exposure with imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid (from Defra report PS2548 and PS2549). There is a greater degree of variability within the published data than is evident from Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 21 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
Table 1. It is particularly true for imidacloprid which has been extensively reported within the literature; Table 2 shows 48 hour oral LD50 values ranging from 3.7 to over 109 ng/bee with values as high as 400 ng/bee identified at Fera (Defra project PS2368). Table 2: Mean, maximum and minimum LD50 values for imidacloprid in honeybees (Apis sp), compiled from published data that is expressed as ng/bee (Table 1). Exposure route Exposure time (hours) Mean LD50 (ng/bee) n Max – Min (ng/bee) Oral 24 112.7 5 191.0 – 3.2 48 44.3 14 109.6 – 3.7 72 64.0 5 97.4 – 31 96 43.5 2 50 - 37 Contact 24 15.9 4 23.8 – 6.7 48 80.6 11 242.6 – 6.7 72 104.0 1 n/a Variability could be due to a number of factors, such as different test conditions, honeybee species, and/or timing in the season. Inter-laboratory variation was highlighted by Nauen et al., (2001) and Schmuck et al., (2003) who presented data on 48 hour acute oral toxicity for imidacloprid provided by laboratories in Germany and the United Kingdom following internationally adopted guidelines (EPPO 170, 1992). LD50 values ranged 2 fold (Table 3, Table 8). Hashimoto et al., (2003) found that oral LC50 values for thiamethoxam were 0.047 ng/mL for newly emerged worker bees increasing to 0.101 ng/mL for 21 day old worker bees. A similar pattern was seen with contact LC50 ranging from 3.21 mg/mL in newly emerged worker bees to 4.51 mg/mL in 14 day old worker bees however the experimental details do not allow the study to be fully reconstructed. Table 3: Acute contact toxicity (48 hours) of imidacloprid to honeybees derived by different laboratories using honeybees from different apiaries. Based on data presented by (Nauen et al., 2001; Schmuck et al., 2003) Contact LD50 ng/bee 95 % confidence limits Test Period Origin of Honeybees 61.0 26.0 – 90.0 May 2000 Germany II 50 9.1 – 71.0 May 2000 United Kingdom 42.0 20.0 – 59.0 May 2000 Germany III 42.9 34.6 – 53.2 May 2000 Germany IV 74.9 61.8 – 90.9 July 2000 Germany V Inter-hive variablity was studied by Laurino et al., (2010) who looked at acute oral toxicity of clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on three different strains of the Italian honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) by using bees from three different hives. Other factors such as methodology and timing were standardised. Variation between the three hives was small (Table 4), and the toxicity of the three neonicotinoids tested is in line with other published Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 22 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
Page 1 and 2: Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees R
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1. Executive Summary .....
Page 5 and 6: (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidac
Page 7 and 8: why some immune competence effects
Page 9 and 10: metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid a
Page 11 and 12: Nectar collected by foragers from p
Page 13 and 14: 2. Introduction This literature rev
Page 15 and 16: 4. Results 2.1 Mode of Action and M
Page 17 and 18: and O-demethlase activity which is
Page 19 and 20: toxicity similar to imidacloprid an
Page 21: Table 1: Oral and contact 48 LD50 v
Page 25 and 26: Incidentally, (Suchail et al., 2001
Page 27 and 28: Table 5:Summary of toxicity of neon
Page 29 and 30: Table 8: Showing published acute to
Page 31 and 32: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 37 and 38: 2.3 Multiple exposure to pesticides
Page 39 and 40: Insecticide Clothianidin Imidaclopr
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Interactions between neonicotin
Page 43 and 44: 2.5 Exposure of bees to pesticides
Page 45 and 46: contaminated pollen and nectar brou
Page 47 and 48: none reported effects at or below t
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4. Comparison of reported ef
Page 51 and 52: Table 11 Overview of laboratory stu
Page 53 and 54: Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
Page 55 and 56: Compound tested Species 5hydroxymid
Page 57 and 58: Compound tested Species (Gaucho) Ap
Page 61 and 62: Compound tested Species ligustica t
Page 63 and 64: Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 65 and 66: Compound tested Species Fipronil (9
Page 67 and 68: Compound tested Species Fipronil Ap
Page 69 and 70: Table 16 Overview of semi-field, do
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Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
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Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
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Compound tested Species (analytical
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Table 20 Overview of studies of the
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Compound tested species/subspecies
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Clothianidin (99.75% TG) Bombus imp
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Bombus terrestris oral/adults Thiam
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5. References References in bold ar
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Bernadou A, Damares F, Couret-Fauve
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Colin M, Bonmatin J, Moineau I, Gai
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EFSA (2012b) Public consultation on
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Gauthier, M. (2010). State of the A
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Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, et al. (200
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Liu, M. Y. and J. E. Casida (1993).
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Nakajima C, Sakogawa T, Okayama A,
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Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera:
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Tomizawa, M. and I. Yamamoto (1993)
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Wu JY, Anelli CM, and Sheppard WS,
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14. Apis mellifera.mp. [mp=ab, bc,
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SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 1
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S21 486 S11 AND S19 S22 500316 ROUT
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COBOMBUS OR CERATINA OR ZADONTOMERU
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DEFRA hereby excludes all liability
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