Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees - The Food and Environment ...

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treatments. Where effects were observed at or below rates of imidaclorpid close to the maximum reported in nectar only one appears to be a non-biomarker effect at the colony level. There were far fewer studies with thiamethoxam and none reported effects at or below the maximum field nectar residue reported following seed treatment. The vast majority of studies with non-Apis species have been undertaken with bumble bees and again in the majority imidacloprid was used at concentrations in excess of the maximum rate reported in nectar although 2 studies report effects following continuous dosing at field realistic rates. Only a small number of studies have been undertaken in bumble bees with clothianidin and thiamethoxam and they have not been reported to show effects at field realistic rates. Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 11 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
2. Introduction This literature review encompasses specific aspects of Neonicotinoid pesticide impacts on bees: 1. Mode of action and metabolism of neonicotinoids in bees 2. Acute toxicity of neonicotinoids 3. Synergism between neonicotinoids and other pesticides (update EFSA review) 4. Interactions between neonicotinoids and disease (update EFSA review) 5. Exposure (update EFSA review) including available data from incident monitoring schemes key differences from honeybees including available data from incident monitoring schemes 6. Sublethal and chronic effects of neonicotinoids, Sections 3-5 draw heavily on the EFSA review (2012) http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/340e.htm and are not reproduced here The key considerations in compiling the data were: To primarily concentrate on European data Where already covered in recent EFSA review (Thompson 2012) provide any additional information, e.g. more recent papers How much can be toxicity and exposure be extrapolated from honeybees to other bees- what are the key differences – can these be quantified? Can the exposure data in the sublethal/chronic studies be compared to estimated field exposure? Neonicotinoid pesticides and bees Page 12 of 133 Report to Syngenta Ltd
Page 1 and 2: Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees R
Page 3 and 4: Contents 1. Executive Summary .....
Page 5 and 6: (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidac
Page 7 and 8: why some immune competence effects
Page 9 and 10: metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid a
Page 11: Nectar collected by foragers from p
Page 15 and 16: 4. Results 2.1 Mode of Action and M
Page 17 and 18: and O-demethlase activity which is
Page 19 and 20: toxicity similar to imidacloprid an
Page 21 and 22: Table 1: Oral and contact 48 LD50 v
Page 23 and 24: Table 1. It is particularly true fo
Page 25 and 26: Incidentally, (Suchail et al., 2001
Page 27 and 28: Table 5:Summary of toxicity of neon
Page 29 and 30: Table 8: Showing published acute to
Page 31 and 32: Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
Page 37 and 38: 2.3 Multiple exposure to pesticides
Page 39 and 40: Insecticide Clothianidin Imidaclopr
Page 41 and 42: 2.4 Interactions between neonicotin
Page 43 and 44: 2.5 Exposure of bees to pesticides
Page 45 and 46: contaminated pollen and nectar brou
Page 47 and 48: none reported effects at or below t
Page 49 and 50: Figure 4. Comparison of reported ef
Page 51 and 52: Table 11 Overview of laboratory stu
Page 53 and 54: Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
Page 55 and 56: Compound tested Species 5hydroxymid
Page 57 and 58: Compound tested Species (Gaucho) Ap
Page 59 and 60: Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
Page 61 and 62: Compound tested Species ligustica t
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Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
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Compound tested Species Fipronil (9
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Compound tested Species Fipronil Ap
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Table 16 Overview of semi-field, do
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Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
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Page 79 and 80:
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Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
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Compound tested Species (analytical
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Table 20 Overview of studies of the
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Compound tested species/subspecies
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Clothianidin (99.75% TG) Bombus imp
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Bombus terrestris oral/adults Thiam
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5. References References in bold ar
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Bernadou A, Damares F, Couret-Fauve
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Colin M, Bonmatin J, Moineau I, Gai
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EFSA (2012b) Public consultation on
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Gauthier, M. (2010). State of the A
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Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, et al. (200
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Liu, M. Y. and J. E. Casida (1993).
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Nakajima C, Sakogawa T, Okayama A,
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Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera:
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Tomizawa, M. and I. Yamamoto (1993)
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Wu JY, Anelli CM, and Sheppard WS,
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14. Apis mellifera.mp. [mp=ab, bc,
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SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 1
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S21 486 S11 AND S19 S22 500316 ROUT
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COBOMBUS OR CERATINA OR ZADONTOMERU
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DEFRA hereby excludes all liability
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