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Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Bees R
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Contents 1. Executive Summary .....
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(thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidac
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why some immune competence effects
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metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid a
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Nectar collected by foragers from p
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2. Introduction This literature rev
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4. Results 2.1 Mode of Action and M
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and O-demethlase activity which is
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toxicity similar to imidacloprid an
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Table 1: Oral and contact 48 LD50 v
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Table 1. It is particularly true fo
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Incidentally, (Suchail et al., 2001
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Table 5:Summary of toxicity of neon
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Table 8: Showing published acute to
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Insecticide Concentration Range Bee
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2.3 Multiple exposure to pesticides
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Insecticide Clothianidin Imidaclopr
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2.4 Interactions between neonicotin
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2.5 Exposure of bees to pesticides
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contaminated pollen and nectar brou
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none reported effects at or below t
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Figure 4. Comparison of reported ef
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Table 11 Overview of laboratory stu
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Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
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Compound tested Species 5hydroxymid
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Compound tested Species (Gaucho) Ap
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Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
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Compound tested Species ligustica t
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Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
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Compound tested Species Fipronil (9
Page 67 and 68: Compound tested Species Fipronil Ap
Page 69 and 70: Table 16 Overview of semi-field, do
Page 71 and 72: Compound tested Species Imidaclopri
Page 83 and 84: Compound tested Species Thiamethoxa
Page 85 and 86: Compound tested Species (analytical
Page 87 and 88: Table 20 Overview of studies of the
Page 89 and 90: Compound tested species/subspecies
Page 99 and 100: Clothianidin (99.75% TG) Bombus imp
Page 101 and 102: Bombus terrestris oral/adults Thiam
Page 103 and 104: 5. References References in bold ar
Page 105 and 106: Bernadou A, Damares F, Couret-Fauve
Page 107 and 108: Colin M, Bonmatin J, Moineau I, Gai
Page 109 and 110: EFSA (2012b) Public consultation on
Page 111 and 112: Gauthier, M. (2010). State of the A
Page 113 and 114: Iwasa, T., N. Motoyama, et al. (200
Page 115 and 116: Liu, M. Y. and J. E. Casida (1993).
Page 117: Nakajima C, Sakogawa T, Okayama A,
Page 121 and 122: Tomizawa, M. and I. Yamamoto (1993)
Page 123 and 124: Wu JY, Anelli CM, and Sheppard WS,
Page 125 and 126: 14. Apis mellifera.mp. [mp=ab, bc,
Page 127 and 128: SYSTEM:OS - DIALOG OneSearch File 1
Page 129 and 130: S21 486 S11 AND S19 S22 500316 ROUT
Page 131 and 132: COBOMBUS OR CERATINA OR ZADONTOMERU
Page 133: DEFRA hereby excludes all liability
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