International procects for Seismic Risk Reduction in Romania, D ...
International procects for Seismic Risk Reduction in Romania, D ...
International procects for Seismic Risk Reduction in Romania, D ...
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COST C26: Urban Habitat Constructions under Catastrophic Events<br />
WG2 Meet<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Timisoara, 26-27 October, 2007<br />
<strong>International</strong> Projects <strong>for</strong> <strong>Seismic</strong><br />
<strong>Risk</strong> <strong>Reduction</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
D. Lungu, R. Vacareanu, C. Arion, A. Aldea<br />
Technical University of Civil Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, Bucharest
1802, 1829 and 1838 earthquakes<br />
Voyage dans la Russie Méridionale et la Crimée par la<br />
Hongrie, la Valachie et la Moldavie<br />
par M. A. de Démidoff<br />
Illustré par Raffet<br />
E. Bourd<strong>in</strong>, éditeur Paris. 1841 & 1854, page 144.<br />
On conserve encore le souvenir du tremblement de terre de 1802, qui<br />
renversa la tour du monastère de Koltza; de celui de 1829, qui ébranla<br />
<strong>for</strong>tement la plupart des édifices de Bucarest. Depuis que ces lignes<br />
sont écrites, une secousse plus violente que toutes celles * dont<br />
le souvenir attriste encore le pays, a pensé engloutir Bucarest.<br />
Tout à coup, le 11-23 janvier 1838, c'était le soir, la ville s'ébranle;<br />
les plus solides monuments chancellent; plusieurs maisons s'écroulent;<br />
toutes son endommagées, et, dans tout ces ravages,<br />
plusieurs hommes perdent la vie.<br />
* 1802; 1829
Nov. 10, 1940 earthquake<br />
M GR = 7.4; M w = 7.7<br />
At least 350 deaths <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
Collapse of Carlton Build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong><br />
Bucharest<br />
- 11 storey, h = 47 m<br />
- RC frame<br />
- 130 death<br />
Important damage <strong>in</strong> Chis<strong>in</strong>au,<br />
R. of Moldova
March 4, 1977 earthquake<br />
M w = 7.5 ; h = 109 km<br />
Killed 1,578 people (1424 <strong>in</strong> Bucharest)<br />
Injured 11,221 people (7598 <strong>in</strong> Bucharest)<br />
• Destroyed or seriously damaged 33,000 hous<strong>in</strong>g units and<br />
caused lesser damage to 182,000 other dwell<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
• Destroyed 11 hospitals and damaged 448 others hospitals, etc.<br />
The World Bank estimation of losses (Report 16.P-2240-RO, 1978):<br />
• Total losses <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong> : 2.05 billion USD (100%)<br />
Construction losses : 1.42 (70%)<br />
Build<strong>in</strong>g and hous<strong>in</strong>g losses : 1.02 (50%)
1977 earthquake <strong>in</strong> Bucharest
1977 earthquake <strong>in</strong> Bucharest
Elefterie Church, Bucharest
World Bank report<br />
“Preventable Losses: Sav<strong>in</strong>g Lives and Property through Hazard<br />
<strong>Risk</strong> Management”<br />
Strategic Framework <strong>for</strong> reduc<strong>in</strong>g the Social and Economic Impact of<br />
Earthquake, Flood and Landslide Hazards <strong>in</strong> the Europe and Central Asia<br />
Region<br />
Draft, May 2004<br />
• <strong>Romania</strong> is regarded as one the most seismically active countries <strong>in</strong><br />
Europe<br />
• Bucharest is one of the 10 most vulnerable cities <strong>in</strong> the world.
Recommendations <strong>for</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
• Upgrade the legal framework <strong>for</strong> hazard specific management;<br />
• Review the exist<strong>in</strong>g build<strong>in</strong>gs code <strong>for</strong> the retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g of vulnerable<br />
build<strong>in</strong>gs;<br />
• Conduct a comprehensive public awareness campaign <strong>for</strong> the<br />
earthquake risk;<br />
• Invest <strong>in</strong> hazard mitigation activities <strong>in</strong> order to reduce the risks<br />
caused by earthquakes;<br />
• Develop f<strong>in</strong>anc<strong>in</strong>g strategy <strong>for</strong> catastrophic events.
Strengthen<strong>in</strong>g of “seismic risk class 1” build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
<strong>Seismic</strong> risk class Matrix<br />
Vulnerability<br />
Importance and exposure class<br />
class I II III IV<br />
i 1 1 2 3<br />
ii 1 2 3 3<br />
iii 3<br />
“<strong>Seismic</strong> risk class 1<br />
build<strong>in</strong>gs”<br />
Build<strong>in</strong>g to be immediately retrofitted!
Central Bucharest: 123 build<strong>in</strong>gs built prior to 1945 and<br />
listed as hav<strong>in</strong>g seismic risk class 1 <strong>in</strong> case of a strong<br />
earthquake, Mw≥7.5<br />
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ArcView GIS 3.2 - ESRI Cali<strong>for</strong>nia<br />
0.5 1 Kilometers<br />
RUMOASA<br />
ZAVILLAN LUIGI<br />
RIGO RIGORE -Prof.<br />
LEMNEA<br />
MOXA MIHAIL<br />
PROGRESULUI<br />
DONA NICOLAE - General<br />
SCHIT HITU MAGUREANU<br />
AUR ORA<br />
GRADINA CU CAI<br />
INDEPENDENTEI<br />
IORGA NICOLAE<br />
TOMESCU TOMA - Doctor<br />
PUTIUL -CU-PLOPI<br />
AMMAN<br />
SPIRU HARET<br />
VICTORIEI<br />
KOGALNICEANU MIHAIL<br />
NATIUNILOR UNITE<br />
SFINTUL SAVA<br />
URSEANU VASILE - Amiral<br />
NIC OLAE-IORGA<br />
B ANULUI<br />
IORGA NICOLAE<br />
LUTERANA<br />
DR.V.SIMION<br />
SIPOTUL FINTINILOR<br />
GUTEMBERG<br />
BRE ZOIANU ION<br />
VISARION<br />
CRISTIAN TELL -General<br />
BISERICA AMZEI<br />
BISERICA AMZEI<br />
BREZOIAN IANU ION<br />
MARCOVICI ALEXANDRU - Doctor<br />
RADU-ILIE<br />
VIGILENTEI SAPIENTEI<br />
N<br />
BRUTUS M.I.<br />
ZALOMIT ION<br />
SALIGNY ANGHE L - Ing<strong>in</strong>er<br />
POLITIE<br />
ORIZONTULUI<br />
ADEREA BASTILIEI<br />
PIATA-AMZEI<br />
CRETULE SCU NICOLAE<br />
VRACA GEORGE<br />
MIHAI-VODA<br />
PERI<br />
MENDELEEV D. I.<br />
GIURESCU DIMITRIE - Maior<br />
ENESCU GEORGE<br />
EPISCOPIEI<br />
GOLESCU NICOLAE<br />
C-TIN-EXARCU<br />
FRANKLIN BENJANIM<br />
MILLE CONSTANTIN<br />
DOMNITA ANASTASIA<br />
ILFOV<br />
EFORIEI<br />
MIHAI VODA<br />
RIUREANU - Doctor<br />
BELDIMAN ALEXA NDRU<br />
DOROBANTI<br />
BROSTENI<br />
EMINESCU MIHAI<br />
DA<br />
SLAVESTI<br />
BALABAN EMIL - Ing<strong>in</strong>er<br />
POLONA<br />
FILIPIDE ALEXANDRU<br />
N ION-Erou<br />
DROBETA<br />
DACIA ACIA<br />
LEONIDA<br />
RUSSO ALECU<br />
COMANITA<br />
URALILUMINEI<br />
MAGHERU GH EORGHE - Gen.<br />
ROSETTI C.A.<br />
B OTEANU<br />
ARHITECTUR<br />
MECHELET<br />
DOBRESCU ION<br />
URII<br />
VICTORIA<br />
COMEDIA<br />
MAJESTIC<br />
BIJUTERIEI<br />
STAVROPOLEOS<br />
POSTEI<br />
FILITTI C. ION<br />
TI<br />
PICTOR-VERONA<br />
G-RAL-GH.MAGHERU<br />
BRIE<br />
13-DECEMBRIE<br />
CARADA EU GENIU<br />
A CADEMIEI<br />
MANDINESTI<br />
P ITAR M OS<br />
S ELARI<br />
CONTA VASILE<br />
SMIRDAN<br />
GRIGORESCU<br />
LUPU DIONISIE<br />
FILIPESCU NICOLAE<br />
BALCESCU NICOLAE<br />
COVACI<br />
ARGHEZI TUDOR<br />
SAHIA ALE X.(CALDERON JEAN L.)<br />
ICOANEI<br />
XENOPO L ALEXANDRU<br />
SCOALEI<br />
BLANDUZIEI<br />
DOAMNEI<br />
BLANARI<br />
BATISTEI<br />
BRATIANU I.C.<br />
DUMBRAVA ROSIE<br />
ROSETTI C.A.<br />
tor<br />
IOANID GHE.-pictor<br />
SLANIC<br />
BARAT<br />
SFINTUL SPIRIDON<br />
CARAGIALE ION LUCA<br />
ITALIANA<br />
JEAN L.)<br />
COLTEI<br />
BOTEZ CORNELIU<br />
S CHITU DARVARI<br />
BACALOGU EMANOIL-doctor or<br />
DIANEI<br />
ORBESCU DIMITRIE<br />
DONICI ALE XANDRU<br />
ROSETTI MARIA<br />
ITALIANA<br />
SPER PERANTEI<br />
CAIMATEI<br />
SAGETII I<br />
ICOANEI<br />
MOV ILA ION<br />
XANDRA<br />
DONICI ALEXANDRU<br />
LASC AR VASILE(FOSTA GALATI)<br />
L UCA STROICI - L ogofat<br />
MATEI MILLO ARMENEASCA<br />
LIPSCANI<br />
QUINET EDGAR<br />
LIPSCANI<br />
30 DECEM<br />
ION NIS TOR<br />
GHICA ION<br />
BACANI<br />
UNIVERSITATII<br />
LIPSCANI<br />
GABROVENI<br />
REPUBLICII<br />
MAVROGHENI NICOLAE<br />
PATRASCU VODA<br />
BANIEI<br />
SAHIA ALEX.(CALDERON JE<br />
LIPSCANI<br />
ROSETTI C.A .<br />
TREI SCAUNE<br />
CAVAFII VECHI<br />
BAIA DE FIE R<br />
SF. VINERI<br />
SFINTILOR<br />
H.BOTEV<br />
PALEOLOGU<br />
STELEA SPATARUL<br />
SF.MINA<br />
AA RCULUI R<br />
POPA RUSU<br />
O COLULUI<br />
SEVCENCO TARAS ARAS<br />
LOG.STROICI<br />
SERGHIESCU MARIN<br />
CERNICA<br />
ZBORULUI<br />
CALARASI<br />
VERMONT - Pictor<br />
CULMEA VECHE<br />
MENEASCA<br />
PASULUI<br />
RASURI<br />
PACIUREA DIMITRIE<br />
ROSETTI MARIA<br />
ARME<br />
CALOTESTI<br />
VIITORULUI<br />
LATINA<br />
LICURG<br />
NEGUSTORI<br />
PALEOLOGU<br />
COLUMBELOR<br />
TOAMNEI<br />
FRANZELARILOR<br />
LUCHIAN STEFAN - Pictor<br />
MINTULEASA<br />
IONESCU CRISTEA<br />
URSU ION-Prof.<br />
VERII<br />
POPA SOARE<br />
UDRISTE LOGOFAT<br />
SSIMA - Profesor<br />
ARMONIEI<br />
SALCIMILOR<br />
S ILVESTRU<br />
SPATARULUI<br />
CERCULUI<br />
CORBENI<br />
DOMNESTI<br />
ROMANO - Pictor<br />
ROMULUS<br />
RAMULUS<br />
TOPLICENI<br />
LU LUNII<br />
TIBANA<br />
MONUME NTULUI LUI<br />
MALNAS<br />
POPA PETRE<br />
ARDELE NI<br />
PRECUPETII VECHI<br />
SUVENIR<br />
OLTARULUI<br />
VENEREI<br />
RACOVITA DIMITRIE<br />
M INTULESA<br />
PRISTOLULUI<br />
IULIU<br />
REMUS<br />
PREPELITEI<br />
IPATESCU GRIGORE - General<br />
S FINTUL STEFAN<br />
BOBEICA<br />
VALORII<br />
COBILITEI<br />
VIR VIROAGEI<br />
BASARAB MATEI<br />
ACELARI<br />
IERNII<br />
D RAGOS VODA<br />
ARGES<br />
ZECE MESE<br />
ENERGIEI<br />
RUMEOARA<br />
REPUBLICII<br />
AVRAM IAN ANCU<br />
SECUREI<br />
PREOT-VASILE-LUCACI<br />
LABIRINT<br />
General<br />
MIHAI BRAVU<br />
PESTERII<br />
CAV NIC<br />
RADU - Episcopul<br />
ONCIUL DIMITRIE<br />
TRAIAN<br />
OLARI<br />
PLANTELOR<br />
MIHAILEANU STEFAN<br />
ZEFIRULUI<br />
BURGH EL EA - Docto r<br />
FETITELOR<br />
CONSTA NTINESCU MITRITA - Pr of.<br />
MOSILOR R<br />
VASELOR<br />
S TUPINEI<br />
IANCU - Capitanul<br />
IANCU CAVALE<br />
PO
Balcescu 25 (Wilson) Calea Victoriei 124 Calea Victoriei 25<br />
Calea Victoriei 95 Balcescu 32-34 Balcescu 30<br />
Balcescu 7 Calea Victoriei 33-35<br />
Total: Total: 26 26 26 tall<br />
tall<br />
re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced concrete<br />
concrete<br />
build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
<strong>Seismic</strong> risk<br />
class 1 build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
on the most<br />
important two<br />
boulevards <strong>in</strong><br />
central<br />
Bucharest
Strengthen<strong>in</strong>g of 9 storey residential build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>in</strong> central Bucharest<br />
March 2007, after ≈≈≈≈ ≈≈≈≈ 10yr of actions:<br />
10 build<strong>in</strong>gs are fully retrofitted<br />
11 build<strong>in</strong>gs are under retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
42 build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g design<br />
stage or under contract<strong>in</strong>g the design
Fragile tall RC<br />
build<strong>in</strong>gs with soft<br />
and weak<br />
groundfloor, built<br />
<strong>in</strong> Bucharest,<br />
1960-1977
Fragile 7-story RC<br />
frame build<strong>in</strong>g with<br />
soft and weak<br />
groundfloor, built<br />
<strong>in</strong> ’60s, Stefan cel<br />
Mare Boulevard<br />
Fragile 7-story RC frame build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
with soft and weak groundfloor,<br />
after 1977 seismic event, Stefan<br />
cel Mare Boulevard
Bucharest: 26 Cultural Heritage Palaces<br />
(National Institute <strong>for</strong> Historical Monuments, List 2004)<br />
<strong>Seismic</strong> vulnerability/risk class 1 palaces:<br />
•Multistory steel structures: - M<strong>in</strong>istry of Transport<br />
(to be retrofitted)<br />
- Telephone Palace<br />
(retrofitted)<br />
Multistory re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced concrete<br />
structures: - <strong>Romania</strong>n Government Palace<br />
(to be retrofitted)<br />
- City Hall, Sector 1<br />
(to be retrofitted)<br />
Masonry and re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced<br />
Masonry and re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced<br />
concrete build<strong>in</strong>gs: - Palace of Justice<br />
(retrofitted)<br />
- Royal Palace i.e. The National<br />
Museum of Art of <strong>Romania</strong><br />
(partially retrofitted, to be retrofitted)
<strong>International</strong> projects <strong>for</strong> seismic risk mitigation <strong>in</strong><br />
<strong>Romania</strong><br />
• JICA Project - <strong>Reduction</strong> of seismic risk <strong>for</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs and structures<br />
<strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
• CRC 461 Project – Vrancea Earthquakes. Tectonics, Hazard and <strong>Risk</strong><br />
Mitigation<br />
• RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with<br />
applications to different European town<br />
• PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical Build<strong>in</strong>gs by<br />
Reversible Mixed Technologies<br />
• World Bank Hazard and risk mitigation <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
- Component B: Earthquake <strong>Risk</strong> <strong>Reduction</strong><br />
• NATO Project- Harmonization of <strong>Seismic</strong> Hazard <strong>Risk</strong> and<br />
<strong>Reduction</strong> <strong>in</strong> Countries Influenced by Vrancea Earthquakes
JICA PROJECT - <strong>Reduction</strong> of seismic risk <strong>for</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
and structures <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
• Project signed <strong>in</strong> 2002, when 100 years of diplomatic relations between<br />
Japan and <strong>Romania</strong> were celebrated<br />
Partnership of 3 <strong>in</strong>stitutions:<br />
NCSRR, National Center <strong>for</strong> <strong>Seismic</strong> <strong>Risk</strong> <strong>Reduction</strong> –<br />
implement<strong>in</strong>g agency<br />
UTCB, Technical University of Civil Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g Bucharest<br />
INCERC, National Institute <strong>for</strong> Build<strong>in</strong>g Research, Bucharest<br />
under the authority of:<br />
MDLPL, M<strong>in</strong>istry of Development, Public Works and Hous<strong>in</strong>g<br />
• Project duration: 5.5 yr
• Equipment cost 3 mil. USD:<br />
Total cost of the project<br />
7 mil. USD – Donation from JICA<br />
- Soil test<strong>in</strong>g laboratory<br />
- Structure test<strong>in</strong>g laboratory<br />
- <strong>Seismic</strong> <strong>in</strong>strumentation network <strong>in</strong> Bucharest and <strong>Romania</strong><br />
(free field, borehole, build<strong>in</strong>gs)<br />
• 29 <strong>Romania</strong>n young students/eng<strong>in</strong>eer tra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Japan<br />
• 46 Japanese short term and long term experts <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong>
Structural test<strong>in</strong>g equipment - Reaction frame<br />
Maximum weight of tested specimens - 7t<br />
Maximum dimensions of the tested specimens - 2.5m by 3 m<br />
Reaction frame 9.7m x 7.6m
JICA Project – structural test<strong>in</strong>g
JICA Project – structural test<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Specimen<br />
σ0 Armare<br />
“gr<strong>in</strong>da”<br />
Armare<br />
“stalp”<br />
Armare<br />
<strong>in</strong>ima<br />
Mod de<br />
cedare<br />
W1 0.13 da sporita -<br />
Forta<br />
taietoare<br />
W2 0.26 da sporita -<br />
Forta<br />
taietoare<br />
W3 0.13 - sporita -<br />
Forta<br />
taietoare<br />
W4 0.13 da normala - Incovoiere<br />
W5 0.13 da normala da Incovoiere<br />
W1<br />
Force ( tonf)<br />
Force - Displacement<br />
40<br />
30<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12<br />
-10<br />
-20<br />
-30<br />
-40<br />
Displacement (mm)
JICA Project – structural test<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Z2 – σ 0=0.6MPa Z6 – σ 0=0.6MPa
JICA Project – Retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g of build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
www.earth.google.com
JICA Project – Retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g of build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Damper layout <strong>in</strong> the groundfloor (solid l<strong>in</strong>es)
JICA Project – Retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g of build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
Figure 10. Damper connection detail
Equipments <strong>for</strong> soil <strong>in</strong>vestigation<br />
Triaxial test<strong>in</strong>g equipment
G/G max<br />
Hysteretic damp<strong>in</strong>g ratio ratio h(%)<br />
1<br />
0.8<br />
0.6<br />
0.4<br />
0.2<br />
0<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
Vutecic G/Gmax IP=0<br />
Vutecic G/Gmax IP=100<br />
Vutecic G/Gmax IP=200<br />
Gravel Seed G/Gmax<br />
Sun G/Gmax PI=80+<br />
Sand Seed lower bound G/Gmax<br />
Sand Seed average G/Gmax<br />
Clay Layer 1<br />
Clay Layer 2<br />
Clay Layer 3<br />
Clay Layer 4<br />
Gravel Seed G/Gmax<br />
Vutecic IP=200 G/Gm ax<br />
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10<br />
S<strong>in</strong>gle amplitude shear stra<strong>in</strong>, γ (%)<br />
5<br />
Vutecic h (%) IP=0<br />
Vutecic h (%) IP=100<br />
Vutecic h (%) IP=200<br />
Sun h(%) lower bound<br />
Sun h(%) average<br />
Sun h(%) upper bound<br />
Clay Layer 1<br />
Clay Layer 2<br />
Clay Layer 3<br />
Clay Layer 4<br />
Sun upper bound h(%) model<br />
0<br />
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10<br />
S<strong>in</strong>gle amplitude shear stra<strong>in</strong>, γ (%)<br />
Vutecic IP=200 h(%)<br />
National Center <strong>for</strong><br />
<strong>Seismic</strong> <strong>Risk</strong> <strong>Reduction</strong><br />
shear modulus ratio G/G O<br />
versus<br />
shear stra<strong>in</strong><br />
Test results<br />
and<br />
comparison<br />
with<br />
analytical<br />
model<br />
curves<br />
stra<strong>in</strong> dependent<br />
damp<strong>in</strong>g
PS logg<strong>in</strong>g, downhole method results<br />
Adancime<br />
<strong>for</strong>aj, m Site V s,30 T g V s,51 T g<br />
140 INCERC 271 0.449 301 0.677<br />
69 SPITAL 246 0.495 279 0.731<br />
110 Victoriei 285 0.427 309 0.660<br />
78 UTCB 310 0.393 325 0.627<br />
66 INSTALATII 289 0.421 317 0.643<br />
68 PRC 294 0.414 308 0.662<br />
51 Primarie 224 0.544 264 0.772
JICA Project – seismic network<br />
ETNA-K<strong>in</strong>emetrics and Geosig accelerometers (3<br />
channels) - placed <strong>in</strong> free field outside Bucharest<br />
ALTUS ALTUS K2-K<strong>in</strong>emetrics and Geosig accelerometers (12<br />
channels) – <strong>in</strong>stalled <strong>in</strong> boreholes and build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>side<br />
Bucharest<br />
Free field<br />
outside Bucharest<br />
ETNA & Geo<br />
8 sites<br />
6 - JICA<br />
2 - MTCT<br />
<strong>Seismic</strong> network<br />
Borehole<br />
Bucharest<br />
K2&Geo<br />
8 sites<br />
7 - JICA<br />
1 - MTCT<br />
Build<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Bucharest<br />
K2&Geo<br />
5 sites<br />
4 - JICA<br />
1 - MTCT
Bldg.1<br />
10th&11th<br />
Bldg.2<br />
5th Free field<br />
top<br />
B1<br />
5th<br />
B1<br />
Typical RC<br />
frame structure<br />
residential<br />
Build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
1 - after 1977 (11 storeys)<br />
2 - be<strong>for</strong>e 1977 (7 storeys)
National <strong>Romania</strong>n Television.<br />
RC frame structure built be<strong>for</strong>e<br />
1977 earthquake<br />
(14 storeys)<br />
B1<br />
14th &15th
Altus K2<br />
accelerometer<br />
Bucharest - Location of borehole <strong>in</strong>strumented sites<br />
Borehole seismic <strong>in</strong>strumentation<br />
Borehole sensor<br />
Shallow<br />
borehole<br />
24÷30m<br />
Borehole sensor<br />
Surface and<br />
borehole cables<br />
Deep<br />
borehole<br />
60÷153m<br />
Free field
CRC 461, Collaborative Research Center - Strong<br />
Earthquakes: A Challenge <strong>for</strong> Geosciences and Civil<br />
Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
University of Karlsruhe, Germany<br />
Start<strong>in</strong>g Date: 1996<br />
End<strong>in</strong>g Date: 2007
Future<br />
Future<br />
Extension Extension of of of seismic seismic cooperation<br />
cooperation<br />
?
Participants<br />
• Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 461: “Strong Earthquakes:<br />
A Challenge <strong>for</strong> Geosciences and Civil Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g”, University of<br />
Karlsruhe, Germany<br />
and<br />
• <strong>Romania</strong>n Group <strong>for</strong> Strong Vrancea Earthquakes (RGVE)<br />
- INFP, National Institute <strong>for</strong> Earth Physics<br />
- UTCB, Technical University of Civil Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
- INCERC, National Institute <strong>for</strong> Build<strong>in</strong>g Research<br />
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics<br />
- GEOTEC, Institute <strong>for</strong> Geotechnical and Geophysical Studies<br />
and others
A l: Deep <strong>Seismic</strong> Sound<strong>in</strong>g of the Vrancea Zone<br />
A 6: Stress Field and Geodynamics<br />
Project plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
A 7: Strong Ground Motion Assessment<br />
B 1: Three-Dimensional Plate K<strong>in</strong>ematics <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
B 3: Seismogenic Potential of the Vrancea Subduction Zone - Quantification of<br />
Source- and Site-Effects from Strong Earthquakes<br />
B 4: Non-L<strong>in</strong>ear Wave Phenomena <strong>in</strong> F<strong>in</strong>e and Soft Soils<br />
B 6: Geotechnical and <strong>Seismic</strong> Microzon<strong>in</strong>g of Bucharest<br />
B 7: Hydrogeology and Site Effects by Earthquakes <strong>in</strong> Bucharest<br />
C 2: Methods <strong>for</strong> the Retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g of Damaged Build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
C 3: Disaster Management - Models and Simulation<br />
C 5: Image Analysis <strong>in</strong> Geosciences and Civil Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g<br />
C 6: Knowledge Representation <strong>for</strong> Disasters with a Technical In<strong>for</strong>mation System<br />
C 7: Novel Rescue and Restoration Technologies<br />
C 9: Vulnerability Analysis of Exist<strong>in</strong>g Structures<br />
Z 1: Central Geographical In<strong>for</strong>mation System (GIS)<br />
Z 2: SFB Management
Test build<strong>in</strong>g at INCERC site and<br />
ALGA rubber bear<strong>in</strong>gs HDRB 250x164.5
First <strong>International</strong> Workshop on<br />
Vrancea Earthquakes,<br />
Bucharest, Nov. 1-4, 1997
RISK-UE - An advanced approach to earthquake risk<br />
scenarios with applications to different European towns<br />
Contract n° EVK4-CT-2000-00014 with European Commission,<br />
Research Directorate General<br />
Amount: 2 477 643 €<br />
Fund<strong>in</strong>g: EC : 66 %<br />
participants: 34 %<br />
Start<strong>in</strong>g Date: 2001<br />
End<strong>in</strong>g Date: 2004
RISK U.E. Project<br />
An advanced approach to earthquake<br />
risk scenarios with applications to<br />
different European towns
Project plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
WP 1: Evaluation of European dist<strong>in</strong>ctive features<br />
WP 2: Earthquake hazard assessment<br />
WP 3: Urban system analysis<br />
WP 4: Vulnerability assessment of current build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
WP 5: Vulnerability assessment of historical and monumental build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
WP 6: Vulnerability assessment of lifel<strong>in</strong>es and essential structures<br />
WP 7: Earthquake risk scenarios
Participants
Objective 2 - Europe <strong>in</strong>ventory database and typology<br />
Classification of build<strong>in</strong>gs occupancy<br />
Code Occupancy category<br />
Importance & exposure<br />
category<br />
1 2 3<br />
B GENERAL BUILDING STOCK<br />
B1<br />
Residential<br />
1.1<br />
S<strong>in</strong>gle family dwell<strong>in</strong>g (house)<br />
x<br />
1.2<br />
Multi family dwell<strong>in</strong>g (apartment bldg.)<br />
1.3<br />
Low-rise (1-2)<br />
1.4<br />
Mid-rise (3-7)<br />
1.5<br />
High-rise (8+)<br />
x<br />
1.6<br />
Institutional dormitory<br />
1)<br />
x 1)<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
B2<br />
Commercial<br />
2.1<br />
Supermarkets, Malls<br />
x<br />
2.2<br />
Offices<br />
2.3<br />
Services<br />
2.4<br />
Hotels, Motels<br />
2.5<br />
Restaurants, Bars<br />
2.6<br />
Park<strong>in</strong>g<br />
2.7<br />
Warehouse<br />
2)<br />
x 2)<br />
x 2)<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
2.7 Warehouse x<br />
B3<br />
Cultural<br />
3.1<br />
Museums<br />
x<br />
3.2<br />
Theatres, C<strong>in</strong>emas<br />
3.3<br />
Public event build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
3.4<br />
Stadiums<br />
3)<br />
x 2)<br />
x 2)<br />
x 2)<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
x<br />
1) Build<strong>in</strong>gs with capacity greater than 150 people<br />
2) Build<strong>in</strong>gs with capacity greater than 300 people or where more than 300 people<br />
congregate <strong>in</strong> one area
Build<strong>in</strong>g typology matrix, BTM<br />
Label Build<strong>in</strong>g type description Height description Code level *<br />
RC Re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced concrete structures<br />
RC1 Concrete moment frames Low-rise<br />
Mid-rise<br />
High-rise<br />
RC2 Concrete shear walls Low-rise<br />
Mid-rise<br />
High-rise<br />
RC3<br />
3.1<br />
3.2<br />
Concrete frames with unre<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced masonry<br />
<strong>in</strong>fill walls<br />
Regularly <strong>in</strong>filled frames<br />
Irregularly frames (i.e., irregular structural<br />
system, irregular <strong>in</strong>fills, soft/weak story)<br />
Name No. of<br />
stories<br />
Low-rise<br />
Mid-rise<br />
High-rise<br />
Low-rise<br />
Mid-rise<br />
High-rise<br />
RC4 RC Dual systems (RC frames and walls) Low-rise<br />
Mid-rise<br />
High-rise<br />
RC5 Precast Concrete Tilt-Up Walls Low-rise<br />
Mid-rise<br />
High-rise<br />
RC6 Precast Concrete Frames with Concrete<br />
shear walls<br />
Low-rise<br />
Mid-rise<br />
High-rise<br />
1 - 3<br />
4 - 7<br />
8+<br />
1 - 3<br />
4 - 7<br />
8+<br />
1 - 3<br />
4 - 7<br />
8+<br />
1 - 3<br />
4 - 7<br />
8+<br />
1 - 3<br />
4 - 7<br />
8+<br />
1 - 3<br />
4 - 7<br />
8+<br />
1 - 3<br />
4 - 7<br />
8+<br />
Height h,<br />
m<br />
h ≤ 9<br />
9 < h ≤ 21<br />
h > 21<br />
h ≤ 9<br />
9 < h ≤ 21<br />
h > 21<br />
h ≤ 9<br />
9 < h ≤ 21<br />
h > 21<br />
h ≤ 9<br />
9 < h ≤ 21<br />
h > 21<br />
h ≤ 9<br />
9 < h ≤ 21<br />
h > 21<br />
h ≤ 9<br />
9 < h ≤ 21<br />
h > 21<br />
h ≤ 9<br />
9 < h ≤ 21<br />
h > 21<br />
N L M H<br />
*Code level N - no code;<br />
L - low-code (designed with unique arbitrary base shear seismic coefficient);<br />
M - moderate-code;<br />
H - high-code (code comparable with Eurocode 8)
Vulnerability and typology of European build<strong>in</strong>gs stock<br />
Build<strong>in</strong>g stock age <strong>in</strong> the 7 towns versus<br />
<strong>Seismic</strong> codes <strong>in</strong>ter-benchmark periods<br />
Town<br />
<strong>Seismic</strong> codes <strong>in</strong>ter-benchmark periods<br />
Pre-code Low-code M oderate code<br />
Barcelona 79% 21% --<br />
Bitola 48% 29% 23%<br />
Bucharest 30% 30% 40%<br />
Catania 92% - 8%<br />
Nice 75% 25%<br />
Sofia Data not available<br />
Thessaloniki 20% 50% 30%
PROHITECH - Earthquake Protection of Historical<br />
Build<strong>in</strong>gs by Reversible Mixed Technologies<br />
Contract n° INCO – CT-2004 - 509119 with European Commission,<br />
Research Directorate General<br />
Amount: 2 400 000€<br />
Fund<strong>in</strong>g: EC: 88 %,<br />
participants : 12 %<br />
Start<strong>in</strong>g Date: 2004<br />
End<strong>in</strong>g Date: 2007
Project plann<strong>in</strong>g<br />
WP 1: Overview of exist<strong>in</strong>g techniques<br />
WP 2: Damage assessment<br />
WP 3: <strong>Risk</strong> Analysis<br />
WP 4: Intervention strategies<br />
WP 5: Innovative materials and techniques<br />
WP 6: Reversible mixed technologies<br />
WP 7: Experimental analysis<br />
WP 8: Numerical analyses<br />
WP 9: Calculation models<br />
WP 10: Validation of <strong>in</strong>novative solutions and procedures<br />
WP 11: Study cases<br />
WP 12: Design guidel<strong>in</strong>es
Participants
Component A:<br />
World Bank project <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong><br />
Strengthen<strong>in</strong>g of disaster management capacity<br />
Component B:<br />
Earthquake <strong>Risk</strong> <strong>Reduction</strong> - 71.2 million US$<br />
Subcomponents:<br />
•Strengthen<strong>in</strong>g of high priority build<strong>in</strong>gs and lifel<strong>in</strong>es<br />
•Design & supervision<br />
•Build<strong>in</strong>g code review and study of code en<strong>for</strong>cement<br />
•Professional tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> cost effective retrofitt<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Components C, D&E: Flood, Pollution & Project Management
Implementation unit <strong>for</strong> Component B:<br />
MDLPL, M<strong>in</strong>istry of Development, Public Works and Hous<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>Romania</strong>n Government has been approved the follow<strong>in</strong>g list of<br />
build<strong>in</strong>gs to be retrofitted on April 7, 2004<br />
Type of build<strong>in</strong>gs<br />
In<br />
Bucharest<br />
In seismic counties<br />
of <strong>Romania</strong><br />
Total<br />
Emergency bldg 12 18 30<br />
Hospitals bldg 13 9 22<br />
Educational bldg 6 6 12<br />
Important public bldg 6 - 6<br />
Essential facilities - 14 14<br />
Total 37 47 84<br />
*Important public build<strong>in</strong>gs are historical heritage build<strong>in</strong>gs
Public Diplomacy Division<br />
Collaborative Programmes Section<br />
North Atlantic Treaty Organization<br />
Project SfP 98047<br />
NATO PROJECT - Harmonization of <strong>Seismic</strong> Hazard<br />
<strong>Risk</strong> and <strong>Reduction</strong> <strong>in</strong> Countries Influenced by<br />
Vrancea Earthquakes<br />
A Science <strong>for</strong> Peace Project<br />
Amount: 250 000 €<br />
Start<strong>in</strong>g Date: 2005<br />
Participants<br />
End<strong>in</strong>g Date: 2008<br />
National Institute <strong>for</strong> Build<strong>in</strong>g Research INCERC, Bucharest, <strong>Romania</strong><br />
Moldavian Academy of Sciences, Institute <strong>for</strong> Geophysics and Geology, Kish<strong>in</strong>ev, Republic<br />
of Moldova<br />
Central Laboratory <strong>for</strong> <strong>Seismic</strong> Mechanics and Earthquake Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, Sofia, Bulgaria<br />
Middle East Technical University, Department of Civil Eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, Ankara, Turkey
Determ<strong>in</strong>istic seismic zonation maps <strong>for</strong> countries affected<br />
by Vrancea earthquakes<br />
MSK Intensity<br />
ROMANIA<br />
P100-92&<br />
SR 11100/1-93<br />
PGA/g<br />
Rep. of MOLDOVA,<br />
UKRAINE<br />
SNIP II-7-81<br />
BULGARIA<br />
1987 code<br />
IX 0.32 0.40 0.27<br />
VIII<br />
0.25<br />
0.20<br />
0.20 0.15<br />
VII 0.16 0.10 0.10<br />
V<br />
0.12<br />
0.08<br />
- 0.05<br />
MRI - mean recurrence<br />
<strong>in</strong>terval of earthquake<br />
magnitude is:<br />
<strong>Romania</strong>: 50 yr, 1992<br />
100 yr, 2006<br />
Republic<br />
of Moldova: 50 yr<br />
Bulgaria: 1000 yr<br />
Lungu, Zaicenco, 1999
<strong>Romania</strong> at WCDR, Kobe, Jan. 2005:<br />
Mission organized by MTCT, M<strong>in</strong>istry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism<br />
World Conference on Disaster <strong>Reduction</strong><br />
18 to 22 Jan. 2005 Kobe, Hyogo, Japan<br />
18 Jan. 2005<br />
Thematic Panel Cluster 4, Reduc<strong>in</strong>g the underly<strong>in</strong>g risk factors<br />
Organized by:<br />
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)<br />
- World Health Organization (WHO)<br />
- United Nations Centre <strong>for</strong> Regional Development (UNCRD)<br />
Chair of the Cluster 4 of WCDR:<br />
Mr. Laszlo Borbely, M<strong>in</strong>ister delegate <strong>for</strong> Public Works and Urban Plann<strong>in</strong>g,<br />
M<strong>in</strong>istry of Transports, Constructions and Tourism<br />
19 Jan. 2005<br />
Cluster Session 4.6, Policies <strong>for</strong> safer build<strong>in</strong>g/Hous<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Organized by:<br />
- Government of Japan, M<strong>in</strong>istry of Land, Infrastructure and Transports and<br />
- United Nations Centre <strong>for</strong> Regional Development (UNCRD )<br />
Presentation: <strong>Seismic</strong> risk mitigation <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong> (D. Lungu)<br />
21 Jan. 2005<br />
Public Forum: Build<strong>in</strong>g a Strong Country Aga<strong>in</strong>st Disasters. Achievements and<br />
Challenges of JICA’s Cooperation<br />
Presentation: Ef<strong>for</strong>ts toward seismic risk reduction <strong>for</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs and JICA Project <strong>in</strong> <strong>Romania</strong> (R. Vacareanu)<br />
22 Jan. 2005<br />
Statement of <strong>Romania</strong>n Delegation on Behalf of Eastern European Group of Countries (D. Lungu)
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