Population Structure of Turkey Executive Training Course on ...

Charles University in Prague, Faculty <strong>of</strong> Science
Department <strong>of</strong> Demography and Geodemography
United Nations <strong>Population</strong> Fund
Eastern Europe and Central Asia Regional Office
<strong>Population</strong> <strong>Structure</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Turkey</strong>
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development
Murat ALTINSOY
Sunay Ferai KEÇECİ
MINISTRY <strong>of</strong> DEVELOPMENT
Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012

GEOGRAPHY
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 2

GENERAL INFORMATION
Some Basic Information 2011
Total <strong>Population</strong> (thousand) 74.724
Urban <strong>Population</strong> (%) 76,8
GDP Growth Rate (%) 8,5
GDP per capita (USD) 10.363
Unemployment Rate
Most Populated cities <strong>Population</strong> (million) Percent <strong>of</strong> Total <strong>Population</strong>
İstanbul 13,6 18,2
Ankara 4,9 6,6
İzmir 4 5,3
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 3
9,8

POPULATION POLICY
• In <strong>Turkey</strong>, pro-natalist population policy was
implemented from 1923 (the establishment <strong>of</strong> Turkish
Republic) to 1965. High mortality in war period, big
share <strong>of</strong> rural activities, high infant mortality, increasing
nationalism, lack <strong>of</strong> labour force are some <strong>of</strong> the
reasons <strong>of</strong> this policy. In this period, general health
condition and social services were improved. Induced
abortion was illegal. Importing <strong>of</strong> contraceptives were
prohibited. Cash incentives provided for big families.
Migration <strong>of</strong> Turkish origin people from neighbour
countries was considered as a policy to increase the
population.
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 4

POPULATION POLICY
• Pro-natalist policy implemented in this period caused
unwanted pregnancies, uncontrolled induced abortions
and high maternal mortality.
• With a Law on <strong>Population</strong> Planning enacted in 1965,
<strong>Turkey</strong> discontinued the pro-natalist population policy.
After this date the importance <strong>of</strong> family planning has
increased. This law allowed individuals to have as many
children as they wish and when they want. Use <strong>of</strong>
contraception was legalized . Termination <strong>of</strong> pregnancy
until the end <strong>of</strong> the 10th week has became legal in th,d
period. Abortion until 24 week was legalized in case <strong>of</strong> a
medical necessity.
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 5

POPULATION POLICY
• Family planning and abortion is one <strong>of</strong> the most arguing
issues in <strong>Turkey</strong> nowadays. Turkish Prime Minister
recommends at least 3 children to every couples and he
declared that he is against abortion. The political
declarations and legal situation are different. But it is
expected that the current law and regulations are going
to change and <strong>Turkey</strong> will start to implement pronatalist
population policies in near future.
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 6

DATA SOURCES
• Three Main Data Sources:
• 1- Registration: Address Based <strong>Population</strong> Registration
System (ABPRS) was introduced at 2007. This system
provides population by age, gender and settlement.
Fertility and mortality data produced by ABPRS is not
reliable yet. The system is relatively new and it is still
improving.
• 2- Census: Since 1935 in every 5 years, since 1980 in every
10 years censuses have been implementing. Last census
was realized at 2011. But it was not an actual census,
sampling was used based on ABPRS. Results are not
declared yet.
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 7

DATA SOURCES
• 3- Surveys: Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were
implementing since 1963 in every 5 years. Last survey was
realized in 2008. Data directly collected from 15-49 aged
women. General main outputs <strong>of</strong> DHS are, informations
about fertility, infant mortality, access to reproductive
health and familly planning. They may also include
different questions according to current issues.
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 8

POPULATION STRUCTURE
• <strong>Turkey</strong>’s population has reached to 74,724 thousands at
the end <strong>of</strong> 2011.
• 0-14 age group is 25,3 percent,
• 15-64 age group is 67,4 percent,
• 65+ age group is 7,3 percent <strong>of</strong> total population.
• Median age is 29,7
• 76,4 percent <strong>of</strong> population lives in urban areas
• Total dependency ratio is 48,4 percent
• Child dependency ratio is 37,5 percent
• Aged dependency ratio is 10,9 percent
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 9

POPULATION STRUCTURE
75+
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
POPULATION PYRAMID 2011, TURKEY
5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0
MEN WOMEN
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 10

LAST 20 YEARS-TOTAL POPULATION
80 000
75 000
70 000
65 000
60 000
55 000
50 000
45 000
40 000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Mid-year population ('000)
1996
Source: <strong>Population</strong> estimations based on ABPRS
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 11
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011

LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
Source: Estimations based on ABPRS
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 12

LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
Total Fertility Rate
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2011
Source: 1998-2008 DHS, 2011 estimation
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 13

LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
• Regional, economic and educational differences in
fertility
Residence Region Education Wealth
Urban 2,00 West 1,73
No education/primary
incomplete 2,65
Rural 2,68 Central 2,2 Primary 2,25
Total 2,16 East 3,37 Lower secondary 1,3
Source: 2008 DHS
Secondary and more 1,53
Lowest
quintile 3,39
Middle
quintile 2,19
Highest
quintile 1,36
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 14

LAST 20 YEARS-FERTILITY
Postponement in fertility:
• Mean age <strong>of</strong> childbearing is increasing (27,1 for 2011)
• According to 2008 DHS 25-29 age group has the highest
age spesific fertility rate, but 20-24 age groups was the
highest in all the previous surveys.
• Median age at first birth was 22,3 years according to
2008 DHS. It was 21,8 years according to the previous
DHS.
• Compulsory education increased to 12 years from 8
years in 2012. This arrangment will result more
postponement in fertility.
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 15

LAST 20 YEARS-SOME DEVELOPMENTS
Some developments in reproductive health and family planning.
According to 2008 DHS :
• 92 percent <strong>of</strong> women received antenatal care from a medical provider (81
percent in 2003)
• 90 percent <strong>of</strong> all birth were delivered at a health facility (78 percent in 2003)
• 37 percent <strong>of</strong> deliveries were caesarean deliveries
• 82 percent <strong>of</strong> women had a post natal checkup by a doctor
• Contraceptive prevalence rate is 73 percent (71 percent in 2003)
• 46 percent <strong>of</strong> women using any modern method (42,5 percent in 2003)
• The proportion <strong>of</strong> women who have ever had an abortion is 22 percent
(induced abortion is 10 percent)
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 16

LAST 20 YEARS-MORTALITY
7,2
7,0
6,8
6,6
6,4
6,2
6,0
5,8
Crude death rate (‰)
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Source: Estimations based on ABPRS, DHS
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 17

LAST 20 YEARS-MORTALITY
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Infant mortality rate (‰)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: Estimations based on ABPRS, DHS
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 18

LAST 20 YEARS- NUMBER <strong>of</strong> DEATHS
Deaths by sex and age groups
100 000
90 000
80 000
70 000
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
0 1 - 4 5 - 9 10 -
14
15 -
19
20 -
24
25 -
29
30 -
34
35 -
39
40 -
44
45 -
49
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 19
50 -
54
55 -
59
60 -
64
65 -
69
70 -
74
75 +
total
men
women

LAST 20 YEARS-MORTALITY CAUSES
• Most common causes <strong>of</strong> death are:
- Hearth disease (33,7 percent)
- Malignant neoplasms (15,4 percent)
- Symptoms and ill-defined conditions (10,7 percent)
- Cerebrovascular disease (7,4 percent)
- Ischaemic heart disease (4,8 percent)
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 20

LAST 20 YEARS-LIFE EXPECTANCY at BIRTH
78,0
76,0
74,0
72,0
70,0
68,0
66,0
64,0
62,0
60,0
58,0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 21
Total
Males
Females

LAST 20 YEARS- POPULATION GROWTH
18,0
16,0
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
<strong>Population</strong> increase rate (‰)
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 22

MIGRATION
• As a traditional migration country, <strong>Turkey</strong> has a special pr<strong>of</strong>ile in international
migration movement. Due to its geo-political location, <strong>Turkey</strong> has been at the
cross road <strong>of</strong> massive migration flows.
• According to 2000 Census, the proportion <strong>of</strong> immigrants in total population is
3,8 % in 1995-2000 period. When 1975-2000 period is considered, the highest
proportion is seen in 1980-1985 period. In this period, the immigration rate
has increased to 9,2%. The immigration rate has decreased after the year 1985.
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 23

MIGRATION
• <strong>Turkey</strong> is among one <strong>of</strong> the top migration country. The geostrategic location <strong>of</strong>
<strong>Turkey</strong> partly explains the country’s status as a sending country for Europe and
receiving/transit country for the neighboring regions.
• <strong>Turkey</strong>’s growing regional economical, political and cultural impact has made it
an attractive destination for migration not only for people originating from the
Middle East, the southern Mediterranean and the Caucasus, but even for those
coming from European countries.
• In the 1975-2000 period it has been observed three kind <strong>of</strong> migration type in
<strong>Turkey</strong>.
Circular migration: after the collapse <strong>of</strong> the communist system
Transit migration: after political unrest in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq
Asylum seeking: after political unrest in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 24

MIGRATION-DATA
• The Turkish Statistics Institute (TurkStat) in collaboration with other
institutions collects and analysis data on international migration
• General Directorate <strong>of</strong> Security records (i.e. residence permits, asylum and
refugee registers, border registers) are maintained for administrative purposes
and constitute the basis for most statistics on international migration.
• Main data sources on international migration in <strong>Turkey</strong> are population
censuses and administrative sources (covering border registers, residence
permits, work permits, visa registrations, asylum and refugee records,
citizenship, and naturalization records). Also some small and large scale
general surveys as well as special migration surveys are among the data
sources. Until very recently, population registers which are common in most
developed countries were not available in <strong>Turkey</strong>. Recently launched
registration system ABPRS is, therefore, a big step forward.
• But information on immigration flow and stocks are not systematically and
regularly reported in <strong>Turkey</strong>.
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 25

MIGRATION POLICY
<strong>Turkey</strong>'s Asylum System in Transition
• The Government successfully concluded a Twinning Project with the Danish
and UK governments in 2005 producing a "Turkish National Action Plan for the
Adoption <strong>of</strong> the European Union Acquis in the Field <strong>of</strong> Asylum and Migration"
endorsed by the Prime Ministry in March 2005. The National Action Plan
covers the legal and institutional arrangements needed to harmonize <strong>Turkey</strong>'s
procedures and practices for asylum and migration with EU standards,
including the investments and external support needed to achieve these goals
Fight Against Illegal Migration
• Nearly 700.000 illegal migrants were apprehended in <strong>Turkey</strong> within the period
1995-2007. One <strong>of</strong> the main features <strong>of</strong> illegal immigration is the fact that it is
being conducted by organized networks.
• To fight against illegal migration and to formulate and implement an effective
migration policy <strong>Turkey</strong> is constituting new legal arrangements and establishing
new institutions coherent with EU.
Lecture XXX
<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 26

MIGRATION POLICY
The Expatriate Turkish Citizens
• Today, the major part <strong>of</strong> the Turks living abroad, a considerable number <strong>of</strong>
whom have obtained the citizenships <strong>of</strong> the destination countries, are
permanent residents. Currently, the continuation <strong>of</strong> the growth <strong>of</strong> the
expatriate Turkish population is mainly due to family reunification and the
relatively high fertility among the immigrants.
• <strong>Turkey</strong> defines integration as active participation <strong>of</strong> the migrants to the social,
economical, cultural and political life <strong>of</strong> the destination countries while
maintaining their ties to their motherlands, mother tongues and original
cultures and living as happy, prosperous, successful individuals respecting local
laws and customs.
• It is estimated that nearly 6 million Turkish population are living abroad.
• But 3,7 million <strong>of</strong> them registred and 80 percent <strong>of</strong> them were migrants in
European countries.
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 27

TURKISH MIGRANTS IN EUROPE (2006-2010)
YEARS* 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
COUNTRIES CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS CITIZENS WORKERS
A) EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Germany (1) 1.738.831 461.753 1.738.831 548.327 1.713.551 564.092 1.658.083 544.382 1.629.480 544.382
Austria (2) 113.635 52.839 116.882 55.021 109.716 39.900 110.678 45.500 110.678 45.500
Belgium (3) 39.664 15.155 39.419 10.241 42.014 9.716 39.419 9.716 39.419 9.716
Bulgaria*** 28.296 1.100 28.296 1.100 28.296 1.100 28.296 1.100
Denmark** (4) 54.859 23.774 57.129 33.066 57.129 33.066 57.129 33.066 57.129 33.066
Finland 7.000 5.825 5.825 5.825 5.825
France (5) 423.471 92.992 441.667 189.394 459.611 195.794 459.611 195.794 459.611 195.794
Netherlands ** (6) 364.333 104.000 368.600 128.900 372.728 128.000 372.728 128.000 372.728 128.000
United Kingdom (7) 52.893 22.458 52.893 22.458 52.893 22.458 52.893 22.458 52.893 22.458
Spain 3.395 1.097 3.395 1.097 3.395 1.097 3.395 1.097
Sweden (8) 63.580 5.000 65.720 67.731 67.731 67.731
Switzerland (9) 73.861 34.200 72.633 34.200 71.692 34.200 71.692 34.200 71.692 34.200
Italy*** 14.124 6.414 20.882 6.414 20.882 6.414 20.882 6.414 20.882 6.414
Liechtenstein 808 254 808 254 808 254
Luxembourg 472 242 472 242 472 242
Hungary*** 5.814 5.814 5.814 5.814
Norway 15.356 12.875 12.875 15.000 6.000 15.000 6.000
Poland 2.500 1.586 3.253 1.586 3.253 1.586 3.253 1.586 3.253 1.586
Romania*** 12.000 3200 20447 3200 20447 3200 20447 3200 20447 3200
Serbia 2.194 2.194 2.194
Greece 48.880 3.563 48.880 3.563 48.880 3.563 48.880 3.563 48.880 3.563
Others European Countries 6.903 2.709 6.903 2.709 6.903 2.709
TOTAL 3.024.987 826.934 3.103.441 1.038.567 3.107.109 1.047.391 3.052.133 1.039.281 3.023.530 1.039.281
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 28

THANKS…
http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR,24310/turkiyetanitim-filmleri.html
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<strong>Executive</strong> <strong>Training</strong> <strong>Course</strong> on <strong>Population</strong> and Development, Prague, Czech Republic, 9–21 September 2012 29