A Dissertation by GRACE HUI-CHIN LIN Submitted to the Office of ...

Paribakht. In Paribakht’s taxonomy, 25 strategies existed in four approaches,
including “linguistic approach, contextual approach, conceptual approach, and mime
approach” (pp. 135- 138).
Generally speaking, earlier communication strategy researchers in the 1970s
began their research by creating definitions, and then examining the characteristics
identified in communication strategies (e.g., Selinker, 1972; Tarone, 1979; Varadi,
1973). Later researchers in the 1980s not only defined the communication strategy,
but also they focused on evolving a systematic series of techniques and skills in
different communication strategy taxonomies (e.g., Bialystok, 1983; Corder, 1983;
Faerch & Kasper, 1983a, 1984; Haastrup & Phillipson, 1983; Tarone, 1980, 1981;
Varadi, 1980, 1983).
Varadi (1983), Corder (1983), and Faerch and Kasper (1983a) categorized
communication techniques and skills from two perspectives of “manipulating
meaning goals” and “manipulating forms” (p. 59). The former perspective indicated
that the final concept and meaning in communication should be altered a great deal
from the original intended expression. Contrastingly, the latter implied that the
speakers should achieve the intended expression successfully by altering the forms of
language without decreasing the accuracy of the intended meaning. The techniques
and skills of facilitating communications compared were similar, but the terms for
how to name these techniques and skills they created were different.
Varadi (1980, 1983) categorized the strategies to manipulate meaning goals as
the “optimal-adjusted meaning” set and the strategies to manipulate form as the
“adjusted form” set (p. 59). Corder (1983) named these two sets as “message
adjustment” and “resource expansion” (p. 19). In this study, the researchers adopted
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