A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEBATE OVER THE ORIGIN AND ...

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deep that they produced debilitating handicaps (Ibid.). It is interesting that yaws affects gorillas in some of the same ways as it affects humans. Levréro et al. (2007) found that yaws affected young gorillas, males were affected more than females, unmated adult males suffered more with lesions, and in non-breeding groups the immature gorillas suffered more from yaws. With the presence of yaws among non-human primates, this study and others like it can help us to determine what life might have been like for our hominid ancestors who suffered from nonvenereal treponemal disease. 2.5 Other Similar Diseases Treponemal disease produces effects on the bones of an individual that are very similar to other diseases. In the past others believed that perhaps syphilis was not recognized as a disease because it was so similar to tuberculosis or leprosy. Hackett (1967) states that leprosy was used as a blanket term to refer to several different diseases present in Europe in Medieval times. The Bible and medieval documents are used to demonstrate the confusion between syphilis and leprosy (Baker and Armelagos 1988). Here, I will describe the diseases of tuberculosis and leprosy, in order to aid in the process of differential diagnosis between treponematoses, tuberculosis, and leprosy. Other diseases that affect the skeleton in similar ways to treponemal disease include tumors, osteomyelitis and Paget’s disease. These other diseases will also be discussed in the section below. 2.5.1 Tuberculosis 24
Tuberculosis is an acute and chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis. M. tuberculosis is the most common bacterium that affects humans. M. bovis can also affect humans, but it is most commonly found in cattle (Ortner 2003). M. tuberculosis is transmitted from human to human through the air by inhaling bacteria within moisture droplets that have been spread into the air from the cough of an infected person (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín 1998). The disease usually begins in the lungs as a respiratory infection. The bacteria then multiply in the lungs, spreading to surrounding tissues (Ibid.). The tissues may die, resulting in an area of scar tissue that may contain live M. tuberculosis bacteria that can remain dormant for some time. These dormant bacteria can reactivate the disease if other stressors affect the lung, such as invasion of the lung by cancer or from the person contracting HIV/AIDS (Powell 1992; Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín 1998). This process is known as the primary infection (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín 1998). The primary infection can lead to a secondary infection by the dissemination of the bacteria via the blood stream to any or all of the organs in the body. Thus, the infection reaches the skeletal system via the bloodstream (Ortner 2003). The most important factor to remember in the destruction of the skeletal tissue is the “pattern of resorptive lesions with little evidence of proliferative, reactive changes” (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín 1998:134). In other words, tuberculosis causes a resorption of bone with very little bone growth or evidence of a reaction occurring. Skeletal tuberculosis is most often found in areas of trabecular bone (Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martín 1998). For this reason, the spine is involved in more than 40% of the skeletal lesions. The most common area of involvement in the vertebrae is the 25
Page 1 and 2: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEBATE OVER T
Page 3 and 4: THESIS APPROVAL A CONTRIBUTION TO T
Page 5 and 6: were among the characteristics foun
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.........
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 3.1 - Total Sa
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION “The ‘Gr
Page 13 and 14: When pathological lesions are found
Page 15 and 16: CHAPTER 2 THEORIES AND ETIOLOGIES O
Page 17 and 18: were no specific differences betwee
Page 19 and 20: Of these hypotheses of origin and d
Page 21 and 22: yaws cannot pass the pathogen to th
Page 23 and 24: Differential diagnosis between yaws
Page 25 and 26: (2003) speculates that not only yaw
Page 27 and 28: 2.3.4 Congenital Syphilis Venereal
Page 29 and 30: tooth a domed or bud-like appearanc
Page 31 and 32: infection. Treponemal disease can b
Page 33: words, the evolution of treponemal
Page 37 and 38: extensive destruction of the area t
Page 39 and 40: acteria through moisture droplets i
Page 41 and 42: 2.5.3 Tumors Treponemal disease can
Page 43 and 44: can suffer from osteomyelitis (Ortn
Page 45 and 46: anterolaterally and on the tibia la
Page 47 and 48: forms new bone growth surrounding t
Page 49 and 50: there is a treponemal disease, then
Page 51 and 52: BC) to Late Archaic (3000-1000 BC)
Page 53 and 54: data for males and females instead
Page 55 and 56: most complete. As can be seen from
Page 57 and 58: Individuals with ambiguous, contrad
Page 59 and 60: the conclusion of the analysis. A N
Page 61 and 62: Category Table 3.1. Carrier Mills A
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.2. Location of Carrier Mil
Page 65 and 66: CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Appendix B provid
Page 67 and 68: affected individuals. From Table 4.
Page 69 and 70: from treponemal disease. The rating
Page 71 and 72: also affected. These were all in th
Page 73 and 74: Three hand phalanges exhibit unifoc
Page 75 and 76: The majority of the individuals in
Page 77 and 78: Most commonly the thoracic and lumb
Page 79 and 80: treponematoses that affect the skel
Page 81 and 82: cases, and the distribution or numb
Page 83 and 84: medially, but there is not thick sp
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high of a percentage to be consider
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Table 4.1. PATHOLOGICAL MARKERS ASS
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87 Table 4.4. PATHOLOGICAL MARKERS
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Table 4.6. SUMMARY & PERCENTAGES OF
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Table 4.6. SUMMARY & PERCENTAGES OF
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Table 4.8. BONE GROUPS AFFECTED IN
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Percentages 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 3
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Likelihood % 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10
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Figure 4.4. Cranium of Burial 38 sh
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Figure 4.7. Burial 38 Left fibula l
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groups, and 100% of the juveniles a
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Two hundred and sixty-five individu
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coalescing and penetrating; the dis
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Kelley (1980) conducted a study of
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learning how to better utilize olde
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we see destructive lesions, althoug
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Area of Southern California (4000 -
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ago. This would account for the man
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Brandon EM. 1986. Dietary Inference
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Crosby, Jr AW. 1969. The Early Hist
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Jefferies RW, Morrow CA. 1982. The
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Mitchell PD. 2003. Pre-Columbian Tr
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Ecology, and Evolution of Infectiou
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Cook DC, editors. The Myth of Syphi
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APPENDIX A. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
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APPENDIX B. SUMMARY OF CARRIER MILL
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Twana Jill Golden PO Box 2382 Carbo
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