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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE POLICY RESPONSE
Providing information helps us measure what we
manage. Chapter 3 focuses on new approaches to
indicators and national accounting systems to
integrate the values of natural capital. Chapter 4
shows how valuation and policy assessment
frameworks can be used more effectively to safeguard
ecosystem services. These information tools
feed into the design of policy instruments covered by
later chapters (dotted lines in figure 2.1).
Instruments that influence decisions on resource use
by setting incentives are increasingly used in biodiversity
policy and open up new opportunities for policy
makers. however, incentives set in other policy fields
could negatively impact biodiversity. Careful analysis of
potentially conflicting provisions can be greatly improved
by using economic valuation. Chapter 5 presents
a range of incentive-based instruments to reward
currently-unrecognised benefits of biodiversity (e.g.
PES, REDD and access and benefit sharing). Chapter 6
discusses the scale and options for reform of existing
harmful subsidies that lead to a loss of biodiversity and
a degradation of ecosystems. Chapter 7 considers
the scope to use market-based instruments to provide
incentives as part of a broad-based policy mix.
Policy tools to regulate use include three different
sets of instruments: those that make the user or polluter
pay; protected areas; and direct public investment.
Chapter 7 analyses use of regulatory instruments in
different contexts, including related issues of liability,
compensation and enforcement. Chapter 8 shows
how cost-benefit analysis and improved governance
can strengthen the design and effectiveness of
protected area instruments to safeguard biodiversity
hot spots. finally, Chapter 9 assesses options for
direct public investment either in ecological infrastructure
or by restoring degraded ecosystems.
Each approach is associated with specific advantages
and disadvantages depending on the characteristics
of the ecosystem at hand and the concrete design
and implementation issues. Some measures may be
feasible for the management of ecosystems while
others are not. An appropriate mix is needed which
takes into account actors, institutions, policy cycle,
distributional implications and instrument design.
TEEB foR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 2: PAGE 22