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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE POLICY RESPONSE<br />
Biodiversity is the ultimate cross-cutting issue and several<br />
policy fields have significant implications for biodiversity<br />
(transportation, trade, land use policy, regional<br />
planning, etc.). Such policies can have negative impacts on<br />
biodiversity or be designed to promote positive synergies.<br />
Even within single sectors there is a broad range of<br />
different stakeholders and interests. Production patterns<br />
can vary from environmentally sensitive to high impact.<br />
Within agriculture, for example, eco-farming is<br />
associated with sustainable land use practices and mitigation<br />
of soil depletion or erosion whereas industrialised farming<br />
involves monocultures and intensive use of fertilizers<br />
and pesticides.<br />
Name of Convention<br />
Convention on<br />
Biological Diversity<br />
World heritage<br />
Convention<br />
Conv. on Intern.<br />
Trade in Endangered<br />
Species of Wild<br />
fauna and flora<br />
Convention on<br />
Wetlands (Ramsar<br />
Convention)<br />
International Treaty<br />
on Plant Genetic<br />
Resources for food<br />
and Agriculture<br />
Convention on the<br />
Conservation of<br />
Migratory Species<br />
of Wild Animals<br />
International Convention<br />
on whaling<br />
African Convention<br />
on the Conservation<br />
of Nature and<br />
Natural Resources<br />
Table 2.3: International conventions addressing biodiversity issues<br />
EnSig- Aim<br />
Address<br />
actmentnatories 1993 191 • Conservation of biological diversity<br />
• Sustainable use of its components<br />
• fair and equitable sharing of the benefits<br />
arising out of the utilization of genetic<br />
resources<br />
www.cbd.int/<br />
1972<br />
1975<br />
1975<br />
2004<br />
1983<br />
1946<br />
1969<br />
(Update in<br />
2003)<br />
186<br />
171<br />
159<br />
120<br />
111<br />
75<br />
38<br />
Additional challenges arise where policy-making involves<br />
several governmental levels e.g. global negotiation<br />
rounds or supranational organisations, national<br />
policy-makers, regional administration or local interest<br />
groups. Many international agreements and mechanisms<br />
are in place to streamline cooperation across boundaries.<br />
To improve water resource management, for example,<br />
more than 80 special commissions with three or more<br />
neighbours have been established in 62 international river<br />
basins (Dombrowsky 2008).<br />
Policy makers can build on the high number of<br />
treaties that target the protection of species, habitats,<br />
genetic diversity or biodiversity as a whole (see Table 2.3<br />
for some examples).<br />
• Promote cooperation among nations to<br />
protect heritage of outstanding value<br />
• Ensure that international trade in specimens<br />
of wild animals and plants does not threaten<br />
their survival<br />
• Conservation and use of wetlands through<br />
local, regional and national actions and<br />
international cooperation<br />
• Recognizing the contribution of farmers to<br />
the diversity of crops<br />
• Establishing a global system to provide<br />
farmers, plant breeders and scientists with<br />
access to plant genetic materials<br />
• Ensuring benefit sharing from the use of<br />
genetic materials within the originating<br />
countries<br />
• Conservation of terrestrial, marine and avian<br />
migratory species throughout their range<br />
• Provide for proper conservation of whale<br />
stocks<br />
• Encourage individual and joint action for the<br />
conservation, utilization and development of<br />
soil, water, flora and fauna for the present<br />
and future welfare of mankind<br />
<strong>TEEB</strong> foR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 2: PAGE 12<br />
http://whc.unesco.org/<br />
en/convention/<br />
www.cites.org/<br />
www.ramsar.org/<br />
www.planttreaty.org/<br />
www.cms.int/<br />
www.iwcoffice.org/<br />
www.unep.ch/<br />
regionalseas/legal/<br />
afr.htm