Download (PDF, 6.71MB) - TEEB

More documents

Recommendations

Info

FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE POLICY RESPONSE Biodiversity is the ultimate cross-cutting issue and several policy fields have significant implications for biodiversity (transportation, trade, land use policy, regional planning, etc.). Such policies can have negative impacts on biodiversity or be designed to promote positive synergies. Even within single sectors there is a broad range of different stakeholders and interests. Production patterns can vary from environmentally sensitive to high impact. Within agriculture, for example, eco-farming is associated with sustainable land use practices and mitigation of soil depletion or erosion whereas industrialised farming involves monocultures and intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides. Name of Convention Convention on Biological Diversity World heritage Convention Conv. on Intern. Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna and flora Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for food and Agriculture Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals International Convention on whaling African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Table 2.3: International conventions addressing biodiversity issues EnSig- Aim Address actmentnatories 1993 191 • Conservation of biological diversity • Sustainable use of its components • fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources www.cbd.int/ 1972 1975 1975 2004 1983 1946 1969 (Update in 2003) 186 171 159 120 111 75 38 Additional challenges arise where policy-making involves several governmental levels e.g. global negotiation rounds or supranational organisations, national policy-makers, regional administration or local interest groups. Many international agreements and mechanisms are in place to streamline cooperation across boundaries. To improve water resource management, for example, more than 80 special commissions with three or more neighbours have been established in 62 international river basins (Dombrowsky 2008). Policy makers can build on the high number of treaties that target the protection of species, habitats, genetic diversity or biodiversity as a whole (see Table 2.3 for some examples). • Promote cooperation among nations to protect heritage of outstanding value • Ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival • Conservation and use of wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation • Recognizing the contribution of farmers to the diversity of crops • Establishing a global system to provide farmers, plant breeders and scientists with access to plant genetic materials • Ensuring benefit sharing from the use of genetic materials within the originating countries • Conservation of terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range • Provide for proper conservation of whale stocks • Encourage individual and joint action for the conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora and fauna for the present and future welfare of mankind TEEB foR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 2: PAGE 12 http://whc.unesco.org/ en/convention/ www.cites.org/ www.ramsar.org/ www.planttreaty.org/ www.cms.int/ www.iwcoffice.org/ www.unep.ch/ regionalseas/legal/ afr.htm
FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE POLICY RESPONSE In parallel, however, adopting the ecosystem services approach may necessitate amendments to international conventions and standards in other policy sectors. for example, current WTo rules prohibit the introduction of certain environmental standards (e.g. with respect to timber) as they would violate free trade principles. Mechanisms to ensure policy coordination and coherence between different sectors and levels of government are therefore essential, both within and between countries. Spatial planning is an important part of this equation. A large amount of environmental decision-making takes place close to the ground (e.g. permitting, inspection, planning decisions, enforcement) which means that local administrations and actors need to be aware, involved and adequately resourced (see TEEB-D2 Report for Local Policy Makers and Administrators forthcoming). 2.3.2 PAY ATTENTION TO CULTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT Policy makers need to consider local culture and institutions when deciding which policies are likely to be appropriate or acceptable. The success of policy reforms may also be influenced by right timing. A country’s cultural context (e.g. religious norms or morality, level of civil society engagement) and institutional context (e.g. laws, regulations, traditions) can provide useful entry points for biodiversity conservation. Policy options may be easier to implement and enforce when they fit easily into existing regulations and do not need substantial legislative changes or re-allocation of decision-making power. Establishing a protected area or restricting use of a certain resource can be easier if backed by religious norms. Market-based tools to manage ecosystem services may be more easily accepted in countries that use markets for pollution control or nature protection (e.g. USA) than in regions relying on traditional regulatory norms (e.g. most European countries). The importance of traditional knowledge related to biodiversity is increasingly recognised by scientists, businesses and policy-makers. In some countries, scaling up traditional use patterns and local management practices to the regional or national level may be more easily accepted than top-down approaches. The first step towards this goal involves the systematic collection of relevant local knowledge (see example in Box 2.7). Box 2.7: Upholding traditional knowledge through People’s Biodiversity Registers (India) People’s Biodiversity Registers (PBR) were initiated in India in 1995 to record rapidly eroding folk knowledge of medicinal uses of plants. Their focus has since been broadened to cover wild varieties of cultivated crops to support on-farm conservation and promotion of farmer’s rights. PBR record information on species, their habitats, the price of biological produce and regulations governing harvests. The most ambitious PBR to date covers 52 sites in 7 states. This huge database is designed to: • facilitate community regulation of access to biodiversity resources leading to sustainable harvests; • promote knowledge-based sustainable management of agriculture and the sustainable use of live stock, fish, forests to enhance public health and the quality of life of the community members; • generate funds through imposition of collection fees for access to biodiversity resources; • stimulate conservation of valuable natural resources; and • achieve fair sharing in the benefits of commercial application of local knowledge. Source: Gadgil et al. 2006; India’s Third National Report on Implementation of the CBD; Verma 2009 TEEB foR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 2: PAGE 13
Page 1 and 2:
Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
Page 3 and 4:
ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
Page 5 and 6:
THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
Page 11 and 12:
• Enough food could be produced o
Page 13 and 14:
MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38: Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
Page 39 and 40: THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
Page 41 and 42: 10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Page 43 and 44: RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
Page 49 and 50: 10.2.2 BETTER LINKS TO MACRO- ECONO
Page 51 and 52: 10.3 Investing in natural capital s
Page 53 and 54: as well as the value for money and
Page 55 and 56: Global National or Regional Local T
Page 59 and 60: 10.4 By taking distributional issue
Page 61 and 62: has origins and impacts beyond bord
Page 63 and 64: The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
Page 65 and 66: 10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
Page 67 and 68: Rewarding the provision of services
Page 69 and 70: Making this a reality will require
Page 71 and 72: GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
Page 73 and 74: Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
Page 77 and 78: ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
Page 79 and 80: FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
Page 87: 2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
Page 95 and 96: 2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
Page 97 and 98: 2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
Page 99 and 100: REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
Page 103 and 104: THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
Page 105 and 106: STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
Page 107 and 108: 3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
Page 139 and 140:
STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
Page 141 and 142:
Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
Page 153 and 154:
INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
Page 155 and 156:
4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Endnotes INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Economic valuation methods INTEGRAT
Page 187 and 188:
ANNEx 2: sTAGEs of A PoLIcy AssEssM
Page 189 and 190:
Chapter 5: Rewarding benefits throu
Page 191 and 192:
REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
5.1 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYM
Page 197 and 198:
REGULATORY BASELINES AND ADDITIONAL
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
could have adverse consequences for
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
• some contained an element of te
Page 227 and 228:
• ancillary provisions e.g. possi
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
5.4.2 GREENING INTERGOVERNMEN- TAL
Page 233 and 234:
financial flows involved. Building
Page 235 and 236:
considerable patience as such optio
Page 237 and 238:
CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHER
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
While certification systems can sig
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
Page 253 and 254:
44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
Page 263 and 264:
REFORMING SUBSIDIES Key Messages of
Page 265 and 266:
6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
Page 267 and 268:
6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
Page 269 and 270:
6.2 6.2.1 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
Page 271 and 272:
through provision of water and ener
Page 273 and 274:
6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
Page 275 and 276:
Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
Page 277 and 278:
Second, it has to be borne in mind
Page 279 and 280:
• increases the producer price of
Page 281 and 282:
REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
Page 283 and 284:
In the agriculture sector, the pric
Page 285 and 286:
Some consumer energy subsidies may
Page 287 and 288:
6.4 “People who love soft methods
Page 289 and 290:
6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
Page 291 and 292:
The multiple policy objectives ofte
Page 293 and 294:
REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
Page 295 and 296:
The G-20 Heads of State have recent
Page 297 and 298:
REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
Page 299 and 300:
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
Page 301 and 302:
Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
Page 303 and 304:
Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
Page 305 and 306:
7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
Page 307 and 308:
7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
Page 309 and 310:
y reducing the release of pollutant
Page 311 and 312:
y reducing uncertainties with respe
Page 313 and 314:
This equivalence can involve the sa
Page 315 and 316:
PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
Page 317 and 318:
A biodiversity offset should be des
Page 319 and 320:
7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
Page 321 and 322:
Market-based instruments can be des
Page 323 and 324:
China’s first water use rights sy
Page 325 and 326:
PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
Page 327 and 328:
Despite the potential described abo
Page 329 and 330:
Non-market valuation studies can he
Page 331 and 332:
PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
Page 333 and 334:
The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
Page 335 and 336:
7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
Page 337 and 338:
has shown the critical need to stre
Page 339 and 340:
Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
Page 341:
Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
Page 372 and 373:
· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
Page 391:
T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
show all

Download (PDF, 6.71MB) - TEEB

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?