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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE POLICY RESPONSE Economic analysis can help existing instruments work better. Using assessment tools (see Chapter 4) to measure and compare the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of existing policies can ensure that instruments can reach their full potential. Assessment provides ongoing opportunities to review and improve policy design, adjust targets and thresholds and make the positive effects of protection visible (e.g. for protected areas). The process increases transparency and can contribute to acceptance of restrictive policies by stakeholders. Economic assessment can make explicit the damage caused by harmful subsidies. Policy instruments that do not take nature into account often have a net negative impact because of their harm to biodiversity Action China’s Sloping Land Program Quito’s Water fund Il’Ngwesi Ecolodge Namibia’s Conservancy Programme Cape Peninsula Biodiversity Conservation Project Table 2.2: How biodiversity policies affect development policy and poverty alleviation Country China Ecuador Kenya Namibia South Africa Conservation • 14.6 million hectares reforested (by 2010) • 3.5 million trees planted • Nine park guards hired • hydrology monitoring program started • Increasing wildlife populations • Poaching controls • Increasing wildlife populations • overgrazing controlled • Landscape connectivity improved • Invasive plant eradication • Antelope species reintroduction • Increasing raptor population • Establishment of Protected Area and eco-system services. Examples may include subsidies for housing that encourage land conversion and urban sprawl in natural areas and fisheries or agricultural subsidies that are harmful to biodiversity and ecosystems (see Chapter 6). Economic information allows policy makers to simultaneously address poverty issues and social goals if the distribution of costs and benefits to different groups in society is included in the analysis. Such analysis can highlight the importance biodiversity and ecosystem services have for poorer segments of the population in many countries. When designed accordingly, biodiversity policies can contribute to alleviating poverty (see Table 2.2). Development / Poverty alleviation • Alternative income • Targeted ethnic minority groups • flood control • Alternative income • Education • Clean water • Conflict resolution training • Technical capacity building • Alternative income • Education (school funded) • Security (poaching controlled) • Alternative income • Property rights • Cultural equality • Gender equality • Improved infrastructure • Alternative income <strong>TEEB</strong> foR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 2: PAGE 10 Further information http://www.cifor.cgiar.or g/pes/publications/pdf_ files/China_paper.pdf http://www.unep.org/gc/ gcss-viii/USA-IWRM- 2.pdf http://www.ilngwesi. com/ http://www.met.gov.na/ programmes/cbnrm/ cons_guide.htm http://www.ffem.fr/jahia/ webdav/site/ffem/users/ admiffem/public/Plaquettes_projet/Biodiversity_ peninsuleCap_eng.pdf Source: adapted from Tallis et al. 2008
2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE POLICY RESPONSE GUIDING PRINCIPLES foR PoLICy ChANGE “The Earth is sick from underdevelopment and sick from excessive development” UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali in his opening address to the 1992 Earth Summit As well as taking economic values into account, policy makers need to consider the following factors when designing an effective process: • many different actors are concerned, with highly diverse interests; • each country’s cultural and institutional context is different; • ethical considerations and distributional issues are critical to fair and durable solutions; and • good governance must underpin successful policy implementation. 2.3.1 ADDRESS THE RIGHT ACTORS AND BALANCE INTERESTS Decisions affecting ecosystem services and biodiversity are made and influenced by widely varying actors. Box 2.5: Actors and stakeholders in marine policy – more than just fishermen Key players at sea range from those who pollute the seas to those who use its resources. Relevant policy areas cover not only shipping and dumping of waste at sea but also border/customs operations, landbased industry and agriculture (e.g. run-off from nitrates or chemicals). very often, these same actors have a direct interest in conserving water quality (e.g. local communities, fishermen, public authorities). While some groups may be able to adapt to policy change and diminish their negative impacts (e.g. by adjusting shipping routes), others may have greater difficulty in reducing their impact on marine resources. Source: Berghöfer et al. 2008 Governments and public authorities are responsible for setting policy but a whole series of other groups (industry and business, consumers, landowners, NGos, lobbyists, indigenous people etc.) also make decisions that affect the natural environment (see Box 2.5). The challenge is to identify all relevant actors, mobilise ‘leaders’ and ensure that they have the necessary information and encouragement to make the difference. Involving stakeholders is essential and has several advantages. Many of the people affected by damage to biodiversity and ecosystems have access to information or expertise not available to the general public. They also stand to win or lose most from policy changes. Such groups can play a central role in setting policy targets and implementing concrete solutions. one option is to reward local ‘champions’ active in taking up new challenges (see Box 2.6). Box 2.6: Rewarding environmental leaders: two examples of national practice In 2004, the Chinese Environmental Award was established to reward outstanding efforts to safeguard natural resources and capital. It has so far been granted to five groups and individuals e.g. the 2006 award for Best Ecological Performance on Environmental Protection went to the forest Police Station of Xi Shuang Ban Na, yunnan Province, a biodiversity hotspot (http://www.cepf.org.cn/en/Leading). Similar programs include: • the KEhATI award in Indonesia (http://us.kehati.or.id/news/kehati-award-2009.html); • the Premio de Reportaje sobre Biodiversidad in South America (www.premioreportaje.org); and • the Equator Prize for outstanding efforts to reduce poverty and biodiversity conservation (http://www.equatorinitiative.org). Source: China’s Third National Report on Implementation of the CBD <strong>TEEB</strong> foR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 2: PAGE 11
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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• Enough food could be produced o
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MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
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1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
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Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
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4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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Endnotes INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND
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Economic valuation methods INTEGRAT
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ANNEx 2: sTAGEs of A PoLIcy AssEssM
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Chapter 5: Rewarding benefits throu
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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
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5.1 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYM
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REGULATORY BASELINES AND ADDITIONAL
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could have adverse consequences for
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• some contained an element of te
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• ancillary provisions e.g. possi
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5.4.2 GREENING INTERGOVERNMEN- TAL
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financial flows involved. Building
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considerable patience as such optio
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CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHER
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While certification systems can sig
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Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
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44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
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Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Key Messages of
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6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
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6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
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6.2 6.2.1 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
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through provision of water and ener
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6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
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Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
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Second, it has to be borne in mind
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• increases the producer price of
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
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In the agriculture sector, the pric
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Some consumer energy subsidies may
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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