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10.3.4 RESTORATION OF DEGRADED
ECOSYSTEMS
Avoiding ecosystem loss in the first place is obviously
the better option, but where it is already too late,
well-targeted restoration of natural capital can
provide very high returns on investment in
certain contexts. Preliminary estimates presented in
the TEEB Climate Issues Update (2009) suggested
that the potential social returns of return can reach
40% for mangrove and woodland/shrublands,
50% for tropical forests and 79% for grasslands when
the multiple ecosystem services provided are taken
into account.
Despite the promising potential for high returns,
ecological infrastructure projects require significant
up-front investment. The costs vary widely, not only
RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE
Figure 10.2: Total benefits of conservation compared to benefits from conversion for
seven case studies in different countries
Sources: Bann (1997), Yaron (2001), van Vuuren and Roy (1993), van Beukering et al. (2003), Kumari (1994), Naidoo and Ricketts (2006),
and White et al. (2000), as reviewed by Balmford et al. (2002), Papageorgiou (2008) and Trivedi et al. (2008). ‘Conservation’
includes sustainable production of market goods and services including timber, fish, non-timber forest products, and tourism.
‘Conversion’ refers to replacement of the natural ecosystem with a system dedicated to agriculture, aquaculture, or timber production.
between ecosystem types but also according to the
level of degradation, the level of ambition and the
specific circumstances in which restoration is carried
out. Evidence on costs collected in this report range
from hundreds to thousands of Euros per hectare in
grasslands, rangelands and forests, to several tens of
thousands in inland waters, and even up to millions of
dollars per hectare for coral reefs (see Chapter 9).
Another constraint is that the expected benefits, even
when they are marketable (such as in the case of
freshwater provision or waste treatment) can take time
to materialise. Together with the high costs, this can
put off private investment, meaning that the role of
governments and public budgets is critical.
Government support and coordination of stakeholders
is particularly important for mega-sites of degradation
with large-scale complex interactions and far-reaching
TEEB FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 10: PAGE 18