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A tight regulatory framework defining the scope and extent of resource use is a precondition for halting losses. Because biodiversity has a public good character (see Chapter 4), it is the to define relevant targets and set up an adequate framework to ensure such targets are met. We often underestimate the contribution that sectoral regulations can make to safeguarding biodiversity. Water use Air pollution Land use Key: Drinking water Water / groundwater extraction Waste water treatment Water body condition Water pollution and quality Ambient air quality standards Emission standards off-gas treatment Fuel efficiency standards Lead ban motorfuels Exhaust emission standards Spatial planning / zoning Mineral extraction Soil protection and contamination Fresh water Food Water purification Water regulation Natural hazard regulation Recreation and ecotourism Aesthetic values Water cycling Nutrient cycle Food Fresh water Air quality regulation Climate regulation Natural hazard regulation Recreation and ecotourism Food Fiber Fresh water Biochemicals Water regulation Climate regulation Natural hazard regulation Erosion control Air quality regulation Aesthetic values Cultural Diversity Recreation and ecotourism Soil formation Water cycling Nutrient cycle Provisioning Services Cultural Services Regulating Services Supporting Services Agriculture Forestry Fisheries In agriculture, for example, regulating fertiliser use can reduce nutrient run-off into soils and water, eutrophication in river systems, lakes and coastal areas and algae build-up on beaches. Regulations of this type thus support multiple ecosystem services and benefits (aesthetic, tourism and cultural values, reduced health impacts, provisioning and regulating services) and improve carbon storage in the soil (see examples in Table 7.1). Nature Protection Required minimum practices Best practices Fertilizers Regulation on transgenic crops Afforestation / Reforestation Best practices Timber harvest regulation Forest product licensing hunting licensing Abstraction of non-timberforest-products Catch licensing Nursery protetcion Mesh size Protected areas Protected Species Act habitat Directive Birds Directive <strong>TEEB</strong> FoR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 7: PAGE 7 Food Fiber Climate regulation Erosion control Pest control Disease regulation Recreation and ecotourism Soil formation Nutrient cycling Food Fiber Biochemicals Climate regulation Erosion control Natural hazard regulation Water regulation Aesthetic values Recreation and ecotourism Inspiration Water cycling Nutrient cycle Food Genetic resources Climate regulation Recreation and ecotourism Nutrient cycle Fresh water Genetic resources Biochemicals Natural hazard regulation Aesthetic values Inspiration Educational value Spritual and religious values
y reducing the release of pollutants that threaten ecosystem status and functions. Management of air quality, water and soils all rely heavily on this type of regulation (see Box 7.3). Chemicals regulation addresses risks associated with producing, distributing and using certain products or their compounds. In practice, strict regulation is often reactive and adopted in response to a catastrophe (e.g. US oil Pollution Act 1990 adopted in response to the Exxon valdez oil spill, see Chapter 4). but carries administrative costs in terms of monitoring and enforcement (see 7.5). Costs of implementation and compliance fall primarily on private resource users who must finance abatement or equivalent measures to reach the required standard. Regulation can also require monitoring activities (e.g. waste water effluent or river water quality downstream), at cost to the emitting source. This is consistent with the polluter pays principle. Where institutional capacity for implementing regulations is already set up, it is often easier to expand regulation than to set up market-based approaches. Emission limits (e.g. for power stations emissions to air, quality of effluent discharge from industrial plant) can be tightened over time as it becomes clear that there is an environmental or health need. BAT standards lay down detailed prescriptions on type of technology, requirements of a particular technical solution, monitoring etc. Where such standards are available, it may be easiest to adapt them to local conditions, offering opportunities for learning and applying regulatory experience from other countries. As noted, . Emissions trading instruments, for example, emerged against a background of air quality regulatory standards in the USA (hansjürgens 2000). The first generation of instruments in the 1970s (i.e. netting, offset, bubble and banking policy) were based on credits that could be created if abatement went beyond a certain standard. only additional emissions ‘saved’ by over-compliance could be used for compensation or trading. Similar rules apply for biodiversity offsets and/or banking (see 7.3). Forest damage from ‘acid rain’– mainly caused by So 2 emissions from energy-producing combustion plants (Waldsterben) – created enormous pressure on politicians in the early 1980s. Germany therefore set a tight So 2 -emission standard at 400 mg/m 3 that all plants had to comply with by 1993. Following the enactment of the standard, the electricity sector embarked upon a major reduction program that led to sharp decline in So 2 -emissions (see table). So 2 -emissions (mg/m 3 ) 2154 2160 1847 582 270 290 250 154 the decline of forests during the 1980s and 1990s led to the Swedish Forestry Act being updated in 1994. The new Act specifies that forests “shall be managed in such a way as to provide a valuable, sustainable yield and at the same time preserve biodiversity”. It provides for new standards to be established after (i) felling (ii) if forest land is unused and (iii) the forest condition is clearly unsatisfactory and sets quotas for maximum annual allowable cut to promote an even age distribution of forest stands. Recent statistics prove that the regulation has had positive results, especially the numbers of old or deciduous trees recovered in the past 20 years (increase of 10 to 90%, depending on diameter). <strong>TEEB</strong> FoR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 7: PAGE 8
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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• Enough food could be produced o
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MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
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1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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10.2.2 BETTER LINKS TO MACRO- ECONO
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10.3 Investing in natural capital s
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as well as the value for money and
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Global National or Regional Local T
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10.4 By taking distributional issue
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has origins and impacts beyond bord
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The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
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10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
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Rewarding the provision of services
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Making this a reality will require
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GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
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Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
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ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
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Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
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Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
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4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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Endnotes INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND
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Economic valuation methods INTEGRAT
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ANNEx 2: sTAGEs of A PoLIcy AssEssM
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Chapter 5: Rewarding benefits throu
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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
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5.1 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYM
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REGULATORY BASELINES AND ADDITIONAL
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could have adverse consequences for
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• some contained an element of te
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• ancillary provisions e.g. possi
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5.4.2 GREENING INTERGOVERNMEN- TAL
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financial flows involved. Building
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considerable patience as such optio
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CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHER
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While certification systems can sig
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Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
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44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
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Page 261 and 262: Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
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Page 265 and 266: 6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
Page 267 and 268: 6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
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Page 291 and 292: The multiple policy objectives ofte
Page 293 and 294: REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
Page 295 and 296: The G-20 Heads of State have recent
Page 297 and 298: REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
Page 299 and 300: OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
Page 301 and 302: Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
Page 303 and 304: Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
Page 305 and 306: 7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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Page 311 and 312: y reducing uncertainties with respe
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Page 315 and 316: PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
Page 317 and 318: A biodiversity offset should be des
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Page 321 and 322: Market-based instruments can be des
Page 323 and 324: China’s first water use rights sy
Page 325 and 326: PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
Page 327 and 328: Despite the potential described abo
Page 329 and 330: Non-market valuation studies can he
Page 331 and 332: PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
Page 333 and 334: The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
Page 335 and 336: 7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
Page 337 and 338: has shown the critical need to stre
Page 339 and 340: Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
Page 341: Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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