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ThE ECoNoMICS oF ECoSySTEMS AND BIoDIvERSITy TEEB for National and International Policy Makers Chapter 7 TEEB FoR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 7: PAGE 1
Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding benefits and reforming subsidies (Chapters 5 and 6) are important components of policy reform but in isolation they will never be enough to halt continuing losses. A coherent strategy to make the full costs of loss visible and payable should form the backbone of new biodiversity policies. Policy design should be based on two key principles: the polluter pays principle and the full cost recovery principle. Many tools for this purpose already exist and more are coming on stream, but their potential is far from fully exploited. Such instruments encourage private and public actors to incorporate biodiversity values in their decisions and investments and can stimulate economic efficiency and technical innovation. They contribute to social and distributional equity and can increase the credibility and acceptability of public policies in force. Environmental regulation has long been and will remain central to addressing pressures on biodiversity and ecosystems. The use of prohibitions, standards and technical conditions has a proven track record and has delivered major benefits. A well-defined and comprehensive regulatory framework should be the baseline for policies to avoid damage and a precondition for introducing compensation mechanisms and market-based instruments. Regulatory frameworks should support attribution of environmental liability to provide further orientation for the private sector and promote more efficient approaches both to prevention and remediation of damage by responsible parties. A systematic proactive approach is needed to send accurate price signals about the true value of ecosystem services. Incentives can be adjusted by using opportunities to apply standards or introduce taxes, charges, fees, fines, compensation mechanisms and/or tradable permits. This should be part of a wider fiscal reform in favour of biodiversity (see also Chapters 5, 6 and 9). Combining policies provides the opportunity to adequately address different ecosystem services and different actors. Effective policy mixes need to take account of institutional background, capacity, traditions, affordability and the characteristics of the resource or service in question. It is crucial to communicate the benefits of introducing regulation and market-based instruments to overcome political/social opposition. Flexible policy mixing can: • stimulate greater efficiency through price signals and least cost solutions to environmental problems; • through compensation tools, provide for no net loss in policies or even create net-gain solutions; • generate additional public revenues that, if earmarked, can support pro-biodiversity measures. Effective enforcement is critical to give policies teeth and demonstrate the gravity of environmental crimes. Adequate funding for technical equipment and trained staff is essential to show policy makers’ commitment to tackling biodiversity and ecosystem losses. TEEB FoR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 7: PAGE 2
- Page 251 and 252: Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
- Page 253 and 254: 44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
- Page 255 and 256: REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
- Page 257 and 258: REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
- Page 259 and 260: REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
- Page 261 and 262: Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
- Page 263 and 264: REFORMING SUBSIDIES Key Messages of
- Page 265 and 266: 6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
- Page 267 and 268: 6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
- Page 269 and 270: 6.2 6.2.1 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
- Page 271 and 272: through provision of water and ener
- Page 273 and 274: 6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
- Page 275 and 276: Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
- Page 277 and 278: Second, it has to be borne in mind
- Page 279 and 280: • increases the producer price of
- Page 281 and 282: REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
- Page 283 and 284: In the agriculture sector, the pric
- Page 285 and 286: Some consumer energy subsidies may
- Page 287 and 288: 6.4 “People who love soft methods
- Page 289 and 290: 6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
- Page 291 and 292: The multiple policy objectives ofte
- Page 293 and 294: REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
- Page 295 and 296: The G-20 Heads of State have recent
- Page 297 and 298: REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
- Page 299 and 300: OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
- Page 301: Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
- Page 305 and 306: 7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
- Page 307 and 308: 7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
- Page 309 and 310: y reducing the release of pollutant
- Page 311 and 312: y reducing uncertainties with respe
- Page 313 and 314: This equivalence can involve the sa
- Page 315 and 316: PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
- Page 317 and 318: A biodiversity offset should be des
- Page 319 and 320: 7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
- Page 321 and 322: Market-based instruments can be des
- Page 323 and 324: China’s first water use rights sy
- Page 325 and 326: PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
- Page 327 and 328: Despite the potential described abo
- Page 329 and 330: Non-market valuation studies can he
- Page 331 and 332: PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
- Page 333 and 334: The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
- Page 335 and 336: 7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
- Page 337 and 338: has shown the critical need to stre
- Page 339 and 340: Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
- Page 341: Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
ThE ECoNoMICS oF ECoSySTEMS AND BIoDIvERSITy<br />
<strong>TEEB</strong> for National and International Policy Makers<br />
Chapter 7<br />
<strong>TEEB</strong> FoR NATIoNAL AND INTERNATIoNAL PoLICy MAKERS - ChAPTER 7: PAGE 1
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