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17 More details on the agreements are available from Breibart 1997; ICBG 1997; Mulholland and Wilman 1998; Neto and Dickson 1999; Ten Kate and Laird 1999; Merson 2000; Artuso 2002; Greer and Harvey 2004; and Dedeurwaerdere et al. 2005. 18 It should be noted that not all indigenous communities are keen on pursuing this line of development as some reject the commercial exploitation of knowledge. 19 Source suppliers covers source country governments; local management entities; indigenous people/communities, some of whom have the right to grant permission for access to and use of genetic resources and their derivatives; national organisations; and/or stakeholder groups with access to traditional knowledge. This still leaves open, however, the rights and equity issues. Even if we take the suppliers to be national governments that does not infer that all jurisdictions have wholly equitable or indeed well defined rights of sourcing and supply. This is itself a cause of much concern. For more details see Ding et al 2007. 20 Note that ‘buyers’ can also be intermediaries, such a local re- search institutes and universities. REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS 21 One reviewer of this chapter noted that asset specificity may not apply so forcefully to bioprospecting, arguing that wild and so far undiscovered genetic resources collected for screening purposes usually have no specificity. A provider country can offer their resources to any company interested in the use and companies can approach any provider country. 22 For a further discussion of how transaction costs economics apply to bioprospecting, see Gehl Sampath 2005, 23 For further discussion on the constraints on equitable sharing of benefits and related economic issues, see OECD (2003) and Richerhagen and Holm-Mueller (2005). 24 Suggestion made by Professor Vogel, University of Costa Rica (http://ictsd.net/i/environment/31517). 25 Voluntary approaches are in place from local to international level. See e.g. for municipalities in Australia http://www.logan.qld. gov.au/LCC/logan/environment/biodiversity/cip/voluntaryconservationagreements.htm and at international level, the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ v9878e/v9878e00.HTM) and FAO Code of Practice for Forest Harvesting in Asia-Pacific (http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/AC142E/ AC142E00.HTM). For further discussion, see Menzies 2002 in ten Brink 2002. 26 The ICMS is the tax on sale of goods and services which ope- rates at state level in Brazil. 27 For example, see UNECE 2006 on forests http://www.unece.org/timber/docs/fpama/2006/fpamr2006.pdf and www.msc/org/aboutus/10 for fisheries. 28 International Tropical Timber Organization: http://www.itto.int/. 29 http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/v9878e/v9878e00. HTM#2 30 http://www.seafoodchoices.com/home.php 31 http://assets.panda.org/downloads/fortuna.pdf 32 http://www.msc.org/newsroom/msc-news/archive- 2009/sustained-growth-of-msc-labelled-products 33 http://www.msc.org/documents/msc-brochures/ MSC-FisheriesCommitments-Aug09-WEB.pdf 34 http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/ 35 Figures from the new World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2008. cited on their website: http://www.ifoam.org/press/press/2008/Global_Organic_Agriculture_Continued_Growth.php 36 See Organic Monitor research news http://www.organicmoni- tor.com/r3001.htm 37 http://www.sustainablefarmcert.com/ 38 http://www.rainforest-alliance.org/agriculture. cfm?id= main 39 http://www.globalgap.org/cms/front_content.php? idart=3&idcat=9&lang=1 40 http://www.ecoagriculture.org/index.php 41 http://www.wttc.org/ 42 http://www.mekongtourism.org/site/uploads/media/ IETS_Ecotourism_Fact_Sheet_-_Global_1__01.pdf 43 http://www.ecotourism.org/site/c.orLQKXPCLmF/ b.4835303/k.BEB9/What_is_Ecotourism__The_International_Ecotourism_Society.htm (source of citation from Mastny 2001). TEEB FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 63
44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/site/uploads/media/ IETS_Ecotourism_Fact_Sheet_-_Global_1__01.pdf 45 http://www.wttc.org/ 46 http://www.organicmonitor.com/r1709.htm 47 See What Do We Know About the Costs and Benefits of Tropical Timber Certification? (2004) Timbmet Group Ltd: Oxford. 48 Ibid. 49 Plantations are usually more productive than natural forests, and some argue that the world’s timber and fibre needs should be met from plantations, thereby relieving pressure on natural forest to provide the same material. 50 e.g. through the Global Forest and Trade Network (GFTN), brokered by WWF, consuming and producing companies sign up to the network and report annually to the WWF on progress against individually agreed targets in return for use of its logo for PR purposes (www.gftn.panda.org/about_gftn/) 51 http://www.socialstockexchange.eu/why/default.html 52 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/index_en.htm. REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS TEEB FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 64
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44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/site/uploads/media/<br />
IETS_Ecotourism_Fact_Sheet_-_Global_1__01.pdf<br />
45 http://www.wttc.org/<br />
46 http://www.organicmonitor.com/r1709.htm<br />
47 See What Do We Know About the Costs and Benefits of Tropical<br />
Timber Certification? (2004) Timbmet Group Ltd: Oxford.<br />
48 Ibid.<br />
49 Plantations are usually more productive than natural forests, and<br />
some argue that the world’s timber and fibre needs should be met<br />
from plantations, thereby relieving pressure on natural forest to provide<br />
the same material.<br />
50 e.g. through the Global Forest and Trade Network (GFTN), brokered<br />
by WWF, consuming and producing companies sign up to<br />
the network and report annually to the WWF on progress against<br />
individually agreed targets in return for use of its logo for PR purposes<br />
(www.gftn.panda.org/about_gftn/)<br />
51 http://www.socialstockexchange.eu/why/default.html<br />
52 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/index_en.htm.<br />
REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS<br />
<strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 64
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