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CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE<br />
FISHERIES<br />
REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS<br />
Table 5.3: Global supply of roundwood from certified resources (2007-2009)<br />
Region Total forest area<br />
(million ha)<br />
North<br />
America<br />
Western<br />
Europe<br />
CIS<br />
Oceania<br />
Africa<br />
Latin<br />
America<br />
Asia<br />
World total<br />
470.6<br />
155.5<br />
907.4<br />
197.6<br />
649.9<br />
964.4<br />
524.1<br />
3,869.5<br />
2007<br />
164.2<br />
80.8<br />
20.6<br />
9.9<br />
2.6<br />
12.1<br />
1.6<br />
291.8<br />
As demand for fish and other marine and aquatic species<br />
continues to increase and the commercial fishing industry<br />
goes to ever greater lengths to access new fish resources,<br />
a consensus is emerging that the world’s fisheries are in<br />
peril. The impact of fisheries and aquaculture on the wider<br />
marine and coastal environment is also of grave and growing<br />
concern. Aquaculture expansion, seen as a means<br />
to reduce pressures on wild stocks, has been implicated<br />
in the loss of coastal habitat (e.g. mangroves in tropical<br />
zones) whilst the farming of higher value species (e.g. salmon<br />
and prawns) still requires substantial fishmeal inputs.<br />
The fisheries sector has a substantial direct interest in<br />
engaging with the issue of biodiversity and ecosystem<br />
protection to:<br />
• secure long-term supplies of target fish. Healthy<br />
ecosystems have higher productivity, but require<br />
management of the ecosystem as a whole;<br />
• safeguard reputation and access to markets.<br />
Consumers and retailers are increasingly concerned<br />
about the impacts of fisheries on target and nontarget<br />
species and seabed habitats and are demanding<br />
assurances that the industry take action to<br />
address them.<br />
Total certified forest area<br />
(million ha)<br />
2008<br />
181.7<br />
84.2<br />
24.6<br />
9.4<br />
3.0<br />
15.0<br />
2.0<br />
319.9<br />
2009<br />
180.3<br />
82.2<br />
25.2<br />
10.3<br />
5.6<br />
14.6<br />
3.0<br />
321.1<br />
Total forest area certified (%)<br />
2007<br />
34.9<br />
52.0<br />
2.3<br />
5.0<br />
0.4<br />
Several initiatives have been launched to conserve<br />
fish stocks more effectively. The FAO Code of Conduct<br />
for Responsible Fisheries establishes a voluntary<br />
framework on which to base sustainable fishing<br />
practices 29 . The Seafood Choices Alliance, a global<br />
association of fishers, fish farmers, wholesalers and<br />
restaurants, works to promote ocean-friendly seafood<br />
30 . For tuna, the Global Tuna Conservation Initiative<br />
launched by WWF and TRAFFIC is working to<br />
establish an ecosystem-based management approach<br />
for tuna stocks 31 .<br />
Of the fisheries market labels, the Marine Stewardship<br />
Council (MSC) is the most widely recognised and has<br />
the largest geographic coverage (see Box 5.24).<br />
CERTIFICATION OF BIODIVERSITY-<br />
FRIENDLY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES<br />
The impact of agricultural practices (e.g. conversion<br />
and degradation of natural habitat, pollution) has been<br />
identified as the main reason for the loss of terrestrial<br />
biodiversity (sCBD and MNP 2007). By 1990, over two<br />
thirds of the area within two of the world’s fourteen<br />
major terrestrial biomes and over half of the area within<br />
four others had been converted, primarily for agriculture<br />
(MA 2005b).<br />
<strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 48<br />
1.3<br />
0.3<br />
7.5<br />
2008<br />
38.6<br />
54.1<br />
2.7<br />
4.8<br />
0.5<br />
1.6<br />
0.4<br />
8.3<br />
2009<br />
38.3<br />
52.8<br />
2.8<br />
5.2<br />
0.9<br />
1.5<br />
0.6<br />
8.3<br />
Sources: UNECE/FAO (2009) using individual certification schemes;<br />
the Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition; FAO and authors’ compilations 2009.