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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS Box 5.23: Market penetration to date by major forest certification schemes The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes (PEFC) is an international umbrella organisation working for the assessment and mutual recognition of national schemes. These must comply with basic PEFC requirements but may adhere to stricter environmental criteria. PEFC certification may cover smaller schemes e.g. the American Tree Farm System (ATFS) for small forest owners. Members include 25 independent national schemes that have undergone rigorous assessment: they cover over 200 million hectares of forest, making it the world’s largest scheme. Source: http://www.pefc.org The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is an independent, non-profit organisation established in 1993. Members include environmental and social groups, representatives of the timber trade, indigenous people’s organisations and forest product certification organisations. FSC certification is based on ten principles that encompass principles of sustainable development and equity as well as environment. By 2009, FSC had certified over 113 million hectares in 82 countries. The value of FSC-labelled sales is estimated at over US$ 20 billion, representing four-fold growth since 2005. Source: www.fsc.org; FSC 2009; UNECE/FAO 2009 Use of certified or controlled wood fibres from sustainably managed forests in drinks carton manufacture is rising sharply. In 2008, usage by Tetrapak, Elopak and SIG Combibloc (which represent 80% of the global market) increased from 47% to 77% according to independent verifier ProForest. The three companies have pledged to purchase 100% of their paperboard from ‘legal and acceptable’ sources by 2015, using standards developed by FSC, PEFC or equivalent schemes. Source: ENDS Bulletin 17.11.09 (www.endsreport.com/bulletin) Figure 5.12: Forest area certified by major certification schemes (2000-2009) <strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 47 Source: UNECE/FAO 2009
CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS Table 5.3: Global supply of roundwood from certified resources (2007-2009) Region Total forest area (million ha) North America Western Europe CIS Oceania Africa Latin America Asia World total 470.6 155.5 907.4 197.6 649.9 964.4 524.1 3,869.5 2007 164.2 80.8 20.6 9.9 2.6 12.1 1.6 291.8 As demand for fish and other marine and aquatic species continues to increase and the commercial fishing industry goes to ever greater lengths to access new fish resources, a consensus is emerging that the world’s fisheries are in peril. The impact of fisheries and aquaculture on the wider marine and coastal environment is also of grave and growing concern. Aquaculture expansion, seen as a means to reduce pressures on wild stocks, has been implicated in the loss of coastal habitat (e.g. mangroves in tropical zones) whilst the farming of higher value species (e.g. salmon and prawns) still requires substantial fishmeal inputs. The fisheries sector has a substantial direct interest in engaging with the issue of biodiversity and ecosystem protection to: • secure long-term supplies of target fish. Healthy ecosystems have higher productivity, but require management of the ecosystem as a whole; • safeguard reputation and access to markets. Consumers and retailers are increasingly concerned about the impacts of fisheries on target and nontarget species and seabed habitats and are demanding assurances that the industry take action to address them. Total certified forest area (million ha) 2008 181.7 84.2 24.6 9.4 3.0 15.0 2.0 319.9 2009 180.3 82.2 25.2 10.3 5.6 14.6 3.0 321.1 Total forest area certified (%) 2007 34.9 52.0 2.3 5.0 0.4 Several initiatives have been launched to conserve fish stocks more effectively. The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries establishes a voluntary framework on which to base sustainable fishing practices 29 . The Seafood Choices Alliance, a global association of fishers, fish farmers, wholesalers and restaurants, works to promote ocean-friendly seafood 30 . For tuna, the Global Tuna Conservation Initiative launched by WWF and TRAFFIC is working to establish an ecosystem-based management approach for tuna stocks 31 . Of the fisheries market labels, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is the most widely recognised and has the largest geographic coverage (see Box 5.24). CERTIFICATION OF BIODIVERSITY- FRIENDLY AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES The impact of agricultural practices (e.g. conversion and degradation of natural habitat, pollution) has been identified as the main reason for the loss of terrestrial biodiversity (sCBD and MNP 2007). By 1990, over two thirds of the area within two of the world’s fourteen major terrestrial biomes and over half of the area within four others had been converted, primarily for agriculture (MA 2005b). <strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 48 1.3 0.3 7.5 2008 38.6 54.1 2.7 4.8 0.5 1.6 0.4 8.3 2009 38.3 52.8 2.8 5.2 0.9 1.5 0.6 8.3 Sources: UNECE/FAO (2009) using individual certification schemes; the Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition; FAO and authors’ compilations 2009.
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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• Enough food could be produced o
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MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
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1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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10.2.2 BETTER LINKS TO MACRO- ECONO
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10.3 Investing in natural capital s
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as well as the value for money and
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Global National or Regional Local T
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10.4 By taking distributional issue
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has origins and impacts beyond bord
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The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
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10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
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Rewarding the provision of services
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Making this a reality will require
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GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
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Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
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ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
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Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
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Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
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4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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Endnotes INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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