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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS Box 5.14: Think PINC – the ‘Proactive Investment in Natural Capital’ proposal “We propose that a new mechanism of Proactive Investment in Natural Capital (PINC) is created to promote adaptation in existing protected areas and standing forests that may not benefit directly from REDD funds.” SHAPING IPES AND GLOBAL INVEST- MENT IN BIODIVERSITY Different approaches for international transfers for biodiversity conservation and for mobilising international investment in natural capital have been proposed. Boxes 5.14 and 5.15 describe some recent ideas and initiatives. Without the means to make a global ecosystem service ‘excludable’ – i.e. limiting its use by non-paying benefactors – alternative ways must be found to create demand for investment in such services. This argument also applies to international agreements on access and benefit sharing (see Section 5.3 below). Global targets for contributions to biodiversity conservation can be used to determine burden sharing and/or market mechanisms can offer countries the option to deliver certain ecosystem services in a more cost-efficient way (e.g. Tradable Conservation Obligations, see Box 5.15). Whatever approach is taken, international agreements supported by national legislation are likely to be needed to ensure sustainable long-term financing for global biodiversity. Governments should seek ways to engage the private sector and to create appropriate incentives for business to reduce adverse impacts and invest in biodiversity and ecosystem services. <strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 33 Trivedi et al. (2009) PINC, proposed by the Global Canopy Programme, seeks to act as a complementary funding stream to a REDD mechanism for large areas of standing forests that are not immediately threatened or may not benefit from REDD (depending on its design and implementation). It recognises the immense value of tropical forests in monetary and non-monetary terms and calls for a mechanism to reward the function of large areas of forests as global providers of multiple ecosystem services beyond carbon storage (e.g. biodiversity protection, rainfall generation, water supply regulation and atmospheric cooling, which are likely to become increasingly important as a result of climate change). Source: Trivedi et al. 2009 Box 5.15: Stimulating international demand for biodiversity through a Green Development Mechanism The Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), in cooperation with the CBD Secretariat, are facilitating expert discussions ahead of CBD COP-10 (Nagoya 2010) on new international incentives for biodiversity. The Green Development Mechanism (GDM) initiative seeks to create a global mechanism to stimulate demand for the preservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and to mobilise new and sustained financial support. A range of different potential instruments are being explored. Tradable Conservation Obligations are one way in which countries could commit to contribute to certain biodiversity conservation targets, within national borders or abroad (hence ‘tradable’). Other ideas include footprint compensation measures (e.g. donation levels that use footprint as one of a mix of indicators) and coordination of biodiversity offset obligations (eg ‘no net loss’ commitments) at the international level. See also: Swanson 2009; Swanson, Mullan and Kontoleon 2009
5.3 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS THE ECONOMICS OF ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING (ABS) “My father said: You must never try to make all the money that's in a deal. Let the other fellow make some money too, because if you have a reputation for always making all the money, you won't have many deals.” J. Paul Getty This section looks at economic factors that influence the value of genetic resources (5.3.1) and considers ways to overcome current constraints on maximising such value (5.3.2). This is a key issue to those who own genetic resources or involved in land use decisions that affect them. Typically such groups are made up of relatively poor rural farming or indigenous communities. Benefits from genetic resources could play an important role in improving their livelihoods as well as stimulating better use of stocks of genetic materials. The resulting gains could thus be spread more widely between developing and developed countries. A key CBD objective is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic re- Sector Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Crop protection products Agricultural seeds Ornamental horticulture Personal care, botanical and food & beverage industries sources. Following the call for action by Heads of State at the World Summit for Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002), negotiations are now under way within the CBD to develop a dedicated international regime to implement relevant provisions of the Convention (see 5.3.3 and 5.3.4 below). 5.3.1 THE VALUE OF GENETIC RESOURCES Genetic resources provide source material for a range of commercial products from mainstream pharmaceutical to botanical medicines, new seed varieties, ornamental horticultural products, new enzymes and microorganisms for biotechnology, crop protection products and personal care and cosmetic products. Table 5.2 presents data on the estimated size of the market for these product categories and the percentage derived from genetic inputs to provide an indication of the economic value of activities dependent on genetic resources. A key question in the ABS context is how much of the Table 5.2: Market sectors dependent on genetic resources Size of Market US$ 640 bn. in 2006 US$ 70 bn. in 2006 from public companies alone US$ 30 bn. in 2006 US$ 30 bn. in 2006 Global import value US$ 14 bn in 2006 US$ 22 bn. for herbal supplements US$ 12 bn. for personal care US$ 31 bn for food products All in 2006 Comment 25-50% derived from genetic resources Many products derived from genetic resources (enzymes, microorganisms) Some derived from genetic resources All derived from genetic resources All derived from genetic resources Some products derived from genetic resources. Represents ‘natural’ component of the market. <strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 34 Source: SCBD 2008
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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• Enough food could be produced o
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MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
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1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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10.2.2 BETTER LINKS TO MACRO- ECONO
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10.3 Investing in natural capital s
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as well as the value for money and
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Global National or Regional Local T
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10.4 By taking distributional issue
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has origins and impacts beyond bord
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The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
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10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
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Rewarding the provision of services
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Making this a reality will require
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GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
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Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
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ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
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Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
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Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
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4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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4.3 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
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Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
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Second, it has to be borne in mind
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• increases the producer price of
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
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In the agriculture sector, the pric
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Some consumer energy subsidies may
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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