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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS countries, many of which cannot easily afford the investments required. Significant and sustained support from developed countries is needed to underpin economic development without global environmental impoverishment; • importing primary commodities into developed economies without internalising their full environmental costs may be seen as exporting environmental pressure to other countries. Alongside continuing efforts to internalise environmental costs, consistent with the polluter pays principle, mechanisms to compensate or avoid negative environmental impacts abroad could decrease pressure and buy time to make the shift to more sustainable production. In addition to carbon sequestration and capture (see Section 5.2.2 on the REDD mechanism), other global contenders for IPES schemes include nitrogen deposition, bioprospecting (see Section 5.3 below on Access and Benefit Sharing), water and rainfall regulation and global cultural services provided by species and natural areas. These are all key examples of locally provided ecosystem services with far-reaching benefits. Biodiversity provides additional global public benefits in the form of non-use values. These can be divided into option values, bequest value, existence value and intrinsic value (see Chapter 4). Such values are not limited to a specific region or country; many have international values and some also global values. Next to the global direct and indirect use values described above, they are a fundamental reason for international and intergovernmental cooperation to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. In spatial terms, ecosystem use and provisioning are unevenly distributed throughout the world. This is the case for important use values (e.g. agricultural harvests are more abundant in certain regions), cultural values (e.g. charismatic species are found only in certain locations), carbon storage (see Kapos et al. 2008) and biodiversity-rich areas. This unequal distribution is partly a consequence of past human development paths and population movements and partly due to natural endowments and climatic conditions. Projected biodiversity loss is particularly high in developing countries, many of which are burdened with other priorities like combating poverty and providing education, jobs and economic development (see Figure 5.9 for comparative maps of biodiversity risk areas and the human development index). Developed economies have a co-responsibility to protect global public goods by assisting developing countries to conserve biodiversity. In the short run, sustainable management and conservation will not take place without significantly more investments in the countries where the brunt of projected biodiversity loss will take place. Biodiversity’s role in the global economy is clearly revealed by the interdependency of countries through regional and international trade. Many countries import a high proportion of their primary consumption products, which ultimately derive from ecosystems. Ecosystem services important for international production should be managed on a long-term basis and protected by appropriate laws. Environmental costs should be internalised in the prices of products that are traded internationally as well as nationally. Green purchasing criteria, standards and public procurement (see Sections 5.5 and 5.6) are examples of mechanisms that can encourage exporters to internalise environmental costs. Copyright: TKnoxB. Licensed under: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ <strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 31
REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS Figure 5.9: Comparative maps of biodiversity hotspots and major wilderness areas and the UN’s Human Development Index (HDI) (i) Global Biodiversity ‘priority areas’ map Key: this map builds on Conservation International’s Hotspots, WWF’s Global 200 ecoregions, Birdlife International Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs), WWF/IUCN Centres of Plant Diversity (CPDs) and Amphibian Diversity Areas plus Alliance for Zero Extinction (AZE) sites Source: Kapos et al. 2008: 7 (ii) Human Development Index (HDI) map 0.950 and Over 0.900–0.949 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0.400–0.449 0.350–0.399 under 0.350 not available <strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 32 Source: UNDP 2009: 16
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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• Enough food could be produced o
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MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
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1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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10.2.2 BETTER LINKS TO MACRO- ECONO
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10.3 Investing in natural capital s
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as well as the value for money and
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Global National or Regional Local T
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10.4 By taking distributional issue
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has origins and impacts beyond bord
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The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
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10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
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Rewarding the provision of services
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Making this a reality will require
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GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
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Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
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ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
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Endnotes STRENGTHENING INDICATORS A
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Chapter 4: Integrating ecosystem an
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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERS
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4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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4.3 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODI
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through provision of water and ener
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6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
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Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
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Second, it has to be borne in mind
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• increases the producer price of
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
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In the agriculture sector, the pric
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Some consumer energy subsidies may
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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