Download (PDF, 6.71MB) - TEEB
Download (PDF, 6.71MB) - TEEB
Download (PDF, 6.71MB) - TEEB
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS<br />
countries, many of which cannot easily afford the<br />
investments required. Significant and sustained<br />
support from developed countries is needed to<br />
underpin economic development without global<br />
environmental impoverishment;<br />
• importing primary commodities into developed<br />
economies without internalising their full environmental<br />
costs may be seen as exporting environmental<br />
pressure to other countries. Alongside<br />
continuing efforts to internalise environmental costs,<br />
consistent with the polluter pays principle, mechanisms<br />
to compensate or avoid negative environmental<br />
impacts abroad could decrease pressure<br />
and buy time to make the shift to more sustainable<br />
production.<br />
In addition to carbon sequestration and capture (see<br />
Section 5.2.2 on the REDD mechanism), other global<br />
contenders for IPES schemes include nitrogen deposition,<br />
bioprospecting (see Section 5.3 below<br />
on Access and Benefit Sharing), water and rainfall<br />
regulation and global cultural services provided<br />
by species and natural areas. These are all key<br />
examples of locally provided ecosystem services with<br />
far-reaching benefits.<br />
Biodiversity provides additional global public benefits<br />
in the form of non-use values. These can be<br />
divided into option values, bequest value, existence<br />
value and intrinsic value (see Chapter 4). Such values<br />
are not limited to a specific region or country; many<br />
have international values and some also global values.<br />
Next to the global direct and indirect use values described<br />
above, they are a fundamental reason for international<br />
and intergovernmental cooperation to ensure<br />
the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.<br />
In spatial terms, ecosystem use and provisioning<br />
are unevenly distributed throughout the world.<br />
This is the case for important use values (e.g. agricultural<br />
harvests are more abundant in certain regions),<br />
cultural values (e.g. charismatic species are found<br />
only in certain locations), carbon storage (see Kapos<br />
et al. 2008) and biodiversity-rich areas. This unequal<br />
distribution is partly a consequence of past human<br />
development paths and population movements and<br />
partly due to natural endowments and climatic conditions.<br />
Projected biodiversity loss is particularly high in developing<br />
countries, many of which are burdened with other<br />
priorities like combating poverty and providing education,<br />
jobs and economic development (see Figure 5.9<br />
for comparative maps of biodiversity risk areas and the<br />
human development index). Developed economies have<br />
a co-responsibility to protect global public goods by assisting<br />
developing countries to conserve biodiversity. In<br />
the short run, sustainable management and conservation<br />
will not take place without significantly more investments<br />
in the countries where the brunt of projected<br />
biodiversity loss will take place.<br />
Biodiversity’s role in the global economy is clearly<br />
revealed by the interdependency of countries through regional<br />
and international trade. Many countries import a<br />
high proportion of their primary consumption products,<br />
which ultimately derive from ecosystems. Ecosystem<br />
services important for international production<br />
should be managed on a long-term basis and protected<br />
by appropriate laws. Environmental costs<br />
should be internalised in the prices of products<br />
that are traded internationally as well as nationally.<br />
Green purchasing criteria, standards and public procurement<br />
(see Sections 5.5 and 5.6) are examples of mechanisms<br />
that can encourage exporters to internalise<br />
environmental costs.<br />
Copyright: TKnoxB. Licensed under:<br />
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/<br />
<strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 31