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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS AND MARKETS
country government budgets) currently invested in high
carbon/high biodiversity areas. These sums could then
be re-directed to target biodiversity conservation in
high biodiversity/low carbon areas, delivering additional
benefits.
5.2.3 MARKETING BIODIVERSITY
BENEFITS ALONGSIDE REDD
It is possible to go beyond capturing biodiversity cobenefits
through REDD to create biodiversity-specific
incentives. REDD payments could in theory be layered
with payments for other forest-related ecosystem services
or for biodiversity benefits directly (see Figure
5.6). Measures to address leakage and ensure additionality,
discussed above, should also be applied to
such initiatives.
The UNFCCC Bali Action Plan called for REDD demonstration
activities to obtain practical experience
and share lessons learnt. Such activities are in the
early stages of design and implementation but can
eventually contribute to good practice guidance for a
future REDD mechanism 15 . They provide policy makers
with an important opportunity to promote approaches
that maximise biodiversity co-benefits in
REDD as well as associated monitoring, reporting and
verification processes to assess biodiversity performance
over time.
REDD demonstration activities and voluntary agreements
that can support REDD are already underway.
They provide preliminary insights and emphasise the
need to provide alternative livelihoods to communities
that depend on forests, improve governance and clarify
land tenure (see Box 5.13).
Current initiatives that are considering biodiversity in
REDD activities include the World Bank Forest Carbon
Partnership Facility (FCPF) which has incorporated
biodiversity considerations in its REDD Readiness
Fund. REDD country participants are required to submit
a Readiness Preparation Proposals (R-PPs, formerly
named ‘R-Plan’) that includes measures to
deliver and monitor multiple benefits as part of national
REDD strategies, including but not limited to biodiversity,
poverty reduction and benefit sharing.
The UN-REDD Programme also supports multiple benefits
through e.g. consultations with pilot countries;
spatial analyses of the relationship between carbon
storage, biodiversity and ecosystem services in forests;
and the development of tools to assist decision-makers
in promoting synergies, addressing conflicts and
managing trade-offs.
Finally, in the voluntary carbon market, several
initiatives already bundle carbon and biodiversity
benefits. These take the form of voluntary premiums
for REDD credits that provide additional biodiversity
benefits 16 and include the Climate, Community and
Biodiversity Alliance (CCBA), Plan Vivo, CarbonFix,
Social Carbon and the California Climate Action Registry
(see Karousakis 2009 for further information).
For example, the CCBA has established voluntary
standards for forestry projects, including REDD demonstration
activities. The criteria relevant to biodiversity
are: 1) net positive biodiversity impacts; 2) offsite
biodiversity impacts; and 3) biodiversity impact monitoring.
Projects are audited by independent third party
certifiers and each project is subject to a 21 day public
comment period.
5.2.4 DIRECT INTERNATIONAL
PAYMENTS FOR GLOBAL
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
“The conservation of many ecosystems
suffers from the fact that the costs of
preservation are borne locally, but its
benefits are often enjoyed globally”
“A mechanism needs to be devised to
compensate societies that preserve the
global commons.”
UNEP Global Green New Deal policy brief, March 2009
“Cui bono?” (Whose benefit?)
L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla, Roman censor
This section provides an overview of emerging mechanisms
that specifically address biodiversity as a
global public good and create incentives for the preservation
of global ecosystem services.
TEEB FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 5: PAGE 29