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EfErENcEs INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY VALUES INTO POLICY ASSESSMENT Arin, T. and Kramer, r. A. (2002) Divers' Willingness to Pay to visit Marine sanctuaries: An Exploratory study. ocean and coastal Management 45: 171-183. Balmford, A.; rodrigues, A.s.L.; Walpole, M.; ten Brink, P.; Kettunen, M.; Braat, L. and de Groot r. (2008) The Economics of Biodiversity and Ecosystems – scoping the science. report for the European commission (contract ENv/070307/2007/486089/ETU/B2). cambridge, UK. BcrLIP – Biodiversity conservation and rural Livelihood Improvement Project (2009) Draft Executive summary Environment and social Assessment and Indigenous Development Plan. UrL: http://envfor.nic.in/ mef/sEIA_report.pdf (last access 23 oct 2009). cBD and NcEA – convention on Biological Diversity and Netherlands commission for Environmental Assessment (2006) Biodiversity in Impact Assessment, Background Document to cBD Decision vIII/28: voluntary Guidelines on Biodiversity-Inclusive Impact Assessment, cBD Technical series N°26. UrL: http://www.cbd.int/doc/publications/cbd-ts- 26-en.pdf (last access 23 oct 2009). christie, M.; fazey, D.; cooper, r.; hyde, T.; Deri, A.; hughes, L.; Bush, G.; Brander, L.M.; Nahman, A.; Lange, W.de and reyers, B. (2008) An evaluation of economic and non-economic techniques for assessing the importance of biodiversity to people in developing countries. report to the Department for Environment, food and rural Affairs, London, UK. contreras-hermosilla, A. (2000) The Underlying causes of forest Decline. occasional Paper No. 30, center for international forestry research, Indonesia. coWI (2009) study concerning the report on the application and effectiveness of the sEA Directive (2001/42/Ec). consultancy within Engineering, Environmental science and Economics. UrL: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/pdf/study0309.pdf (last access 23 oct 2009). croitoru, L. (2005) valuing Mediterranean forests: Towards Total Economic value. cABI Publishing. Defra (2007) Introductory Guidance for valuing Ecosystem services. Department for the Environment, food and rural Affairs, United Kingdom Evaluation Partnership (2007) Evaluation of the commission’s Impact Assessment system. The Evaluation Partnership, United Kingdom. UrL:http://ec.europa.eu/governance/impact/key_docs/docs/tep_eias_ final_report.pdf (last access: 22 october 2009). GIsT – Green India states Trust (2006) The value of Timber, carbon, fuelwood, and Non-Timber forest Products in India’s forests. UrL: http://www.gistindia.org/pdfs/GAIsPMonograph.pdf (last access: 19 Aug 2009). Jacobs, s. (2006) current Trends in regulatory Impact Analysis: the challenge of mainstreaming rIA into policy-making. UrL: http://www. regulatoryreform.com/pdfs/current%20Trends%20and%20Processes%20in%20rIA%20%20May%202006%20Jacobs%20and%20 Associates.pdf (last access 23 oct 2009). Kettunen, M.; Bassi, s.; Gantioler, s. and ten Brink, P. (2009 forthcoming) Assessing socio-economic benefits of Natura 2000 - a toolkit for practitioners. Institute for European Environmental Policy, London and Brussels. New Zealand Department of conservation (2006) The value of conservation: What does conservation contribute to the economy? UrL: http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/conservation/valueof-conservation.pdf (last access 23 oct 2009). oEcD – organisation for Economic cooperation and Development (1999b) handbook of Incentive Measures for Biodiversity: Design and Implementation. oEcD, Paris. oEcD – organisation for Economic cooperation and Development (2006a) Use of Discount rates in the Estimation of the costs of Inaction with respect to selected Environmental concerns. oEcD, Paris. oEcD – organisation for Economic cooperation and Development (2006b) Applying strategic environmental assessment good practice guidance for development co-operation. oEcD/DAc Guidelines and reference series. rodriguez, J.P.; Beard, T.D. Jr.; Bennett, E.M.; cumming, G.s.; cork, s.; Agard, J.; Dobson, A.P. and Peterson, G.D. (2006) Trade-offs across space, time and ecosystem services. Ecology and society 11 (1): 28. scBD – secretariat of the convention on Biological Diversity (2001) The value of forest Ecosystems. cBD Technical series No 4, secretariat of the convention on Biological Diversity. ten Brink, P. (2008) Measuring benefits from ecosystem services – Integrating monetary and non-monetary estimates. Presentation at the Workshop on “The Economics of The Global Loss of Biological Diversity”, Brussels March 5th-6th 2008. UrL: http://www.slideshare. net/Patricktenbrink/the-economics-of-the-global-loss-of-biologicaldiversity-brussels-workshop-march-2008-patrick-ten-brink-of-ieep (last access 29 oct 2009). UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme (2009a, in progress) Integrated Assessment: Mainstreaming sustainability into policymaking – a guidance manual. UrL: http://www.unep.ch/etb/areas/IntTra relPol.php (last access 23 oct 2009). UNEP – United Nations Environment Programme (2009b, in progress) Agriculture, Trade and Biodiversity: A Policy Assessment Manual., UrL: http://www.unep.ch/etb/areas/biodivAgrisector.php (last access 23 oct 2009). Quotes Page 4: David W. Pearce, oBE, Emeritus professor at the Department of Economics, University college London in Pearce, D. W. (2006) Environmental valuation in developed countries: case studies. Edward Elgar, cheltenham, UK. <strong>TEEB</strong> for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 4: PAGE 31
INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY VALUES INTO POLICY ASSESSMENT ANNEx 1: ovErvIEW of METhoDo- LoGIEs UsED IN AssEssING vALUE of EcosysTEM sErvIcEs This Annex provides information on the most commonly used valuation methods (economic and non-economic) used to assess the value of ecosystem services. Market Analysis Market valuation methods are divided into three main approaches: (a) price-based approaches; (b) costbased approaches which are based on estimates of the costs if ecosystem service benefits had to be recreated through artificial means; and (c) production function-based approaches that value the environment as an input 10 . Their main advantage is that they are based on data associated with actual markets, thus on actual preferences or costs by individuals. Moreover such data – i.e. prices, quantities and costs - are relatively easy to obtain. Examples include where a product is traded, such as timber or fish, or where ecosystem services contribute to marketed products, such as the value of clean water that is used as an input to local companies. Revealed Preference Methods revealed preference methods use data from actual (past) behaviour to derive values. They rely on the link between a market good and the ecosystem service and the fact that demand for the market good is influenced by the quality of the ecosystem service. People are 'revealing' their preferences through their choices. The two main methods are (a) the travel cost method and (b) the hedonic pricing approach. The travel cost method is mostly used for determining the recreational values related to biodiversity and ecosystem services. It is based on the rationale that recreational experiences are associated with a cost (direct expenses and opportunity costs of time). It is most commonly used to measure the recreational value of a site, and to assess the value that might be at risk if the site were to be damaged. hedonic pricing uses information about the implicit demand for an environmental attribute of marketed commodities. for instance, houses or property in general consist of several attributes, some of which are environmental in nature (e.g. proximity of a house to a forest or the view of a nice landscape). It would most commonly be used to measure the prices of houses near, say, a forest, and to compare them with those further away. Stated Preference Methods stated preferences techniques are based on the demand for a given ecosystem service (or a change in its provision) measured by means of a hypothetical market simulated through the use of surveys. These methods require people to rate or rank trade-offs. Typically, the responses are collected using survey questionnaires of a representative sample of people. These valuation techniques can be used in situations where use and/or non-values are to be estimated and/or when no surrogate market exists from which value can be deduced. however, there are difficulties in constructing hypothetical markets, and so criticism of valuation techniques is greatest for stated preference techniques, where it is felt by critics that it can often be unclear exactly what people were valuing (one service, all services etc) and whether they were making strategic responses. The main forms of stated preference techniques are: (a) Contingent valuation method: This method uses questionnaires to ask people how much they would be willing to pay to protect or enhance ecosystems and the services they provide, or alternatively how much they would be willing to accept for their loss or degradation. (b) Choice modelling: Individuals are faced with two or more alternatives with shared attributes of the services to be valued, but with different levels of attribute (one of the attributes being the money people would have to pay for the service). <strong>TEEB</strong> for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 4: PAGE 32
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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• Enough food could be produced o
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MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
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1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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10.2.2 BETTER LINKS TO MACRO- ECONO
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10.3 Investing in natural capital s
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as well as the value for money and
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Global National or Regional Local T
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10.4 By taking distributional issue
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has origins and impacts beyond bord
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The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
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10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
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Rewarding the provision of services
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Making this a reality will require
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GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
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Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
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ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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3.1 STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND AC
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Page 131 and 132: STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUN
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financial flows involved. Building
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considerable patience as such optio
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CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHER
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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
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While certification systems can sig
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5.6 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYM
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Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
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44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
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Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Key Messages of
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6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
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6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
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6.2 6.2.1 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
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through provision of water and ener
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6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
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Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
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Second, it has to be borne in mind
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• increases the producer price of
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
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In the agriculture sector, the pric
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Some consumer energy subsidies may
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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