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Endnotes
INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY VALUES INTO POLICY ASSESSMENT
1 Even with such a structured analysis, there is a risk of
undervaluing the benefits of biodiversity. for example,
there is a question as to whether secondary benefits
of an ecosystem that favour another ecosystem are
always properly covered.
2 Three of the best known databases for ecosystem
valuation are: EvrI database http://www.evri.ca/; rED
database http://www.red-externalities.net/; and Ecosystem
services Database or ArIEs database
http://esd.uvm.edu/.
3 Policy assessment is a participatory process of
combining, interpreting and communicating knowledge.
It usually involves setting out a cause-effect
chain – involving environmental, social, and economic
factors -- associated with a proposed public policy
to inform decision-making. Including information on
biodiversity and ecosystem services in this process
means it is considered in decisions. source:
http://www.unep.ch/etb/publications/AI%20
guidance%202009/UNEP%20IA%20final.pdf p.5
4 This is not meant to be a full list. There are other tools
(e.g. life cycle analysis which compares the environmental
and social impacts of products and services)
that are not mentioned but are also a form of policy
assessment targeted at a particular need.
5 see e.g. UNEcE protocol for sEA at
http://www.unece.org/env/eia/sea_protocol.htm.
6 http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/cop/cop-07/information/cop-07-inf-15-en.pdf.
The synthesis included
the assessment frameworks used by the oEcD,
UNEP, The North American commission for Environmental
cooperation and the European commission,
the canadian National framework for conducting
Environmental Assessments of Trade Negotiations and
the Us Guidelines for Environmental review of Trade
Agreements.
7 The social discount rate is the weight placed on all
estimates of costs and benefits. When environmental
impacts are monetized and included in a cost benefit
analysis, they are discounted using the same discount
rate applied to all other costs and benefits.
8 http://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/.
9 As expressed in the Preamble to the cBD, this
provides that “where there is a threat of significant
reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full
scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for
postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a
threat.”
10 for example, the contribution of a given ecosystem
service (e.g., regulating service) to the value of another
service (e.g., provisioning service) or commodity which
is in turn associated with a price in the marketplace.
TEEB for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 4: PAGE 30