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INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY VALUES INTO POLICY ASSESSMENT
Box 4.1: Mapping links between supply of ecosystem services and beneficiaries
The diagram below shows how a partially forested watershed provides different services to different populations
in the vicinity some benefit downstream from the services it provides; others are in the area but do
not benefit; and others not only benefit from those services but also influence them through activities that
degrade or enhance the natural capital.
This type of information is useful to understand which stakeholders need to be involved or taken into account
when designing ecosystem management approaches and choosing instruments to reward benefits (see
chapter 5), or avoid impacts (see chapter 7).
4.1.3 APPLYING TOTAL ECONOMIC
VALUE FRAMEWORKS TO
ECOSYSTEMS
To correct the current distortion in policy trade-offs,
valuation is a critical step towards ensuring that ecosystem
services are given the right weight in decisions.
The Total Economic Value (TEV) framework is a
well structured way to consider all of the values
that an ecosystem provides. figure 4.3 presents key
elements of TEv, well known to some, and gives links
to different ecosystem services) 1 . It is based on two
broad categories of value:
• ‘Use values’ include direct and indirect use of
ecosystems and options for future use. Direct
use value arises from the direct use of an eco-
Source: Adapted from Balmford et al. 2008
system good or service and can include
consumptive use (e.g. timber production) and
non-consumptive use (e.g. wildlife viewing).
Indirect use value refers to benefits derived not
from direct consumption but from effects on
other goods and services which people value
(e.g. regulating services for water are valued
because they protect people and property
against flooding; pollination is important for food
production). Option use values represent the
value of having the option of using (both directly
and indirectly) the ecosystem good or service in
the future.
• Non-use values exist because people derive
pleasure from simply knowing that nature and its
elements (e.g. a rare species) exist, or because
they wish to bequest it to future generations.
TEEB for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 4: PAGE 7