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4 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY VALUES INTO POLICY ASSESSMENT Integrating ecosystem and biodiversity values into policy assessment "All decisions have costs and hence all decisions to incur that cost imply that benefits exceed costs. All decisions not to incur the costs imply that costs exceed benefits. Economic valuation is always implicit or explicit; it cannot fail to happen at all." chapter 4 focuses on methods for valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services and ways to feed better information more effectively into national and international policy formation. 4.1 provides an overview of different ways to analyse value and how these can be linked through a Total system value approach. 4.2 outlines methodologies for monetary valuation and de- David W. Pearce (1941-2005) oBE, Professor at the Department of Economics, University college London monstrates their practical application, before identifying certain limitations that need to be addressed. 4.3 shows how structured assessment frameworks can support more informed and balanced policy-making and sets out eight best practices to improve current practices. 4.4 considers next steps and the critical need to build valuation and assessment capacity. <strong>TEEB</strong> for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 4: PAGE 3
4.1 INTEGRATING ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY VALUES INTO POLICY ASSESSMENT UNDErsTANDING ThE vALUE of EcosysTEM sErvIcEs Earlier chapters of this report explained how current losses of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, driven by unsustainable patterns of production and consumption, have significant economic costs for local, national and international communities. This begs an important question: if biodiversity loss is so detrimental, then why do we allow it? Part of the answer lies in our failure to understand and incorporate the long-term value of ecosystem services when we make policy decisions that build in assessments of trade-offs. A much more robust approach is needed to correct the current bias in decision-making towards short-term narrowly-focused economic benefits. 4.1.1 THE NATURE OF VALUE AND VALUING NATURE What do we mean by the ‘value’ of ecosystem services? When people think of value, they consider an item’s usefulness and importance. This value is rarely the price we actually pay for ecosystem services: on the contrary, these are often free to the 'user' or cost much less than their value to society as a whole. Many ecosystem services tend to be outside traditional markets and so do not have a market price. In a few cases, such as provision of timber or seafood, some output from an ecosystem does have a market price. This reflects the fact that those outputs are bought and sold on an open market where the price reflects what people are willing to pay for them. Even in this situation, the price charged does not necessarily reflect their true value as it will only be partial. More specifically, there are likely to be impacts on the wider ecosystem beyond those considered in the market transaction. The absence of markets for most ecosystem services arises for a number of reasons, including the lack of clear property rights attached to such services (see chapter 2). In many cases, ecosystem services have a ‘public good’ characteristic which would not be priced accurately by markets even if property rights were defined (e.g. genetic diversity of crops that has insurance value for future food security). Difficulties in obtaining monetary estimates of ecosystem services mean that decisions tend to be based on incomplete cost-benefit assessments and, as noted, are biased towards short-term economic benefits. Because we underestimate the economic and social importance of such services, we have few incentives to safeguard them and society as a whole loses out. 4.1.2 THREE WAYS TO ANALYSE VALUE: QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE AND MONETARY To put an economic value on changes to ecosystem services, we first need to understand what those changes are. figure 4.1 illustrates the series of steps that have to be considered in turn. valuation usually comes at the end of the process and has to build on scientific information collected in the earlier stages. <strong>TEEB</strong> for NATIoNAL AND INTErNATIoNAL PoLIcy MAKErs - chAPTEr 4: PAGE 4
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Part I: The need for action Ch1 The
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ThE EcoNoMIcs of EcosysTEMs AND BIo
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THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS AND
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1.2 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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• Enough food could be produced o
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MArINE sysTEMs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERS
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1.2.3 WHAT IS DRIVING THESE LOSSES?
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1.4 THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
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EfErENcEs THE GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY C
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THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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10.1 WHY VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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RESPONDING TO THE VALUE OF NATURE B
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10.2.2 BETTER LINKS TO MACRO- ECONO
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10.3 Investing in natural capital s
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as well as the value for money and
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Global National or Regional Local T
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10.4 By taking distributional issue
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has origins and impacts beyond bord
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The ‘Nobel Prize’*-winning econ
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10.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem ser
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Rewarding the provision of services
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Making this a reality will require
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GHK, CE and IEEP - GHK, Cambridge E
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Torras, M. (2000) The Total Economi
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ThE ECoNoMICS of ECoSySTEMS AND BIo
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FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES FO
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2.3 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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2.3.4 BASE POLICIES ON GOOD GOVERNA
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2.4 FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PRINCIPLE
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REfERENCES FRAMEWORK AND GUIDING PR
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Page 103 and 104: THE ECONOMICS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND BIO
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REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYMENTS
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5.2 REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH PAYM
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could have adverse consequences for
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• some contained an element of te
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• ancillary provisions e.g. possi
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5.4.2 GREENING INTERGOVERNMEN- TAL
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financial flows involved. Building
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considerable patience as such optio
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CERTIFICATION OF SUSTAINABLE FISHER
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While certification systems can sig
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Endnotes REWARDING BENEFITS THROUGH
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44 http://www.mekongtourism.org/sit
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Chapter 6: Reforming Subsidies Chap
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Key Messages of
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6 Chapter 6 addresses the need for
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6.1.2 HOW BIG ARE EXISTING SUBSIDIE
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6.2 6.2.1 DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
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through provision of water and ener
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6.3 6.3.1 AGRICULTURE Subsidies to
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Box 6.4: The EU Common Agricultural
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Second, it has to be borne in mind
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• increases the producer price of
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Box 6.9: Removi
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In the agriculture sector, the pric
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Some consumer energy subsidies may
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6.4 “People who love soft methods
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6.4.2 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE Subsidie
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The multiple policy objectives ofte
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REFORMING SUBSIDIES Social impacts
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The G-20 Heads of State have recent
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REFERENCES Agnew, D.J.; Pearce, J.;
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OECD - Organisation for Economic Co
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Bernd hansjürgens, Christoph Schr
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Key Messages of Chapter 7 Rewarding
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7.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES FoR hALTING oN
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7.2 REGULATING To AvoID DAMAGE: ENv
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y reducing the release of pollutant
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y reducing uncertainties with respe
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This equivalence can involve the sa
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PoTENTIAL BENEFITS oF oFFSETS AND B
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A biodiversity offset should be des
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7.4 SETTING MoRE ACCURATE PRICES: M
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Market-based instruments can be des
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China’s first water use rights sy
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PoTENTIAL CoST SAvINGS ThRoUGh MBIS
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Despite the potential described abo
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Non-market valuation studies can he
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PoLLUTIoN AND oThER DAMAGING ACTIvI
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The 1973 CITES treaty (Convention o
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7.6 MAKING IT hAPPEN - PoLICy MIxES
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has shown the critical need to stre
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Gutman, P. and Davidson, S. (2007)
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· ·· · · · · · · · · ·
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T H E E C O N O M I C S O F E C O S
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