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Attribute<br />
types<br />
Size<br />
Physical<br />
properties<br />
Vegetation<br />
structure<br />
Species<br />
composition<br />
Biomass<br />
Productivity<br />
Specific<br />
features<br />
STRENGTHENING INDICATORS AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL CAPITAL<br />
Table 3.3 Hypothetical examples of key attributes and generic limits that<br />
define acceptable condition in two habitat types<br />
Attribute (and<br />
ecosystem service<br />
relevance)<br />
Area of habitat patch<br />
(minimum area for key<br />
species & interior<br />
habitat)<br />
Height/age classes<br />
(regeneration of habitat<br />
and underpins diverse<br />
community)<br />
Native species<br />
(supports key species<br />
of biodiversity)<br />
Tree density (timber<br />
production)<br />
Dead wood (habitat for<br />
key species)<br />
On the basis of these observations and the discussions<br />
in 3.2.2, we suggest that the status of biodiversity<br />
could be (i) measured according to an expanded CBD<br />
indicator set and the above framework, and (ii) summarised<br />
into the following five headline indicators:<br />
• taxonomic difference between species – phylogenetic<br />
trends (indicators to be developed);<br />
• population trends (e.g. based on a modified<br />
version of the Living Planet Index (Collen et al. 2009;<br />
Hails et al. 2008; Loh et al. 2005);<br />
• species extinction risk trends (based on the Red<br />
List index: see Baillie et al. 2008; Butchart et al.<br />
2007; Butchart et al. 2005);<br />
• ecosystem extent (following CBD practice, with<br />
agreement on classes and definitions);<br />
• the condition of ecosystems according to key<br />
attributes (CBD indicators to be extended).<br />
Temperate forest Blanket mire<br />
Acceptable limits<br />
>10ha<br />
>20% mature trees,<br />
2-5% seedlings<br />
>90%<br />
> 10 trees per ha<br />
10 cubic foot per ha<br />
Attribute (and<br />
ecosystem service<br />
relevance)<br />
Area of habitat patch<br />
(maintenance of<br />
hydrology)<br />
Peat depth (maintenance<br />
of carbon)<br />
Water level (vegetation<br />
requirements and peat<br />
protection)<br />
Sphagnum mosses<br />
(carbon sequestration<br />
depend on these<br />
species)<br />
Dwarf shrubs<br />
Not measurable in<br />
practice<br />
Forage (for livestock and<br />
wild species)<br />
These five headline indicators could form the basis of<br />
SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic<br />
and time-specific) targets for the status of biodiversity.<br />
Like their constituent indicators (e.g. for each habitat<br />
type), they are scalable and could therefore be used<br />
for targets and monitoring from local to global scales,<br />
subject to agreement on standards. Monitoring data<br />
could also be differentiated according to sample<br />
locations (e.g. to report on the condition and effectiveness<br />
of protected areas) or applied to the land<br />
holdings of corporations to assess their impacts on<br />
biodiversity and ecosystems.<br />
However, as noted in 3.2.1 above, the value of indicators<br />
increases considerably if they are integrated<br />
within a DPSIR framework. Including indicators of<br />
drivers and pressures can warn of impending impacts,<br />
<strong>TEEB</strong> FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL POLICY MAKERS - CHAPTER 3: PAGE 12<br />
Acceptable limits<br />
>100ha<br />
>10cm<br />
90% potential net<br />
primary production