9. Olive scale (parlatoria oleae) - Rezaei

olive scale
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Parlatoria oleae (Colvée)
Homoptera: Diaspididae
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Prunus amygdalus , Prunus domestica ( / + ), Prunus persica ( /F1), Ribes uva-crispa
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Encarsia lounsburyi
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Cheletogenes ornatus Nymphs, Adults
Chilocorus renipustulatus Nymphs, Adults Citrus; shrubs 3 $.+ !";7$
Anthemus aspidioti
Anthemus inconspicuus shrubs 3 $.+
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Encarsia perniciosi
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Eutogenes africanus
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SIMILARITIES TO OTHER SPECIES [contents]
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Olive scale looks like San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) in the field and
occurs on many of the same hosts. Oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii) is also similar to
olive scale, but can be distinguished by its tan, centrally positioned exuviae and
yellow body. P. oleae is also morphologically similar to the greedy scale
(Hemiberlesia rapax) but may be distinguished by the purple body colour of P. oleae.
McKenzie (1945) considered olive scale to be similar to Parlatoria pergandii, but
differs in the occurrence of four fimbriated plates between the third and fourth
pygidial lobes, whereas P. pergandii only has three plates in this region.
The key characteristic distinguishing the olive scale from other Parlatoria species is
the presence of four pygidial plates (rather than three) between the third and fourth
pygidial lobes (Kosztarab, 1996). Authoritative identification requires microscopic
study of slide-mounted females: McKenzie (1945) provides a key to species.
DETECTION AND INSPECTION [contents]
Observe the host plant for adult females, distinguished by their greyish cover with
dark-grey to blackish exuviae at the anterior end. This species is found infesting
limbs, leaves and fruit. The upper branches of the tree are usually more heavily
infested than the lower branches (Selim et al., 1981).
CONTROL [contents]
Biological Control
Since the implementation of a biological control programme against olive scale in
California, USA, in 1948, densities of this pest were eventually reduced below
economic threshold levels and maintained so by the conservation and augmentation of
). The parasitoids Aphytis maculicornis and A.
Huffaker et al.
, 1962natural
enemies
paramaculicornis successfully reduced olive scale populations by up to 50% for the
Rosen,
spring generation,
but had less of an impact on the summer populations (
). Because olive scale is maintained below economic threshold levels in 1978
Gill
California by parasitoids such as A.
maculicornis and Coccophagoides utilis,
(

has classified this pest as maintaining a 'B'
status.
A variety of parasitoids,
( 1997)
including A. maculicornis, have been recorded attacking the olive scale in countries
reported that Zaher and Soliman ( 1971)
throughout the world where olives are grown.
the predaceous mite, Cheletogenes ornatus, was widespread in Egypt, and played an
important role in suppressing populations of P. oleae by attacking the eggs and adult
females.
Chemical Control
Chemical control attempts are more effective when applied against overwintering
females or emerging crawlers. However, successive applications were found to
) , possibly because Ehler and Endicott,
1984enhance
populations of the pest on olive
of the negative impact on the natural enemies of the pest. Implementation of chemical
control in late May or early June is often crucial for control of the fruit-infesting
generation.
Cultural Control
Sanitation is also important for reducing the pest population by disposing of fallen
fruit, which may serve as hosts for the overwintering females. The development of
models based on the phenology of the pest has effectively been used to predict the
Pinhassi et onset of egg hatch and the implementation of control procedures in Israel (
).
al.
,
(
1996