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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance for technology and technological developments. Patent statistics refer to the output of the research process undertaken by firms and sectors. They provide information on a large number of sectors and technologies and they permit good coverage of developments over time, which is particularly interesting. As these data are available for a large number of countries, it is possible to calculate the relative performance of the EU, or any other country or region relative to the world. Two sectoral indicators based on the number of patents are used in this section. The first indicator, PAT1, compares patent intensity across industrial sectors in the EU. It is computed as the ratio of patents to employment in a sector, relative to the same ratio for total manufacturing: where: PAT : patents filed by EU sector ‘i’ i,EU PAT : patents filed by EU ‘all sectors’ T,EU L : employment in EU sector ‘i’ i,EU L : total employment in the EU T,EU Values greater (lower) than 1 indicate that the sector is more (less) patent‑intensive than the whole economy (and therefore than all other sectors). The indicator is calculated 82 using data from both the European Patent Office (EPO) and the US Patent Office (USPO). The second indicator, PAT2, compares the number of patents in a given sector in the EU relative to total patents in the EU with the number of patents in the same sector in the world relative to total patents in the world. It is therefore, an indicator of the EU sector’s relative performance in patenting. It is defined by the following ratio: where: PAT : number of patents filed by EU sector ‘i’ i,EU PAT : number of patents filed by EU ‘all sectors’ T,EU PAT : number of patents filed by world sector ‘i’ i,W PAT : number of patents filed by world ‘all sectors’ T,W Values greater than 1 indicate that the sector has a ‘patent’ specialisation relative to the rest of the world. 53 As PAT1 reflects the number of patents in a sector relative to employment, it measures patenting intensity across sectors. 54 As was the case with R&D, this varies substantially across sectors, from the highest values in two ICT sectors (office machinery and telecommunications equipment) to the near‑negligible value for clothing, wood and wood products, and printing and publishing, cf. Figure III.20. 53 Some studies normalise the specialisation indices such that the specialisation indices are bounded between -1 and 1. A figure with normalised indices looks identical as figure III.17 though re-scaled. 54 The ranking is based on the data from EPO.
Chapter III — Drivers of Sector Growth and Competitiveness FIgURE III.20: EU-27 sectors by patent intensity (averages in 2005-06 and 2006-07) Oce machinery Telecommunication equipment Watches and clocks Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemicals and botanical prod. Basic chemicals Radio and TV receivers Electronic valves and tubes Optical instruments, photographic equipment Soap and det., cleaning and pol. prep., perfumes and toilet prep. Other chemical products Industrial process control equipment Rened petroleum Medical and surgical equipment Pesticides and other agrochemical products Lighting equipment and electric lamps Man-made bres Domestic appliances n.e.c. Other special purpose machinery Motor vehicles Agricultural and forestry machinery Other transport eq. Instruments for measuring, testing and navigating Machine tools Accumulators and batteries Mchinery for the production and use of mech. power Tobacco Other general purpose machinery Electricity distr. and control app., insulated wire and cable Basic metals Paints, varn. and similar coat., printing ink and mastics Weapons and ammunition Pulp and paper Rubber and plastics Non-metallic mineral products Furniture; other manufacturing Electric motors, generators and transformers Metal products Electrical equipment n.e.c. Food and drink Textiles Leather and footwear Printing and publishing Wood and wood products Clothing Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. The second indicator, PAT2 compares the performance of EU sectors with the same sectors in the world. The indicator measures specialisation in the patenting process in the country under analysis. The results for this indicator show that the EU performs slightly better than the world USPTO 2005-06 EPO 2005-2006 0 5 10 15 20 25 in a number of sectors. However, the EU specialisation in patenting is lower than the world average in a range of R&D‑intensive sectors such as ICT industries and pharmaceuticals cf. Figure III.21. 83
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EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
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ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
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Chapter I The aftermath of the cris
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The impact of the last downturn in
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i12 services recession and recovery
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nacE rev 2 growth 2009 Chapter I
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The third step in assessing future
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