EU industrial structure - EU Bookshop - Europa
EU industrial structure - EU Bookshop - Europa EU industrial structure - EU Bookshop - Europa
EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance III.3.5.1 R&D In 2007, R&D represented 1.85 % of EU GDP in comparison with 2.67 % in the US, the gap mainly explained by private investment in R&D. Looking at the sectoral allocation and not only at the overall amount of R&D injected in the respective economies brings additional insight into R&D intensity differences. To analyse R&D expenditure, an aggregate was formed (an EU sample of 17 countries) representing more than 80 % of total R&D expenditure in the EU. The different graphs focus on the gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) financed by industry; they do not reflect the sectoral R&D effort by 80 governments. In order to estimate and compare the intensity of innovation efforts in different sectors, R&D expenditures were divided by value added generated in the sector. Among the more R&D intensive sectors, there is only one sector where the EU significantly outperforms the US: chemicals. Certain sectors may contribute to a lesser extent to the overall innovation effort because of their small size. Nonetheless, they may still be very R&D intensive compared to the output generated in the sector. One illustration is the office, accounting and computing machinery sector, which represents less than 1 % of total value added in the EU in 2006 but has one of the highest R&D intensities, as high as 30 % of value added, cf. Figure III.18. Figure III.18: EU and US R&D expenditure as shares of value added in sectors in 2006 (%) Radio, TV & communic. eq. Pharmaceuticals Other transport eq. Motor vehicles Scientic and other instruments Oce machinery Chemicals Total manufacturing Machinery nec Electrical machinery Rubber and plastics Rened petroleum Basic metals Non-metallic mineral products Food, beverages and tobacco Textiles, leather and footwear Other manufacturing Metal products Wood, paper, printing, publishing Electricity, gas and water supply Total services Construction EU US 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Note: The EU is represented by 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The industries are classified according to ISIC Rev. 3.1. Source: own calculations using OECD data.
In certain sectors an increase in EU R&D expenditure over time may be a sign of catch‑up. Some manufacturing sectors that exhibit above average R&D intensity nonetheless saw their R&D intensity increase between 1997 and 2007. This is the case Chapter III — Drivers of Sector Growth and Competitiveness for Radio, TV and communication equipment, pharmaceuticals and motor vehicles. Conversely, R&D intensity decreased during 1997‑2006 in other transport equipment and office, accounting and computers, cf. Figure III.19. Figure III.19: EU R&D expenditure as shares of value added in sectors in 1997 and 2006 (%) Radio, TV & communic. eq. Pharmaceuticals Other transport eq. Motorvehicles Scientic and other instruments Oce machinery Chemicals Total manufacturing Machinery nec Electrical machinery Rubber and plastics Rened petroleum Basic metals Non-metallic mineral products Food, beverages and tobacco Textiles, leather and footwear Manufacturing n.e.c. Metal products Wood, paper, printing, publishing Electricity, gas and water supply Total services Construction 2006 1997 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Note: The EU is represented by 14 countries: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain. The industries are classified according to ISIC Rev. 3.1. Source: own calculations using OECD data. III.3.5.2 PATEnTS Patent statistics are used to calculate indicators for the output side of knowledge production and, despite the drawbacks of this indicator, 52 the information is of interest. Various aspects make patents particularly useful as a proxy 52 Griliches (1990) discusses a number of issues related to patents, including the advantages and drawbacks. See also Pavitt (1985), Silverman (2002) and Griliches (1984). 81
- Page 31 and 32: The third step in assessing future
- Page 33 and 34: The business survey indicator used
- Page 37 and 38: Chapter II Changes in EU Industrial
- Page 39 and 40: While there is some variety in the
- Page 41 and 42: developments. This is confirmed by
- Page 43 and 44: Looking at the overall specialisati
- Page 45 and 46: TAbLE II.2: Sectoral specialisation
- Page 47 and 48: For countries as a whole, it should
- Page 49 and 50: Chapter II — Changes in EU Indust
- Page 51 and 52: technology scale. They are less and
- Page 53 and 54: ox II.4: SME definition FIgURE II.7
- Page 55 and 56: definition of shocks. Shocks, or di
- Page 57: Appendix figure FIgURE II.11: Secto
- Page 60 and 61: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 62 and 63: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 64 and 65: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 66 and 67: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 68 and 69: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 70 and 71: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 72 and 73: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 74 and 75: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 76 and 77: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 78 and 79: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 80 and 81: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 84 and 85: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 86 and 87: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 88 and 89: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 90 and 91: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 92 and 93: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 94 and 95: EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
- Page 97 and 98: Chapter IV International competitiv
- Page 99 and 100: Chapter IV — International compet
- Page 101 and 102: FIgURE IV.1: EU accounts for almost
- Page 103 and 104: TAbLE IV.4: EU exports of manufactu
- Page 105 and 106: iv22 Export market shares Export ma
- Page 107 and 108: iv23 sectoral trade balance The rel
- Page 109 and 110: FIgURE IV.3: EU-27 RCA index in 200
- Page 111 and 112: RCA‑indices for individual manufa
- Page 113 and 114: FIgURE IV.8: China trade in manufac
- Page 115 and 116: Chapter IV — International compet
- Page 117 and 118: communi‑ cation computer and info
- Page 119 and 120: FIgURE IV.13: Japan trade in servic
- Page 121 and 122: FIgURE IV.17: Russia trade in servi
- Page 123 and 124: Chapter IV — International compet
- Page 125 and 126: IV.4 The role of technology in EU s
- Page 127 and 128: The import dependence of exports, v
- Page 129 and 130: The calculations of vertical specia
- Page 131 and 132: IV.6 International movement of fact
<strong>EU</strong> <strong>industrial</strong> <strong>structure</strong> 2011 — Trends and Performance<br />
III.3.5.1 R&D<br />
In 2007, R&D represented 1.85 % of <strong>EU</strong> GDP in comparison<br />
with 2.67 % in the US, the gap mainly explained by private<br />
investment in R&D. Looking at the sectoral allocation<br />
and not only at the overall amount of R&D injected in the<br />
respective economies brings additional insight into R&D<br />
intensity differences.<br />
To analyse R&D expenditure, an aggregate was formed (an<br />
<strong>EU</strong> sample of 17 countries) representing more than 80 % of<br />
total R&D expenditure in the <strong>EU</strong>. The different graphs focus<br />
on the gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) financed<br />
by industry; they do not reflect the sectoral R&D effort by<br />
80<br />
governments. In order to estimate and compare the intensity<br />
of innovation efforts in different sectors, R&D expenditures<br />
were divided by value added generated in the sector. Among<br />
the more R&D intensive sectors, there is only one sector<br />
where the <strong>EU</strong> significantly outperforms the US: chemicals.<br />
Certain sectors may contribute to a lesser extent to the<br />
overall innovation effort because of their small size.<br />
Nonetheless, they may still be very R&D intensive compared<br />
to the output generated in the sector. One illustration is the<br />
office, accounting and computing machinery sector, which<br />
represents less than 1 % of total value added in the <strong>EU</strong><br />
in 2006 but has one of the highest R&D intensities, as high<br />
as 30 % of value added, cf. Figure III.18.<br />
Figure III.18: <strong>EU</strong> and US R&D expenditure as shares of value added in sectors in 2006 (%)<br />
Radio, TV & communic. eq.<br />
Pharmaceuticals<br />
Other transport eq.<br />
Motor vehicles<br />
Scientic and<br />
other instruments<br />
Oce machinery<br />
Chemicals<br />
Total manufacturing<br />
Machinery nec<br />
Electrical machinery<br />
Rubber and plastics<br />
Rened petroleum<br />
Basic metals<br />
Non-metallic mineral<br />
products<br />
Food, beverages<br />
and tobacco<br />
Textiles, leather<br />
and footwear<br />
Other manufacturing<br />
Metal products<br />
Wood, paper, printing,<br />
publishing<br />
Electricity, gas<br />
and water supply<br />
Total services<br />
Construction<br />
<strong>EU</strong> US<br />
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50<br />
Note: The <strong>EU</strong> is represented by 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,<br />
Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The industries are classified according to ISIC Rev. 3.1.<br />
Source: own calculations using OECD data.