EU industrial structure - EU Bookshop - Europa

EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance
Figure III.13: Average annual growth in unit labour costs in EU manufacturing by industry 2001‑10 (%) .............................................69
Figure III.14: Average annual growth of persons employed in the EU 1995‑2009 (%) ...................................................................................70
Figure III.15: Employment by educational attainment in the EU‑27 in 2009 .....................................................................................................73
Figure III.16: EU GFCF growth rates based on selected countries in 1995‑2009 ..............................................................................................75
Figure III.17: Annual growth rates of GFCF in manufacture of transport equipment in France, Germany, Italy
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and Spain 1995‑2009 ....................................................................................................................................................................................76
Figure III.18: EU and US R&D expenditure as shares of value added in sectors in 2006 (%) ........................................................................80
Figure III.19: EU R&D expenditure as shares of value added in sectors in 1997 and 2006 (%) ....................................................................81
Figure III.20: EU‑27 sectors by patent intensity (averages in 2005‑06 and 2006‑07) ....................................................................................83
Figure III.21: EU sectors by patent performance relative to the rest of the world in 2004‑06 ....................................................................84
Figure III.22: Innovative enterprises as a percentage of all enterprises in the EU‑27 in 2008 (%) ..............................................................85
Figure III.23: Enterprises which introduced new or improved products to the market as a share
of all enterprises engaged in innovation activity in the EU‑27 in 2008 (%) ..............................................................................86
Figure III.24: Shares of goods and services in private consumption in constant and current prices
in seven EU countries from 1980 to 2009 ..............................................................................................................................................87
Figure III.25: Private consumption shares (current prices) in seven EU countries in 1980 and 2008 ........................................................88
Figure III.26: EU‑27 sectoral shares of private consumption in 2008 % of total consumption ...................................................................89
Figure III.27: Private consumption in EU‑15 and in EU‑27 in 1996 and 2008 (average annual percentage growth
rates in constant prices) ...............................................................................................................................................................................90
Figure III.28: EU‑27 investment breakdown in 2010 (% of total current price) .................................................................................................91
Figure III.29: Investment average annual growth rate in the EU‑27 and EU‑15: 1997‑2010 (%) ...................................................................92
Figure IV.1: EU accounts for almost half of world exports of services (%) ........................................................................................................99
Figure IV.2: EU accounts for most of world imports of services (%) ...................................................................................................................99
Figure IV.3: EU‑27 RCA index in 2009 ...........................................................................................................................................................................107
Figure IV.4: EU‑27 trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009 .................................................................................................. 109
Figure IV.5: US trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009 ......................................................................................................... 109
Figure IV.6: Japan trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009 ...................................................................................................110
Figure IV.7: Brazil trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009 ....................................................................................................110
Figure IV.8: China trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009 ................................................................................................... 111
Figure IV.9: India trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009 ..................................................................................................... 111
Figure IV.10: Russia trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009...................................................................................................112
Figure IV.11: EU‑27 trade in services — RCA index in 2009 ....................................................................................................................................116
Figure IV.12: US trade in services — RCA index in 2009 ..........................................................................................................................................116
Figure IV.13: Japan trade in services — RCA index in 2009 ...................................................................................................................................117
Figure IV.14: Brazil trade in services — RCA index in 2009 ....................................................................................................................................117
Figure IV.15: China trade in services — RCA index in 2009 ....................................................................................................................................118
Figure IV.16: India trade in services — RCA index in 2009 .....................................................................................................................................118
Figure IV.17: Russia trade in services — RCA index in 2009 ...................................................................................................................................119
Figure IV.18: Grubel‑Lloyd index by income level of EU‑27 trade partner in 2009 .......................................................................................122
Figure IV.19: Vertical specialisation of exports by country in 1995 and 2005 (%) ..........................................................................................125
Figure IV.20: Import content of exports for 15 EU countries in 1995 and 2005 (%) .......................................................................................126
Figure IV.21: Outward EU foreign direct investment stock in 2007 ....................................................................................................................129
Figure IV.22: Inward EU Foreign direct investment stock in 2007 .......................................................................................................................130
Figure IV.23: Share of the inward EU FDI stock owned by EU firms in 2007 .....................................................................................................130
Figure IV.24: EU‑27 outward FDI stock to the rest of the world/EU‑27 inward FDI stock from the rest
of the world in 2007 (ratio) ......................................................................................................................................................................131
Figure IV.25: Sectoral share in FDI stock relative to share in value added EU‑27 in 2007 ..........................................................................132
Figure IV.26: Share of foreign‑owned patents in EU‑27 patent applications 1990‑2007 (%) .....................................................................133
Figure IV.27: Share of foreign‑owned patents in EU manufacturing industries 2003‑07 (%) ....................................................................134
Figure IV.28: Share of overseas patents of total patents applications 1991‑95 and 2003‑07 (%) .............................................................134
Figure IV.29: Location of overseas patents applied by the EU‑27 at EPO 1990‑2006 (%) ............................................................................135