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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance economy. While the average annual growth in persons employed in the EU in 1995‑2009 was 2 %, it decreased on average by 1 % in manufacturing industries. Manufacturing employment only grew in transport equipment, rubber and plastics and other manufacturing. Strongest employment FIgURE III.14: Average annual growth of persons employed in the EU 1995-2009 (%) Real estate and business activities Agriculture, hunting and forestry 70 Hotels and restaurants Other services TOTAL Health and social work Construction Wholesale and retail trade Education Transport and communication Financial intermediation Public administration Rubber and plastics Transport equipment Other manufacturing Other mining Food, drinks and tobacco Basic metals and metal products Electrical and optical equipment Electricity, gas and water supply Machines n.e.c. Manufacturing Chemicals Non-metallic mineral products Pulp, paper and publishing Wood and wood products Fishing Mining and quarrying Rened petroleum Mining of energy products Leather and footwear Textiles and clothing Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 A more detailed and updated picture of the evolution of labour input in manufacturing can be provided by studying sectors at the 2‑digit level. 46 Hours worked is closely correlated with the number of persons employed. In the 2009 edition of EU Industrial Structure, the data ended 46 Due to the change from NACE Rev. 1 to NACE Rev. 2, Table III.5 and Table III.6 are not completely comparable with each others. growth in service industries was seen in real estate and business activities, hotels and restaurants and other services. In these sectors employment on average grew more than in the total EU economy, cf. Figure III.14. in September 2008 and the slump had not yet materialised in all manufacturing sectors. This illustrates a lag in how the crisis has affected the EU labour market. While production was hurt first, labour hoarding prevented a strong fall in employment. In a second stage, the fall in demand has hit employment in sectors. The most impacted manufacturing industries (until the last quarter of 2010) were clothing, textiles, leather and tobacco, cf. Table III.3.
Chapter III — Drivers of Sector Growth and Competitiveness TAbLE III.3: EU manufacturing employment and hours worked — average annual growth from 2000 to 2010 code Employment hours worked sector 2000‑2010 2000‑2010 c Manufacturing ‑1.9 ‑1.9 c10 Food ‑0.9 ‑0.6 c11 Beverages ‑2.3 ‑1.9 c12 Tobacco ‑4.4 ‑4.5 c13 Textiles ‑5.2 ‑6.2 c14 Clothing ‑5.8 ‑6.5 c15 Leather ‑3.7 ‑4.6 c16 Wood and wood products ‑2.6 ‑2.5 c17 Paper ‑2.4 ‑2.5 c18 Printing ‑2.5 ‑2.7 c19 Refined petroleum ‑2.0 ‑2.3 c20 Chemicals ‑2.1 ‑2.2 c21 Pharmaceuticals ‑0.6 ‑0.4 c22 Rubber and plastics ‑0.9 ‑0.7 c23 Non‑metallic mineral products ‑2.6 ‑2.6 c24 Basic metals ‑2.9 ‑2.8 c25 Metal products ‑0.8 ‑0.7 c26 Computer, electronic and optical ‑2.7 ‑2.7 c27 Electrical eq. ‑1.7 ‑1.6 c28 Machinery n.e.c. ‑1.3 ‑1.1 c29 Motor vehicles ‑1.2 ‑1.2 c30 Other transport eq. ‑1.3 ‑1.0 c31 Furniture ‑2.6 ‑2.6 c32 Other manufacturing ‑1.0 ‑0.8 c33 Repair of machinery ‑1.1 ‑0.8 Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. iii32 human capital The labour force is not homogenous but consists of individuals with different types of skills and levels of educational attainment. This heterogeneity of the labour force is often not reflected in measures of labour inputs. Human capital is as an additional factor of production, which helps to explain differences in economic growth between countries. The purpose of this section is to present an indicator of human capital at sectoral level related to education, which, in modern economies, is a crucial component of the production process. To the extent that human capital consists of the stock of knowledge, skills and experience embodied in the labour force, a commonly used proxy for accumulated knowledge 71
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EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
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ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
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Chapter I The aftermath of the cris
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The impact of the last downturn in
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Chapter IV — International compet
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The import dependence of exports, v
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In many sectors, outward EU‑27 FD
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iv62 internationalisation of r&d An
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The US is the most important locati
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