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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance FIgURE III.9: Annual growth in EU labour productivity per person employed 1995-2009 (%) Electrical and optical equipment Chemicals Agriculture, hunting and forestry Transport and communication Financial intermediation Rened petroleum Manufacturing Machinery n.e.c. Pulp, paper and publishing Health and social work Education Wood and wood products Non-metallic mineral products Basic metals and metal products Textiles and clothing Rubber and plastics TOTAL Electricity, gas and water supply Wholesale and retail trade Transport equipment Other mining Fishing Mining of energy products Food, drinks and tobacco Mining and quarrying Other services Other manufacturing Hotels and restaurants Construction Leather and footwear Real estate and business activities Public administration -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. 64 box III. 2: The interpretation and measurement of labour productivity Labour productivity is a measure of the amount of final goods and services produced by a unit of labour input in the course of a given period of time. Excluding intermediates, labour productivity also measures the ability of workers to generate income given the state of technology and other inputs. Even if technology is the key determinant, changes in labour productivity cannot be automatically identified with technical change because it depends also on other inputs like capital or intermediates. For example, increasing capital per worker (capital deepening), everything else equal, will increase labour productivity even if technology is the same. In the longer term, however, technical change in a broad sense will be the only source of labour productivity growth. In turn, labour productivity growth is the only source of economic growth: the sustained growth of income per capita that has transformed so deeply our societies since the inception of the industrial revolution. This is the reason why aggregate labour productivity attracts so much attention. Inspecting sectoral labour productivity changes will also reveal important trends in our economies. For instance, the faster productivity growth of manufacturing relative to services explains why workers are increasingly employed in the services’ sector. Productivity differentials with other countries will also explain comparative advantages and, in the end, observed specialization patterns. Labour productivity is measured by the ratio of value added to hours worked. The use of value added (production minus intermediates) ensures that intermediates are not inputed more than once. When hours are not available, it is common to use value added per person in employment (employees plus the self‑employed). At the sectoral level, the estimate of value added is more difficult and takes longer to be published than that of production. This is the reason why in practice production is often used instead of value added when estimating productivity; particularly in short‑term assessments of latest developments (before the figure for value added is
42 A more detailed picture based on production and not on value added brings further evidence concerning the dynamics of EU labour productivity growth. As explained in boxes III.1 and III.2, there is a difference in measuring labour productivity in terms of value added compared to measuring productivity in terms of production. Overall productivity growth, measured as production per hours worked, for total manufacturing was positive for 2000‑ 2010 at 2.3 %. It was higher in 2000‑2005 when it grew by 2.6 % than in 2006‑10 when the growth rate was 1.9 %. The latest year for which data are available, 2010, shows 42 See J. Durán, ‘A digression on the notions of production and value added and the measurement of productivity,’ Economic Note 2011-01, DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission. Chapter III — Drivers of Sector Growth and Competitiveness available). Including intermediates, however, induce serious measurement errors that have to be kept in mind when interpreting production per unit of labour input (so‑called productivity ‘based on gross output’). 42 a very strong productivity growth improvement. 43 Significant productivity gains 2006‑10 compared to 2000‑05 in only were achieved in five sectors: beverages, clothing, leather, computer, electronic and optical products and other transport equipment. Developments for 2010 are especially strong in industries producing basic metals, computer, electronic and optical products, motor vehicles and machinery n.e.c., cf. Table III.1. TAbLE III.1: EU labour productivity growth 2000-2009 (%). Production per hours worked code sector 2000‑2010 2000‑2005 2006‑2010 2010 B Mining and quarrying 0.4 1.6 ‑0.8 1.9 c Manufacturing 2.3 2.6 1.9 8.5 c10 Food 2.1 2.9 1.4 2.3 c11 Beverages 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.7 c12 Tobacco ‑0.7 ‑0.7 ‑0.7 ‑4.2 c13 Textiles 0.9 0.9 1.0 8.4 c14 Clothing 1.5 ‑3.4 6.3 10.9 c15 Leather and footwear ‑2.6 ‑5.5 0.4 5.3 c16 Wood and wood products 1.5 2.3 0.7 3.9 c17 Paper 3.0 3.1 2.9 7.3 c18 Printing 1.7 2.8 0.6 5.0 c19 Refined petroleum 2.1 2.6 1.6 3.5 c20 Chemicals 2.9 3.5 2.3 10.8 c21 Pharmaceuticals 5.5 6.0 4.9 8.4 c22 Rubber and plastics 1.1 1.7 0.4 5.8 c23 Non‑metallic mineral products 0.9 2.4 ‑0.6 4.0 c24 Basic metals 2.3 3.3 1.4 18.8 c25 Metal products 0.6 2.0 ‑0.8 7.6 c26 Computer, electronic and optical 4.7 2.6 6.8 14.3 c27 Electrical equipment 1.8 2.0 1.5 9.7 43 Available at the time of the drafting of the report. >>> 65
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EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
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ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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communi‑ cation computer and info
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