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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance FIgURE III.1: Value added — average annual growth rate in the EU in 1995 – 2009 (%) 58 Electrical and optical equipment Transport and communication Health and social work Financial intermediation Chemicals Real estate and business activities Education Rubber and plastics Wholesale and retail trade Transport equipment Machinery n.e.c. Other services Total Basic metals and metal products Manufacturing Hotels and restaurants Activities of households Non-metallic mineral products Other mining Pulp, paper and publishing Construction Other manufacturing Agriculture, hunting and forestry Wood and wood products Electricity, gas and water supply Food, drinks and tobacco Rened petroleum Fishing Textiles and clothing Public administration Mining and quarrying Mining of energy products Leather and footwear Note: Growth rates refer to value added in constant prices. Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. In analyses of growth in terms of production it should be taken into account that production differs from value added since intermediate consumption is included. Production measurements in real terms are only available for manufacturing sectors in the data sources used in this publication. EU average annual production growth rates in 1995‑2010 are very different across sectors. Growth in the more ‘traditional’ and labour‑intensive sectors declined more than in other sectors. Declining annual -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 production growth rates in 1995‑2010 can be witnessed in leather and footwear, clothing, tobacco and textiles where growth declined on average by between 2.5 % and 5 % in 1995‑2009. Conversely, the highest growing sectors tend to be more capital‑intensive. Average production growth in 1995‑2010 was the highest in pharmaceuticals, computer, electronic and optical products and in motor vehicles where growth increased by between 3 % and 5.4 %, cf. Figure III.2.
FIgURE III.2: EU average annual production growth rate in 1995-2010 (%) Pharmaceuticals Computer, electronic and optical products Motor vehicles Other manufacturing Chemicals Other transport eqpt. Food Machinery and equipment n.e.c. Rubber and plastic products Electrical equipment Paper and paper products Beverages Fabricated metals Repair and installation Basic metals Wood and wood products Coke and rened petroleum Printing and publishing Non-metallic mineral products Furniture Textiles Tobacco Clothing Leather and footwear Source: own calculations using Eurostat data. Chapter III — Drivers of Sector Growth and Competitiveness -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 box III.1: Output measurements: Value added v. production Value added presents the advantage of being available for all types of activities: ranging from agriculture to non‑business services while production is only available for manufacturing activities. The Eurostat Manual of Business Statistics identifies two possible meanings for the concept of ‘production’: 1. activity of manufacturing, i.e. the transforming of goods; or 2. result of this activity, i.e. the output of manufactured goods in a fixed period. In both definitions of production, Eurostat excludes the services sectors. The other main difference is that value‑added is a measure of output that subtracts intermediate consumption made by an individual producer, industry or sector while production includes intermediate consumption. Source: European System of Accounts (ESA) 1995, and NACE Rev. 1, Introduction, P. 21, OECD. The developments in individual sub‑sectors in figure III.1 above are hidden by the level of aggregation. Studying production growth rates at the 3‑digit NACE level offers a more refined picture of the various EU sectors in 1995‑2010. Concerning the highest growing aggregated sector ‘Computer, electronic and optical products’ in Figure III.1, the underlying sub‑sectors are irradiation, electromedical and electrotherapeutic equipment, installation of industrial machinery and equipment, medical and dental instruments and supplies, optical instruments and photographic equipment, instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation, electricity distribution and control apparatus. Growth rates in these sectors varied between 2.2 % and 4.5 %. Similarly, the two sub‑sectors of motor vehicles, ‘parts and accessories for motor vehicles’ and ‘motor vehicles’, grew on average by 2.4 % in 1995‑2010. Many sub‑sectors of the machinery and equipment industry also grew considerably, by between 2 % and 4 % in 1995‑ 2009: air and spacecraft and related machinery, agricultural and forestry machinery, general‑purpose machinery, and other general‑purpose machinery. On the other side of the spectrum, most of the declining sub‑sectors are associated with the textile industry, cf. Figure III.3. 59
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EU industrial structure 2011 Trends
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ENTERPRISE & INDUSTRY MAGAZINE The
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EU industrial structure 2011 — Tr
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Page 51 and 52: technology scale. They are less and
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RCA‑indices for individual manufa
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FIgURE IV.8: China trade in manufac
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Chapter IV — International compet
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communi‑ cation computer and info
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FIgURE IV.13: Japan trade in servic
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FIgURE IV.17: Russia trade in servi
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Chapter IV — International compet
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IV.4 The role of technology in EU s
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The import dependence of exports, v
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The calculations of vertical specia
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In many sectors, outward EU‑27 FD
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iv62 internationalisation of r&d An
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The US is the most important locati
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